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Riemann

832 00

JJ

II

1 273

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Riemann

1.1.

1.1.1 f : I R . F : I R

x I, F 0 (x ) = f (x ),

R F f
f (x )dx.

f (x )dx. F (x ) =

. F (x ) f (x ) H (x ) = F (x )+ c,
c . H (x ) = F (x ) + c f .

R
n +1
1)
x n dx = xn +1 + c, n N
2)
3)

R
R

= ln(x ) + c
a +1
x dx = xa +1 + c, a R
dx
x
a

JJ

II

2 273

4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
12)

R
R sin(x )dx = cos(x ) + c
x )dx = sin(x ) + c
R cos(
dx
= tan(x ) + c
R cosdx2 (x )
=
cot(x ) + c
2
R sin (x )
x
x
a dx = ln(a a ) + c
R
x
= ex + c
Re dx
dx

= arcsin(x ) + c
R 1dxx 2

= arctan(x ) + c
R 1+x 2
R sinh(x )dx = cosh(x ) + c
cosh(x )dx = sinh(x ) + c

Riemann

1.1.2 f 1, f 2 : I R h (x ) = c1 f1 (x ) + c2 f2 (x ) c1 , c2 R

Z
Z
Z

(c1 f1 (x ) + c2 f2 (x )) = c1

f1 (x )dx + c2

f2 (x )dx

1.1.3 1 , 2 : 1 2 , f : 2 R 0 (t ) , 0.

f (x )dx =

Z
f ((t ))0 (t )dt

:
,
,
.

a 2 x 2 x = |a | sin(u )
x = |a | cos(u ).

JJ

II

3 273

a 2 + x 2 x = |a | tan(u )
x = |a | cot(u ).

x 2 a 2 x = |a | cos(1 u ) x =
|a | cosh(u ).

ax + b t = ax + b.
2ax x 2 x = a (1 cos(u )).

1.1.4 f, g : R ,
f 0 , g0

f (x )g0 (x )dx = f (x )g(x )

Z
f 0 (x )g(x )dx,

Riemann

:
R
I = P (x )e ax dx, a R, P (x )
.

=
=

Z
1
a

P (x )e ax dx =
P (x )e ax

I =

=
=

Z
1
a

Z
P (x )de ax

Z
P 0 (x )e ax dx.

P (x ) cos(ax + b)dx, a, b R, P (x )

P (x ) cos(ax + b)dx =
P (x ) sin(ax + b)

( cos sin.)

1
a

JJ

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4 273

P (x )d sin(ax + b)

P (x ) sin(ax + b)dx.
0

 I =

P (x )e kx cos(ax + b)dx, a, b R, P (x ) -

f (x ) = e sin(ax + b)dx I =
( cos sin.)

I =

kx

e kx cos(ax + b) sin(ax + b)dx I =

P (x )df (x ) = P (x )f (x )

f (x )P 0 (x )dx.

e kx sin(ax + b) sin(ax + b)dx

Riemann

I =

e kx cos(ax + b) cos(ax + b)dx, a, b R

2 sin(a ) sin(b) = cos(a b) cos(a + b),

2 sin(a ) cos(b) = sin(a + b) + sin(a b),

2 cos(a ) cos(b) = cos(a + b) + cos(a b).

I =

R
R
f (x ) ln((x ))dx I = f (x ) arcsin((x ))dx
R
R
I = f (x ) arccos((x ))dx f (x ) arctan((x ))dx, f ,
R
R
R
R
0 (x )
F = f f (x ) ln((x ))dx = ln((x ))df (x ) = F (x ) ln((x )) F (x ) (x ) dx.
R f (x )
I = 2 (x ) dx, (1x )
.
1.1.5 f : R R f (x ) =
p, q .

p (x )
q (x )

JJ

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5 273

:
P (x )
R , R (x ) = Q(x ) m 0 P (x ) n
Q (x ) 0. m n P (x ) = P1 (x )Q (x ) + P2 (x )
P (x )
P (x )
P1 (x ) P2 (x ). Q(x ) = P1 (x ) + Q2(x ) , deg(P2 (x )) n.
:

 m n Q (x )
R (x )
P (x )
A
Q (x ). Q (x ) Q(x ) = (xA1r1 ) + (xA2r1 ) + . . . (x nrn ) .
Q (x )
1 (x )
dx,
Q2 (x )

P (x )
dx
Q (x )

(x )
Q1 (x )

Q1 (x ) = (Q (x ), Q (x )), Q2 (x ) =
deg((x )) deg(Q1 (x )) 1,
deg(1 (x )) deg(QR2 (x )) 1. (

(
x
)

1 (x ) R (x )
(x )
P (x )
Q(x ) dx = Q1 (x ) + Q12 (x ) dx.

Q (x )
Q1 (x )

Riemann

, .
:
 q


R x,

ax +b
cx +d

t .

R x,

+b
dx, ( ax
> 0 n )
cx +d

ax +b
cx +d

1.2.1

a > 0 ax 2 + bx + c = t ax ax 2 + bx + c = t + ax.
a < 0 = b2 4ac > 0 ax 2 + bx + c = t |x r1 | r1
ax 2 + bx + c = 0.

a < 0 c > 0 ax 2 + bx + c = tx c ax 2 + bx + c = tx + c.

1.2.

ax 2 + bx + c dx :

JJ

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6 273

( (x ) + 1)(x + (x ) + 1)dx.

R
1.2.2

2 x3

x e dx.

R
1.2.3

R
1.2.4

R
1.2.5

1
dx.
e x +1

x +2
dx.
2x 1

sin(x ) dx.

R
1.2.6

1 x 2 dx.

Riemann

dx
(x a )(bx )

1.2.7

a < b.
-

R
1.2.8

(x a )(b x )dx a < b .

R
1.2.9

ex
dx.
e 2x +1

R
1.2.10

1
dx.
3+x 2

R
1.2.11

R
1.2.12

R
1.2.13

-
-

x 2 5dx.

x
dx.
x x 2

cos(ax + b)dx.

JJ

II

-
-
7 273

R
1.2.14

5x +3

dx.

1
dx.
1+cos(x )

x 2 +2x 3

R
1.2.15

R
1.2.16

x
dx.
4+x 2

R
1.2.17

cos(x )dx.

R
1.2.18

R
1.2.19

R
1.2.20

R
1.2.21

R
1.2.22

2x 2 +5x 1
dx.
x 3 +x 2 2x

x 2 +2x +3
(x 1)(x +1)2 dx.

3x +2x 2
dx.
x 3 1

(x 3 1)2 dx.
2 x

x e dx.

Riemann

1.2.23R a b
R
C(x ) = e ax cos(bx )dx S(x ) = e ax sin(bx )dx.
-

R
1.2.24

R
1.2.25

R
1.2.26

x 2 cos(x )dx.
dx, x > 1.
x ln(x )
x

R
1.2.27

ln(x )

dx, x > 1.

JJ

II

ln(x )dx.

(x 2 1) cos(3x )dx.

xe x cos(x )dx.

8 273

R
1.2.28

R
1.2.29

R
1.2.30

e sin(2x ) cos(x )dx. -

R
1.2.31
1.2.32 In =
In +1 =

2ax +b
n (4ac b2 )(ax 2 +bx +c )n

(ax 2 +bx +c )n dx
2(2n 1)a
I .
n (4ac b2 ) n

3x 2
1
2x x

arctan(x )dx.

1.2.33

R  1+x  12
1x

dx.

Riemann

R
1.2.34

1
dx.
43x x 2

R
1.2.35

x+

x 2 x 1

dx.

JJ

II

9 273

Riemann

Riemann

2.1.

2.1.1 I = [a. b] f : I R
. P = {x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . <
xi 1 < xi < . . . xn = b. [a, b].

S(P, f, E ) = f (1 )(x1 x0 ) + . . . + f (n )(xn xn 1 ) = i =1 f (xi )(xi xi 1 ),

xi , xi [xi 1 , xi ].
P [a, b], i = 1, . . . n
mi = min{f (x ) : [xi 1 , xi ]}
Mi = max{f (x ) : [xi 1 , xi ]}
P
Lp (f ) = ni=1 mi (xi xi 1 ) f
P.
P
Up (f ) = ni=1 Mi (xi xi 1 ) f
P.

JJ

II

Pn

10 273

 2.1.2 (Pn )n N , lim |Pn | = 0 |Pn | =

max{(xi xi 1 ), i = 1 . . . n } (En )n N
Pn S(Pn , En )n N
Rb
Rb
a f (x )dx, a f (x )dx Riemann
f a b.

2.1.3 f : [a, b] R , m = min f M = max f .

P = {a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xi 1 < xi < . . . < xn = b} [a, b]
E = {1 , . . . n }
m (b a ) L (P, f ) S(P, f, E ) U (P, f ) M (b a ).
2.1.4 P, P 0 [a, b] P 0 P P 0 P.

Riemann

2.1.5 f : [a, b] R P, P , P P [a, b]

,L (P 0 , f ) L (P, f ), U (P 0 , f ) U (P, f ).
2.1.6 f : [a, b] R P1 , P2 , [a, b]
,L (P1 , f ) U (P2 , f ).

2.1.7 f : [a, b] R > 0,

> 0 |P | < = |L (P, f ) U (P, f )| <

JJ

II

2.1.8 f : [a, b] R Riemann,

Rb
a

f (x )dx, .

11 273

Riemann

2.1.9 f : [a, b] R c R
c

Rb
a

f (x )dx.

Rb
a

cf (x )dx =

 2.1.10 f, g : [a, b] R

Rb
a

g(x ) + f (x )dx =

Rb
a

f (x )dx +

Rb
a

g(x )dx.

2.1.11 f : [a, b] R c R

Rc
a

f (x )dx +

Rb
c

Rb
a

f (x )dx =

f (x )dx.

2.1.12 f : [a, b] R |

Rb
a

f (x )dx |

Rb
a

Riemann

|f (x )|dx.

2.1.13 f : [a, b] R F (x ) =
R
x
f
(
t
)
dt

2.1.14 f : [a, b] R (a, b)

Rb
a

2.1.15 f : [a, b] R F (x ) =
x [a, b] F 0 (x ) = f (x ).

Rx
a

f (t )dt

2.1.16 f : [a, b] R H : [a, b] R f

(H 0 = f, x [a, b]),

Rb
a

f (t )dt = H (a ) H (b).

2.1.17 f, g : [a, b] R
f

f (x )dx = f ( )(b a ).

(x )g(x )|ba

Rb
a

Rb
a

JJ

II

f (x )g(x )dx =
0

12 273

f (x )g (x )dx

2.1.18 g : [a, b] R f :

[g(a ), g(b)] R

R g(b)
g(a )

f (x )dx =

Rb
a

f (g(x ))g0 (x )dx.

 2.1.19 f, g : [a, b] R . g
[a, b] f ( )

Rb
a

g(x )dx =

Rb
a

f (x )g(x )dx.

2.1.20 f : [a, b] R G (x ) =
G 0 (x ) = f 0 (x ) x [a, b].

Rb
x

f (t )dt

2.1.21 f, g : [a, b] R . g
f [a, b]
f (b )

Rb

Rb
a

f (x )dx = f (a )

R
a

g(x )dx +

Riemann

g(x )dx.

Bonnet

2.1.22 f, g : [a, b] R . f ,
g [a, b]
f (a )

R
a

Rb
a

f (x )g(x )dx =

g(x )dx.

2.1.23 f, g : [a, b] R . f ,
g [a, b]
f (b )

Rb

Rb
a

g(x )dx.

f (x )g(x )dx =

JJ

II

Rb
a

f (x )dx ' x

Pn

i =1

yi , yi = f (xi ) = f (a + i bna )

R b
f (x )dx ' 2x (y0 + 2y1 + 2y2 + . . . + 2yn 1 + yn ).
a
R b Simpson
f (x )dx ' 3x {(y0 + yn ) + 4(y1 + y3 + . . . + yn 1 ) + 2(y2 + y4 + . . . + yn )}.
a

13 273


f 0, f : [a, b] R A
f xx 0 x = a, x = b A =

Rb

Rb

f (x )dx.

f A = a |f (x )|dx.
f, g : [a, b] R 0 g(x ) f (x ) A(R )

Rb

Rb

Rb

R = {f, g, x = a, x = b} A = a f (x )dx a g(x )dx = a [f (x ) g(x )]dx.

x = g(t ), y = f (t ), t [t1 , t2 ] g0 (t ) , 0 x = g(t ), y = f (t ) y
x

Riemann

2.1.24 g(x ) : [a, b] R x = g(t ), y = f (t )

E=

Rb
a

g(x )dx =

R t2
t1

f (t )g (t )dt, g(t1 ) = a, g(t2 ) = b f, g [t1 , t2 ]

0

2.1.25 x = g(t ), y = f (t ), t [a, b]
g0 , f 0 [a, b] S = L ( ) =

Rb p
a

g0 (t )2 + f 0 (t )2 dt.

2.1.26 x = g(t ), y = f (t ), t [a, b]
g0 , f 0 [a, b] xx 0
B = 2

Rb
a

JJ

II

14 273

p
|f (t )| g0 (t )2 + f 0 (t 2 )dt.

y = f (x ), x [a, b] B = 2

Rb
a

p
|f (t )| 1 + f 0 (x )2 dx

f : [a, b] R R = {f, Ox, x = a, x = b}

 f Ox x = a, x = b,

Rb

V = a f (x )2 dx
f, g : [a, b] R 0 g(x ) f (x )
f g, R = {f, g, Ox, x = a, x = b}
V =

Rb

{f (x )2 g(x )2 }dx.
a
R t2
x = g(t ), y = f (t ), t = [t1 , t2 ] V = t {f (t )2 g0 (t )}dt g(t1 ) = a, g(t2 ) = b.
1

Riemann

2.2.

2.2.1 Riemann

n
n
1X

lim

ek

k =1

2.2.2 f, g, h : [a, b] R f (t ) g(t ) h (t ), t [a, b].

f, h R([a, b]), R([a, b])
Riemann [a, b],
, g R([a, b])

Rb
a

Rb
a

fdx =

gdx =

Rb
a

Rb
a

fdx.

2.2.3 f : [a, b] R Riemann

Rb

JJ

II

hdx g Riemann -

|f (t )|dt = 0 f = 0.

15 273

2.2.4 n = 1, 2,
1
2

1
3

+ +

1
n

Z
<
1

1
x

dx 1 +

1
2

1
n1

-
2.2.5
b

sin xdx = cos a cos b

Riemann

Rb
2.2.6

x dx b > a > 0.

2.2.7 f : [a, b] R

lim

n

ba X

f a+k


ba

k =1

f (x )dx.
a

-
2.2.8 f : [a, b] R limn n1 ni=1 f ( ni )
.
-

2.2.9
an =

1
n+1

1
n+2

+ +

JJ

II

n+n
16 273

R1
2.2.10

e x dx.

2.2.11 f [a, b] c

[a, b] f (c ) > 0,

Rb
a

f (x )dx > 0.

 2.2.12

R1
)

x 2 dx

R 10
) 0 x 3 dx
R
) 0 cos(x )dx
R1
) 1 (2x 2 x 3 )dx
R3
)

Riemann

e x/2 dx

2.2.13 R

0 (x + ) sin(x )dx.
-
2.2.14
-

Rb

sin(x )

dx, 0 < a < b 0

.

2.2.15 f (x ) = x 3 x 2 x + 1, g(x ) = x + 1.
-
2.2.16
y = 1 sin(x ) [0, 2 ].
-
2.2.17
y = x 2 , x + y = 2.
-
2.2.18 r =
6 sin() r = 2(1 cos())
-
2.2.19 y = x 2 , 0 x 1.
-

JJ

II

17 273

 2.2.20
x = cos(t )(1 + cos(t )), y = sin(t )(1 + cos(t )), t [0, 2 ].

R4
2.2.21
Riemann

(2x 3 5x )dx
-

R4
2.2.22

3x + 4dx.

Riemann

2.2.23 y =
sin(x ), y = cos(x ), x = 0,x = /2
-

2.2.24
a, b, b x = a cos(t ),
y = b sin(t ), t [0, ], (a > b) x-.
-
2.2.25
x = a (t sin(t )), y = a (1 cos(t )), t [0, 2 ] x-.
-
2.2.26
x = t 2 , y = 3t (t 2 3),
x-.
-

JJ

II

2.2.27 ,
y = x 2 y = x + 2, x - .
-

18 273

2.2.28 ,

x2
a2

y2
a2

= 1 x - .

 2.2.29 , x = a cos3 (t ), y = a sin3 (t ) x - .

-

R1
2.2.30

R1
2.2.31
Simpson

1 + x 4 dx -

1 + x 4 dx -

Riemann

JJ

II

19 273

Riemann

3.1.

(a )N . G =

i =1

ai (G ) N

.
3.1.1 (a ) N R (G ) N .
P
(a , G )
= 1 a .
3.1.2
=1 a l R,
l = + .
l = .
.

=1

a = l lim G = l

JJ

II

20 273

a (G ) N (a ) N

a = l

3.1.3
.
3.1.4

=1

=1

=1

b = m, l, m R

=1

a + nb = l + nm.

=1 a k


P

=1 a a > 0, N .

Riemann

3.1.5 (G ) N .
3.1.6
=1 a P f : [1, +) R

f ( ) = a , N
=1 a
R
f
(
x
)
dx
.
1

3.1.7 =1 a , =1 b a b , N

P
P
1)
=1 a + P =1 a
P
2) =1 a +
=1 b .
3.1.8
=1 a , l = lim
P
1) l < 1
a

P=1
2) l > 1
=1 a .

a +1
a

.
.

JJ

II

21 273

 3.1.9
=1 a
.

3.1.10

3.1.11

=1

a , (a ) N lim a = 0.

=1

=1

|a | .

Riemann

3.1.12 .

3.1.13 ( - )
P

0 N : a q <
=1 a

1, > 0 , a q > 1, > 0 .

3.2.

3.2.1

n
n =1 2n (n +3)

.
-

3.2.2

3
n =1 n !

-
3.2.3

n =1

JJ

II

-
22 273
p

n x
3.2.4 p Z x R
n =1 n ! .
-

3.2.5

n =1

n +2
,
n3

.
-

 3.2.6

3n
n =1 n 10 .

-
3.2.7

n
n =1 5n/2 .

3.2.8

9n
n =1 n ! .

Riemann

3.2.9

nn
n =1 (3n +1)n

-
3.2.10

n =1

1+cos2 (nx )
.
2n

-
3.2.11 limn

(n !)n
nn

= 0.

3.2.12

1
n =1 1+2n 1 .

-
3.2.13

n =1

2n 1
.
n

JJ

II

-
23 273

3.2.14

n =1 2n 1 .

-
3.2.15

1
n =1 n a

a > 1.
-

 3.2.16

3.2.17

n
n =1 2n

.
-

3.2.18

n
n =1 n ! .

P 
n =1

3.2.19
.

1+

1
n

P  1
n =1

n 2

.
-

Riemann

2n

1
3n

3.2.20 limn

n
1357(2n 1)

=0
-
a

n
3.2.21 (an )n N 0 an 9, n N.
n =1 10n
a 0 a 1.
-

3.2.22

3.2.23

n =1

5n
3

7n n 2

JJ

II

-
n =1

sin( n1 ).
-

3.2.24

1
n =1 n (ln(n ))a

24 273

a > 1.
-

n n +1
3.2.25
n =1 (1) 2n 3 +n 1 .
-

(1)n +1

3.2.26
n =1
2n
-

3.2.27

n =1

2+(1)n
2n

.
-

3.2.28

Riemann

1
3
1
n+1
2
)
1 ln( ) + ln( ) + + ln(
1
2
2
n
n

JJ

II

25 273

Riemann

4.1.

4.1.1 f : [a, +) R .
f a R+,
R

x
f
(x )dx = limx a f (t )dt.
a

Rx
limx a f (t )dt f .
Rx
limx a f (t )dt + () f
().
.

Rb

limx

Rc
x

f (x )dx = limx

Rb
x

f (t )dt

f (x )dx = limx

JJ

II

26 273

Rx
c

f (t )dt +

f (t )dt

R
4.1.2
m

R
a

f (t )dt +

R
a

g(t )dt

R
a

lf (t )+ mg(t )dt = l

R
a

f (t )dt +

g(t )dt.

4.1.3 f : [a, +) R a f (x )dx

R x2 > 0, > 0 y1 , y2 [a, +), x1 , x2 > ,

| x f (x )dx | <
1

4.1.4 f, g : [a, +) R 0 f (x ) g(x ),

a R x <
R

1) a g(x )dx < a f (x )dx < .

2)

g(x )dx =

R
a

g(x )dx =

4.1.5 f, g : [a, +) R f (x ) 0, g(x )

f (x )
0 x [a, +) limx g(x ) = l
1) 0 < l <
2) l = 0

R
a

R
a

f (x )dx < ,

g(x )dx < ,

3) l =

R
a

R
a

R
a

f (x )dx = ,

Riemann

g(x )dx <

f (x )dx <

g(x )dx = .

.
R
4.1.6 f : [a, +) R . a f (x )dx
R
a |f (x )|dx.
R
R
a f (x )dx < a |f (x )|dx =

JJ

II

27 273

f .
4.1.7 f : [a, +) R
.

R
a

|f (x )|dx

R
a

f (x )dx

Rx

4.1.8 f : [a, +) R F (x ) =

R
a

|f (t )|dt

|f (x )|dx < .

4.1.9 f [a, b] (a, b] [a, b) (a, b)

: f : (a, b] R, g : [a, b) R, h : (a, b) R

Rb

Rab
Rab
a

f (x )dx = limx a +
g(x )dx = limx b
h (x )dx =

Rc
a

Rb

Rxb
x

g(t )dt

h (x )dx +

Rb
c

h (x )dx

Cauchy CPV

Rb
a

4.1.12 f : [a, +b) R+ F (x ) =

Rb

Rx
a

g(x )dx =

f (x )dx .

g(x )dx =

JJ

II

|f (t )|dt

4.1.13 f, g : [a, +b) R 0 f (x ) g(x ),

a R x < b
Rb
b
1) a g(x )dx < a f (x )dx < .
2)

f (x )dx.

R
4.1.11 f : [a, +) R a f (x )dx
R > 0, > 0 q1 , q2 [a, b], |x1 b| < , |x2 b| <
x2
| x f (x )dx | < .

Rb

Riemann

f (t )dt

4.1.10 f : [a, b] c R 
R c
Rb
c l = lim0 a f (x )dx + c+ f (x )dx , l

Rb

28 273

 4.1.14 f, g : [a, +) R f (x ) 0,
f (x )
g(x ) 0 x [a, +b) limx g(x ) = l
1) 0 < l <
2) l = 0

Rb
a

Rb
a

f (x )dx < ,

g(x )dx < ,

3) l =

Rb
a

Rb
a

Rb
a

g(x )dx <

f (x )dx <

f (x )dx = ,

Rb
a

g(x )dx = .

Riemann

4.1.15 n =0 an x n an x.
P
n

n =0 an (x a ) an x a

4.1.16 I x I
.
.

4.1.17 Sn (x ) = m =0 am x P
m
Rn (x ) =
.
m =n am x

Pn 1

JJ

II

an x = Sn (x ) + Rn (x ).
n

29 273

n =0
n
4.1.18 x = x0
n =0 an x
S(x0 ) = limn Sn (x ).
P
n

n =0 an x x = x0 > 0, > 0 : n n0
n0 Rn (x0 ) < 0.

4.2.

4.2.1 I =
k 1.

R
a

dx
,
xk

a > 0 k > 1
-

R0
4.2.2

1
dx.
1+x 2

Riemann

R
4.2.3

1
dx.
1+x 2

4.2.4
R
) 1 x 2

R 1+x
cos(x )dx
R0
) 0 e x dx
R ln(x )
)

R
4.2.5

x 2

sin(x )

xa

dx

cos(x )

xa

dx -

R
4.2.7

II

dx .
-

4.2.6
a > 1 a > 0.

JJ

dx
.
x 2 +x 2

30 273

R
4.2.8

(1+x 2 ) dx

+ 2 .

1
2

sin(x )

4.2.9
Cauchy

dx

R
4.2.10

1
dx,
1+x 4

Riemann

a > 0 .
-

R
4.2.11

1
dx,
(1+x 3 )1/3

.
-

R
4.2.12

x2
dx,
2x 4 x 2 +1

.
-

R
4.2.13

x sin(x 4 )dx, .

Rb
4.2.14
k > 1.

dx
a (x a )k

k < 1 -

JJ

II

Rb
4.2.15

dx
(x a )(bx )

.
-

R1
4.2.16

sin( x1 )dx .

31 273

4.2.17 p 0 sindx
p
(x ) .
-

 4.2.18

(x ) =

t x 1 e t dt,

x > 0. ( )

Riemann

4.2.19

B(x, y) =

t x 1 (1 t )y1 dt,

x > 0, y < 1. ( )
-
.

4.2.20

Z
0

cos(x )
dx,

JJ

II

.
-

R1
4.2.21

1 dx
1x 2

32 273

n +1
4.2.22
n =1 n 2 +1 (x
n
2) .
-

3
n
4.2.23
n =1 2n +4 x .
-

x
4.2.24
n =1 n ! .
-

n
4.2.25
n =1 n (x
n
1) .
-

Riemann

n +1 x n
n =1 (1)
n

4.2.26
-
4.2.27

n =1

x n ln(x )
.
n

-
4.2.28 limn
P
1
n
n =1 an x R = a .

an = a,
-

4.2.29 an .
2

X
n =0

an +

n =0

an

nan x n = 0,

JJ

II

n =1
33 273

an .
-
4.2.30
P
2n

n = 0 an x

n =0

an x

 4.2.31

na x n .
-

n =1

Riemann

JJ

II

34 273

 : .

1.2.1

Riemann

JJ

II

35 273

 :
R
0 (x )e (x ) dx


1.2.2

Riemann

JJ

II

36 273

1
e x +1

=1

ex
1+e x

1.2.3

Riemann

JJ

II

37 273

 : a b

x +2
2x 1

=a+

b
.
2x 1

1.2.4

Riemann

JJ

II

38 273

 : sin(x ) = 2 sin( x2 ) cos( x2 ).

1.2.5

Riemann

JJ

II

39 273

 : x = sin(y).

1.2.6

Riemann

JJ

II

40 273

 : x = a + (b a ) sin2 (u ).

1.2.7

Riemann

JJ

II

41 273

 : x = a + (b a ) sin2 (u ).

1.2.8

Riemann

JJ

II

42 273

 : e x = y.

1.2.9

Riemann

JJ

II

43 273

 : x =

3 tan(u ).

1.2.10

Riemann

JJ

II

44 273

 : x =

5 cosh(u ).

1.2.11

Riemann

JJ

II

45 273

 : x =

1
(1
2

cos(u )).

1.2.12

Riemann

JJ

II

46 273

 : t = ax + b.

1.2.13

Riemann

JJ

II

47 273

 : a b
.

5x +3
x 2 +2x 3

a
x 1

b
x +3

1.2.14

Riemann

JJ

II

48 273

 : x = 2 arctan(t ).

1.2.15

Riemann

JJ

II

49 273

 : x = 2 tan(u ).

1.2.16

Riemann

JJ

II

50 273

x = t.

1.2.17

Riemann

JJ

II

51 273

 : a, b, c
2x 2 +5x 1
x 3 +x 2 2x

a
x

b
x 1

c
x +2

1.2.18

Riemann

JJ

II

52 273

 : a, b, c
a
x 2 +2x +3
b
c

(x 1)(x +1)2 = x 1 + x +1 + (x +1)2 .

1.2.19

Riemann

JJ

II

53 273

 : a, b, c
2
3x 2 +2x 2
2
a
bx +c
= (x 3x1)(+x2x

2 +x +1) = x 1 + x 2 +x +1 .
x 3 1

1.2.20

Riemann

JJ

II

54 273

R
:
1 (x ), Q1 (x ), Q2 (x ).

P (x )
dx
Q (x )

(x )
Q1 (x )

1 (x )
dx
Q2 (x )

(x ),

1.2.21

Riemann

JJ

II

55 273

 : .

1.2.22

Riemann

JJ

II

56 273

 : S(x ), C(x ).


1.2.23

Riemann

JJ

II

57 273

 : .

1.2.24

Riemann

JJ

II

58 273

 : .

1.2.25

Riemann

JJ

II

59 273

 : .

1.2.26

Riemann

JJ

II

60 273

 : 1 = (x )0 .

1.2.27

Riemann

JJ

II

61 273

 : .

1.2.28

Riemann

JJ

II

62 273

 : f (x ) =

e x cos(x )dx .

1.2.29

Riemann

JJ

II

63 273

 : sin(2x ) cos(x ) = 12 (sin(3x ) + sin(x )),

.


1.2.30

Riemann

JJ

II

64 273

R
:
.

3x 2
1
dx
2x x

1.2.31

Riemann

JJ

II

65 273

 : .

1.2.32

Riemann

JJ

II

66 273


:
1+x
(1x )(1x )

(1x 2 )

(1x 2 )

(1 + x ) :

1+x
1x

 12

Riemann

1.2.33

JJ

II

67 273

4 3x x 2 = t (x + 4).

1.2.34

Riemann

JJ

II

68 273

x 2 x 1 = t x.

1.2.35

Riemann

JJ

II

69 273

 :
. Pn .. U (f, Pn )
.


Riemann

2.2.1

JJ

II

70 273

 : Pn limn [U (f, Pn ) L (g, Pn )] = 0.

2.2.2

Riemann

JJ

II

71 273

 : f , 0

Rb
a

|f |dt .

2.2.3

Riemann

JJ

II

72 273

 : Pn .. U ( x1 , Pn ) = 1 +

1
2

+ n 1 1 .

2.2.4

Riemann

JJ

II

73 273

 : Riemann
.


2.2.5

Riemann

JJ

II

74 273

 : Riemann
.


2.2.6

Riemann

JJ

II

75 273

 : Riemann.

2.2.7

Riemann

JJ

II

76 273

 : limn
a b.

b a
n

Pn

k =1

f a + k bna =

Rb
a

f (x )dx. -

2.2.8

Riemann

JJ

II

77 273

 : limn

ba
n

Pn

k =1

f a + k bna =

Rb
a

f (x )dx.

2.2.9

Riemann

JJ

II

78 273

 :
Riemann.


2.2.10

Riemann

JJ

II

79 273

 : f f (x ) > 0 c.

2.2.11

Riemann

JJ

II

80 273

 : .

2.2.12

Riemann

JJ

II

81 273

 : f (x ) = x + , g(x ) = sin(x )
f g.


2.2.13

Riemann

JJ

II

82 273

2.2.14

Riemann

JJ

II

83 273

 : f (x ) g(x )
f (x ) g(x ) .


2.2.15

Riemann

JJ

II

84 273

R 2
:

1 sin(x )dx.

2.2.16

Riemann

JJ

II

85 273

 : y = x 2 , x + y = 2

2.2.17

Riemann

JJ

II

86 273

 : .

2.2.18

Riemann

JJ

II

87 273

Rb p
a

x 0 (t )2 + y0 (t )2 dt.

2.2.19

Riemann

JJ

II

88 273

Rb p
a

x 0 (t )2 + y0 (t )2 dt.

2.2.20

Riemann

JJ

II

89 273

 : limn

ba
n

Pn

k =1

f a + k bna =

Rb
a

f (x )dx.

2.2.21

Riemann

JJ

II

90 273

 : u = 3x + 4.

2.2.22

Riemann

JJ

II

91 273

 :
x = 0 x = /2.


2.2.23

Riemann

JJ

II

92 273

 : R
x -
p
m
E = 2 l |f (t )| f (t )2 + g0 (t )2 dt x = f (t ), y = g(t ),
l t m.


Riemann

2.2.24

JJ

II

93 273

 : R
x -
p
m
E = 2 l |f (t )| f (t )2 + g0 (t )2 dt x = f (t ), y = g(t ),
l t m.


Riemann

2.2.25

JJ

II

94 273

 : R
x -
p
m
E = 2 l |f (t )| f (t )2 + g0 (t )2 dt x = f (t ), y = g(t ),
l t m.


Riemann

2.2.26

JJ

II

95 273

 :
f , g, f (x ) g(x ) 0, x [a, b] V =

Rb
a

{f (x 2 ) g(x )2 }dx.

2.2.27

Riemann

JJ

II

96 273

 : f ,
x [a, b] V =

Rb
a

f (x )2 dx.

2.2.28

Riemann

JJ

II

97 273

 : R t2
x = g(t ), y = f (t ), t [t1 , t2 ] V = t f (t )2 g0 (t )dt.

1

2.2.29

Riemann

JJ

II

98 273

 : [0, 1] 10 .


2.2.30

Riemann

JJ

II

99 273

 : [0, 1] 10 Simpson.


2.2.31

Riemann

JJ

II

100 273

 : .

3.2.1

Riemann

JJ

II

101 273

 : .

3.2.2

Riemann

JJ

II

102 273

 : .

3.2.3

Riemann

JJ

II

103 273

 : .

3.2.4

Riemann

JJ

II

104 273

1
n =1 n k

3.2.5

Riemann

JJ

II

105 273

 : .

3.2.6

Riemann

JJ

II

106 273

 : .

3.2.7

Riemann

JJ

II

107 273

 : .

3.2.8

Riemann

JJ

II

108 273

 : .

3.2.9

Riemann

JJ

II

109 273

 : .

3.2.10

Riemann

JJ

II

110 273

(n !)n
n =1 n n 2

3.2.11

Riemann

JJ

II

111 273

 : .

3.2.12

Riemann

JJ

II

112 273

 : .

3.2.13

Riemann

JJ

II

113 273

 : .

3.2.14

Riemann

JJ

II

114 273

 : .

3.2.15

Riemann

JJ

II

115 273

 : .

3.2.16

Riemann

JJ

II

116 273

 : .

3.2.17

Riemann

JJ

II

117 273

 : .

3.2.18

Riemann

JJ

II

118 273

 : .

3.2.19

Riemann

JJ

II

119 273

n
n =1 1357(2n 1)

3.2.20

Riemann

JJ

II

120 273

 : .

3.2.21

Riemann

JJ

II

121 273

 : .

3.2.22

Riemann

JJ

II

122 273

 : .

3.2.23

Riemann

JJ

II

123 273

 : .

3.2.24

Riemann

JJ

II

124 273

 : .

3.2.25

Riemann

JJ

II

125 273

 : .

3.2.26

Riemann

JJ

II

126 273

 : Sn =

Pn

2
k =1 2 k

Pn

k =1

(1)k
2k

. 

3.2.27

Riemann

JJ

II

127 273

 : .

3.2.28

Riemann

JJ

II

128 273

 : .

4.2.1

Riemann

JJ

II

129 273

 : .

4.2.2

Riemann

JJ

II

130 273

 : .

4.2.3

Riemann

JJ

II

131 273

 : .

4.2.4

Riemann

JJ

II

132 273

 : .

4.2.5

Riemann

JJ

II

133 273

| sin(x )|
xa

1
xa

| cos(x )|
xa

1
xa

x 1.

4.2.6

Riemann

JJ

II

134 273

Rt
:

dx
3 x 2 +x 2

4.2.7

Riemann

JJ

II

135 273

 : .

4.2.8

Riemann

JJ

II

136 273

 : > 0 x1 , x2 > |

R x2

sin(x )

x1

dx | <

4.2.9

Riemann

JJ

II

137 273

 : .

4.2.10

Riemann

JJ

II

138 273

 : .

4.2.11

Riemann

JJ

II

139 273

 : .

4.2.12

Riemann

JJ

II

140 273

 : Cauchy.

4.2.13

Riemann

JJ

II

141 273

 : .

4.2.14

Riemann

JJ

II

142 273

 : k < 1 limx a (x a )k f (x ) = A < +

Rb

f (x )dx .

4.2.15

Riemann

JJ

II

143 273

 : x =
.

1
t

4.2.16

Riemann

JJ

II

144 273

 : .

4.2.17

Riemann

JJ

II

145 273

 : .

4.2.18

Riemann

JJ

II

146 273

 : .

4.2.19

Riemann

JJ

II

147 273

 : .

4.2.20

Riemann

JJ

II

148 273

 : .

4.2.21

Riemann

JJ

II

149 273

 : .

4.2.22

Riemann

JJ

II

150 273

 : .

4.2.23

Riemann

JJ

II

151 273

 : .

4.2.24

Riemann

JJ

II

152 273

 : .

4.2.25

Riemann

JJ

II

153 273

 : .

4.2.26

Riemann

JJ

II

154 273

 : .

4.2.27

Riemann

JJ

II

155 273

 : .

4.2.28

Riemann

JJ

II

156 273

0
: f (x ) =
n =0 an f (x ) 2f (x ) + f (x ) = 0
.


4.2.29

Riemann

JJ

II

157 273

 : |x 2 | < R.

4.2.30

Riemann

JJ

II

158 273

4.2.31

Riemann

JJ

II

159 273

: ( x + 1)(x +

( x + 1)(x x + 1)dx

x + 1) = 2x + 2 x + x 2 + 1.

3
(2x + 2 x + x 2 + 1)dx
Z
Z
Z
Z

3
=
2xdx +
2 xdx +
x 2 dx +
dx
=

= x2 + +
x

2
5

Riemann

x 2 + x + C.

1.2.1

JJ

II

160 273

x 2 e x dx =

0 (x )e (x ) dx,

y = (x ) = x 3 ,

x 2 e x dx =

e y dy =

ey
3

+C =

ex

+C

Riemann

1.2.2

JJ

II

161 273

 :
1
1 + ex

=1

ex
1 + ex

1
ex + 1

dx =

Z
dx

=1

(1 + e x )0
,
1 + ex

(1 + e x )0
dx = x ln(1 + e x ) + C
1 + ex

Riemann

1.2.3

JJ

II

162 273

 :
x +2
2x 1

1 2x + 4
2 2x 1

1 2x 1 + 5
2

2x 1

1
2

2 2x 1

x +2
2x 1

dx

=
=
=

Riemann

( +
)dx
2 2 2x 1
Z
Z
5
1
1
dx +
dx
2
2
2x 1
x
2

5
4

ln |2x 1| + C.


.

1.2.4

JJ

II

163 273

sin(x )

dx

1
2 sin( x2 ) cos( x2 )

dx

Z
cos( x2 )
x
x
1
d
(
)
=
x
x d( )
x
x
2
2
sin( 2 ) cos ( 2 ) 2
tan( 2 ) cos ( 2 ) 2
(tan( x2 ))0 x
x
d ( ) = ln(tan( )) + C,
tan( x2 )
2
2

k < x < k + , k Z .

Riemann

1.2.5
: x = g(y) = sin(y), x [1, 1] y = arcsin(x ), (y [ 2 , 2 ])
cos(y) 0 .

Z
1

x 2 dx

Z p

=
=

y
2

g(y)2 g0 (y)dy

cos2 (y)dy =
+

sin(2y)
4

arcsin(x )
2

2
y

+c = +
2

x 1 x2
2

JJ

II

dy

sin(y) cos(y)
+ c.

cos(y)(sin(y))0 dx

1 + cos(2y)

+c
164 273

(4.1)

 1.2.6
: (x a )(b x ) < 0 a < x < b
0 < xbaa < 1. xbaa = sin2 (u )
x = g(u ) = a + (b a ) sin2 (u ),

u (0,

),

Riemann

b x = (b a ) (x a ) = (b a ) (b a ) sin2 (u ) = (b a ) cos2 (u ),

(x a )(b x ) = (b a ) sin(u ) cos(u ).

(x a )(b x )

dx

= 2

(g(u ) a )(b g(u ))

1

(b a ) sin(u ) cos(u )
Z

du =

(b a ) 2 sin(u ) cos(u ))du

du = 2u + c = 2 arcsin

 x a  21
bx

+ c.

1.2.7
: x = a + (b a ) sin2 (u )

Z p

(x a )(b x )dx =

JJ

II

165 273

(b a ) sin(u ) cos(u )(b a )2 sin(u ) cos(u )du

Z
Z
(b a )2
= 2(b a )2 sin2 (u ) cos2 (u )du =
sin2 (2u )du.
2

Z
sin2 (2u )du

=
=
=
=

2
Z
1
4
1

=
=
=
=
=

(1 cos(2v))dv =

sin(2v) + c

4
8
1
1
u sin(4u ) + c = u sin(2u ) cos(2u ) + c.
2
8
2
4
1
1
u sin(u ) cos(u )(1 2 sin2 (u )) + c.
2
2

(2u = v)

sin2 (v)dv

Riemann

(x a )(b x ) = (b a ) sin(u ) cos(u )

Z p

(x a )(b x )dx
Z
(b a )2
sin2 (2u )du

(b a )

(b a )

sin(u ) cos(u )(1 2 sin2 (u )) + c =

r

x a (b a )2 (x a )(b x )
(b a )2
x a

arcsin
(a 2
)+c
4
ba
4
ba
ba
r

x a 1 p
(b a )2

arcsin
(x a )(b x )(b a 2(x a )) + c
4
ba
4
r



x a 1 p
(b a )2
b+a
+
arcsin
(x a )(b x ) x
+ c.
4
ba
2
2
4

JJ

II

166 273

 1.2.8
: e x = y. e x dx = dy

ex

e 2x + 1

dx

=
y = tan(u ) dy =

dy

Riemann

y2 + 1 y
Z
1
dy.
2
y +1

cos2 (u ) du.

1
y2 + 1

dx

tan2 (u ) + 1 cos2 (u )

du

du = u + C = arctan(e x ) + C.

1.2.9

: x = 3 tan(u ). dx = 3 cos12 (u ) du

1
3+x

dx
2

=
=

JJ

II

167 273

du

2
2
3 tan (u ) + 1 cos (u )
Z
1
1
1
x
du = u + C = arctan( ) + C.

 : x =

1.2.10

5 cosh(u ).

Z
x 2 5dx

=
=
=
=

5 sinh(u ) 5 sinh(u )du

5 sinh2 (u )du = 5

1
2
x

5 sinh(u ) 5 sinh(u )

x2
2

Riemann

cosh(2z ) 1
5
2

du =

5
4

sinh(2u )

5
2

5 5 x + x 2 5
+ C.
ln


.

1.2.11
: x =

x
x

x2

dx

=
=

1
(1
2

q
Z
1
2

cos(u )).
dx

2 12 x x 2

1
(1 cos(u ))
2
1
sin(u )
2

1
2

arccos(1 2x )

sin(u )du =

1
2

JJ

II

168 273

(1 cos(u ))du =

1
2

(u sin(u ))

x x 2 + C.

 1.2.12
: t = ax + b.

cos(ax + b)dx

=
=

1
a
1
a

cos(t )dt

Riemann

sin(t ) =

1
a

cos(at + b) + C..

1.2.13
: a b
5x + 3
x 2 + 2x 3

a
x 1

x +3

x , 1 x , 3. 5x + 3 = a (x + 3) + b(x 1).
x, x , 1 x , 3 a = 2, b = 3.

5x + 3
x 2 + 2x 3

dx

= 2

1
x 1

dx + 3

1
x +3

dx

JJ

II

169 273

= 2 ln |x 1| + 3 ln |x + 3| + c = ln |(x 1)2 (x + 3)3 | + c.

 1.2.14
:

= arctan(t ) dx =

x
2

1
1 + cos(x )

dx

2
dt.
1+t 2

1
1+

1+

1t 2
1+t 2

t2

1
1+t 2 +1t 2
1+t 2

1+t

dt

dt =
2

1+t

2
1+t

Riemann

dt
2

dt = t + C = tan( ) + C.
2

1.2.15
: x = 2 tan(u )

x
4 + x2

dx

2 tan(u )

cos2 (u )

cos(u )

du =

tan(u )
du
cos(u )

sin(u )
du
cos2 (u )
Z

(cos(u ))0
1
=
=2
= 4 + x 2 + C.
2
cos (u )
cos(u )
=

JJ

II

170 273

1.2.16

x = t

cos( x )dx
x

1
t

cos(t )2tdt = 2

Z
cos(t )dt

= 2 sin(t ) + C = 2 sin( x ) + C

Riemann

1.2.17
: a, b c
2x + 5x 1
2

x3

x2

2x

a
x

b
x 1

c
x +2

2x + 5x 1
2

x 3 + x 2 2x

dx

=
=

1
2
1
2

1
x

dx + 2

1
x 1

ln |x | + 2 ln |x 1|

dx

1
2

1
2

x , 0, x , 1 x , 2. a =
c = 12 .

1
x +2

1
,
2

b = 2,

dx

r
ln |x + 2| + C = ln |(x 1)2

x
x +2

| + C.


JJ

II

171 273

1.2.18

 : a, b c
x 2 + 2x + 3

(x 1)(x + 1)2

a
x 1

b
x +1

(x + 1)2

x , 1, 1, a =

3
,
2

b=

1
,
2

c = 1.

Riemann

x + 2x + 3
2

(x 1)(x + 1)

dx
2

=
=

3
2
3
2

1
x 1

dx +

ln |x 1| +

1
2

1
x +1

ln |x + 1| +

dx
1

x +1

dx
2

(x + 1 )
r
+ C = ln |

(x 1)3
| + C.
x +1

1.2.19
: a, b c
3x 2 + 2x 2

3x 2 + 2x 2

bx + c

(x 1)(x 2 + x + 1) x 1 x 2 + x + 1
a = 1, b = 2, c = 3.
x3 1

3x 2 + 2x 2
x3

dx

=
=
=

dx +

2x + 3

JJ

II

172 273

dx

+x +1
Z
2x + 1
1
ln |x 1| +
dx + 2
dx
x2 + x + 1
x2 + x + 1
Z
1
ln |x 1| + ln(x 2 + x + 1) + 2
dx
2
x +x +1
x 1

x2

 x 2 +1x +1 dx x 2 + x + 1 = (x + 12 )2 +
y = f (x ) = 2(3) (x + 12 ) f 0 (x ) = 2 .

3
4

3
(y2
4

+ 1)

1
x2

+x +1

dx

(x +
Z

1 2
)
2

dx =
3

f 0 (x )

Z
3
(f
4

(x )2 + 1)

dx

2
dx = arctan(y) + c.
y2 + 1
3

Riemann

3x 2 + 2x 2
x3 1

dx = ln |x 1| + ln(x 2 + x + 1) + arctan(
3

2x + 1

)+C

.
R 1.2.20

= Q1((xx)) + Q12((xx )) dx. Q1 (x )= (x 3 1)2 , 6x 2 (x 3 1) =
x 3 1. (x ) = Ax 2 + Bx + , Q2 (x ) = x 1, 1 (x ) = x 2 + Ex + Z .

Z
Z
1
Ax 2 + Bx +
x 2 + Ex + Z
JJ
II
dx =
+
dx.
3
2
3
(x 1)
x 1
x3 1

P (x )
dx
Q (x )
3

(x 3

1) 2

(2Ax + B)(x 1) 3x (Ax + Bx + ) x + Ex + Z

+
,
( x 3 1) 2
x3 1
3

(2Ax + B)(x 3 1) 3x 2 (Ax 2 + Bx + ) + (x 2 + Ex + Z )(x 3 1) = 1.

A = = = E = 0, B = 31 , Z = 23 .
1

(x 3 1)2

x
3( x 3 1)

2
3

173 273

1
x3 1

dx.

1
x3

dx

1
dx
x 3 1

3
1

1
x 1

1
x 3 1

dx

ln(x 1)

1
6

l
x 1

l =

x +2

Z
x2

mx +n
,
x 2 +x +1

+x +1

1
,
3

m = 13 , n = 23 .

dx

1
2x + 1
ln(x 2 + x + 1) arctan( ) + C.
3

Riemann

(x 3

1)2

dx =

x
3( x 3

1)

1
9

x +x +1
2

ln

(x

12 )

!
+

2x + 1
arctan( ) + C

3 3

1.2.21

x 2 e x dx

x 2 (e x )0 dx = x 2 e x

(x 2 )0 e x dx = x 2 e x 2 xe x dx
Z
Z
= x 2 e x 2 x (e x )0 dx = x 2 e x 2xe x + 2 (x )0 e x dx
Z
2 x
x
= x e 2xe + 2 1e x dx = x 2 e x 2xe x + 2e x + C.

JJ

II

174 273

1.2.22

 :
aC(x )

cos(bx )dx = (e ax )0 cos(bx )dx

Z
Z
= e ax cos(bx ) e ax (cos(bx ))0 dx = e ax
e ax (b sin(bx ))dx
ae

ax

= e ax cos(bx ) + bS(x ) + C1

Riemann

aC(x ) bS(x )
bC(x ) + aS(x )

= e cos(bx ) + C1
= e ax sin(bx ) + C2 .
ax

(4.2)

(4.3)

(4.2) (4.3)
C(x ) =

a cos(bx ) + b sin(bx )
a 2 + b2

e ax + C3

S(x ) =

a sin(bx ) b cos(bx )
a 2 + b2

e ax + C4 .
.

1.2.23
: .

Z
2

x cos(x )dx

Z
2

JJ

II

x (sin(x )) dx
175 273

= x sin(x ) 2
2

x sin(x )dx = x sin(x ) 2

= x 2 sin(x ) + 2x cos(x ) 2

Z
0

x (cos(x )) dx

Z
(x )0 cos(x )dx

= x 2 sin(x ) + 2x cos(x ) 2 sin(x ) + C.

1.2.24

1
x ln(x )

(ln(x ))0
=
dx
ln(x )
= ln (ln(x )) + C.
Z

dx

Riemann

1.2.25
:
I =

ln(x )
x

dx

2I = ln2 (x ) + C I =

1
x

(ln(x ))0 ln(x )dx = ln2 (x )

ln(x )
x

ln(x )dx

dx =

ln (x )
2

ln(x )
x

dx = ln2 (x ) I.

+c

JJ

II

1.2.26

176 273

Z
ln(x )dx

(x )0 ln(x )dx
Z
Z
= x ln(x ) x (ln(x ))0 dx = x ln(x ) dx = x ln(x ) x + C.

1.2.27

Riemann

Z
(x 2 1) cos(3x )dx

=
=
=
=

(x 2 1) sin(3x )

sin(3x )2xdx
3
Z
2
1 2
(x 1) sin(3x ) +
x (cos(3x ))0 dx
3
9
Z
1 2
2
2
(x 1) sin(3x ) + x cos(3x )
cos(3x )dx
3
1
3

(x 2 1) sin(3x ) +

9
2
9

x cos(3x )

9
2

27

sin(3x ) + C.

JJ

II

177 273

1.2.28

xe x cos(x )dx

=
=
=

!0
x
(sin(x ) cos(x )) dx
2
Z
Z
xe x
1
1
x
e sin(x )dx +
e x (sin(x ))0 dx
(sin(x ) cos(x ))
2
2
2
Z
Z
xe x
1
1
1
(sin(x ) cos(x ))
e x sin(x )dx + e x (sin(x ))
e x sin(x )dx
ex

2
xe x
2

(sin(x ) cos(x )) +

2
1
2

Riemann

e x cos(x ) + C.
.

JJ

II

1.2.29
178 273

: sin(2x ) cos(x ) =

1
(sin(3x )
2

+ sin(x )) :

e sin(2x ) cos(x )dx =

x

1
2

e sin(3x )dx +
x

1
2

Z
x

e sin(x )dx.

I1

3
1

3
1

e x sin(3x )dx =
e x cos(3x ) +
e cos(3x ) +
x

e x cos(3x ) +

1
3
1
9
1
9

Z
e x (cos(3x ))0 dx

(e x )0 cos(3x )dx = e x cos(3x ) +

3
9
Z
1
x 0
x
(e ) sin(3x )dx
e sin(3x )

Z
e x (sin(3x ))0 dx

Riemann

e x sin(3x ) I1 .

I1 =

1 x
e
10

sin(3x ) 3cos(3x ). I2 =

e sin(2x ) cos(x )dx =

x

1
20

ex
2

e sin(x ) =
x

e sin(3x ) 3cos(3x ) +
x

ex
4

(sin(x ) cos(x )).

.

(sin(x ) cos(x )) + C.

1.2.30
3x 2
1
dx.
2x x

R
:

3x 2 1
2x

dx =

Z 
3
2

1
2

32

3
2

dx = x + x

21

JJ

II

179 273

x2 + 1

3x 2 1
2x

arctan(x )dx

=
=
=
=

x2 + 1

x2 + 1

x2 + 1

x2 + 1

!0
arctan(x )dx
Z

arctan(x )

Z
arctan(x )

x2 + 1
x

arctan0 (x )dx

x2 + 1

1
1+x

Riemann

dx
2

p
arctan(x ) 2 (x ) + C.

1.2.31

: :
In +1

=
=
=

=
=

dx =
n +1

4a

ax 2 + bx + c a (x +

(ax 2 + bx + c )
4ac b2
(ax 2 + bx + c )n +1
Z
2
4a
(2ax + b)
In
dx
4ac b2
(ax 2 + bx + c )n +1
!0
Z
4a
1
1
In
(2ax + b)
dx
4ac b2
n (4ac b2 )
(ax 2 + bx + c )n

b
)
2a

dx

Z
4a
1
2ax + b
2a
1
In +

dx
4ac b2
n (4ac b2 ) (ax 2 + bx + c )n
n (4ac b2 )
(ax 2 + bx + c )n
4a
1
1
2a
In +
(2ax + b)

In
2
2
2
n
4ac b
n (4ac b )
(ax + bx + c )
n (4ac b2 )n

JJ

II

180 273

1.2.32

Z 
1
1+x 2
dx
1x

1+x

Riemann

dx

(1 x )(1 x )
Z
1
x
dx +
dx.
p
p
(1 x 2 )
(1 x 2 )

(1 x 2 )

(1x 2 )

dx

dx.

(1 x 2 )0
dx =
p
(1 x 2 )

(y = 1 x 2 )
dy
2
y

= y + c = 1 x 2 + c.
R

(1x 2 )

dx = arcsin(x ).

JJ

II

181 273

Z 
1

1+x 2
dx = arcsin(x ) 1 x 2 + c
1x

R
:

 1.2.33
ax 2 + bx + c dx a < 0 c > 0

R x,

4 3x x 2 = t (x + 4) :

1
4 3x x 2

Z 10t
(1+t 2 )2

dx

dt =

5t

= 2

Z 1+t

Riemann

1 + t2

dt = 2 arctan(t ) + C

1 x

+ C.
= 2 arctan
x + 4

R
:

 1.2.34
ax 2 + bx + c dx a > 0

x 2 x 1 = t x :

Z
x+

R x,

1
x2 x 1

dx

t (2t 1)2
t

3
2t 1
3

= 2 ln(|t |)
=

2t 2 2t + 2
2

dt =

(2t

1)2

ln(|2t 1|)

dt
1

2 2t 1

3
2 ln(|x +
x + 1|) ln(|2x 1 + 2 x 2 x + 1|)
2
3
1
ln(
) + C.

2
2x 1 + 2 x 2 x + 1
2

JJ

II

182 273

x2

1.2.35

Riemann

JJ

II

183 273

 :
. Pn .. U (f, Pn )
.

n
n
1X

ek =

k =1

1
1
1
n
n
n
e+
e2 + +
en
n
n
n

1
n

en +

en + +

1
n

Riemann

en

[0, 1], Pn = {x0 = 0, x1 =

f : R f (x ) = e .
x

U (f, Pn ). U (f, Pn ) =
e 1 =

limn n1

Pn

k =1

1
n

R1
P0n

e dx =
x

k =1

1
,
n

x1 =

1
,
n

, xn = 1}

= e e = e 1.
e k limn U (f, Pn ) = limn

[e x ]10

1
n

Pn

k =1

ek

ek .


2.2.1

JJ

II

184 273

 : Pn limn [U (f, Pn ) L (g, Pn )] = 0.

f R([a, b]) Pn

Rb

Rb
a

fdx = limn L (f, Pn ).

Pn a hdx = limn U (h, Pn ). Qn = Pn Pn0

( Qn Pn )
0

L (f, Pn ) L (f, Qn ) L (g, Qn ) U (g, Qn ) U (h, Qn ) U (h, Pn0 ),

Riemann

f (t ) g(t ) h (t ). 0 U (g, Qn )L (f, Qn ) U (h, Pn )L (f, Pn ) limn [U (h, Qn )

L (f, Qn )] =

Rb
a

hdx

Rb
a

fdx = 0.

lim [U (g, Qn ) L (g, Qn )] = 0

g R([a, b])

Rb
a

gdx limn U (g, Qn ) =

Rb
a

fdx.


.

2.2.2

JJ

II

185 273

Rb

: f , 0 a |f (t )|dt .
f , 0 t0 [a, b] : |f (t0 )| = , 0. f
U t0 |f (t )| > 2 , t U . f , 0

Rb
a

|f (t )|dt

R
U

|f (t )|dt

U > 0.

Riemann

2.2.3

JJ

II

186 273

 : Pn f (x ) =
U ( x1 , Pn ) = 1 + 12 + n 1 1 L ( x1 , Pn ) = 12 + n1 .
Pn = {1 < 2 < ... < n } [1, n ].
L (f, Pn ) =

n
X

mk (tk tk 1 ) =

k =2

U (f, Pn ) =

n
X
k =2

Mk (tk tk 1 ) =

n
X

mk =

k =2
n
X
k =2

Mk =

n
X
1
k =2

n
X
k =2

1
x

Riemann

1
k1

2.2.4

JJ

II

187 273

 : sin x [a, b] .
Pn = {a, a + h, a + 2h, a + nh = b}, h = bna .
Riemann, L (sin x, Pn ). limn L (sin x, Pn ) =

L (sin x, Pn ) =

n
X

sin(a + (k 1)h )h = h

k =1

limh 0

h
2 sin( h2 )

n
X

sin(a + (k 1)h ) = h

k =1

= 1, limn L (sin x, Pn ) =

Rb
a

cos(a

Rb

h
)
2

sin xdx,

cos(b

2 sin( h2 )

sin xdx = cos b cos a.

h
)
2

Riemann

2.2.5

JJ

II

188 273

 : [a, b] .
) m , 1, ) m = 1.
q

b
. h 1
) Pn = {a, ah, ah 2 , ah n }, h =
a
n .
Riemann
Pn .
n

Sn (f, Pn ) = (ah a )a

+ (ah ah )a h + + (ah ah )a h
m +1
=a
(h 1) + a m +1 h m +1 (h 1) + + a m +1 h (n 1)(m 1)(h 1)
= a m +1 (h 1){1 + h m +1 + (h m +1 )n 1 }
m +1 n
(h
) 1
h1
= a m + 1 (h 1 ) m + 1
{1 + h m +1 + (h m +1 )n 1 } = m +1
(bm +1 a m +1 ).
h
1
h
1
Rb
m +1
m +1
limn 1 h mh+111 = m1+1 . a x m dx = limn Sn (f, Pn ) = b m+a1 .
ln a
) m = 1 m + 1 = 0 Sn (f, Pn ) = n (h 1). ah n = b n = ln blnh
,
Z
a

x 1 dx = lim Sn (f, Pn ) = lim

n

h 1

h1

ln h

n 1

(n 1)m

(ln b ln a ).

2.2.6

Riemann

JJ

II

189 273

 :
Pn = {a, a +

ba
n

,a+

2( b a )
n

, , a +

n (b a )
n

= b}.

||Pn || = bna 0. Riemann

Pn
S(Pn , f, ) =

n
X

f a+k


ba
n

k =1

Riemann

||Pn ||.

lim S(Pn , f, ) = lim

n

X

f a+k

k =1

ba
n

||Pn || =

f (x )dx.
a

2.2.7

JJ

II

190 273

 : limn
b = 1

lim

ba
n

Pn

k =1

n
1X

i =1

f a + k bna =

Rb
a

f (x )dx. a = 0,

i
f ( ).
n

Riemann

2.2.8

JJ

II

191 273

 : an
an =

n 1+

1
n

+ +

1
1+

n
n

}.

f (x ) = x +1 x =
,
n ,
1
n

1.

[
0,
1
]

n
n
. Pn = {0, n1 , n2 , , nn = 1}
1

limn bna

Pn

k =1

f a+

1
,
n

k bna

Rb
a

n
.
n

f (x )dx,

Riemann

lim an = lim { {

n 1+

1
n

+ +

1
1+

n
n

}} =

Z
0

1
1+x

dx


2.2.9

JJ

II

192 273

 : f (x ) = e x R
[0, 1].
Pn = {x0 = 0, x1 = h, x2 = 2h, , xn = nh = 1},

h =

1
.
n

= {0, h, 2h, , (n 1)h }

Riemann

e x dx

n 1

lim h
f (kh ) = lim

lim h

k =0
hn

n 1
0 X

hk
he
e

k =0

h
1
= (e 1) lim h
= (e 1).
n e 1
eh 1


2.2.10
.

JJ

II

193 273

 : C 0 < C < f (c ). f > 0

x [c , c + ] [a, b] f (c ) > C.

Z
a

f (x )dx > 0 =

f (x )dx +
a

c +

f (x )dx +

c +

f (x )dx 0 + 2C + 0 > 0.

c = a ( c = b) [a, a + ] ( [b , b]).

Riemann

2.2.11

JJ

II

194 273

 :
)

x 2 dx =

x3
3

|10 =

1
3

0
3

1
3

x 3 dx =

|10 =

1
4

0
4

Riemann

cos(x )dx =

sin(x )|0

= sin( ) sin(0) = 1 0 = 1.

(2x x )dx = 2
2

x dx
1

x 3 dx = 2

x3

|11

x4
4

|11 = 2(

1
3

1
3

)(

1
4

1
4

)=

e
2

x/2

dx = 2e

|2 = 2(e

x/2 3

3/2

e )=
1

2
e

(1 e

1/2

JJ

II

).

195 273

2.2.12

 : f (x ) = x + g(x ) = sin(x ) x [0, ]. f

g g(x ) 0 [0, ].
[0, ]

Z
0

(x + ) sin(x )dx = ( + )

sin(x )dx


2.2.13

Riemann

JJ

II

196 273

 : f (x ) =
sin(x ) x [a, b]. [a, b]

sin (x )
x

dx =

sin(x )dx +

1
x

g(x ) =

sin(x )dx.

Rb

sin(x )dx = cos(a ) cos( ),

Rb

sin(x )dx = cos( ) cos(b) |

R
a

sin(x )dx | 2,

Riemann

sin(x )dx | 2,

Z
|
a

sin(x )
x

dx |

2
b

2
a

2
a

2
a

4
a


2.2.14

JJ

II

197 273

 : , f (x ) = g(x ) x 3
x 2 x + 1 = x + 1. (1, 0), (0, 1), (2, 3). g(x ) f (x )
1 x 0 f (x ) g(x ) 0 x 2.
E=

|f (x )g(x )|dx =

Z 2
37
[(x x x +1)(x +1)]dx +
[(x +2)(x 3 x 2 x +1)]dx =
3

12

Riemann

2.2.15

JJ

II

198 273

R 2
:
E=

(1 sin(x ))dx =

t = x +

1 sin(x )dx.

r
1 + cos(x +

)dx,

Riemann

E=

5
4

5
4

1 + cos(2t )dt = 2 2

Z
| cos(t )|dt = 2 2[

5
4

Z
cos(t )dt

p
cos(t )dt ] = 4 (2).

2.2.16

JJ

II

199 273

 : y = x 2 , x + y = 2,
x 2 = 2 x x = 1 x = 4.
(1, 1) (4, 2). 0 x 1
1 x 4 .

Z 1
Z 4

9
E=
[ x ( x )]dx +
[(2 x ) ( x )]dx = .
2
0
1

Riemann

E=

[(2 y) y2 ]dy =

9
2

2.2.17
.

JJ

II

200 273

).
: 0 (3, 2
3
(3, 2
)

3
, (0, 0) (0, 2 ) .

= 2

2
3

(2 2 cos())2 d

2
3

1
2

2
3

2
(6 cos()) d

(6 8 cos() + 2 cos(2))d

= [6 8 sin() +

sin(2)]2/3
0

2
3

18[ +

Riemann

(1 + cos(2))d

sin(2)
2

]2/3
/2

= .


2.2.18

JJ

II

201 273

 : y = x 2 x = t 2 ,
y = 2t, t [0, 1]
S

Z
p
2
(2t ) + 4dt = 2
t 2 + 1dt

1
1
= 2[ t t 2 + 1 + ln |t + t 2 + 1|]10 = 2 + ln(1 + 2).
2

Riemann

2.2.19

JJ

II

202 273

 :
S

x 0 (t )2

2(1 + cos(t ))dt = 2

y0 (t )2 dt

0
2
0

= 2

p
( sin(t ) sin(2t ))2 + (cos(t ) + cos(2t ))2 dt
0
Z 2 r
cos2 (
0

Z
0

| cos( )|dt = 2
2

)dt

cos( )dt 2
0

Riemann

cos( )dt = 8


2.2.20

JJ

II

203 273

 : limn

(2x 3 5x )dx

=
=
=

lim

b a
n

Pn

k =1

f a + k bna

Rb
a

f (x )dx. -

n


3i
3X
f 1+
n i =1
n

n " 

#

3X
3i 3
3i
lim
2 1+
5 1+
n n
n
n
i =1

lim

n "
X

3
lim

3 + 3

i =1
n
X

i
n

+ 54

i2
n2

+ 54

i3

Riemann

n3

(3) +

i =1

n
9 X

n2

i+

i =1

n
162 X

n3

i +
2

i =1

n
162 X

n4

i =1

!2

9 n (n + 1) 162 n (n + 1)(2n + 1) 162 n (n + 1)

3
(3)n + 2
+ 3
+ 4
= lim

n
n
n
2
n
6
n
2


1
1
1
81
1
9
(1 + )2
= lim 9 + 1(1 + ) + 27(1 + )(2 + ) +
2

= 9 +

9
2

+ 27 2 +

n
81
2

= 90

2.2.21

JJ

II

204 273

 : u = 3x + 4 du = 3dx. x = 0, u = 4 x = 4,
u = 16.

3x + 4dx

1
3
2
9

6 udu =

(163/2

12

[u 3/2 ]14 6
33
112
43/2 ) =
.
9

Riemann

2.2.22

JJ

II

205 273


: y = sin(x ) y = cos(x ) [0, /2]
pi/4, (2)/2. cos(x ) sin(x ) 0 x /4 cos(x ) sin(x )
/4 x /2.

/2

| cos(x ) sin(x )|dx

Riemann

0
/4

(cos(x ) sin(x ))dx +

/2

(sin(x ) cos(x ))dx

/4

= [sin(x ) + cos(x )]/4

+ [ cos(x ) sin(x )]/2
0
/4
1

= ( + 0 1) + (0 1 + + ) = 2 2 2.
2


.

2.2.23

JJ

II

206 273


R :m
p
E = 2 l |f (t )| f (t )2 + g0 (t )2 dt x = f (t ), y = g(t ), l t m.
e =

a 2 b 2
a2

< 1 e cos(t ) = u

= 2ab

sin( 1

e2

cos2 (t ))dt

= 2ab[

arcsin(e )
e

= 2

ab
e

u 2 du

Riemann

1 e 2 ].

2.2.24

JJ

II

207 273


R m:
p
E = 2 l |f (t )| f (t )2 + g0 (t )2 dt x = f (t ), y = g(t ), l t m.
E

= 2

a 2 (1 cos(t )) 2(1 cos(t ))dt

= 4a 2

Z
0

64

(1 cos(t )) sin( )dt =

a 2 .

Riemann

2.2.25

JJ

II

208 273


R :m
p
E = 2 l |f (t )| f (t )2 + g0 (t )2 dt x = f (t ), y = g(t ), l t m.
l, m

x . y = 0 t = 0 t = 3. x = 0 x = 3.
x- (0, 0) (3, 0).
x - .
E

= 2
= 2

= 2

Z
0

Riemann

|y(t )| x 0 (t ) + y0 (t )dt

p
t
(t 2 3) (4t 2 + (t 2 1)2 )dt

(t 3)(1 + t )dt = 3.
2


2.2.26

JJ

II

209 273

 :
f , g, f (x ) g(x ) 0, x [a, b] V =

V =

Rb
a

{f (x 2 ) g(x )2 }dx.

{(x + 2)2 x 4 }dx =

72

Riemann

2.2.27

JJ

II

210 273

 : f , x [a, b] V =
V =

Rb
a

y dx =

f (x )2 dx.

b
a

x2
a2

!
dx =

4
3

ab2

Riemann

2.2.28

JJ

II

211 273

 : R t2
x = g(t ), y = f (t ), t [t1 , t2 ] V = t f (t )2 g0 (t )dt.
1

V = 2

y2 dx

x (t1 ) = 0 t =
V

= 2

x (t2 ) = a t = 0

y dx = 2

Riemann

a sin (t )(3a cos (t ) sin(t ))

/2

/2

/2

= 6a 3 [
sin7 (t )dt
sin9 (t )dt ]
0
0
6 4 2 8 6 4 2
32
+
=
a 3 .
= 6a 3
753

9753

105


2.2.29

JJ

II

212 273

i
, i = 1, , 10
: [0, 1] 10 . xi = 10
: f (0) = 1, f (x1 ) = 1.00005, f (x2 ) = 1.00080, f (x3 ) = 1.00404, f (x4 ) =
1.01272, f (x5 ) = 1.03078, f (x6 ) = 1.026283, f (x7 ) = 1.11360, f (x8 ) = 1.18727, f (x9 ) =
1.28690, f (x1 0) = 1.41421.

T10 =
.

1
20

[f (0) + 2f (x1 ) + + 2f (9) + f (1)] = 1.09061

Riemann

2.2.30

JJ

II

213 273

i
, i = 1, , 10
: [0, 1] 10 . xi = 10
: f (0) = 1, f (x1 ) = 1.00005, f (x2 ) = 1.00080, f (x3 ) = 1.00404, f (x4 ) =
1.01272, f (x5 ) = 1.03078, f (x6 ) = 1.026283, f (x7 ) = 1.11360, f (x8 ) = 1.18727, f (x9 ) =
1.28690, f (x1 0) = 1.41421.

1
30

[f (0) + {f (

+{f (
=

)+f(

10
32.68473
30

1
10
4

10

)+f(

)+f(

3
10
6

10

)+f(

)+f(

5
10
8

10

)+f(

7
10

)+f(

9
10

Riemann

)}

)} + f (1)]

= 1.08949.


2.2.31
.

JJ

II

214 273

n
n +3

< 1

n
2n (n +3)

<

1
2n

, n N.

1, = 21
P
n

n =1 2n (n +3) .

1
n =1 2n

= 1.


3.2.1
Riemann

JJ

II

215 273

 : an =

limn | aann+1 |
.

= limn |

3 n +1
(n +1)!
3n
n!

3n
n!

, 0

| = limn

3
n +1

= 0.


3.2.2

Riemann

JJ

II

216 273

1
n =1
n

1
n

= +.

<

, n N.

1
n =1 n

= +


3.2.3

Riemann

JJ

II

217 273

| aann+1 | = |

(n +1)p x n +1
(n +1)!
np x n
n!

| = |x |( nn+1 )p n +1 1 0 < 1 n , x R p Z.


3.2.4

Riemann

JJ

II

218 273

5
2

n +2
n3

n3

2 n13

1
n 5/2

1
n =1 n k
+ 2 n13 .

> 1 3 > 1

k > 1 k 1.

n =1

n +2
n3

n =1

n +2
n3

1
n =1 n 5/2

+2

1
n =1 n 3 .

3.2.5

Riemann

JJ

II

219 273

 : . an =

limn | aann+1 | = limn |

3 limn

= 3 > 1.

(1+ n1 )10
P
3n

n =1 n 10

3 n +1
(n +1)10
3n
n 10

| = limn

3n

10

(n +1)10

3n
,
n 10

= 3 limn

an , 0 N.
n 10

(n +1)10

= 3 limn

( nn+1 )10

Riemann

3.2.6

JJ

II

220 273

 : . an =
1

limn ann = limn

.

n
5n/2

 n1

= limn

nn
1
52

1
5

n
5n/2

limn n 1/n =

0 limn |an | n =
P n
1

< 1.

n =1 5n/2

3.2.7

Riemann

JJ

II

221 273

 : . an =
n +1

| 99n (n +n1!)! | = | n +9 1 | =
P 9n
n =1 n !

9
n +1

9n
n!

9 n +1

, 0 | aann+1 | = | (n9+n1)! | =
n!

0 n N.

3.2.8

Riemann

JJ

II

222 273

 : .
1

limn ann = limn

1
.
3

nn

(3n +1)n

= limn

an =

nn

(3n +1)n

limn |an | n =

|n |
n
|3n +1| = limn 3n +1 = limn
P
nn

n =1 (3n +1)n .

3n +1
n

= limn

1
3+ n1

3.2.9

Riemann

JJ

II

223 273

 : . an =

1+cos2 (nx )
2n

|an | n = ann =

n
n an 12 2,

n
1 + cos2 (nx ) 2.
P

1+cos2 (nx )
.
n an 12 .
n =1
2n

1+cos2 (nx )
.
2

1
2

p
n

Riemann

3.2.10

JJ

II

224 273

(n !)n

(n !)n

:
n =1 n n 2 an = n n 2 .
P

a
.

an > 0 n N |an | = an .
n
n =1
.

(n !)n

limn |an |1/n = limn

= limn |nnn!| = limn

P

n nn

0 p < 1

n!
nn

=pR

S
{, +}.

n =1 an an =

(n !)n
nn

0 n .

p = 0 limn nnn! = p = 0.
P
bn = nnn! .
n =1 bn limn bn = 0.
. bn , 0, n N.
bn + 1
bn

=|

(n +1)!
( n +1 ) n +1
n!
nn

| = | (nn +(n1)+n1+1)nn!! | =
n

limn

(n !)
nn

(n +1)n

1
1+ n1

n

(1+ n1 )n

1
e

< 1 n .

Riemann

n =1

an

= 0.


3.2.11
.

JJ

II

225 273

 :
Sn = 1 +

1
2

1
22

1
23

1
n =1 2n 1 ,

+ +

2n 1

1 ( 21 )n
1 ( 21 )n

1
1
2

= 2 n ,

P
1
n 21 .
= 2.
Pn=1 2n11
1
1
0 1+2n1 2n1 . n =1 1+2n1 .


Riemann

3.2.12

JJ

II

226 273

1
n =1 n

= +

0
.

1
n

2n 1
n

1
n =1 n ,

( )

n =1

2n 1
n


3.2.13

Riemann

JJ

II

227 273

 : bn = 2n11 an = n1 .
.

lim

n =1 2n 1

an
bn

1
n
1
n
2n 1

= lim

= lim (2
n

1
n

1
n =1 n

) = 2.

Riemann

3.2.14

JJ

II

228 273

 : a 0 + n1a , 0.
a = 1 +. a > 0
f (x ) = x1a [1, +) a , 1

lim F (n ) = lim

t
1

dt = lim [
n

1
1a

1a

1
1a

]=

1
1a

a<1
a>1

, , a > 1.
P
1
a
1

n =1 n a a 1 + 1 = a 1 .

Riemann

3.2.15

JJ

II

229 273

 : an =

n
2n

r
p
n
| an | =

n
2

|=
n

1
2

n .

n
n =1 2n

Riemann

3.2.16

JJ

II

230 273

 : an =

an +1
an

|=|

(n +1)n
(n +1)!
nn

|=|

n!

n .

nn
n!

, 0. .

n !(n + 1)n +1
n !(n + 1)n n
nn
n =1 n !

|=|

(n + 1)n
nn

|=

 n + 1 n
n



1 n
= 1+
e > 1,
n


3.2.17

Riemann

JJ

II

231 273

: an = 1 +

1
n

n 2
. .

1
n

1
n

| an | = an =

s

n

1+

1
n

n 2



1 n
= 1+
e > 1,
n

n .

P 
n =1

1+

1
n

n 2

Riemann

3.2.18

JJ

II

232 273

 : 3n 2n 31n 21n . 21n

0 21n + 31n 22n , n N.
P
2

n =1 2n .

r
n

2
2n

|=

2
2n

n
=

1
2

< 1 n .

Riemann

P  1
n =1

2n

1
3n

Sn =

1
2

1
22

1
23

+ +

2n
1 n
1 (2) 1

1
2

+
+

1
3

1
32

1 n
1 (3) 1

1
3

1
33

+ +
3
2

1
3n

n .


.

3.2.19

JJ

II

233 273

n
:
n =1 1357(2n 1) . an =
n
, 0. .
1357(2n 1)

an + 1
an
n

|=

n =1 1357(2n 1)

an +1
an

n +1
1357(2n +1)
n
1357(2n 1)

limn

n+1
n (2n + 1)

0 n .

n
1357(2n 1)

Riemann

= 0.


3.2.20

JJ

II

234 273

: 0 an 9 0 10nn 109n .
P
P 1
9
1
1

= 10
< 1.
n =1 10n = 9
n =1 10n = 9 9 = 1,
P an
n =1 10n
[0, 1].

3.2.21

Riemann

JJ

II

235 273

 : an =

5n
3

7n n 2

, 0 n N .
5 n +1

an +1
an

5n
3
7n (n ) 2

5n + 1 7n n 2
3

|=

7n +1 (n +1) 2

5n 7n +1 (n + 1) 2

 n  32 5 1 32 5 1

= n +1 =
7 n+1
7 n
7 1+
5

5n 2
3

7(n + 1) 2

32

5
< 1 n .
1
n

Riemann

3.2.22

JJ

II

236 273

 : an = sin( n1 ).

1
n =1 n

bn =

. bn > 0, an n N

an
bn

1
.
n

sin( n1 )
1
n

1 > 0.

= +
1
n =1 sin( n ) .

1
n =1 n

Riemann

3.2.23

JJ

II

237 273

 : f (x ) = x (ln(1x ))a , a > 0 x [2, +) . a , 1

Z n
1
1
lim
dt =
lim [ln(n )1a ln(2)1a ]
n 2 t (ln(t ))a
1 a n
( 1
(ln(2))1a , a > 1
a 1
=
+,
a < 1.

lim F (n ) =

Riemann

a = 1 limn F (n ) = limn [ln(ln(n )) ln(ln(2))] = +.

3.2.24

JJ

II

238 273

 :
an =

n 2 +1
.
2n 3 +n 1

n n 2 +1
n =1 (1) 2n 3 +n 1

an an 0 n . .

,

n2 + 1
2n 3 + n 1

n2
2n 3 + n 1

2n 2
2n 3 + 2n 3 + 2n 3

1
4n

n 2 +1
n =1 2n 3 +n 1 .

Riemann

n 2 +1
n =1 2n 3 +n 1

n =1 (1)

n 2 +1
2n 3 +n 1

3.2.25

JJ

II

239 273

(1)n +1

.
:
n =1
2n
an = 21n . an = 21n an 0 n . .
P
1
,
n =1 2n .
r = 1/2 < 1
.


3.2.26

Riemann

JJ

II

240 273

 : Sn =

Pn

2
k =1 2k

Pn

k =1

Tn =

Pn

(1)k
2k

k =1

. limn

(1)k
2k

Pn

k =1 2k 1

Pn

k =1

2+(1)k
2k

, Sn =

= 2. -

1
1 12

Tn

n
X
1
1
1
1
( )k = + ( )2 + + ( )n
=
k =1

= [1 + ( ) + + ( )
Tn =

( 12 )1
3

, limn Tn =

X
2 + (1)n
n =1

2n

1
3

limn ( 12 )

X
2
n =1

2n

n 1

1
3

]=

Riemann

1 n
1 ( 2 ) 1

2 12 1

= 13

X
(1)n
n =1

2n

=2

1
3

5
3

.
.

3.2.27

JJ

II

241 273

 : limn n1 = 0, limn ln( n n+1 ) = ln(1) =

0, n1 > ln( n n+1 ) > n +1 1 . ( c Euler,
c = 0.577215).

3.2.28

Riemann

JJ

II

242 273

 : s > a k , 1
s

Z
lim

dx
xk

1
1k

lim [s

1k

1k

]=

1
a 1k
1k

k>1
k < 1.

k > 1 k < 1.
k = 1

Z
lim

dx
x

Riemann

= lim [ln(s) ln(a )] = +.

s


4.2.1

JJ

II

243 273

1
1+x

dx = lim
2

Z
t

1
1+

x2

dx = lim arctan(t ) =
t

Riemann

4.2.2

JJ

II

244 273

1
1+x

dx
2

1
1+x

Z
lim

dx +
2
1

1 + x2

Z
0

1
1 + x2

dx + lim

Z
0

dx
s

1
1 + x2

dx

= lim arctan(t ) + lim arctan(s) = ( ) +

t

Riemann

= .

4.2.3

JJ

II

245 273

 : )
t

Z
lim

x
1 + x2

dx = lim [ 1 + t 2
t

2] = +.

.
)
Z

Riemann

cos(t ) = lim sin(t ).

lim

limt sin(t ) . .
)
Z

lim

lim

.
)
Z t
ln(x )
t

dx = lim [1 e ] = 1.
t

dx = lim (
t

1
2

ln(t ) ) = +.
2


4.2.4

JJ

II

246 273


: e x [0, +].
Rt
R
2
2
x 2
e dx t [1, +] e t < e t F (t ) = 1 e x dx
1
2

Rt
1

e x dx

R
1

Z
lim

x 2

e x dx
x

dx = lim [1 e ] = 1.
t

Riemann

dx .

Z
0

R1

e x dx =

Z
0

e x dx +

e x dx,

e x dx

R
0

e x dx .


.

4.2.5

JJ

II

247 273

| sin(x )|

xa

1
xa

| cos(x )|

xa

1
xa

x [a, b]. -

1
xa

1
dx a > 1
a > 1.
t > 1
t

Z
1

"
#t
Z
cos(x )
sin(x )
dx
=

a
a
a
x

sin(x )

xa

cos(x )
x 1+a

dx

cos(x )

xa

dx

dx.

Riemann

Rt

cos(x )
x 1+a

dx 1 + a > 1 a > 0

Z
1

sin(x )
xa

"
#t
Z
cos(x )
dx = lim

a
lim
a
t

cos(x )
x 1+a

dx = cos(1) a

Z
1

cos(x )
x 1+a

a > 0 .


.

4.2.6

JJ

II

248 273

Rt
:

Z
3

dx
x2

+x 2

dx
,
3 x 2 +x 2

dx
x +2

1
3

Z
3

t > 3
t

dx
x 1

1
3

ln(

5t1
2t+2

).

Z
3

dx
x2 + x 2

1
3

Riemann

ln( ).

4.2.7

JJ

II

249 273

Z
1

(1 +

x
x 2)

dx

(1 + x 2 )
! Z
1
x
dx
lim

x 1 + x
2
2 x (1 + x )
1
Z
1 1
dx
+

2 2 1 2 x (1 + x )
Z
1 1
2tdt
+
2 2 1 t (1 + t 2 )
p

1
+ lim (arctan (x ) )
1

=
=
=
=
=

xd

2
1
2

Riemann

1
2

.
.

4.2.8

JJ

II

250 273

 : Cauchy a < x1 < x2

x2

x1

sin(x )
x

dx =

x2

x1

1
x

d cos(x ) =

cos(x1 )

x1

cos(x2 )
x2

x2

cos(x )

x1

x2

dx.

x2

|
x1

sin(x )
x

dx |

1
x1
1
x1

+
+

1
x2
1
x2

+|

x2

Riemann

cos(x )
x2

x1

x2

x1

1
x2

dx |

dx =

2
x1

<.

(4.4)

=
.

Cauchy

sin(x )

dx


4.2.9

JJ

II

251 273

 : f (x ) =

1
x 4 +1

0 < f (x ) =
x [a, +].

1
1 + x4

R
a

<

1
x4

= g(x ),

1
dx
x4

( p = 4 > 1)

R
a

1
dx
1+x 4

Riemann

4.2.10

JJ

II

252 273

 : f (x ) =

(1+x 3 )1/3

f (x ) =

(1 +

x [0, +].

>

x 3 )1/3

1
1+x

= g(x ),

a 1+x
1
dx =
3
1/3
(1+x )

dx = +

Riemann

4.2.11

JJ

II

253 273

: f (x ) = 2x 4 xx 2 +1 g(x ) = xx 4 = x12 (
f ). limx f (x ) = 12

dx
x2

< +

R
0

g (x )

x2

2x 4 x 2 +1

dx < +

4.2.12

Riemann

JJ

II

254 273

 : Cauchy > 0 x1 , x2 >

|

R
1

R x2
x1
4

x sin(x 4 )dx | < > 0.

x sin(x 4 )dx =

R1
0

x sin(x 4 )dx +

x sin(x )dx
x2

x sin(x 4 )dx

x1

x24

sin(t )
dt

1 cos(t )

Riemann

x4

|x24

1 cos(x22 )

"

x14

x22

x24

cos(t )
t 3/2

x14

cos(x12 )

x12

dt

x24

x14

cos(t )
t 3/2

dt.

x2

x sin(x 4 )dx |

x1

=
=
.

1
2

1 1
4

x22

1 1

4 x22

+
+

)+
2

x1

1 1

)
2

x1

x24

x14

4 x22

dt

t 3/2

)=
2

x1

1
2x12

<.

Cauchy

(4.5)

R
0

x sin(x 4 )dx,


4.2.13

JJ

II

255 273

 : (x 1a )k (a, b].
a < t < b k , 1

Z
t

dx

(x a )k

"

1 k (b a )k 1

(t a )k 1

#
,

lim

t a

Rb

limt a

Rb
t

dx
x a

dx
a (x a )k

dx

(x a )k

(
=

1
(b
1k

a )1k
+

Riemann

k<1
k > 1.

k < 1 k > 1. k = 1

= limt a [ln |b a | ln |t a |] = , .


4.2.14
.

JJ

II

256 273

Rc
:

dx

(x a )(bx )

Rb
,

dx

(x a )(bx )

(x a )1/2
1
lim
=
,
x a
(x a )(b x )
(b a )

Riemann

(b x )1/2
1
lim
=
.
x b
(x a )(b x )
(b a )

x = a cos (t ) + b sin (t )
2

dx

(x a )(b x )

=2

/2

dt = .


.

4.2.15

JJ

II

257 273

 : x =

1
t

sin(t )

t2

sin( )dx =

sin(t )
t2

dt.

dt

Riemann

Z
|
l

R1

sin(t )
t2

dt |
l

1
t2

dt < +.

sin( x1 )dx .

4.2.16
.

JJ

II

258 273

dx
p

sin (x )

/2

dx
p

sin (x )

/2

dx

sinp (x )

x = t

dx

p
/2 sin (x )

R /2

1
dx
p
0
sinp (x ) . limx 0+ x sinp (x ) = 1 ,
, 0 < p < 1.

Riemann

4.2.17

JJ

II

259 273

(x ) =

t x 1 e t dt +

t x 1 e t dt.

) x 1 )x < 1
) x 1 :

R +

t x 1 e t dt

t x 1 e t dt

lim

t x 1 e t
1
t2

R1

t x +1

= lim

et

= 0,

x 1 t

< . 1 t e dt
1
(x ) x 1
R +
) x > 1 : 1 t x 1 e t dt

R1

).
t = 1s

Riemann

R +

1
dt
t2

t x 1 e t dt .
.

t x 1 e t dt =

t s1 e 1/s ds.

JJ

II

lim

x 1

t s1 e 1/s
sx 1

= 1,

260 273

ds < x > 0

R1
0

t x 1 e t dt (x ) x > 1.

4.2.18

 :
B(x, y) =

x 1

(1 t )

y 1

dt =

x 1

y 1

(1 t )

dt +

t x 1 (1 t )y1 dt,
c

0 < c < 1.
f (t ) = t x 1 (1 t )y1

Riemann

lim t 1x f (t ) = lim (1 t )y1 = 1,

lim (1 t )1y f (t ) = lim t x 1 = 1.

Rc

R1

t x 1 (1 t )y1 dt

0 < 1 x < 1 c t x 1 (1 t )y1 dt 0 <

1 y < 1. B(x, y) 0 < x < 1 0 < y < 1.

4.2.19

JJ

II

261 273

cos(x )
dx =
x

cos(x )
dx +

cos(x )
dx.
x

I1 =
I2 =

cos(x )

R
1

R1
0

cos(x )
dx
x

cos(x )
dx

. I1

, x (0, 1].
x

Z
0

Riemann

dx = lim

k 0+

dx = lim 2(1

k 0+

k ) = 2,

I1 .
I2
I2 =

Z
1

cos(x )
dx
x

dx < .
1

I2 .
R
I1 I2 I1 + I2 = 0
.

cos(x )
dx

JJ

II

262 273

4.2.20

1
1

x2

dx = lim

t 1

1
1

x2

dx = lim [arcsin(t ) arcsin(0)] =

t 1

R1

1 dx
1x 2

Riemann

4.2.21

JJ

II

263 273

 : . x = 2 (
). x , 2

lim

n+2

(n + 1)2 + 1

|(x 2)n |.

n2 + 1

n + 1 |x 2|n

= |x 2|.

|x 2| < 1
1 < x < 3 x < 1 x > 3.
P
n +1
n
x = 1 x = 3. x = 1
n =1 n 2 +1 (1) ,
n +1
( an = n 2 +1
P
n +1
) . x = 3
n =1 n 2 +1
.
P
n +1
n

n =1 n 2 +1 (x 2) [1, 3)
31
R = 2 = 1.

Riemann


.

4.2.22

JJ

II

264 273

r
lim

3n
2n + 4

|x n | =

3
2

|x |.

2
3

23

2
3

2
3

< x < x >

|x | <
x < 32 . x = 32 x = 23 .
P
1
n
x = 23
n =1 8 (1) . .
P
1
x = 32
n =1 8 . .
P
n

n =1 23n+4 x n ( 23 , 32 )
2
R = 3 .

Riemann


4.2.23
.

JJ

II

265 273

 :
x n +1

lim

(n +1)!
xn
n!

= lim

x
n+1

= 0,

x
x , 0
n =1 n ! = 0 x = 0. x R
(, +) R = +.

Riemann

4.2.24

JJ

II

266 273

 : x , 1

lim

n n (x 1)n = lim n |x 1| = +.

p
n

x = 1 n =1 n n (x 1)n = 0 . [1, 1] R = 0.

Riemann

4.2.25

JJ

II

267 273

 : fn (x ) = (1)n +1 xn x [0, a ] a < 1,

n

|fn (x )| = |(1)n +1

xn
n

|=

xn
n

an
n

a

n =1 n 0 a < 1
x (1, 1) R = 1.

Riemann

4.2.26

JJ

II

268 273

x n ln(x )

x [0, 1] . : fn (x ) = n
x [0, 1] |fn (x )| = fn (x ) fn (x )
xm = n1e fn (xm ) = n12 e

|fn (x )| =

x n ln(x )
n

1
n2e

Riemann

1

n =1 n 2 e
x [0, 1].

4.2.27

JJ

II

269 273

lim

an x n = lim a |x | = a |x |.
n

a |x | < 1 |x | < a1 . ( a1 , a1 ) R = a1 .

Riemann

4.2.28

JJ

II

270 273

 : f : (R, R ) R f (x ) =
P
n
f 0 (x ) =
n =0 nan x .

n =0

an x n .

2f (x ) + f 0 (x ) = 0 2e 2x f (x ) + e 2x f 0 (x ) = 0 (e 2x )0 f (x ) + e 2x f 0 (x ) = 0

(e 2x f (x ))0 = 0 e 2x f (x ) = c f (x ) = ce 2x .

e x =

xn
n =0 n !

e 2x =

(2x )n
n =0
n!

f (x ) = c

(2)n n
n =0 n ! x .

Riemann

X
n =0

an =

X
n =0

!
(2)n n
c
x .
n!

an = c

(2)n
.
n!


4.2.29

JJ

II

271 273

 :
x n R,
n =0 a
Pn
P
2n
|x | < R. n =0 an x = n =0 an (x 2 )n
P
2n

|x 2 | < R |x | < R.
n =0 an x

R.

4.2.30

Riemann

JJ

II

272 273

lim

(n + 1)a x n +1
na x n

= lim (
n

(n + 1)
n

)a x = x.

a
n
R = 1. x = 1
n =1 n (1)
P a
a < 0 . x = 1 n =1 n
a < 1.
a < 1 [1, 1], 1 a < 0
[1, 1) a 0 (1, 1).

Riemann

4.2.31

JJ

II

273 273