Cik Siti Khadijah Binti Deris

MUSHROOM SOUP:
Lee Wei Tsen
Voon Xin Yi
Norsyahida Binti Fadzil
Nurulliana Binti Suardi
Nurul ‘Izzati Binti Abdul Majid
Kaviti sendi

Rawan artikular

Membran
sinovial
Kapsul
Kapsul artikular
fibrosa
Planar Joint (non-axial) ≈
Planar joint are flat or slightly curved. They
permit side-to-side and back-and-forth
movement.

Hinge Joint (monaxial) ≈

In a hinge joint, the convex surface of one bone
fits into the concave surface of another bone.
They permit only flexion and extension.
Saddle Joint (triaxial) ≈
In a saddle joint, the articular surface of one
bone is saddle-shaped, and the articular surface
of the other bone fits into the “saddle” as a
sitting rider would sit. They are permitting
movement around three axes (flexion-extension,
abduction-adduction and rotation).

Ball-and-Socket Joint (triaxial) ≈

A ball-and-socket joint consists of the ball-like
surface one bone fitting into a cup like depression
of another bone. They are permitting movement
around three axes (flexion-extension, abduction-
adduction and rotation).
Pivot Joint (monaxial) ≈
In a pivot joint, the rounded or pointed surface
of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly
by another bone partly by a ligament. It allows
rotation only around its own longitudinal axis.

Condyloid Joint (biaxial) ≈

In a condyloid joint, the convex oval-shaped
projection of one bone fix into the oval shaped
depression of another bone. It permit is around
two axes (flexion-extension and abduction-
adduction)
Gliding ₤
Gliding is a simple movement in which relatively
flat bone surfaces move back-and-forth and from
side-to-side with respect to one another.
For example: the intercarpal and intertarsal
joints.
Angular Movement ₤
In angular movement, there is an increase or
decrease in the angle between articulating bones.
For example: flexion, extension, lateral flexion,
hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and
circumduction.
Rotation ₤
In rotation, a bone revolves around its own
longitudinal axis.
For example: turning the head from side to
side at the atlanto-axial joint (between the
atlas and axis).
Special Movements
Elevation ♪
An upward movement of a part of the body.
Example: closing the mouth or shrugging the
shoulder.

Depression ♪
A downward movement of a part of the body.
Example: opening the mouth or returning
shrugged shoulders to the anatomical position.
Protraction ♪
A movement of a part of the body in the
transverse plane.
Example: protract clavicles (crossing arms).

Retraction ♪
A movement of a protracted part of the body
back to the anatomical position.
Inversion ( turn inward) ♪
Movement of the sole medially at the intertarsal
joints (between the tarsals). It opposing the
movement of eversion.
example : twisting motion of the foot that
turns the sole inward.

Eversion ( turn outward) ♪

movement of the sole laterally at the intertarsal
joints.
example : twisting motion of the foot that turn
the sole outward.
Dorsiflexion ♪
Bending of the foot at the ankle or talocrural joint
(between the tibia, fibula, and talus) in the direction
of the dorsum. Its opposing the movement of the
plantar flexion.
Example : stand on your heels.

Plantar Flexion ♪
Bending of the foot at the ankle joint in the
direction of the plantar.
Example : when you elevate your body by
standing on your toes.
Supination ♪
A movement of the forearm at the proximal and
distal radioulnar joints (palm is turned anteriorly)

Pronation ♪
A movement of the forearm at the proximal and
distal radioulnar joints in which the distal end of
the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna
and the palm is turned posteriorly.
Opposition ♪
Movement of the thumb at the carpometacarpal
joint (between the trapezium and metacarpal of
the thumb) in which the thumb moves across the
palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same
hand.
Thank