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By Dr. Abhijit Kar Gupta E-mail; kg.abhi@gmail.com1
Introduction to Calculus
Course-2
 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------Limit of Trigonometric Functions:
We know how
 x
sin and
 x
cos
vary with
 x
in the range between 0 and
π 
2
(=360
0
):
=
π 
180
o
.0
o
30
0
45
o
60
o
90
o
sin 021 21 23 1cos 123 21 21 0cosec
∞
 22 32 1sec 132 22
∞
 tan 031 13
∞
 cot
∞
 3131 0.To obtain the above table, take 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 corresponding to 0
o
, 30
o
, 45
o
, 60
o
and90
o
respectively, divide each by 4 and then take square roots. Thus you get the values of sine-function for different angles. To obtain the values of cosine, take the reverse order.From the above table we find that
0
→
 x
 Lim x
sin= 0
0
→
 x
 Lim
cos = 1The following Limit can be shown to be (this is not proved here):
Examples
where we use the above formula:#1.
0
→
 x
 Lim xkx
sin=
0
→
 x
 Lim k kxkx
⋅
sin=
0
→
 x
 Limkxkx
sin.
0
→
 x
 Lim
k 
 
1sin
0
=
→
x x Lim
 x
 
 
By Dr. Abhijit Kar Gupta E-mail; kg.abhi@gmail.com2=
k  y y Lim
 y
⋅
→
sin
0
[Assume
kx y
=
. As
0
→
 x
, 0
→
 y
]= 1.
k 
= k.#2.
0
→
 x
 Limx
tan=
0
→
 x
 Limx
sin.cos1=
0
→
 x
 Lim x x
sin.
0
→
 x
 Lim
cos1= 1.11=1.Find out the limits:#1.
0
→
 x
 Lim x x
 β α 
sinsin, where
α 
and
 β 
are constants
 Ans.
 β α 
 #2.
0
→
 x
 Lim x x
cos1
−
 
 Ans.
0
Introducing a new kind of number: e
Suppose we try to calculate the following combination of numbers in a systematic way:2111
1
=    +
 25.2)5.1( 211
22
==    +
 ..35.2...)33.1( 311
33
≅=    +
(approximate value)
44
)25.1( 411
=    +
= 2.44140625.In this way, if we go on calculating
n
n
    +
11for the higher and higher values of 
n
startingfrom 1, 2, 3, 4…..to any number, we see that the value of the above expression issomething between the numbers 2 and 3.Therefore, we can say that the value of the expression
n
n
    +
11, as
∞→
n
, has a limitingvalue between the numbers 2 and 3. It is seen that this ‘limiting value’ is an irrationalnumber, we call it
e
.
....7182818284.2
=
e
 
Home Work Problems:
of 00

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