::

1.
,
0 1.
, .

1.1.

.
.
(
).
:
()

C = {c1 , c 2 ,..., c n }

,
1.
.
:
:

b = 2, C = {0,1}

b = 3, C = {0,1,2}

b = 4, C = {0,1,2,3}

b = 8, C = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

b = 10, C = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}

b = 16, C = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A, B, C , D, E , F }

2, , .
.
0 1
, 0 1
0V ( LOW) 5V ( HIGH).

X =

c b

i= m

= c m b m + ... + c 1b 1 + c0 b 0 + c1b1 + ... + c n b n

:
m

: ( )

(1)

 ::

R = c m b m + ... + c 1b 1

C = c 0 b 0 + c1b1 + ... + c n b n .

. 234.568
.

1.2.

1.

1.

.
) 11012

= 1 2 3 + 1 2 2 + 0 21 + 1 2 0
= 1 8 + 1 4 + 0 2 + 1 1

= 1310
) 1011,012

= 1 2 3 + 0 2 2 + 1 21 + 1 2 0 + 0 2 1 + 1 2 2
= 1 8 + 0 4 + 1 2 + 1 1 + 0 0,5 + 1 0,25
= 11,2510

) 327,418

= 3 8 2 + 2 81 + 7 8 0 + 4 8 1 + 1 8 2

( )

( )

= 3 64 + 2 8 + 7 1 + 4 1 + 1 1
8
64
= 215,51562510
) 345,6710

= 3 10 2 + 4 101 + 5 10 0 + 6 10 1 + 7 10 2
= 3 100 + 4 10 + 5 1 + 6 0,1 + 7 0,01
= 345,6710

) A3,9C16

= A 161 + 3 16 0 + 9 16 1 + 12 16 2

( )

= 10 16 + 3 1 + 9 1 + 12 1
16
256

= 163,60937510
***
b
d b
C = {c1 , c 2 ,..., c n } .

: ( )

 ::

X =

c b

i= m

= c m b m + ... + c 1b 1 + c0 b 0 + c1b1 + ... + c n b n

C = c 0 b 0 + c1b1 + ... + c n b n
R = c m b m + ... + c 1b 1 .

d 0.
d


d 0.
d
.

2.

.
) 173,4510 (

)3

.

173 : 3
57
2
57 : 3
19
0
19 : 3
6
1
6:3
2
0
2:3
2
0

20102 3 .
.

0,45 3
0,35 3
0,05 3
0,15 3
0,45 3

1
0,35
1
0,05
0
0,15
0
0,45
1
0,35

1100 3 .
11001 .
20102, 1100 3 .

: ( )

 ::

) 130,25110 (

)7

.

130 : 7
18
4
18 : 7
2
4
2:7
2
0

244 7 .
.

0,251 7
0,757 7
0,299 7
0,093 7
0,651 7

1
0,757
5
0,299
2
0,093
0
0,651
5
0,557

152057 . .
244,15205 7 .
***

2:
2 = 21

8=2

16 = 2

: ( )

 ::

3.

, X = 357,62510 .
) ( 2)
.

357 : 2
178
1
178 : 2
89
0
89 : 2
44
1
44 : 2
22
0
22 : 2
11
0
11 : 2
5
1
5:2
2
1
2:2
1
0
1:2
1
0

1011001012 .
.

1
0,25
0,625 2
0
0,5
0,25 2
1
0,0
0,5 2

1012 .
101100101,1012 .
) ( 8)
.

357 : 8
44
5
44 : 8
5
4
5:8
5
0

545 8 .
.

5
0,0
0,625 8

5 8 .
545,5 8 .
: ( )

 ::

) ( 16)
.

357 : 16
22
5
22 : 16
1
6
1 : 16
1
0

16516 .
.

0,0
0,625 16

A16 .
165, A16 .
***
2

. ,
, 3 ,
2 3 = 8 .
2
.

4.

.
) X = 410,2738 (

)16

X = 410,2738 = 100001000, 0101110112

X = 100001000, 0101110112

X = 108,5D816
) X = A3,5816 (

)4

X = A3,5816 = 10100011, 01011000 2

X = 1010011, 01011000 2
X = 1103,112 4

: ( )

 ::

) X = 4 B1,7416 (

)8

X = 010010110001, 01110100 2
X = 010010110001, 01110100 2
X = 2261,35 8
***

1.3.

, .
:
(byte)

(word)

16

(double word) 32
.
( ).
:
1. (sign-magnitude representation)
2. - (1st complement
representation) (2nd complement representation)
1.3.1.

0 1,
.
X10 N ,
.
0, 1.

().

1 2 N 1 X 10 2 N 1 1
1.

dN-1 dN-2 dN-3 d1 d0

1. -

:

( 1)d

N 1

(d

N 2

2 N 2 + ... + d1 21 + d 0 20

: ( )

 ::

,
() . 1.1.
4-.
1.1. 4-

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8

0 111
0 110
0 101
0 100
0 011
0 010
0 001
0 000
1 000
1 001
1 010
1 011
1 100
1 101
1 110
1 111
-

1.3.2.

X b n .
N = b n 1. ,
a 8
() 281=255.

. ,
, b n .

X = bn X

1,

X 1 = (b n X ) 1

,
.
1.2.
4-.

: ( )

 ::

1.2. 4-

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8

0 111
0 110
0 101
0 100
0 011
0 010
0 001
0 000
1 111
1 110
1 101
1 100
1 011
1 010
1 001
1 000
-

0 111
0 110
0 101
0 100
0 011
0 010
0 001
0 000
1 000
1 111
1 110
1 101
1 100
1 011
1 010
1 001
1 000

5.

.
) X = 347110
n = 4, b = 10

X 9 = (10 4 1) 347110 = 652810

n = 4, b = 10

X 10 = 10 4 347110 = 652910

) X = 821,67 10
n = 3, b = 10

X 9 = (103 1) 821,6710 = 177,3310

n = 3, b = 10

X 10 = 103 821,6710 = 178,3310

) X = 11010 2
n = 5, b = 2

X 1 = (25 1) 11010 2
X 1 = 111112 11010 2
X 1 = 001012

n = 5, b = 2

X 2 = 25 11010 2
X 2 = 100000 2 11010 2
X 2 = 00110 2

: ( )

 ::

10

) X = 10,010 2
n = 2, b = 2

X 1 = (2 2 1) 10,010 2
X 1 = 11,000 2 10,010 2
X 1 = 00,110 2

n = 2, b = 2

X 2 = 2 2 10,010 2
X 2 = 100,000 2 10,010 2
X 2 = 01,110 2

***

1.4.
, ,
.

.
,
.
.

6.

.
) 1101,0112 + 1000,1012 = 10110,000 2
1101,0112
+ 1000,1012
10110,0002
) 1101,0112 1000,1012 = 100,110 2
1101,0112
- 1000,1012
0100,1102
) 1101,012 10,12

= 10001,0012

1101,012 10,12
1101,012
0000,002
+ 1101,012
100001,0012
***

: ( )

 ::

11

7.

.
) 37B,8116 + 1D7, F16

= 552,7116
37B,8116
+ 1D7,F016
553,7116

) 37B,8116 1D7, F16

= 1A3,9116
37B,8116
- 1D7,F016
13,9116

) 34B16 2A 16

= 8A 4E 16
3 4 B 16 2 A 16
2 0 16
2 2 6

6 9 6 16
1

8 4 16
1

***

1.5.
O = {o1 , o2 ,..., on }
A = {a1 , a2 ,..., am }, ai .
O .
O Ak , k ,
O
- A .
.
,
In communications and computer systems coding is defined as implementing rules that
are used to map the elements of one set onto the elements of another set, usually on a
one-to-one basis.
A code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word, or
phrase) into another form or representation, not necessarily of the same type
www.wikipedia.org

: ( )

 ::

12

0 1.
.

.

(Binary-Coded Decimal schemes, BCD).
1.5.1

. N
2N .
8421 BCD 4
,
. 8421 BCD
(Natural BCD, NBCD) .
8421 BCD ,
, .
3 (excess-3 code) 8421 BCD
3 (0011). 1.3.
.
1.3.

0
1
2

NBCD
8421
0000
0001
0010

0011

0100

0101

0110

0111

8
9

1000
1001

2421

0000
0001
0010
1000
0011
1001
0100
1010
0101
1011
0110
1100
0111
1101
1110
1111

BCD
74(-2)(-1)

0000
0000
0111
0001
0110
0011

XS-3
( 3)
0011
0100
0101

0101

0010

0110

0100
1011
1010

0110

0111

0111

1000

1001

0101

1001

1000

0100

1010

1111
1110

1100
1101

1011
1100

4 16 ,
0 15. 10 15
1.3.
, 1.3.
BCD . 4 2421 BCD
0100 1010.

.

BCD .
: ( )

 ::

13

8.

321,4910 BCD 1.
) NBCD :
321,4910 = 001100100001, 010010012
) 2421 BCD : 3,2 4 ,

321,4910 = 001100100001, 010011112 : 4
321,4910 = 001100100001, 101011112
321,4910 = 001110000001, 010011112 : 2 ( 4 )
321,4910 = 001110000001, 101011112
321,4910 = 100100100001, 010011112 : 3 ( 2 4 )
321,4910 = 100100100001, 101011112
321,4910 = 100110000001, 010011112
321,4910 = 100110000001, 101011112
) 74(-2)(-1) BCD : 4 ,

321,4910 = 010101100111, 01001110 2
321,4910 = 010101100111, 10111110 2
) :
321,4910 = 001000110001, 01101000 2
) XS3 :
321,4910 = 011001010100, 01111100 2
***

1.6.
.
0 1 .

.

(parity bit)
. (even
parity) (odd parity) .
.

1.7.
.
:
{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
{a,A,b,z,Z}
{*, ?, /,...}
: ( )

 ::

14

{BS backspace, CR Carriage Return, }

, ,
(characters),
.
ASCII (American Standard
Code for Information Interchange). 7- , 8 .
8- ( ) ASCII
. A ASCII
41h 01000001b. ASCII
.

9.

7- ASCII ,
. .
) 57
7- SCII 57 (5=35h, 7=37h)
35 37h
7- SCII 57
0110101 0110111b
8- SCII 57
10110101 00110111b

8- SCII 57
B5 37h

) END
7- SCII END (E=45h, N=4Eh, D=44h)
45 4E 44h
7- SCII END
1000101 1001110 1000100b
8- SCII END
01000101 11001110 11000100b

8- SCII END
45 CE C4h

***

: ( )