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IP Communicationslessons learned

2005DOSCH & AMAND Research GmbH & Co KGV1.2

1 Introduction to the Internet Protocol

Perhaps one of the most important and well known protocols is Internet Protocol, or IP. IP gives us the ability touniquely identify each computer in a network or on the Internet. When a computer is connected to a network orthe Internet, it is assigned a unique IP address. If you're connecting to the Internet, chances are you're given anIP automatically by your ISP. If you're connecting to a LAN, then you're either given the IP automatically or youmanually configure the workstation with an assigned IP.If you really want to know how network communications work, it most important to fully understanding IP. DNS,FTP, SNMP, SMTP, HTTP and a lot of other protocols and services rely heavily on IP in order to functioncorrectly, so you can immediately see that IP is more than just an address on your workstation.

IP Address

The above example shows an IP address in decimal notation, which we understand more easily. This IP address(192.168.0.1) is then converted to Binary, which is what the computer understands. You can see how big thenumber gets. It's easier for us to remember four different numbers than 32 zeros or ones.An IP address is a 32 Bit addressNow we're going to look at how the conversion works between decimal and binary. This is an important step,because you'll probably find yourself in need of such a conversion when dealing with complex subnets.The picture below shows an IP address that we are going to convert to Binary. We are now going to convert thefirst octet in the IP address 192.168.0.1 to Binary. In other words, we take the "192" and convert it to Binary.

In our example, we used the 192. We needed bits 8 and 7 and this gave us the Binary number of 11000000,which is 192 in decimal.Using this method, you will convert decimal to Binary without the need for complex mathematical calculations.Example decimal number 168Here again you can see that we needed to choose bits 8, 6 and 4 in order to get a decimal value of 168. So theBinary value of 10101000 is equal to the decimal value of 168.

Internet protocol header

Just like every other protocol, IP has a place in the OSI model. Because it's such an important protocol and otherprotocols depend upon it, IP needs to be placed before them in the OSI model.IP = Layer 3When a computer receives a packet from thenetwork, the computer will first check thedestination MAC address of the packet at theDatalink Layer (2). If it passes, it's then passed onto the Network layer.At the Network layer, it will check the packet to seeif the destination IP address matches thecomputer's IP address.If the packet is a broadcast, it will pass the networklayer anyway.From there, the packet is processed as required bythe upper layers.On the other hand, the computer may be generating a packet to send to the network. Then, as the packet travelsdown the OSI model and reaches the Network layer, the destination and source IP address of this packet areadded in the IP header.

The IP header

Now we are going to analyze the Internet protocol header, so you can see the fields it has and where they areplaced. In here you will find the destination and source IP address field which is essential to every packet usingthe protocol.It's worth noting that the 9th field, which is the "Protocol" field, contains some important information that thecomputer uses to find out where it must pass the datagram once it strips off the IP header.TCP and UDP exist on Layer 4 of the OSI Model, which is the transport layer. When data arrives at a computerand the packet is processed by each layer, it needs to know whereabouts above to pass the data. This protocolfield tells the computer to give the remaining data to either the TCP or UDP protocol, which is directly above it.The destination IP address is another important field which contains the IP address of the destination machine.No matter which way you convert, from Decimal to Binary or Binary toDecimal, the same method is used. If you understood the above, you shouldbe able to convert any Binary or Decimal number.

Internet Protocol classes - Network and host ID

Every protocol suite defines some type of addressing that identifiescomputers and networks. IP addresses are no exception to this rule. Thereare certain values that an IP address can take; these have been defined bythe IEEE committee.A simple IP address is a lot more than just a number. It tells us the networkof which the workstation is part and the node ID.

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