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R.M.D ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KAVARAIPETTAI. Unit- III FIBRE OPTICS AND APPLICATIONSPart-A Question and Answers (Two Marks)

1.What is Fibre optics?

The branch of physics which deals about the transmission and reception of lightwaves in optical fibers by the principle of total internal reflection.

What is the principle of fibre optical communication?

Total internal reflection is the principle of fibre optical communication.Principle: when light travels from a denser to a rarer medium, at a particularangle of incidence called critical angle, the ray emerges along the surface of separation. when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle, the incidentray is reflected in the same medium and this phenomenon is called total internalreflection.

What are the conditions to be satisfied for total internal reflection?

The refractive index n

of the core must always be greater than the refractiveindex n

of the cladding. i.e., n

> n

. The light must approach the walls of thefibre with an angle of incidence that is greater than the critical angle .i. e., > .

4.Define Acceptance angle.

The maximum angle made by a light ray with the fibre axis on the surface of thefibre below which the light is totally internally reflected is called acceptanceangle. (

)

Define Acceptance cone

The imaginary cone within which the light rays enter the optical fiber and totallyinternally reflected is called acceptance cone.

6.Define: Numerical aperture of a fibre.

It can be defined as the sine of the acceptance angle of the fibre. It describes thelight gathering capacity of the fibre.

7.How will you classify optical fibres?

Optical fibres are classified into 3 types based on(i) Based on material.(a) Glass fiber (b) Plastic fibre(ii) Based on mode of propagation

(a)Single mode fibre (b) multimode fibre(iii) Based on refractive index profile (or) variation in the refractive index.(a)Step – index fibre (b) Graded – index fibre

8.What are optical fibers?

Optical fibers are made of transparent dielectric materials which act aswaveguides for optical signals in fibre optical communication.

What is a single mode fibre?

If only one mode is transmitted through optical fibres, then it is said to be a singlemode fibre.

10.

What is a multimode fibre?

If more than one mode is transmitted through optical fibres, then it is said to bea multimode fibre.

11.Differentiate single mode and multimode fibre.

Sl.No.Single mode fibreMultimode fibre1In single mode fibre only onemode can propagate through it.Multimode fibre allows a largenumber of paths or modes for thelight rays travelling through itsimultaneously.2The single mode fibre has smallercore diameter 2 to 10 and thedifference between the refractiveindices of the core and thecladding is very small.Generally in multimode fibre thecore diameter 50 to 200 andthe relative refractive indexdifference are larger than thesingle mode fibre.3In practice there is no dispersion(i.e., no degradation of signalduring travelling through thefibre)There is signal degradation due tomultimode dispersion and materialdispersion.4Launching the light into singlemode fibres and joining the twoare very difficult.Launching the light into fibres andjoining of two fibres are easy inthese fibres.5Since the information transmissioncapacity in optical fibre isinversely proportional todispersion, the single mode fibresare more suitable for longdistance communication.Due to large dispersion andattenuation of the signal themultimode fibres are less suitablefor long distance communication.6Fabrication is very difficult and sothe fibre is expensive.Fabrication is less difficult and thefibres is not costly.7Laser diode can only be used forlaunching light into the fibre.LEDs and Laser diode can be usedfor launching light into the fibre.

12.

Differentiate step index and graded index fibre.

Sl.No.Step index fibresGraded index fibres1The refractive index of the core is The refractive index of the core is

uniform throughout and undergoesstep change at the claddingboundary.made to vary in the parabolicmanner such that the maximumrefractive index is present at thecentre of the core.2The diameter of the core is about50 to 200 in the case of multimode fibre and 10 inthe case of single mode fibre.The diameter of core is about 50in the case of multimode fibre.3It has low bandwidthIt has high bandwidth.4Attenuation is more formultimode step index fibre butfor the single mode step indexfibre it is very less.Attenuation is less5Numerical aperture is more formultimode step index fibre butfor the single mode step indexfibre it is very less.Numerical aperture is less

11.What is meant by fractional index change?

The fractional index change

∆

is the ratio of refractive index difference betweencore and cladding to the refractive index of core. It is expressed as,This parameter is always positive because n

must be large than n

for the totalinternal reflection.

12. Give any three applications of optical fibre in industries.



The fibres are used as a sensor in the measurements of pressure,temperature and displacement of an object.



It is used as a link between sensor and monitoring station.



The endoscope is used to inspect and view the inner structure of thecomplicated machine parts, nozzles and combustion chambers inside the jetaircraft engine.

13. State some of the applications of optical fibres in engineering field.



It can be used for long distance communication in trunk lines.



A large number of telephone signals nearly 15,000 can be passed throughthe optical fibres in a particular time without any interference.



It used in computer networks, especially in LAN.



it is also used as optical sensor.14.

What is meant by splicing?

To carry information through light for a longer distance, one fibre is to beconnected with the other, so that the losses can be minimised.The process of joining two fibres permanently with the help of an elastomer orfour rod splice using an adhesive or index matching gel is called splicing.15.

What is meant by attenuation?