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Bi Hi An
:
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i - 20
LI CM N
hon thnh lun vn ny, ti nhn c nhiu s gip nhit tnh
ca cc thy gio, gia nh, bn b v ng nghip. Nhn dp ny, ti xin by t li
cm n chn thnh v lng bit n su sc n PGS.TSKH Nguyn Xun Hi,
ngi thy hng dn tn tnh ch bo ti trong sut qu trnh hc tp v nghin
cu lun vn. Ti cng xin by t lng bit n n cc thy, c gio trong khoa Mi
trng tn tnh truyn t kin thc cho chng ti trong sut hai nm hc qua.
Ti xin gi li cm n su sc nht n cc ng nghip trong b mn Kinh
t s dng t v phn bn, cc ng nghip trong Vin Th nhng - Nng ha
tn tnh gip ti hon thnh lun vn.
Ti xin cm n s gip nhit tnh ca cc bn Nguyn Minh Phng v
Mai Th Thy Chung, b mn Khoa hc t - Khoa Mi trng, trng i hc
Khoa hc t nhin, v cc cn b Trung tm phn tch - Vin Quy hoch v thit k
nng nghip trong qu trnh thc hin ti.
Cui cng, ti xin by t lng bit n gia nh v bn b lun ng vin
v gip ti trong sut qu trnh tham gia kha hc cao hc ti trng i hc
Khoa hc t nhin - i hc Quc gia H Ni.
DANH MC BNG
Trang
1.
.
2.
).
18
/nm).
19
4:
21
24
7.
25
26
27
46
47
49
50
56
15.
nh Pb2+
59
16.
nh Cd2+
65
17.
nh Pb2+
70
Bng 18.
nh Cd2+
75
ii
DANH MC HNH
Trang
Hnh 1. ng ng nhit hp ph ca Pb2+, Zn2+ v Ni2+ ca Bentonite
hot ha Natri.
32
Hnh 2.
.
54
Hnh 3.
.
54
Hnh 4.
.
55
Hnh 5.
.
55
6.
2+
7.
2+
cc mu c b sung bentonite.
nh trong cc mu c b sung bentonite.
61
nh Pb2+
9.
61
nh Pb2+
10.
2+
12.
2+
cc mu c b sung bentonite.
nh trong cc mu c b sung bentonite.
62
66
66
nh Cd2+
= 3,669 ppm).
14.
60
nh Pb2+
8.
13.
60
nh Cd2+
iii
67
= 8,235 ppm).
nh Cd2+
15.
= 14,593 ppm).
16.
2+
17.
2+
71
72
72
nh Pb2+
20.
2+
22.
2+
73
76
76
nh Cd2+
(Cdts = 3,669 ppm).
77
nh Cd2+
(Cdts = 8,235 ppm).
25.
71
nh Pb2+
19.
24.
68
nh Pb2+
18.
23.
67
77
nh Cd2+
(Cdts = 14,593 ppm).
iv
78
Trang
DANH MC BNG .................................................................................................ii
DANH MC HNH ................................................................................................iii
............................................................................................................... v
M
................................................................................................................. 1
................................... 57
c nh Cd2+
c nh Pb2+
............................. 57
.................................. 62
2+
............................. 68
c nh Pb2+
.................................... 68
vi
c nh Cd2+
................................... 73
.................................................................................. 79
........................................................................................................ 79
...................................................................................................... 80
TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................................ 81
PH LC
vii
M
,
gia
tri
~1~
Fe
-
.
c nh
S dng phng php dng vt liu hp ph lm gim nhim kim loi nng
trong t c u im ln v gi thnh v kh nng p dng vo thc tin cao, tuy
nhin cha c ph bin trong nc. Do , chng ti la chn ti Nghin
cu kh nng hp ph cadmi v ch trong t ca bentonite v than bn.
~2~
nng
bao gm:
,
t
cc
khc
,
(iii) Ht thu kim loi nng
,
,
/phn
hydr -
ph
,
i
(vi) Chelate
tri
,
e
c ngun gc
ch c hm l
tan, hydrate
cc
, xy
1984 [46]
~3~
xy
l
(1984) [46] v
i tro
tri
cho t tr ln -
i khi ch
ln
1
-
(1983) [49]
-
, xy
.
ba phng php
Cc nh khoa hc
hot tnh
, Cd, Cu,
,
4-
5-
[35]
, 1983)
, nh H2CO3
(1989) [dn
theo 52]
, vn
-
.T
b
~4~
php
.
1
.
xy
Cao
Zn
Zn
Cd
Pb
Al, Sn, Cr
Cu,
Co,
Ni,
Hg, Ag, Au
Cu, Co, Ni, Hg, Cd
Ag, Au
Pb
Pb
Zn;
Cu,
Hg, Ag, Au
:
, hydr -
, -
, sulphate
e cadmi
2+
khi tng mt
phate
, Pb5(PO4)3Cl (chloropyromorphite),
2+
trong dung
1 phn ph lc
2+
phn ln
nng
vt u
-
~5~
kh
mnh hn
phate.
2
-
trong
n xy
Cd v Pb
)
Cd
Pb
(1990)[29]
, nh humic, fulvic
1.1.2.2. nh hng ca th xy ha
Mt s
trong , quan tr
tn ti trong t
do) trong
dung dch t.
xy ha t thay i, t l ca cc dng xy ha / dng kh
cng thay i. V
, nhng
xy
(nh
ha cao
thi xy ha. Kh nng ca st, trc tip xy
mangan
c xc tc cho cc qu trnh xy
m ha tan ca
~6~
y
xy ha kh
st
hu c.
s c mt c
kh v pH
t. iu
c ngha rng c e v p
. S ha tan/ phn ly
, galena (PbS)
, v di gi tr xy
phi ca
hu c trong t ng vai tr
din ra
ng c cht hu c d b
, m cc c cht ny
cc sinh vt .
khng n
p n
trong t:
i, S hnh thnh sulfite
ii, S hnh thnh ca carbonate
, -
vi
tan thp.
cy trng trong t ngp nc, ngi ta quan st c s thiu ht v
gim hp th c
ng s (1976);
c s gim ha tan v mc hp th
thp ca Cd trong t.
~7~
ch t, chng ta
phn tch c
phi hi
a pha rn v pha l
hu c hoc ha hp
, hydr -
v Al - silicate v
a khong
u c gi cc cation kim loi bi l
(c l
, Cu2+
i v
2+
phi c
, cn nhiu c ch hp ph
t tch.
hu ht cc nghin cu v s
. McBride
(1989) [44] a ra ba dng chnh th hin s hnh thnh lin kt b m
- khong:
(i)
c cao, c trng l -
cho cc kim lo
cng s, 1976).
(ii) S
a 2 ion H+
on M2+
p ph
cng
s
(iii) S thay
ph
n tch b mt ca , 1981).
~8~
a hp
m (UV)
trao i v hp ph
ng nguyn t, g
m ch cc ph
v Al hydr -
b mt hp ph quan tr
Fe v Mn.
ng hn so vi -
t cho -
ng gel
p ph
p ph
l do s lng l
Fe v Mn v
, b mt hp ph v c ch lin kt.
c ch hp ph
khi n gin ha c
p ph.
p ph.
1.1.3.1. Th t i lc c
xy
. Brummer (1986) [34]
:
cp n
xy dng ring
hnh vi.
~9~
thp
cht ch
-
,
nh hng n mc
hai,
ha tan cao
1.1.3.2.
-
(
(
2+
2+
Pb2+
Cd2+, Mg2+).
3[
~ 10 ~
52].
. Christensen
(1984) [dn theo 51]
, din ra
95
cng s, 1981)
[43].
.
C
sau
tng mc
, vn
trong nghin cu v ht thu:
,
, v
.
:
,
~ 11 ~
2+
glutamic
ca
-
humic.
phate
sulphate
sphate
(1983)
[dn theo 34]
0,49 Ao
~ 12 ~
cho
gia tng
(1983) [34]
2+
2+
, nhng Pb2+
Cu2+
. McBride (1989) [44] a r
:
-
e ha,
bc
qu trnh
trnh
. Barrow (1989) [dn theo 52]
.
1.1.4. Yu t nh hng n hp ph kim loi trong t
C nhiu yu t nh hng n s hp ph kim loi. Ngoi tr cc yu t v
d
t (khong st, -
~ 13 ~
a cc
cation kim lo
h
, s c mt c
.
a cc kim loi gi
Nhn chung, s
i pH gim. t ct
pha tht c thnh phn c gii nh hn t tht pha ct, cng cho thy s
thp hn tt c cc gi tr ca pH. S cnh tranh ca cc ion Co, Ni v Zn hn ch
u hn Cr, Cu v Pb. Trong khi Christensen (1987) khng
hiu qu
gii thch c kt qu
hin tng
bng hp ph c thc hi
Christensen (1984) [dn theo 52], thay i nng mui CaCl2 t 10-3M n 10-2M
dn n gim kh
m s
.
-
Fe, allophane v
ch chim vai tr
chu nh hng
ph lc 2
2.
xy
4-
xy
.
Ca2+
2+
, Zn2+
2+
ng s (1988) [29
,
Sposito (1986) [dn theo 52]
nu
~ 15 ~
.
1.1.5. Chelate ha v to phc vi cc hp cht hu c
)
. Senesi (1992)
[dn theo 29]
aliphatic
, -
amin, polyphenol.
.
.
chelate
tri
e
c - kim
ca
(1992) [dn theo 52]
nh hng ny
~ 16 ~
. Fran
cng s
- citrate
.
, chelate
, Piccolo (1989) [dn theo 52]
sung -
t
c
: Pb > Cu
:
Cu > Pb >>> Cd
;
.
1.2. NGUN GC V HM LNG CA CADMI V CH TRONG T
v Pb
im loi nng
, Cd
70 -
Quc gia
bnh hm lng
Khu vc khai m c
51 - 21.546
170 - 4.563
> 300
500 - 6.500
53 - 2.100
Nht
3.074
1.612 - 3.640
Nga
135.000
93 - 3.800
Ba Lan
175 - 3.916
> 800
960 - 7.000
132 - 397
Nht Bn
114 - 885
2.400
Ba Lan
S dng vi
Cd
)
0,3 ppm.
trong siu baz nh serpentine: 0,12 ppm, trong cc baz nh basalt: 0,13 - 0,2
ppm, trong granite: 0,09 - 0,2 ppm, trong vi: 0,028 - 0,1 ppm, trong ct:
0,05 ppm, trong phin st: 0,2 ppm [2].
~ 19 ~
v cc trm tch st
dao ng trong khong 10 - 40 ppm. Trong cc loi siu baz v cc trm tch
vi, con s ny nm trong khong 0,1 - 10 ppm.
1.2.1.2. Hm lng nn ca ch v cadmi trong t
Vi kho
~ 20 ~
[dn theo 2] cho bit, lng ch trong t ph sa sng Ystwyth (x Wales, lin hip
vng quc Anh v Bc Ailen) t mc trung bnh 1.419 ppm, trong khi t khu
vc bn cnh cha hm lng ch khng vt qu 26 ppm.
Gough v cng s (1988) [dn theo 2] xc nhn hm lng ch trong cc
loi t Alaska thp, dao ng t 4 - 349 ppm nhng c n 90 % s mu c hm
lng khng vt qu 20 ppm, hm lng trung bnh l 12 ppm. Gi tr ny khu
vc khng c nhiu tc ng ca con ngi phn nh gi tr nn ca Pb trong a
phn cc loi t trn th gii c th khng vt qu 20 ppm. Do , hm lng Pb
trung bnh trong t tng mt mc th gii c th c tnh t 25 ppm.
Bng 5. Hm lng Pb v Cd trong tng t mt ca mt s loi t
Loi t
Quc gia
Hm lng Cd (ppm)
Dao ng
Trung bnh
Hm lng Pb (ppm)
Dao ng
Trung bnh
t podzols Rumani
0,2 - 2,7
0,9
5 - 41
19
v t ct
0,08 - 0,47
0,21
10 - 70
17
Hong th Ba Lan
M
v t tht
0,18 - 0,25
-
0,20
-
14 - 32
26
10 30
19
0,5 - 1,6
0,9
14 - 33
21
st
0,13 - 0,55
0,27
10 - 70
22
t ph sa
0,21 - 0,52
0,37
16 - 22
19
Anh
0,41 - 2
1,10
24 - 96
63
0,24 - 0,36
0,30
t Gly
Ba Lan
Ba Lan
0,14 - 0,96
0,50
12,5 - 48,5
19,5 - 48,5
39
30
t rng
0.5 - 1,5
0,73
10 - 50
20
v Zn trong t nng nghip Vit Nam giai on 2002 - 2007 [16]. Kt qu cho
thy, t mn cha hm lng ch cao nht (44,7 ppm), tip l t phn (37,2
ppm), t ph sa v t (u mc 33,8 ppm), t xm (15,2 ppm) v t ct
~ 21 ~
bin (10,9 ppm). Nh vy, hm lng Pb trong t Vit Nam nhn chung cha t
n mc gy nhim (70 ppm theo QCVN 03:2008 [4]). i vi Cd,
2,72 ppm
phide, ZnS,
20.800
1997. C quan bo v mi trng M (EPA, 1979)
~ 22 ~
, carbonate, v
sulfate.
Nghin cu v mi tng quan gia Pb tng s v mt s tnh cht l ha
ca t ph sa sng Hng, Phm Quang H v Thu H [6] kt lun, theo TCN
10 796: 2006 (quy nh gii hn cho php hm lng Pb trong t ph sa phc v
sn xut nng nghip l 60 ppm) th c 13,64 % s mu nghin cu (trong tng s
44 mu 8 tnh) b nhim ch. ng thi cc tc gi cng a ra cnh bo v
s nhim bn ca t ph sa sng Hng, c bit l nhng ni c nguy c cao nh
~ 23 ~
gn lng ngh ti ch kim loi lin quan n ch, s dng nhiu phn bn, nc thi,
thuc bo v thc vt c cha Pb.
Cadmi c s dng trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip. Theo Aylett (1979)
[dn theo 3], cadmi c dng vo cc cng vic sau: lm lp xi m bo v cho
km, trong cc hp kim khc nhau, trong cht mu (cho cc cht nha, men,
gm), to cht lm chc cho cht do PVC, trong t bo pin kh Ni - Cd, trong v
kh qun dng, trong cc hp cht khc nh cht bn dn, b phn kim sot l
phn ng ht nhn. Cadmi c s dng nhiu trong vt liu cm quang ca cc t
bo quang in, trong mn hnh mu, mn hnh Plasma.... Cadmi
nhim kh quyn t nhng khu cng nghip v luyn kim, do
.... Mi
tn than c t cng thi vo kh quyn mt lng Cadmi l 2g, tng ng
vi 0,5 g/m3 khng kh.
Bng 6. c tnh lng Cd pht thi vo kh quyn t cc ngun Chu u
nm 1979.
Ngun
Cd (T/ha)
1631,4
t than
143,7
t du
108,2
83,6
Ch to st thp
5,9
19,7
Ngun: Pacyna (1987) [dn theo 45].
5.
1 - 6 mg/m3
3,6 - 20 mg/m3
16,5 - 54 mg/m3
Sposito v Page (1984) [dn theo 3] c tnh s gia tng tch ly Cd trong tng t
~ 24 ~
5.
. Shacklett v cc ng s
2.
(1973) nghin cu t ven ng cao tc M ghi nhn hm lng Cd t t 1 10 ppm [dn theo 3].
[28]
-
7).
7
(ppm)
LN-Al
LN-Fe, Al, Cu
LN-Pb
LN-Cu, Zn
0,48
0,56
1,39
1,52
1,85
1,11
0,81
1,62
1,89
2,11
0,82
0,72
1,51
1,72
1,94
0,3 - 1 ppm
2 ppm
3,85 ppm.
v Pb
dng phn bn, bn thi, trm tch sng h v cc ngun nc thi nhim ch lm
nc ti l ngun gy nhim ng k.
~ 25 ~
7
. Theo Cng ng chu u,
2
.
Sn phm
Ch (ppm)
Cadmi (ppm)
Thuc
11 - 16
Nc ti
< 20
< 0,05
Nc thi
2 - 7.000
2 - 1.500 b
Vi
20 - 1.250
0,04 - 0,1
Phn phosphate
4 - 1.000
Phn nitrate
2 - 120
0,05 - 8,5
Bn thi
2 - 7.000
< 1 - 3.410
Ph thi compost
1.3 - 2.240
0,01 - 100
Phn chung
0.4 - 16
~ 26 ~
, Cd t
Theo Sommers,
16 ppm
17 - 23 ppm
21 g/ha. Trn
3 g/ha. Baker (1974) v ORiordan
(1986) cho bit, Cd c tch ly trong bn thi vi hm lng dao ng rt ln, t
< 1 - 3.650 ppm [dn theo 5].
Bng 9. Hm lng Cd trong bn cng thi th
Cd (ppm)
6,8 - 444
16 thnh ph (M)
41
2,0 - 1100
57 vng Michigan
43
0,3 - 168
6 khu ph H Lan
44
< 1 - 180
200 mu bn Anh
46
0,3 - 236
51
1,9 - 35
10 - 12
49
Ngun: L Huy B (2000)[3]
~ 27 ~
~ 28 ~
~ 30 ~
l 8,92 v
~ 32 ~
~ 33 ~
, nc ta c 179 m v im
c nghin cu. Tng tr lng a cht trong phm vi ton quc l 738.337.775
m3. Trong c 2 m ln c tr lng mi m > 50 triu m3, u min Nam; 4
m va c tr lng mi m 10 - 50 triu m3 cng ch c min Nam; 162 m nh,
tr lng mi m 20.000 -10 triu m3, trong min Nam c 128 m, min Bc c
34 m. Ngoi ra trong phm vi c nc c 11 im qung, mi im qung c tr
lng < 20.000 m3, trong min Bc c 6 im v min Nam c 5 im.
1.4.1. Cc kiu thnh to ca than bn Vit Nam
Than bn Vit Nam c cc kiu thnh to sau [19]:
1.4.1.1. Thnh to m ly
Thnh to m ly c nhiu kiu:
~ 34 ~
vi lp ht lp ny n lp khc
. Kiu thnh
v K2O tng s trung bnh 1,191 %) ; hm lng Fe2+ v Al3+ dao ng ln gia cc
m, t trung bnh 15,55 mg Al3+/100g than bn v 53,43 mg Fe2+/100g than bn.
Cc nguyn t kim loi nng c hm lng nm trong khong cho php, c th nh
hm lng Pb2+ dao ng t 11,6 - 71,1 ppm v Cd2+ dao ng t 0,17 - 10,18 ppm.
Trong than bn c cha cc mui ho tan ca ho sinh trng. Cc nhm quinoid hydr -
humic, c tc dng iu
phenolic ca -
humic c tc dng
~ 37 ~
c, hng nm khai thc 1 triu m3 dng cho lm vn. Ngoi ra, cn 30 - 35% dng
cho xut khu.
Tip Khc (c) - nay gm 2 nc: Cng ho Sc v Slvakia c din tch
than bn khong 26.000 ha, hng nm sn xut 1,2 triu tn phn t than bn
(thng s dng 10 - 12 % than bn trong phn ). Nm 1991 c khong 14 nh
my sn xut phn t than bn. c bit, t nm 1990, nc ny c Lut cm s
dng than bn lm nhin liu.
Than bn nm ri rc trn a bn 8 nc cng ho Lin X (c). Phn
Chu u ca Lin X (c) c 15 t tn, phn Chu c 66 t tn. Than bn Lin
X (c) phn ln lm nhin liu cho nh my in, l hi, sn xut than ng bnh,
phn bn. Nm 1991 Lin X (c) mi s dng c 1 % lng than bn khai
thc c ch bin ho hc.
Lin X (c) sn xut c phn vin khong-hu c t than bn bng
cc phng php sau: vi phn hoc cc ph phm khc; phi trn cc phn
khong; hot ho than bn bng amoniac kt hp nhit cao, m cao. Phn
khong-hu c cho nng sut cy ly ht tng 12 - 17 %, khoai ty 5 %. Loi phn
bn ny c tc dng di n 2-3 nm. Tiu tn than bn sn xut phn bn dng
vin so vi phn gim 20 - 25 %. V vy Lin X (c) khuyn khch sn xut
dng phn vin. Beloruxia (hin nay l mt quc gia ring) nm 1991 c hai phn
xng dng pilot sn xut phn dng vin. n nay m rng sn xut n
100.000 tn/nm.
Trung Quc c din tch than bn khong 2,3 triu ha. Phn ln than
dng lm phn bn v thng s dng phng php vi phn hoc
cc ph phm khc.
Indonesia
~ 38 ~
~ 40 ~
: lc u dung
pHKCl
+ 10 ml K2Cr2O7
10 ml H3PO4
~ 41 ~
50
105o
.
Dung tch trao i cation (CEC): Xc nh theo phng php
amoniacetate:
100 ml CH3COONH4
250 ml
(25 ml x 10 ln)
. Kt qu c tnh theo cng thc rt gn:
Pb v Cd
~ 43 ~
cc t l khc nhau vo cc
mu t gy nhim
-
).
1 CT1).
-
2 CT2).
-
3 CT3).
-
Ci = T P
[2.4]
Trong :
Ci: hm lng kim loi
~ 45 ~
36,62 %,
thp
,
10,08
) thp
gia v gii hn cho php ca kim loi nng trong t, QCVN 03: 2008/ BTNMT l
2 ppm cho Cd v 70 ppm cho Pb [4]).
Bng 10. Cc tnh cht l ha hc ch yu ca t nn
TT
Ch tiu
Gi tr
pHKCl
5,3
0,89
n v tnh
36,62
53,30
10,08
8,89
meq/100g
0,10
ppm
7,77
ppm
~ 46 ~
so
vi mt s loi bentonite khc (xem ph lc 9), hm lng kim loi nng thp
13,25 ppm.
Ch tiu
Gi tr
12,60
pHKCl
6,2
n v tnh
%
8,60
17,40
74,00
46,55
meq/100g
0,82
ppm
13,25
ppm
chim t l 10 - 20 % theo XRD v 12 - 17 % theo DTA, kaolinite chim t l 10 14 % theo XRD v 8 % theo DTA, thch anh chim t l 7 - 15 % (XRD), felspartz
chim t l 5 - 8 % (XRD), hydrogertite chim t l 7 - 10 % theo XRD v 5 - 8 %
theo DTA, cn li l cc khong vt khc nh Ca, amphibol. i chiu vi s
liu thu c t phn tch nhit vi sai ti Vin Th nhng nng ha, cc kt qu
trn khng sai khc, tr trng hp montmorillonite c kt qu chnh vi Vin Th
nhng nng ha khong 10 % (kt qu ca Vin Th nhng nng ha l 52 %).
Ngoi ra, Vin Th nhng nng ha cng phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca
bentonite C nh. Kt qu phn tch cho php rt ra kt lun l khc bit ln gia
bentonite C nh vi cc loi bentonite khc l hm lng Na2O v K2O trong
bentonite C nh thp hn rt nhiu loi bentonite khc, nht l bentonite
Wyoming (M), trong khi t l Fe2O3 v MgO li cao hn ng k. Kt qu phn
tch ny c trnh by trong phn ph lc.
(xem
, 31,8 meq/100 g,
. Hm lng kim loi nng tng s tng i thp
. Sau khi c
phi kh t nhin v , phn bn bin tnh, th hin ch s pH tng cao hn
(pHH2O sau khi phi kh t gi tr 6,1).
~ 48 ~
Ch tiu
Gi tr
n v tnh
31,20
pHKCl
3,75
Cht hu c (OC)
15,13
31,80
meq/100g
0,74
ppm
45,7
ppm
~ 49 ~
Vt liu
Than bn
Bentonite
Ch tiu
1
pHKCl
4,0
5,7
CEC (meq/100 g)
44,04
63,78
m (%)
9,18
10,64
ha hc c b
kh nng c nh
).
-Cd1),
10 ppm
(20 ppm
-Cd2)
-Pb1
-Pb2)
~ 50 ~
.
Ngoi ra, mt im ng lu l lng Pb v Cd tng s ca mu i chng
c s khc bit so vi tng ca lng Pb v Cd c b sung vo t v lng Pb
v Cd tng s sn c trong t.
C th, lng Pb tng s c trong t l 7,77 ppm, lng b sung ln lt l
140, 240 v 600 ppm, nhng lng Pb tng s ca mu i chng thu c ln lt
ch cn 130,81; 211,66 v 599,04 ppm, tc l lng Pb b hao ht so vi tnh ton
ln lt l 16,96; 29,11 v 8,73 ppm. Tng t, lng Cd b hao ht ln lt l
0,431 (= 4,1 3,669), tng ng 10,51 %; 1,465 (10,1 8,235), tng ng
14,51 % v 5,507 (20,1 14,593) ppm, tng ng 26,1 %.
C th gii thch hin tng ny do s ra tri hoc bay hi dung dch Pb v
Cd sau khi c b sung vo t do iu kin t nhin.
Tuy nhin, khi b sung bentonite v than bn vo t gy nhim,
khng tip tc thay i m gn nh gi nguyn gi tr. Nguyn nhn c th
l do lng bentonite v than bn b sung vo cn thp. S liu trnh by trong
bng 15 cng cho thy k c khi tng thm lng Cd v Pb vo t, pH t vn ch
gi mc xung quanh gi tr 6,2 v CEC dao ng xung quanh khong 11 - 14
meq/100g t
-
~ 51 ~
12,8
13,03
bentonite /ha
2-Cd2
13,30
3-Cd3
13,79
/ha
BENT1-Cd3
12,74
bentonite /ha
2-Cd3
13,1
3-Cd3
13,14
.
BENT1-Pb1), pH
-
/ha (
.
.
12,60 m
-
13,2
5
12,52
6
-
13,07
-
5,9
t 13,18
/ha
.
-
~ 52 ~
12,63
12,92
; khi
13,53
-
12,35
-
12,5
11,98
-
12,64
2-Pb2), p
6,1
13,11
12,02
12,23
-
12,85
3-P
5,
Nguyn nhn
13,87
c th l gii l do s bo ha ca cc phn
.
Mc d vy, vn c th nu mt s nhn xt:
- Khi b sung than bn vo t, pH tng thp hn cht t so vi khi b sung
bentonite, ng thi CEC li tng nhiu hn.
- CEC t
bn vo t.
- Tng lng Pb v Cd gy nhim cho t, pH ca t c xu hng gim.
Tuy nhin, iu ny khng l gii c hin tng gia tng pH ca t mc tng
i ln khi bt u gy nhim t.
Cc hnh 2, 3, 4, v 5 di y minh ha r hn nhn xt trn:
~ 53 ~
pH
6.15
6.1
6.05
6
5.95
5.9
5.85
5.8
5.75
12
12.5
13
13.5
14
CEC
Hnh 2. pH v CEC
.
, cc im trn ng
theo hng i
pH
6.25
Pbts = 130,81 ppm
6.2
6.15
6.1
6.05
6
5.95
5.9
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5
Hnh 3.
.
~ 54 ~
14
14.5
15
CEC
6.15
pH
6.05
6
5.95
5.9
5.85
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8
13
13.2
13.4
13.6
CEC
Hnh 4.
.
6.25
pH
6.2
6.15
6.1
6.05
6
5.95
5.9
5.85
11.5
12
12.5
13
Hnh 5.
.
~ 55 ~
13.5
14 CEC
CEC (meq/100g t)
pHKCl
mu
nhim Pb
nhim Cd
nhim Pb
1
nhim Cd
DC
6,18
6,19
6,12
6,05
6,12
6,03
12,48
12,55
12,39
12,82
12,36
12,54
BENT1
6,02
6,12
5,94
6,03
5,96
5,92
11,71
12,91
12,73
12,86
13,03
12,74
BENT2
5,96
5,96
6,07
6,00
5,91
5,86
12,20
12,20
14,56
12,91
13,30
13,11
BENT3
6,14
6,12
6,00
6,02
5,9
5,80
12,77
12,75
13,20
13,81
13,79
13,14
TB1
5,93
5,95
5,87
5,99
6,10
6,08
12,35
12,64
12,23
12,60
12,52
12,63
TB2
6,04
6,13
5,97
5,92
6,01
5,97
12,51
13,11
12,85
12,87
13,07
12,92
TB3
6,00
6,02
5,98
5,90
5,92
5,98
11,98
12,02
13,87
13,21
13,18
12,53
~ 56 ~
15 v
hnh 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
c nh
iu
qu c nh c tnh theo cng thc nu trong phn phng php nghin cu. T
kt qu thu c, c th rt ra mt s nhn xt nh sau:
c nh
2+
46 -
, Pb2+
1.1).
70 ppm Pbts
.
(Pbts
-
(Pbts
-
(Pbts
-Pb3).
- Hiu qu c nh ca bentonite
nhim ch thp.
nh
(5 T/ha
1-Pb1
(10 T/ha
2-Pb1
(15 T/ha
3-Pb1
,
1-2%
).
- Hiu qu c nh ca bentonite
cao nht khi lng bentonite b sung vo t cao.
~ 57 ~
cng mc nhim ch t c
, % tng
lng c nh
240 ppm Pb2+), % tng lng c nh
2,24 %
T/ha bentonite
3-Pb2)
2-Pb2)
5 T/ha bentonite
600 ppm Pb2+), % tng
BENT1-Pb2)
nh
Pb3)
10
15 T/ha bentonite
1,48 %
2-Pb3)
0,31 %
3-
1-Pb3)
.
c nh
(t /ha)
c nh Pb2+
2
xc nh
(%)
= 0,619.
= 0,942.
xc nh
= 0,956.
2+
(1)
/ha.
c nh Pb2+
2+
2+
nh (ppm)
% tng lng c nh
(ppm)
DC-Pb1
62,93
67,88
0,00
BENT1-Pb1
73,347
57,463
7,96
BENT2-Pb1
70,922
59,888
6,11
BENT3-Pb1
74,156
56,654
8,58
DC-Pb2
99,31
112,35
0,00
BENT1-Pb2
101,93
109,73
1,24
BENT2-Pb2
102,776
108,884
1,64
BENT3-Pb2
104,057
107,603
2,24
DC-Pb3
282,02
317,02
0,00
BENT1-Pb3
283,883
315,157
0,31
BENT2-Pb3
290,885
308,155
1,48
BENT3-Pb3
294,353
304,687
2,06
~ 59 ~
350
300
Pb2+
(ppm)
250
Pbts = 599,04 ppm
200
150
100
50
0
1
2+
t cc mu c b sung bentonite.
-
3-Pb1, 2, 3.
350
300
Pb2+
(ppm)
250
200
150
100
50
0
1
2
2+
~ 60 ~
c nh
c nh
c nh
nh
3-Pb1, 2, 3.
10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
y = 0.477x + 2.08
R = 0.619
Bentonite (T/ha)
0
10
12
14
16
c nh Pb2+
1 (Pbts = 130,81 ppm)
2.50
%
2.00
1.50
1.00
y = 0.142x + 0.210
R = 0.942
0.50
0.00
Bentonite (T/ha)
0
9.
10
15
c nh Pb2+
2 (Pbts = 211,66 ppm)
~ 61 ~
20
2.50
%
2.00
1.50
1.00
y = 0.146x - 0.139
R = 0.956
0.50
0.00
0
10
15
20 Bentonite (T/ha)
-0.50
c nh Pb2+
10.
nng c nh
16
2+
c nh
c nh
:
c nh Cd2+
c nh
(Cdts
40,17 %
ppm
-Cd1)
c nh
(Cdts = 8,235
36,42 %
-Cd2)
c nh
(Cdts
33,10 %
33 - 40 %. C
-Cd3)
b c nh bi
1.1).
c nh
~ 62 ~
t l Pb b c nh, t l Cd
.
c nh
c nh
c
nh
c nh
(Cdts
4,69 %
Cd1)
1-Cd1), 8,20 %
2-Cd1)
ts
Cd2), 6,22 %
2-Cd2)
4,04 %
2,75 %
3-
0,53 %
1-
3-Cd2)
(Cdts
2,87 %
3,68 %
2-Cd3)
2,60 %
1-Cd3),
3-Cd3)
c
nh
c nh
.
c nh
hi
bentonite / ha.
(Cdts
c nh
.
-
c nh
c nh
(Cdts
/ha
1-Cd1),
~ 63 ~
/ha
2-Cd1)
/ha
(Cdts
1-Cd2); 6,22 %
0,53 %
2-Cd2)
4,04 %
(Cdts
3,68 %
2-Cd3)
2,87 %
2,60 %
3-Cd1)
3-Cd2)
1-Cd3);
3-Cd3).
c nh
:
(Cdts
c nh
c nh
c
nh
3,75 %.
~ 64 ~
2+
16
c nh
.
.
16
c nh Cd2+
Cd2+
Cd2+
nh (ppm)
% tng lng c nh
(ppm)
DC-Cd1
1,474
2,195
0,00
BENT1-Cd1
1,646
2,023
4,69
BENT2-Cd1
1,775
1,894
8,20
BENT3-Cd1
1,575
2,094
2,75
DC-Cd2
2,999
5,236
0,00
BENT1-Cd2
3,043
5,192
0,53
BENT2-Cd2
3,511
4,724
6,22
BENT3-Cd2
3,332
4,903
4,04
DC-Cd3
4,83
9,763
0,00
BENT1-Cd3
5,249
9,344
2,87
BENT2-Cd3
5,367
9,226
3,68
BENT3-Cd3
5,209
9,384
2,60
~ 65 ~
12
10
Cd2+
(ppm)
8
6
4
2
0
1
11
2+
Cd
4
t cc mu c b sung bentonite.
1-Cd1,
3-Cd1, 2, 3.
6
Cd2+
(ppm)
2
Cd2+
~ 66 ~
c nh
c nh
c nh
nh
3-Cd1, 2, 3.
9.00
%
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
-1.00 0
10
15
20
Bentonite (T/ha)
c nh Cd2+
13
1
= 3,669 ppm)
7.00
%
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
-1.00
14
10
15
c nh Cd2+
= 8,235 ppm).
~ 67 ~
20 Bentonite (T/ha)
4.00
%
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0
10
15
Bentonite (T/ha)
20
c nh Cd2+
15
= 14,593 ppm).
2+
CA THAN BN TRONG T.
c nh Pb2+
2+
nng c nh Pb2+
17
c nh Pb2+
.
:
c nh kim loi nng
(Pbts
c nh
/ha (
c nh
hai (Pbts
-
~ 68 ~
c nh
3-Pb3).
2+
c nh
(Pbts
c nh
-
4,30 %
3 %.
-
c nh Pb2+
:
(Pbts
xc nh.
(Pbts
(Pbts = 130,81
c nh
(Pbts
~ 69 ~
c nh
(Pbts
c nh
17
3,13 % (trn
).
c nh Pb2+
2+
2+
nh (ppm)
% tng lng c nh
(ppm)
DC-Pb1
62,930
67,880
0,00
TB1-Pb1
68,556
62,254
4,30
TB2-Pb1
77,889
52,921
11,44
TB3-Pb1
67,355
63,455
3,38
DC-Pb2
99,310
112,350
0,00
TB1-Pb2
101,502
110,158
1,04
TB2-Pb2
105,345
106,315
2,85
TB3-Pb2
103,453
108,207
1,96
DC-Pb3
282,020
317,020
0,00
TB1-Pb3
296,742
302,298
2,46
TB2-Pb3
299,763
299,277
2,96
TB3-Pb3
295,475
303,565
2,25
~ 70 ~
350
300
Pb2+
(ppm)
250
200
150
100
50
0
1
2
2+
3-Pb1, 2, 3.
350
300
Pb2+
(ppm)
250
200
150
100
50
0
1
17
Pb2+
~ 71 ~
c nh
c nh
c nh
c nh
3-Pb1, 2, 3.
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
-2.00
10
15
20 Peat (T/ha)
c nh Pb2+
(Pbts = 130,81 ppm)
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
19.
10
15
c nh Pb2+
(Pbts = 211,66 ppm)
~ 72 ~
20 Peat (T/ha)
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0
10
15
20
Peat (T/ha)
c nh Pb2+
20.
c nh Cd2+
18
:
c nh Cd2+
c nh
(Cdts
-
c nh
(Cdts
-
c nh
3-Cd3).
~ 73 ~
c nh Cd2+
2+
c nh
c nh
c nh
8,20 %.
c nh Cd2+
c nh
(Cdts = 3,66
c nh
(Cdts
-
(Cdts
c nh
2-Cd3).
c nh Cd2+
:
(Cdts
: Y = -0,012X2 + 0,465X 0,482
R2 = 0,681.
c nh (%)
(T/ha)
R2
xc nh ca phng trnh.
(Cdts
:
Y = -0,20X2 + 0,481X 0,129
R2 = 0,937.
(Cdts
: Y = -0,008X2 + 0,971X 0,106
R2 = 0,78.
~ 74 ~
ts
c nh
ts
= 8,2
c nh
ts
c nh
18
1,11 %.
c nh Cd2+
Cd2+
Cd2+
nh (ppm)
% tng lng c nh
(ppm)
DC-Cd1
1,474
2,195
0,00
TB1-Cd1
1,477
2,192
0,08
TB2-Cd1
1,634
2,035
4,36
TB3-Cd1
1,591
2,078
3,19
DC-Cd2
2,999
5,236
0,00
TB1-Cd2
3,113
5,122
1,38
TB2-Cd2
3,251
4,984
3,06
TB3-Cd2
3,199
5,036
2,43
DC-Cd3
4,830
9,763
0,00
TB1-Cd3
4,881
9,712
0,35
TB2-Cd3
5,026
9,567
1,34
TB3-Cd3
4,954
9,639
0,85
~ 75 ~
12
10
Cd2+
(ppm)
8
6
4
2
0
1
Cd2+
3-Cd1, 2, 3.
6
Cd2+
(ppm)
3
2
1
0
1
22
Cd2+
~ 76 ~
c nh
c nh
c nh
c nh
3-Cd1, 2, 3.
5.00
%
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0
10
15
20 Peat (T/ha)
-1.00
c nh Cd2+
23.
3.50
%
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
24.
10
15
c nh Cd2+
(Cdts = 8,235 ppm)
~ 77 ~
20 Peat (T/ha)
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20 0
25
10
15
c nh Cd2+
(Cdts = 14,593 ppm).
~ 78 ~
20 Peat (T/ha)
1. KT LUN
1. Bentonite C nh c t l cp ht st t 74 %, mc trung bnh so vi
cc loi bentonite khc; phn ng gn trung tnh (pHKCl = 6,2), CEC thp so vi
cc loi bentonite khc (CEC t 46,55 meq/100 g); hm lng ch v cadmi thp.
Than bn M c c phn ng chua (pHKCl = 3,75), CEC kh cao ( t 31,80
meq/100 g), cht hu c tng s cao (OC t 15,13 %OC), hm lng ch v cadmi
thp. Sau khi x l, pHKCl v CEC ca than bn u tng (pHKCl t 4,0 v CEC
t 44,04 meq/100 g t); CEC ca bentonite sau x l cng tng ng k ( t
63,78 meq/100 g t) nhng pHKCl li gim xung cn 5,7.
2.
(8,89 meq/100 g
(pHKCl
t
, pHKCl
12 meq/100 g
KCl
6,1).
) t
33 - 40 % Cd2+
c nh
46 - 48 % Pb2+
.
3.
xung
c nh Cd2+
2+
4 %.
4.
c nh Cd2+
, benton
2+
.
c nh
(Cdts
c nh
0,35 - 1,34 %.
c nh Cd2+
5.
2+
~ 79 ~
c nh
c nh
1,24 - 2,24 %.
c nh Cd2+
6.
2+
c nh
c nh
,
.H
xc nh ca
mi tng qu
ln
R2
R2 = 0,999.
trn.
2. KIN NGH
1. N
c nh
c nh
.
2
c nh
cc
c nh
3. N
.
c nh
4. N
.
~ 80 ~
1.
,
, (29), tr. 59 - 61.
2.
) (2008),
,
.
3.
(2006),
),
.
4.
(2010),
2010
5.
(2004),
, Trng i
7.
,
8.
9.
10.
, (2007),
,
~ 81 ~
11.
12.
,
13.
L Vn Khoa (1994),
14.
,
,
16.
,
,
5,
18.
19.
20.
(2001),
.
~ 82 ~
21.
5,
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Vin Th nhng nng ha (1998), S tay phn tch t, nc, phn bn,
cy trng, H Ni.
(2007),
28.
,
Ting Anh
29.
30.
Appel C., Lena Q. Ma, Rhue R. D., Reve W. (2008), Sequential sorption of
lead and cadmium in three tropical soils, Environmental pollution, (155), p.
132 - 140.
~ 83 ~
31.
Auboiroux M., Baillif P., Touray J.C., Bergaya F. (1996), Fixation of Zn2+
and Pb2+ by a Ca-montmorillonite in brines and dilute solutions: Preminary
results, Clay science, (11), p. 117 - 126.
32.
33.
Breen C., Bejarano - Bravo C.M., Madrid L., Thompson G., Mann B.E.
(1999), Na/Pb, Na/Cd and Pb/Cd exchange on a low iron Texas bentonite in
the presence
of
competing H+
ion,
Colloids
and
surfaces
A:
35.
36.
Eren E., Afsin B., Onal Y. (2009), Removal of lead ions by axid activated
and manganese oxide - coated bentonite, Journal of hazardous materials,
(161), p. 677 - 685.
37.
Hoeks J., Glas H., Hofkamp J. and Ryhiner A.H. (1987), Bentonite liners
for isolation of waste disposal sites, Waste management and research, (5),
p. 93 - 105.
38.
39.
Kozar S., Bilinski H., Branica M., Schwuger M.J. (1992), Adsorption of
Cd(II) and Pb(II) on bentonite under estuarine and seawater conditions, The
Science of total environment, (121), p. 203 - 216.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
Pendias Alina Kabata (2000), Trace elements in Soils and Plants, 3rd edition,
CRC Press, New York.
48.
49.
~ 85 ~
50.
Fei Qin, Bei Wen, Xiao Quan Shan, Ya Ning Xie et al (2006), Mechanisms
of competitive adsorption of Pb, Cu, and Cd on peat, Environmental
pollution, (144), p. 669 - 680.
51.
52.
Ross Sheila (1994), Toxic metals in Soils - Plants systems, John Wiley & Son
Press, New York.
53.
54.
55.
~ 86 ~
PHN
1.
KL
Cd
CdO, CdOH2,
CdSiO3
CdCO3 (octavite)
CdSO4.2CdOH2,
.
2+
[CO2
> 7,84
Cd3(PO4)2
[H2PO4
< 6: strengite (FePO4.2H2O)
> 8:
:
Cd3(PO4)2
hn Cd3(PO4)2
Pb
2.
.
-xt
[Cd2+
.
.
2+
PbSO4
-4,79
[Pb ]
10
[SO4
.
6, trong khi PbCO3
PbSO4
6.
[H2PO4
Pb5(PO4)3
[Pb2+
h
-
.
N
(1979)[42]
[52]
KL
Cd
:
a, b, c
d
)e
(lin
d
f
CaCO3
:
.g
:
.h
-xt humicPb
:
pH tng =
e
: PbOH+
.q
.r
-xt Fe,
. s, t
:
Ca2+
.t
.u
.v
a-xt
.u
(1967).
3.
[52].
Pearson (1968a,b)
Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cu2+,
Al3+, Cr3+, Co3+, Fe3+, As3+
Pb2+
Ag+,
Hg22+,
CO
(1980)
K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Pb2+, Sn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Au+, Ag+, Cu+, Hg2+,
Al3+
Pt2+
4.
c(
: ppm
: Kabata-Pendias (2000)
Pb
Cd
150
20
50 - 300
1-3
100
1,5
Anh (1987)
500 2.000
3 - 15
70 - 150
1-3
100
20
(1993)
EC (1986)
(1992)
(1977)
Nga (1986)
<6
-xt
5.
trong mt s lo
t nng
t lm
t dn
t thng
t cng
nghip
nghip
sinh
mi
nghip
12
12
12
12
12
Cadimi (Cd) 2
10
ng(Cu)
50
70
70
100
100
Ch (Pb)
70
100
120
200
300
Km ( Zn)
200
200
200
300
300
Kim l
Asen (As)
(g/ha/nm)
6.
Ba Lan
1 - 2,5
1,6
2,5
1,5
< 1 - 25
0,3 - 8
2,5 - 4
3-8
10,5 - 13,5
4,3 - 4,7
4-5
1-2
2-7
4,5 - 7,5
1,3 - 4
Ra
7.
Z2/r
- William
8.
cs (1976)
cs (1980)
Goethite (FeOOH)
cs(1974)
Goethite (FeOOH)
Haematite
cs (1980)
cs (1976)
Mn (birnessite)
Mn
Cu > Zn
Mn - SiO2
-
fulvic (pH = 5)
Murray (1975)
(1980)
Cu > Pb > Zn
(pH = 4 - 7)
Zn > Cu > Pb
(pH = 4 - 6)
Stevenson (1977)
Ngun: [dn theo 52]
9.
(%)
Macedonia
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
) (6)
(5)
) (7)
Montmorillonite 52
50
80
76
58 - 62
Hydromica
10
10
12* (dolomite)
1 - 8 (Cristobalite)
Chlorite
10
4**
0 - 20 (Gypsum)
Kaolinite
0-6
7 - 15
2-9
Feldspar
5-8
2 - 11
Hydrogertite
7 - 10
2 - 8 (Illite)
SiO2
47,47
68,67
47,1
78,7
62,7
61,10
Al2O3
4,92
18,50
18,7
15,0
20,1
18,19
Fe2O3
22,79
4,91
8,35
1,1
2,16
5,48
P2O5
0,01
0,04
0,02
CaO
0,18
0,75
0,052
1,8
2,29
1,59
MgO
8,94
2,72
4,69
2,9
3,64
1,90
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
K2O
0,23
0,98
1,57
0,2
2,53
1,28
Na2O
0,01
0,02
0,88
0,3
0,27
1,30
Cr2O4
0,13
0,001
0,21*** (TiO2)
0,54***
MnO
0,16
0,10
0,04
SO3
0,07
0,04
12,60
12,14
pHKCl
6,20
7,20
CEC (meq/100g)
46,55
48,20
80
65
60,68
Ca2+ (meq/100g)
1,35
18,63
37,11
Mg2+ (meq/100g)
44,87
28,76
18,72
K+ (meq/100g)
0,23
0,44
2,47
Na+ (meq/100g)
0,10
0,37
6,825
2001
2002
2003
Hy Lp
1.148.694
1.258.872
1.000.000
Nga
500.000
500.000
500.000
650.000
Th Nh K
636.273
674.178
559.224
550.000
636.589
579.029
500.000
464.616
447.913
495.310
450.000
Ukraine
25.000
25.000
25.000
250.000
Bulgaria
173.534
171.092
211.500
150.000
Cyprus
10.013
10.580
11.204
150.000
65.500
52.000
44.200
150.000
Ty Ban Nha
90.152
223.958
225.000
100.000
Czech
280.000
224.000
174.000
80.000
Slovakia
77.000
73.000
65.000
50.000
Hungary
5.120
30.441
3.700
150.000
Ngun: S&B Industrial Minerals S.A. in "Industrial Minerals", March 2004, p.31
[26]
11.
Tri
)
Kin
Tn
(An Giang)
(%)
31,2
30,5
28,01
(%)
39,6
34,6
pHKCl
3,7
4,33
3,67
4,25
OC (%)
15,90
19,35
7,52
N (%)
0,32
0,41
P2O5 (%)
0,04
K2O (%)
S (%)
Zn t
48
Lng U Minh
) (Kin Giang)
45
Mau)
19,27
29,29
4,16
3,64
4,16
24,05
20,12
11,99
34,56
0,336
1,08
1,04
0,336
1,036
0,05
0,024
0,16
0,14
0,045
0,071
0,03
0,027
0,93
0,15
0,13
0,79
0,43
0,46
0,26
0,027
0,38
0,37
0,034
0,049
(mg/100g)
28,8
4,1
176,96
22,1
18,1
237,44
62,72
(mg/100g)
42,2
0,19
0,44
0,8
(ppm)
27,7
11,30
10,97
22,8
20,5
11,75
14,86
(ppm)
41,2
29,10
52,84
22,5
20,1
41,19
51,97
(ppm)
0,86
0,42
6,39
1,15
0,85
5,79
7,35
(ppm)
111,6
56,73
35,77
31,6
30,6
32,69
51,58
Ph lc 12.
[19]
TT Tn m
TB, m
m3
lng,
Thng Nh
98,0
1,0
980.000
Mi
35,0
1,5
525.000
U Minh
20.167
1,07
153.426.000
Di Lng h
456,2
1,7
7.755.400
Lin
60,9
1,4
614.000
98,5
1,1
3.251.400
42,00
1,4
588.640
93,5
0,6
360.040
(Long An)
An Bnh
Ni T (An Giang)
595,55
1,08
3.730.600
10
An Lc A (An Giang)
160
0,74
689.080
11
267,20
1,08
1.679.500
12
362,50
0,86
1.814.390
13
374
0,65
1.414.380
14
350
0,50
1.018.500
15
410
0,57
1.360.130
16
225
3,00
3.431.970
17
162,07
1,25
896.990
18
940
2,13
4.863.900
19
1.925
1,08
5.197.500
20
2.100
0,94
4.935.000
21
Tr Ho (Kin Giang)
510
2,19
2.792.300
22
960
1,20
2.880.000
23
188
1,45
681.500
24
3.200
1,49
11.920.000
25
200
525.000
Quartz
Kaolinite
Kaolinite
,18
,57
3
3
Hydromica
,34 ,34
Gothite (Gtit)
Feldspat
,90
1
,202
3
4
5
.
.
.
.
.
G20
Hydromica
3
,34
Quart
Quart
,17
Quart
,6
4
Hydromica
Hydromica
,25
,0
,20 0,40
Kaolinite
Quartz
3
,34
,17
3
Kaolinite
,56
Chlorit-Smectite
(Khong hn hp)
Gothite (Gtit)
Quart
4
Hydromica
Feldspat
3
,20
G17
.
.
.
.
.
1
2
3
4
5
,68
,17
,25
4
Hydromica
4
,40
,70
1
7,8
9
4,40
,90
Ph lc 14.