for sows of modern, high-producing, lean genotypeshave been reviewed.
11
–
14
Although this article focuses on the energy require-ments of lactating sows, veterinarians should under-stand that the lysine requirement during lactation is in-fluenced by energy intake (Figure 1). At low energy intake (6.5 Mcal/day), increasing lysine intake from 9to 45 g/day has little effect on milk yield.
15
However, asenergy intake increases to 16.5 Mcal/day, the responseto greater lysine intake increases markedly. These re-sults reveal that milk yield depends on lysine and ener-gy intakes because the response to one is contingent onthe intake of the other. Thus energy intake must beconsidered when recommending lysine for lactatingsows.Energy and lysine intakes also interactively influencethe secretion of reproductive hormones and subsequentreproductive performance (Figure 2).
5
At low energy in-take (6.5 Mcal/day of metabolizable energy), increasedlysine intake has little influence on the mean secretionof luteinizing hormone (LH).The influence of lysineintake on LH secretion increases as energy intake in-creases. Thus LH secretion, like milk production, is re-duced by the restricted intake of lysine or energy. Con-sequently, if energy intake is limited, increased dietary lysine has little effect unless energy or feed intake is in-creased simultaneously.Sows of modern, high-producing genotypes usually need more energy than is provided by spontaneousfood intake.
16
Therefore, these sows typically must mo-bilize body reserves during lactation. To maximize thelongevity of these sows, management must use a feed-ing strategy that maximizes feed intake during lactationand minimizes the loss of body stores of energy andprotein.
17
The impact of feed intake during lactation on subse-quent reproduction increases as weaning age decreases.
1
As weaning age is reduced, increased feed intake duringlactation is associated with a greater improvement infarrowing rates (Figure 3). The use of high dietary fatlevels during lactation to increase dietary energy canimprove litter weaning weights but may actually impairsubsequent reproductive performance by reducing thenumber of LH peaks in early lactation.
18
Nevertheless,fat intake must
not
be limited during lactation. Themost practical method of increasing energy intake is toincrease total food consumption.
Compendium
September 2000Food Animal
ENERGY AND LYSINE INTAKE
I
FEED INTAKE AND WEANING AGE
I
LUTEINIZING HORMONE
—————3530252015109 15 21 27 33 39 45
Lysine Intake (g/day)
M i l k Y i e l d ( l b )
16.511.56.5
— — — — — —
Figure 1—
Influence of lysine and energy (Mcal/day of metab-olizable energy) intakes on milk yield. (From Tokach MD,Pettigrew JE, Crooker BA, et al: Quantitative influence of ly-sine and energy intake on yield of milk components in theprimiparous sow.
J Anim Sci
70:1865, 1992; modified withpermission)
0.40.30.20.109152127333945
Lysine Intake (g/day)
M e a n L u t e i n i z i n g H o r m o n e ( n g / m l )
————
— — — — — —
16.511.56.5
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