1.

Research designed to generate knowledge to guide nursing practice and to improve the health and quality
of life of nurses clients is termed as:
a. Nursing Research
b. Clinical Nursing Research
c. Research
d. Ethics
Keyword: GUIDE NURSING PRACTICE Rationale: Clinical Nursing Research is a research designed to
generate knowledge to guide nursing practice and to improve the health and quality of life of nurses clients. A)
Nursing research is a systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues of importance to the
nursing profession, including nursing practice, education, administration and informatics. B) Correct answer C)
Research is a systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems.
(Source: Nursing Research: Principles and Methods by Denise Polit and Cheryl Beck)
2. A variable that comes between dependent and independent variable is called:
a. Extraneous variable
b. Polychomotous variable
c. Dichomotous variable
d. Intervening variable
Keyword: COMES BETWEEN Rationale: Kinds of variable Independent variable - use this to stimulate a
target population Dependent variable/Effectual variable - results of the effects of the study Intervening
Variable - Comes between dependent and independent o Example: orghanism variable, internal factor, sex,
gender, color Extraneous Variable - External infuences that can be changed o Example: citizenship,
educational status Dichotomous Variable - 2 choices/ 2 results o Example: Male/ Female Polychotomous
Variable - Multiple choices o Example: Preferred foods Chinese, Japanese, American. . . . .
3. Which of the following characteristics do not describe a research problem?
a. Used unauthorized from anothers literary work
b. The topic itself is researchable
c. Generally applicable for use in practice
d. None of these
Keyword: DO NOT Rationale: Characteristics of a research problem general applicability and use
Researchable Feasible and measurable Factors of a feasible research : time, money, experience of the
researcher, instruments, population novelty/originality (Plagiarism/illegal replication unauthorized use of
anothers literary work without any consent or permission) importance to nursing profession significance to
nursing
4. Sources of a research problem could either be the following except:
a. Concepts
b. Issues
c. Theories
d. Research
Keyword: EXCEPT Rationale: Sources of a research problem are the following: (C-L-I-E-N-T) C Concepts L
Literature, essays, books, journals I Issues E Experiences N Nursing problems T Theories
5. Which paradigm of nursing research responds to the human inquiry What is the relationship between the
inquirer and that being studied?
a. Ontologic
b. Epistemologic
c. Axiologic
d. Methodologic
Keyword: RELATIONSHIP Rationale: Paradigm is a general perspective on the complexities of the real world.
Paradigms for human inquiry are often characterized in terms of the ways in which they respond to basic
philosophical questions: Ontologic: What is the nature of reality? Epistemologic: What is the relationship
between the inquirer and that being studied? Axiologic: What is the role of values in the inquiry?
Methodologic: How should the inquirer obtain knowledge? (Source: Nursing Research: Principles and
Methods by Polit and Beck)
6. Which of the following characteristics do not describe a scientific investigation?
a. They are conducted to test or develop theories and study advance knowledge
b. Empirical data are not necessarily gathered through human sense but must be based on theories
c. It is planned and conducted in a systematic and orderly manner
d. External factors which may influence the relationship among phenomena is controlled
Keyword: DO NOT Rationale: Characteristics of a Good Research Systematic - conduct research in a step
by step process or procedure Empirical - objective data should be observable/measurable or readily
collected using your senses Controlled/ manipulated - Methods/tool of controlling is research design Critical
investigation/fact finding investigation - In order to answer the data is by using facts. Looking for human beings
who can give us facts
7. The following are characteristics of a clinical nursing problem apart from:
a. It reflects something that could be improved in clinical practice
b. It has a potential to change how nursing care is delivered in the unit
c. It is value-laden and involves feelings and perceptions
d. It is a problem that occurs frequently in a particular group.
Keyword: EXCEPT Rationale: Characteristics of a research problem general applicability and use
Researchable Feasible and measurable Factors of a feasible research : time, money, experience of the
researcher, instruments, population novelty/originality (Plagiarism/illegal replication unauthorized use of
anothers literary work without any consent or permission) importance to nursing profession significance to
nursing
8. Which of the following describes an inductive form of reasoning?
a. Separation anxiety is common in children. Children whose parents are not in the hospital room will
manifest anxious behavior.
b. Most patients are irritable. Unpredictable moods and irritability behaviors of patients are caused by their
underlying illnesses that alter their activities of daily living.
c. Mild anxiety sharpens ones perception and cognitive function. Most students who take
examination with mild anxiety have high scores.
d. All of the above
Keyword: INDUCTIVE FORM Rationale: inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broader
generalizations and theories. A) Separation anxiety is common in children (generalization/theory). Children
whose parents are not in the hospital room manifest anxious behavior (specific observation). = deductive
reasoning B) Most patients are irritable (specific observation). Unpredictable moods and irritability behaviors of
patients are caused by their underlying illnesses that alter their activities of daily living (generalization/theory). =
inductive reasoning C) Mild anxiety sharpens ones perception and cognitive function (generalization/theory).
Most students who take examination with mild anxiety have high scores (specific observation). = deductive
reasoning
9. Quantitative research uses which type of reasoning to generate hunches that are tested in the real world?
a. Deductive reasoning
b. Inductive reasoning
c. Informal logic
d. All of the above
Keyword: GENERATE HUNCHES; TESTED IN THE REAL WORLD Rationale: Deductive reasoning works
from a generalization or theory to a specific observation (tested in the real world). Quantitative research uses
deductive reasoning to generate hunches that are tested in the real world.
10. Which paradigm of nursing research responds to the human inquiry How should the inquirer obtain
knowledge?
a. Ontologic
b. Epistemologic
c. Axiologic
d. Methodologic
Keyword: OBTAIN KNOWLEDGE Rationale: Paradigm is a general perspective on the complexities of the real
world. Paradigms for human inquiry are often characterized in terms of the ways in which they respond to basic
philosophical questions: Ontologic: What is the nature of reality? Epistemologic: What is the relationship
between the inquirer and that being studied? Axiologic: What is the role of values in the inquiry?
Methodologic: How should the inquirer obtain knowledge? (Source: Nursing Research: Principles and
Methods by Polit and Beck)
11. Which theory of nursing leadership states that a leader becomes the head because of his charm?
a. Great-Man theory
b. Situational theory
c. Charismatic theory
d. Trait theory
Keyword: CHARM Rationale: Theories of Nursing Leadership Great-Man theory born as a leader Trait
theory develop characteristics or born with the characteristics o 3 traits of a leader P personality
(adaptability, independence, creative/assertive, advocate) ability to adjust to the need of the pt I intelligence
(proper judgment, proper decision making, proper communication) A ability (influence others, respect
others, participate and cooperate) Proper way to influence is thru health teaching Charismatic theory
becomes a leader because of the charm Situational theory/case to case basis o a person can be a leader in
one situation but only a follower in another situation. (eg. becomes a leader in where he specializes)
12. Attributes of a good leader involves which of the following?
a. Holds his member accountable for their wrongdoing and negligence
b. Aware of the members strengths and weaknesses
c. Confident in his leadership skills
d. All of these
Keyword: INVOLVES Rationale: attributes of a good leader 1. Self awareness 2. Self confidence 3. Advocacy
4. Accountability
13. Principles of effective leadership least likely involves:
a. One group commanded by one leader
b. One group should always have an objective
c. Patient first policy is applied
d. Accountability is delegated to the members of the team
Keyword: LEAST LIKELY Rationale: Responsibility can be delegated by a team leader but not the
accountability. Command responsibility or Respondent Superior states the master or the superior answers for
the negligence of his subordinates in half of his patient who suffer from injury or death.
14. This theory states that a person becomes a leader because he is born to be one:
a. Great-Man theory
b. Situational theory
c. Charismatic theory
d. Trait theory
Keyword: BORN TO BE A LEADER Rationale: Theories of Nursing Leadership Great-Man theory born as a
leader Trait theory develop characteristics or born with the characteristics o 3 traits of a leader P
personality (adaptability, independence, creative/assertive, advocate) ability to adjust to the need of the pt I
intelligence (proper judgment, proper decision making, proper communication) A ability (influence others,
respect others, participate and cooperate) Proper way to influence is thru health teaching Charismatic theory
becomes a leader because of the charm Situational theory/case to case basis o a person can be a leader in
one situation but only a follower in another situation. (eg. becomes a leader in where he specializes)
15. The head nurse in the unit is consistent in her decisions and compels the group to follow her. She
performs decision making without asking or getting any inputs from her members. Which type of leadership is
the head nurse following?
a. Laissez-faire
b. Democratic
c. Autocratic
d. Ultra-liberal
Keyword: CONSISTENT, COMPELS, PERFORMS DECISION MAKING WITHOUT ASKING Rationale:
Autocratic/Authoritarian/dictatorial/hard leader - unilateral style of leadership. Only the leader here performs
the decision making without getting the inputs from his members. One sided style of leadership Behavior : A
apathy insensitive to others B Boisterous speech C consistency D Dominating E Exploitative behavior
F ferocious behavior, to coerce or compel the group to follow him
16. Which of the following leadership is best used during an emergency or intensive crisis?
a. Laissez-faire
b. Democratic
c. Autocratic
d. Ultra-liberal
Keyword: BEST DURING EMERGENCY OR INTESIVE CRISIS Rationale: Autocratic style is leadership is best
style during emergency or intensive crisis.
17. The loose style of nursing leadership is:
a. Laissez-faire
b. Democratic
c. Autocratic
d. None of these
Keyword: LOOSE Rationale: Permissive, ultra-liberal, laissez faire, free-rein o Loose style of nursing
leadership. o Giving excess freedom or liberality towards your subordinates if to lenient in your subordinates,
there will be control and power = negligence
18. Which of the following leadership styles will be having more risk of negligence of the members?
a. Laissez-faire
b. Democratic
c. Autocratic
d. None of these
Keyword: MORE RISK OF NEGLIGENCE Rationale: Giving excess freedom or liberality towards your
subordinates if to lenient in your subordinates, there will be control and power = negligence
19. The charisma and charm of a leader is referred to as which power of a leader?
a. Expert power
b. Referent power
c. Exclusive power
d. Reward power
Keyword: CHARISMA AND CHARM Rationale: 5 Powers of a Good Leader Legitimate/ Formal/ exclusive
Power o Exercise because you are appointed to a higher position Expert Power o You acquire extra
ordinary skills, talent or ability Referent Power o Charisma and charm Reward Power o + power for the part
of the leader o gives rewards, bonus, promotion, compensation Coercive Power o power on the part of the
leader o reprimand, suspend, terminate
20. The leadership is exercised because of the appointment to a higher position is referred to as:
a. Expert power
b. Referent power
c. Exclusive power
d. Reward power
Keyword: APPOINTMENT Rationale: Legitimate/ Formal/ exclusive Power o Exercise because you are
appointed to a higher position
21. Telling the truth is the practice of which ethical principle?
a. Non-maleficence
b. Veracity
c. Beneficence
d. Justice
Keyword: TELLING THE TRUTH Rationale: Ethical Principles o independent judgment or decision making
Principle of Autonomy in all situation the pt himself is the one who should decide for his own care Consent
respect the decision of the pt explain the risk to the patient/SO waiver - a legal doc when the pt refuse for
treatment. o Principle of Veracity telling the truth to the patient #1 the patient has the right to know from
the PHYSICIAN (not the nurse) o Principle of Double Effects if the pt is made to choose between 2 equal
danger and he only needs to choose one, choose the one that will produce one good effect and less evil effect.
o Principle of Beneficence doing good to the patient (eg. providing therapeutic communication, providing
privacy) o Principle of Non-Maleficence do no harm 3 types of Harm Physical negligence by
commission Mental assault and battery Moral slander and libel o Principle of Justice Prioritize the
needs of the patient. To be able to provide nursing care to the patient, provide the nursing process. Nursing
Process characteristics : A acceptable universally B - based patients assessment needs C client
focused D dynamics base on the ever changing needs of the pt E equitable care F
familiarity/rapport to the patient G goal directed towards solving the assess needs of the patient (SMART) o
Principle of Respect/Inviolability of life Suicide and abortion is violation of this principle
22. The statement of the future purpose of the future organization that is involved in the planning stage of the
management process is called:
a. Mission
b. Vision
c. Goal
d. Philosophy
Keyword: STATEMENT OF THE FUTURE PURPOSE Rationale: Mission present reason when
established your organization Vision - statement of your future purpose of your future organization
Philosophy set of values and beliefs of your organization Goal general statement of your purpose
Objectives more specific statement of your purpose
23. To be a good manager, there should be a good interpersonal relationship between the leader and
follower. This leadership theory is called:
a. Scientific Management theory
b. Motivational Theory
c. Human Relations Theory
d. Bureaucratic Theory
Keyword: GOOD INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP Rationale: Human Relations theory to be a good
manager, there should be a good interpersonal relationship between the leader and follower Douglas Mc
Gregors Motivational theory Theory X o Negative workers o negligence, inefficient, ineffective workers
Theory Y o Positive workers o theory X should be given focus because they are prone to negligence and
malpractice.Max Webers Bureaucratic/ authoritarian Theory diligent, effective, efficient worker whoever is
on the top would perform the management function centralized Frederick Taylors Scientific Management
Theory Elements o choosing the appropriate person (TAO) o choosing the appropriate team o choosing the
appropriate training o choosing the appropriate tools
24. Which of the following elements is not included in Frederick Taylors scientific management theory?
a. Appropriate person
b. Appropriate team
c. Appropriate goals
d. Appropriate tools
Elements oKeyword: NOT INCLUDED Rationale: Frederick Taylors Scientific Management Theory
choosing the appropriate person (TAO) o choosing the appropriate team o choosing the appropriate training o
choosing the appropriate tools
25. No deposit policy during emergency cases only is stated in which law?
a. RA 7305
b. RA 7160
c. PD 825
d. RA 8344
Keyword: NO DEPOSIT POLICY Rationale:a. RA 7305 magna carta law b. RA 7160 local government code
c. PD 825 environmental sanitation law of the Phils d. RA 8344 - No deposit policy during emergency cases
only