Philippine Folk Tales

The Project Gutenberg EBook of Philippine Folk TalesCompiled and Annotated by Mabel (Cook) ColeThis eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and withalmost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away orre-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License includedwith this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.netTitle: Philippine Folk TalesAuthor: Compiled and Annotated by Mabel (Cook) ColeRelease Date: July 4, 2004 [EBook #12814]Language: EnglishCharacter set encoding: ISO-8859-1*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHILIPPINE FOLK TALES ***Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the PG Distributed ProofreadersTeam from scans made available by the University of MichiganPHILIPPINE FOLK TALESCompiled and Annotated byMabel (Cook) Cole1916PREFACEFrom time to time since the American occupation of the Islands,Philippine folk-tales have appeared in scientific publications, butnever, so far as the writer is aware, has there been an attempt tooffer to the general public a comprehensive popular collection ofthis material. It is my earnest hope that this collection of taleswill give those who are interested opportunity to learn somethingof the magic, superstitions, and weird customs of the Filipinos,and to feel the charm of their wonder-world as it is pictured bythese dark-skinned inhabitants of our Island possessions.In company with my husband, who was engaged in ethnological work forthe Field Museum of Natural History, it was my good fortune to spendfour years among the wild tribes of the Philippines, During thistime we frequently heard these stories, either related by the peoplein their homes and around the camp fires or chanted by the pagan

priests in communion with the spirits. The tales are now publishedin this little volume, with the addition of a few folk-legendsthat have appeared in the _Journal of American Folk-Lore_ and inscientific publications, here retold with some additions made bynative story-tellers.I have endeavored to select typical tales from tribes widely separatedand varying in culture from savagery to a rather high degree ofdevelopment. The stories are therefore divided into five groups,as follows: Tinguian, Igorot, the Wild Tribes of Mindanao, Moro,and Christian,The first two groups, Tinguian and Igorot, are from natives whoinhabit the rugged mountain region of northwestern Luzon. From timeimmemorial they have been zealous head-hunters, and the stories teemwith references to customs and superstitions connected with theirsavage practices. By far the largest number belong to the Tinguiangroup. In order to appreciate these tales to the fullest extent,we must understand the point of view of the Tinguian. To him theyembody all the known traditions of "the first times"--of the peoplewho inhabited the earth before the present race appeared, of theancient heroes and their powers and achievements. In them he findsan explanation of and reason for many of his present laws and customs.A careful study of the whole body of Tinguian mythology points tothe conclusion that the chief characters of these tales are notcelestial beings but typical, generalized heroes of former ages,whose deeds have been magnified in the telling by many generationsof their descendants. These people of "the first times" practicedmagic. They talked with jars, created human beings out of betel-nuts,raised the dead, and had the power of changing themselves into otherforms. This, however, does not seem strange or impossible to theTinguian of today, for even now they talk with jars, perform certainrites to bring sickness and death to their foes, and are warned byomens received through the medium of birds, thunder and lightning,or the condition of the liver of a slaughtered animal. They stillconverse freely with certain spirits who during religious ceremoniesare believed to use the bodies of men or women as mediums for thepurpose of advising and instructing the people.Several of the characters appear in story after story. Sometimes theygo under different names, but in the minds of the story-tellers theirpersonality and relationships are definitely established. Thus Ini-initof the first tale becomes Kadayadawan in the second, Aponitolau inthe third, fourth, fifth, and sixth, and Ligi in the seventh. Kanag,the son of Aponitolau and Aponibolinayen, in the fifth tale is calledDumalawi.These heroes had most unusual relations with the heavenly bodies,all of which seem to have been regarded as animate beings. In thefourth tale Aponitolau marries Gaygayoma, the star maiden who isthe daughter of the big star and the moon. In the first story thesame character under the name of Ini-init seems to be a sun-god:we are told that he is "the sun," and again "a round stone whichrolls." Thereupon we might conclude that he is a true solar being;yet in the other tales of this collection and in many more known tothe Tinguian he reveals no celestial qualities. Even in the firststory he abandons his place in the sky and goes to live on earth.In the first eight stories we read of many customs of "the first

times" which differ radically from those of the present. But a carefulanalysis of all the known lore of this people points to the belief thatmany of these accounts depict a period when similar customs did existamong the people, or else were practiced by emigrants who generationsago became amalgamated with the Tinguian and whose strange customsfinally became attributed to the people of the tales. The storiesnumbered nine to sixteen are of a somewhat different type, and inthem the Tinguian finds an explanation of many things, such as,how the people learned to plant, and to cure diseases, where theysecured the valuable jars and beads, and why the moon has spots onits face. All these stories are fully believed, the beads and jarsare considered precious, and the places mentioned are definitelyknown. While the accounts seem to be of fairly recent origin theyconflict neither with the fundamental ideas and traditions of "thefirst times" nor with the beliefs of today.Stories seventeen to twenty-three are regarded as fables and are toldto amuse the children or to while away the midday hours when the peopleseek shaded spots to lounge or stop on the trail to rest. Most ofthem are known to the Christianized tribes throughout the Islands andshow great similarity to the tales found in the islands to the southand, in some cases, in Europe. In many of them the chief incidentsare identical with those found elsewhere, but the story-tellers, byintroducing old customs and beliefs, have moulded and colored themuntil they reflect the common ideas of the Tinguian.The third group includes stories from several wild tribes who dwellin the large island of Mindanao. Here are people who work in brassand steel, build good dwellings, and wear hemp clothing elaboratelydecorated with beads, shell disks, and embroidery, but who stillpractice many savage customs, including slavery and human sacrifice.The fourth division gives two tales from the Moro (hardy Malayanwarriors whose ancestors early became converts to the faith ofMohammed). Their teachers were the Arabian traders who, about 1400,succeeded in converting many of the Malay Islanders to the faith ofthe prophet.The last group contains the stories of the Christianized natives--thosewho accepted the rule of Spain and with it the Catholic religion. Theirtales, while full of local color, nevertheless show the influenceof the European tutors. They furnish an excellent opportunity tocontrast the literature of the savage head-hunters with that of theMoro and Christian tribes and to observe how various recent influenceshave modified the beliefs of people who not many centuries ago weredoubtless of a uniform grade of culture. It is interesting, too, tonote that European tales brought into the Islands by Mohammedan andChristian rulers and traders have been worked over until, at firstglance, they now appear indigenous.Owing to local coloring, these tales have various forms. Still wefind many incidents which are held in common by all the tribes ofthe Archipelago and even by the people of Borneo, Java, Sumatra, andIndia. Some of these similarities and parallelisms are indicated inthe foot-notes throughout the book.CONTENTS