How to on/off the Computer?
Process:
1.
First of all press the power button at the UPS (Uninterruptible Power system or supply) until it doesn't give the green power.2.Then after press the power button at the CPU.(Central Processing Unit)Then, your computer will be run or on.
How to shut (off) down the computer?
Process:1.Click on start button.2.Click on shut down.3.Click on shut down the computer or shut down.4.Click on ok.
For Windows 98
Message: "It's now safe to turn off your computer." At last switch off your computer.
What is Computer?
The word computer is derived form Latin word "Computer" which means to calculate. Basically computer is a advance electronic device whichcan perform certain mathematical calculation and logical operations at a very high speed. In the other word, Computer is an electronic machinethat helps us to solve the problem. Computer as known as "Susankhya" in Nepal.
What is the full form of computer?
C = CommonO = OperateM = MachineP = PurposeU = Used forT = TechnologyE = EducationR = Research
What are the characteristics of a computer?
A characteristic of computer is:SpeedStorageAccuracyDiligenceVersatility
Speed:
Computer performs complex calculation at a very high speed. Because of this characteristic.
Storage:
The storage characteristic of a computer has made it distinct from calculates. A large amount of data can be stored in computer'smemory. The storing capacity of computer is expressed in bytes.1024 bytes = 1 kilo bytes.1024 kilo bytes = 1 Mega bytes.1024 Mega bytes = 1 Giga bytes.
Accuracy:
The result given by the computer will be extremely accurate. If a mistake occurs in any calculation, they are due to manual errors likefeeding wrong data or mistake in the instructions given.
Diligence:
A computer is capable of performing the required task repetitively, without affecting its speed. Accuracy and efficiently thus, it anycalculation is done one or million times, the computer does it with the same speed and accuracy. Unlinking the human being a computer never gets tired, bored, or lazy to do its task.
Versatility:
The computer is versatile device. It has a wide range of application areas; they have been successfully used in different areas likeeducation, science and technology, astronomy business etc.
Classification of computers
There are a huge number of computers available today. The can be classified.1.On The Basis Of Activity.
2.
On The Basis Of Volume.
3.
On The Basis Of Brand.4.On The Basis Of Model.
On The Basis Of Activity:
computers may be classified into:-
1.
Analog computer.
2.
Digital computer.3.Hybrid computer.
On The Basis Of Volume
.
1.
Mainframe computer.2.Mini computer.3.Micro computer.
On The Basis Of Brand
1.IBM pc.2.IBM compatibles.3.Apple/Macintosh.
On Th Basis Of Model
1.XT (extended Technology)
2.
PC/ AC (personal computer & advance technology).3.PS/2 (personal system)
What is a computer generation? Write about theme
.Technological break through in hardware and software resulted into more and more advanced computer system it has been identified thatthere are five major stages in the continuous development process of the computer. These stages are called computer generation which are asfollowing.
1.
First generation.
2.
Second generation.
3.
Third generation.
4.
Fourth generation.
First generation (1946-1958):
First generation computers were developed during 1946-1958.these computers used vacuum tubes as the electronic devices for their hardware . Implementation. So these computers were very large , slow and had less internal storage capacity .
Second generation (1959 – 1964):
Computer in second stage in the available in the market from 1959-1964. In this stage transistor was invented and transistor wasreplaced vacuum tubes. It was light as well as cheap .As a result its demand began to increase .This transistor covered less space and workedas vacuum tube.
Third generation (1965 -1974):
1
The computer was developing during 1965-1974. In it 100(hundred) transistor could be set by a chip of silicon .It was known as IC.After the use of IC the weight become lighter and smaller than before.
Fourth generation (1975-1999):
The computer of this generation are available from 1975 to 1999 .In these computer 1000 of transistor are set in one chip of siliconchip. As a result the size of computer is decreased. This is known as VLSI (very large scale integration) such types of computer needs lesselectric power, cover less space and work fast.
Fifth generation (1991-present time):
Since 1991- present time computer are developed more and more such computer would think and take decision and A biochip wouldbe used in it . This stage of computer is known as fifth generation computer.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER
The computer is developed as a result of man's search of fast and accurate calculating devices. One of the creative thinkers of 16
th
century was the American English man
"Charles Babbage”
he is considered to he the father of the computer science. Using of his idea about100 years later he was developed by Howard professor Howard Aiken. In history of computers. Because of his idea only, the dream of moderncomputer has come true. That is why he is famous as "Father of computer ".In Nepal it has been used since B.S. 2028. It has its own name. This was known as second generation computer of IBM Company. InNepal it known as
"Susankhya"
. In present time, there is more and more private computer trading center all over the Nepal. More and moreschools are teaching computer science and more than five thousand computers are busy for e-mail in Nepal. At present time the scope of computer science in our country is increasing rapidly day by day.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
There are three types of basic components of computer which are as following.
•
Input device.
•
Processing devices.
•
Output device.
Input Device: -
It is used to enter information and instructions. Keyboard and mouse is input device.
Processing Devices: -
It is a processor which process information according to the instruction of the program. CPU is the main processingdevice.
Output Device: -
These devices are the means of communication to the outside word where we get the output they are printer and monitor.
What is floppy disk? Write about them.
Floppy disk is a small quantity of data is stored. It is main advantage transfer data from one location to another location. It is cheap and easyto handle. Popularly it is called diskette. Mainly 2 (two) capacities floppy desk are found.1.2 M.B. =Mini floppy1.4 M.B. =Micro floppy.
What is Hard disk?
Hard disk is made of metallic oxide on both sides. It is permanently fixed in a drive unit. The hard disk cam store information faster and more storage capacity then floppy disk.
Memory :
Memory is capacity for conduct the computer. It holds the program and data currently being used. There are two types of computer memory.
1.
Rom: It
is permanent memory. When we cut off the power supply the information in Rom is not erased. We can't write in this memorycalled Rom (Read only memory).
2.
RAM: -
It is temporary memory. When we cut off the power supply then memory will be loss. RAM stands for Random Asses Memory.
KEYBOARD:
The keyboard is the basic input device that is used to enter data in to the computer. It is similarly with typewriter keyboard. Generally thereare three types of keyboard.
1.
AT keyboard (With 103 key)
2.
XT keyboard (With 83 key )
3.
Enhanced keyboard (With 103 key).
CPU:
CPU stands for central processing unit. It is the brain of computer. It controls & co- ordinate all the computer units and its related component.The CPU also controls the operations of the input and output devices and memory. Depending on the functions of CPU is divided in three units.
1.
ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
2.
Primary Memory.
3.
Controls Unit.
Monitor or video display unit:
The screen, which is an example of out put device, is called monitor or video display unit. The monitors are classified in two types.
1.
Monochrome Monitor
2.
Color Monitor.
Printer:
Printers are most common output device. The printer provides information in a permanent readable from, known as hard-copy output. Theprinted output from a printer may be data, program, results, or any other tests. Printers are classified in to various types. Depending upon thetechnology uses in manufacturing, the printers are categorized into.
1.
Impact printer.
2.
Non- impact printer.
Ms-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)Dos
: Dos is an abbreviation of Disk Operating System .Dos is the operating system developed for the disk drive. In the other word, the operatingsystem work on disk is known disk operating system.
MS-DOS:-
It stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System. Ms –Dos was developed by Microsoft Corporation for the IBM (International BusinessMachine) computers.
OPERATING SYSTEM:
An organized set or collection of software program that control the overall operation of the computer system is calledoperating system
Booting (start):
The process of loading system files in computer memory is called booting. Booting is two type.
2
1. Cold boot:
Use power button and start computer is called cold boot.
2.
Warm boot:
Restart the computer by using Alt+Ctrl+Del key or Rest key is called warm boot.
IMPORTANT FILES OF MS-DOS:
The Ms –Dos operation system consists of the following system files or program.
1.
IO. SYS.2.MS.-DOS.SYS3.COMMAND.COM
IO. SYS:
The management of input and output (IO) operation is done by IO. Sys. System file. This file can't be seen using dir command.It is a hidden file.
MS-DOS.SYS:
The system file Ms-Dos .SYS is concerned with the system kernel, it is also a hidden files, so it also can't be seen usingdir command.
COMMAND.COM:
The third essential system program or files is the command. Com. It is a command interpreter. This file can be seenusing Dir command. This file interprets the command whenever we give it to the of reference words. If the word is the same as on the listthe corresponding command is executed, other wise an error message is displayed on the screen. Those three programs remain in thememory as long as the computer is switched on. Therefore they are called resident programs.
IMPORTANT FEATURES OF MS-DOS:
MS- DOS has been used in most of the micro computers. It has got the following features.
1.
It is a single user operating system.
2.
It supports both floppy disk and hard disk.
3.
MS-DOS supports various computer languages.
4.
Ms-Dos may be support printer spooler. I
5.
It supports I/O (input /out put) redirection.
BATCH FILES:
MS- DOS has the facility of combining one or more instructions into a file, which can be activated and implemented successfully.Such a text file having extension .bat that stores the instructions is known as batch file.
To Create a Batch files.
Process:
1.
C:\>Copy
∪
con
∪
filename
(Enter)
2.
Type any text.3.Press F6 or Ctrl + Z (to save the file )Message: 1 file copied.
ABBREVIATION SOME WORD:
V. D. U. Visual display unit.C. P.U.Central processing unitR.O.M. Read only memoryR.A.M. Random access memoryI.B.M.International business MachineO.S.Operating System.H. D.Hard Disk.U.P.S.Uninterruptible Power System.CD-ROMCompact disk Read Only Memory.
Standard Typing Key
SymbolKeyFunction
↵
EnterTo move the cursor to the beginning of next line.
←
Back spaceTo move the cursor left to erase text or re-type.Caps LockCaps LockLock capitals on/off.
ShiftTo make capital only on word.
∪
SpacebarTo left space between the words.
TabTo left more space.AlternateAltTo change after functions of other key.ControlCtrlTo provides command to the computer.←Left ArrowTo move the cursor one character to left.
Right ArrowTo move the cursor one character to right.
Down Arrow To move the cursor one character to the down
Up Arrow To move the cursor one character to the up.DeleteDelTo delete the character.HomeHomeTo move the cursor at the beginning of the textEndEndTo move the cursor to the end of the text.ECSECSTo does undo or cancel to the command.Page UpPage UpTo move the cursor to the previous page.Page DownPage DownTo move the cursor to the next page.Number LockNum LockTo on / off the numeric keys.InsertInsertTo insert one or more character in a line.Alt+Ctrl +DeleteResetReset (warm boot) your computer.F6F6To save file in MS-Dos.
ERROR MESSAGEMEANING
Bad command or filenameCurrently type command is not Understands by dos.Duplicate file name or file not foundDuplicate file name is usedInvalid drive specification Wrong drive.All files will be delete Be careful before delete the file.InsufficientNot empty space in the disk.Too many parameters Given command wrong.Access denied Checked the attrib command
MS-DOS COMMAND:
MS-DOS command are divided into two parts which are as below .
3
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