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Consultation Process onMonitoring of International Trade inOrnamental FishB
ACKGROUND
I
NFORMATION
Prepared forEuropean CommissionDirectorate General E - EnvironmentENV.E.2. – Development and EnvironmentbyUnited Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre
 
ABOUT UNEP WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE
The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre is the biodiversity assessment and policyimplementation arm of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the world’sforemost intergovernmental environmental organisation. UNEP-WCMC aims to helpdecision-makers recognize the value of biodiversity to people everywhere, and to apply thisknowledge to all that they do. The Centre’s challenge is to transform complex data intopolicy-relevant information, to build tools and systems for analysis and integration, and tosupport the needs of nations and the international community as they engage in jointprogrammes of action.
UNEP-WCMC
provides objective, scientifically rigorous products and services that includeecosystem assessments, support for implementation of environmental agreements, regionaland global biodiversity information, research on threats and impacts, and development offuture scenarios for the living world.The Marine Aquarium Council (MAC) drafted the section on MAC certification. The IUCNFreshwater Biodiversity Assessment Unit undertook the analysis and drafted some of thesection on African species threatened by trade. Both organisations provided a review andgeneral input to the document.© Copyright: European Commission, 2008The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP orcontributory organisations. The designations employed and the presentations do not implythe expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, the European Commissionor contributory organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or areaor its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
2
Prepared for European Commission DirectorateGeneral E – Environment ENV.E.2. – Developmentand EnvironmentbyThe United Nations Environment Programme -World Conservation Monitoring Centre219 Huntingdon Road,Cambridge CB3 0DL,UKTel: +44 (0) 1223 277314Fax: +44 (0) 1223277136Website: www.unep-wcmc.org
 
 3
C
ONTENTS
 
1.
 
THE
 
GLOBAL
 
TRADE
 
IN
 
AQUATIC
 
ORNAMENTALS ....................................................................1
 
1.1.
 
I
NTRODUCTION
............................................................................................................................1
 
1.2.
 
T
RADE
 
DATA
................................................................................................................................2
 
2.
 
MARINE
 
ORNAMENTALS.........................................................................................................2
 
2.1.
 
T
ROPICAL
 
C
OASTAL
 
E
COSYSTEMS
....................................................................................................2
 
2.2.
 
T
HE
 
TRADE
 
IN
 
MARINE
 
ORNAMENTALS
..............................................................................................2
 
2.2.1.
 
Species
 
in
 
trade..............................................................................................................4
 
2.2.2.
 
Common
 
practices
 
and
 
techniques................................................................................4
 
2.2.3.
 
Mortality.........................................................................................................................5
 
2.2.4.
 
Vulnerability
 
to
 
exploitation...........................................................................................5
 
2.3.
 
S
OCIAL
 
AND
 
ECONOMIC
 
CONSIDERATIONS
.........................................................................................8
 
2.3.1.
 
Organization
 
of 
 
the
 
trade...............................................................................................8
 
2.3.2.
 
People
 
&
 
livelihoods.......................................................................................................9
 
2.3.3.
 
Issues
 
affecting
 
long
‐
term
 
sustainability......................................................................10
 
2.3.4.
 
Awareness
 
raising.........................................................................................................10
 
2.3.5.
 
Education
 
and
 
Research...............................................................................................11
 
2.3.6.
 
Marine
 
Aquaculture.....................................................................................................11
 
3.
 
FRESHWATER
 
ORNAMENTALS...............................................................................................13
 
3.1.
 
F
RESHWATER
 
ECOSYSTEMS
...........................................................................................................13
 
3.1.1.
 
Values
 
&
 
services..........................................................................................................14
 
3.1.2.
 
The
 
Regions..................................................................................................................14
 
3.2.
 
T
HE
 
TRADE
 
IN
 
FRESHWATER
 
ORNAMENTALS
.....................................................................................15
 
3.2.1.
 
Species
 
in
 
trade............................................................................................................15
 
3.2.2.
 
Common
 
practices
 
&
 
techniques.................................................................................19
 
3.2.3.
 
Mortality.......................................................................................................................19
 
3.2.4.
 
Vulnerability
 
to
 
exploitation.........................................................................................19
 
3.2.5.
 
Invasive
 
species............................................................................................................21
 
3.2.6.
 
Disease .........................................................................................................................21
 
3.3.
 
S
OCIAL
 
AND
 
ECONOMIC
 
CONSIDERATIONS
.......................................................................................22
 
3.3.1.
 
People
 
&
 
livelihoods.....................................................................................................22
 
3.3.2.
 
Fair
 
trade......................................................................................................................22
 
3.3.3.
 
Freshwater
 
aquaculture...............................................................................................22
 
3.3.4.
 
Sustainable
 
use
 
initiatives............................................................................................24
 
3.3.5.
 
Awareness
 
raising.........................................................................................................25
 
4.
 
LITERATURE ..........................................................................................................................26
 
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