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AP European History/Neiffer
Reading Guide:Chapter 17: The Age of Enlightenment
Formative Influence on the Enlightenment 
Ideas of Newton and Locke
•
Issac Newton
◦
law of universal gravitation
•
John Locke
◦
 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
◦
tabula rasaThe Example of British Toleration and Political Stability
•
What impact did the post-Glorious Revolution have on theenlightenment?The Emergence of Print Culture
•
print culture
•
volume of printed material
•
increased literacy
•
increase in non-religious books
•
increase in libraries
•
Samuel Johnson (1709-1719)
•
The Spectator 
•
Alexander Pope
•
public opinion
•
impact on government
The Philosophes
 philosophes
Voltaire-- First Among the Philosophes
•
Background
•
Letters on the English
•
Elements on the Philosophy of Newton
•
Candide
The Enlightenment and Religion
What criticisms did the philosophes lodge against religion and formal churches?Deism
•
deism
•
Christianity Not Mysterious
by John Toland
•
What did deists believe?Toleration
•
How did Enlightenment thinkers argue for religious toleration?Radical Enlightenment Criticism of Christianity
1/4
 John Locke... better known as J.Lo.
 
•
Inquiry into Human Nature
by David Hume
•
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
by Edward Gibbon
•
How close were Enlightenment thinkers to wanting atheism?Jewish Thinkers in the Age of the Enlightenment
•
Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)
◦
Ethics
◦
Theologico-Political Treatise
•
Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786)
◦
On Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism
Islam in Enlightenment Thought
•
How was Islam received in Europe among scholars?
•
What were common arguments for and against Islam among Enlightenment writers?
The Enlightenment Society 
The Encyclopedia: Free and Economic Improvement
•
Encyclopedia
•
Denis Diderot (1713-1784) and Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717-1783)
•
What was the impact of the
Encyclopedia? 
Beccaris and Reform of Criminal Law
•
Marquis Cesare Beccaria
•
On Crimes and Punishments
 The Physiocrats and Economic Freedom
•
physiocrats
•
Francois QuesnayAdam Smith on Economic Growth and Social Progress
•
Adam Smith (1723-1790)
•
Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
•
laissez-faire
•
The Wealth of Nations
Political Thought of the Philosophes
Montesquieu and
The Spirit of Laws
•
Baron de Montesquieu
•
The Persian Letters
•
Spirit of the Laws
•
parlementsRousseau: A Radical Critique of Modern Society
•
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
•
The Social Contract
•
What was Rousseau's larger argument?Enlightened Critics on European Empires
•
What was the criticism from Enlightenment thinkers concerning Europe's governments? … Europe'sempire? … the treatment of Native Americans? ...slavery?
2/4
Denis Diderot liked really,REALLY long books...
 
Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment 
What role did women salon owners play in the Enlightenment?
EmileVindication of the Rights of Women
by Mary Wolstonecraft
Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art 
What is Rococo style?What is Neoclassical style?
Enlightened Absolutism
History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great
by VoltaireFrederick the Great of Prussia
•
Merit-based promotion
◦
Prussian Civil Service Commission
•
Religious toleration
•
Administrative and economic reformsJoseph II of Austria
•
Joseph II and the concentration of government authority
•
Extension of religious toleration
•
Relations with the Roman Catholic Church
•
Reversal of peasant tradition
•
Leopold IICatherine the Great of Russia
•
Catherine I
→
Peter II
→
Anna
→
Ivan VI
→
Elizabeth
→
Peter III
•
Catherine the Great
•
Catherine and the Enlightenment
•
Administrative reformation
•
Economic Growth
•
Russia expansion policyThe Partition of Poland
•
Why was Poland partitioned?The End of the 18
th
Century in Central and Eastern Europe
Review Questions
1. How did the Enlightenment change basic Western attitudes toward reform, faith, and reason? What werethe major formative influences on the philosophes? How important were Voltaire and the Encyclopedia in thesuccess of the Enlightenment?2. Why did the philosophes consider organized religion to be their greatest enemy? What were the basictenets of deism? How did Jewish writers contribute to Enlightenment thinking about religion? What are thesimilarities and differences between the Enlightenment evaluation of Islam and its evaluations of Christianityand Judaism?3. What were the attitudes of the philosophes toward women? What was Rousseau’s view of women? What
3/4
 Joseph II of Austria,sometimes known as the"Musical King" 
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