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Calculus Cheat SheetVisithttp://tutorial.math.lamar.edufor a complete set of Calculus notes.

2005 Paul Dawkins

Integrals

DefinitionsDefinite Integral:

Suppose

( )

f x

is continuouson

[ ]

a b

. Divide

[ ]

a b

into

subintervals of width

and choose

from each interval.Then

( )

lim

bani

f x dx f x x

®¥=

= D

åò

Anti-Derivative :

An anti-derivative of

( )

f x

is a function,

( )

F x

, such that

( ) ( )

F x f x

¢=

Indefinite Integral :

( ) ( )

f x dx F x c

= +

where

( )

F x

is an anti-derivative of

( )

f x

Fundamental Theorem of CalculusPart I :

( )

f x

is continuous on

[ ]

a b

then

( ) ( )

g x f t dt

is also continuous on

[ ]

a b

and

( ) ( ) ( )

d x f t dt f xdx

¢= =

Part II :

( )

f x

is continuous on

[ ]

a b

( )

F x

isan anti-derivative of

( )

f x

(

i.e.

( ) ( )

F x f x dx

)then

( ) ( ) ( )

f x dx F b F a

= -

Variants of Part I :

( )

( ) ( )

u xa

d f t dt u x f u xdx

¢= é ùë û

( )

( ) ( )

bv x

d f t dt v x f v xdx

¢= - é ùë û

( )

( )( )

( )

[ ]

( )

[ ]

()()

u xv x

u x v x

d f t dt u x f v x f dx

¢ ¢= -

Properties

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

f x g x dx f x dx g x dx

± = ±

ò ò ò

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

b b ba a a

f x g x dx f x dx g x dx

± = ±

ò ò ò

( )

f x dx

( ) ( )

b aa b

f x dx f x dx

= -

ò ò

( ) ( )

cf x dx c f x dx

ò ò

is a constant

( ) ( )

b ba a

cf x dx c f x dx

ò ò

is a constant

( ) ( )

b ba a

f x dx f t dt

ò ò

( ) ( )

b ba a

f x dx f x dx

ò ò

( ) ( )

f x g x

a x b

£ £

then

( ) ( )

b aa b

f x dx g x dx

ò ò

( )

f x

a x b

£ £

then

( )

f x dx

( )

m f x M

£ £

a x b

£ £

then

( ) ( ) ( )

m b a f x dx M b a

- £ £ -

Common Integrals

k dx k x c

= +

n n

x dx x c n

= + ¹ -

x dx dx x c

= = +

ò ò

aax b

dx ax b c

= + +

( )

lnln

udu u u u c

= - +

u u

du c

= +

cossin

udu u c

= +

sincos

udu u c

= - +

sectan

udu u c

= +

sectansec

u udu u c

= +

csccotcsc

u udu u c

= - +

csccot

udu u c

= - +

tanlnsec

udu u c

= +

seclnsectan

udu u u c

= + +

( )

111

tan

ua aa u

du c

= +

( )

sin

uaa u

du c

= +

Calculus Cheat SheetVisithttp://tutorial.math.lamar.edufor a complete set of Calculus notes.

2005 Paul Dawkins

Standard Integration Techniques

Note that at many schools all but the Substitution Rule tend to be taught in a Calculus II class.

Substitution :

The substitution

( )

u g x

will convert

( )

( ) ( )

( )

b g ba g a

f g x g x dx f u du

¢=

ò ò

using

( )

du g x dx

¢=

. For indefinite integrals drop the limits of integration.

Ex.

( )

5cos

x dx

32213

u x du x dx x dx du

= Þ = Þ =

111::228

x u x u

= Þ = = = Þ = =

( )

( )( ) ( ) ( )

( )

285311855331

5coscossinsin8sin1

x x dx u duu

== = -

ò ò

Integration by Parts :

udv uv vdu

= -

ò ò

and

b bbaa a

udv uv vdu

= -

ò ò

. Choose

and

fromintegral and compute

by differentiating

and compute

using

v dv

Ex.

x x

u x dv du dx v

- -

= = Þ = = -

x x x x x

x dx x dx x c

- - - - -

= - + = - - +

ò ò

eeeee

Ex.

u x dv dx du dx v x

= = Þ = =

( )

( ) ( )

55553333

lnlnln5ln53ln32

xdx x x dx x x x

= - = -= - -

ò ò

Products and (some) Quotients of Trig Functions

For sincos

n m

xdx

we have the following :

odd.

Strip 1 sine out and convert rest tocosines using

sin1cos

x x

= -

, then usethe substitution cos

u x

odd.

Strip 1 cosine out and convert restto sines using

cos1sin

x x

= -

, then usethe substitution

sin

u x

and

both odd.

Use either 1. or 2.

and

both even.

Use double angleand/or half angle formulas to reduce theintegral into a form that can be integrated.

Fortansec

n m

xdx

we have the following :

odd.

Strip 1 tangent and 1 secant out andconvert the rest to secants using

tansec1

= -

, then use the substitutionsec

u x

even.

Strip 2 secants out and convert restto tangents using

sec1tan

x x

= +

, thenuse the substitution tan

u x

odd and

even.

Use either 1. or 2.

even and

odd.

Each integral will bedealt with differently.

Trig Formulas

( ) ( ) ( )

sin22sincos

x x

( ) ( )

( )

212

cos1cos2

x x

= +

( ) ( )

( )

212

sin1cos2

= -

Ex.

tansec

xdx

( )( )

( )

35242424751175

tansectansectansecsec1sectansec1secsecsec

x xdx x x x xdx x x x xdxu u du u x x x c

== -= - == - +

ò òòò

Ex.

sincos

x x

( )

221122

2254333223222433

sin(sin)sinsinsincoscoscossin(1cos)cos(1)12

cossec2lncoscos

x x x x x x x x x x xuu uu u

dx dx dxdx u xdu du x x c

--- +

= == == - = -= + - +

ò ò òòò ò

Calculus Cheat SheetVisithttp://tutorial.math.lamar.edufor a complete set of Calculus notes.

2005 Paul Dawkins

Trig Substitutions :

If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution andformula to convert into an integral involving trig functions.

222

sin

a b x x

- Þ =

cos1sin

q q

= -

222

sec

b x a x

- Þ =

tansec1

q q

= -

222

tan

a b x x

+ Þ =

sec1tan

q q

= +

Ex.

2233

sincos

x dx d

q q q

= Þ =

222

44sin4cos2cos49

q q q

= - = =-

Recall

x x

. Because we have an indefiniteintegral we’ll assume positive and drop absolutevalue bars. If we had a definite integral we’dneed to compute

’s and remove absolute value bars based on that and,if 0if 0

x x x x x

³ì=í- <î

In this case we have

2cos49

( )

23sin2cos2

2249

12sin

cos12csc12cot

d d d c

q q

q q q q q

== = - +ó õ

òò

Use Right Triangle Trig to go back to

’s. Fromsubstitution we have

sin

so,From this we see that

493

cot

x x

. So,

222

44949

x x xx

dx c

= - +

Partial Fractions :

If integrating

( )( )

P xQ x

where the degree of

( )

P x

is smaller than the degree of

( )

Q x

. Factor denominator as completely as possible and find the partial fraction decomposition of the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction decomposition (P.F.D.). For each factor in thedenominator we get term(s) in the decomposition according to the following table.Factor in

( )

Q x

Term in P.F.DFactor in

( )

Q x

Term in P.F.D

ax b

Aax b

( )

ax b

( ) ( )

122