Professional Documents
Culture Documents
[kWh/month]
(Equation 9)
6
Table 1 Monthly factors for hot water use
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Annua
l
1.10 1.0
6
1.02 0.98 0.94 0.90 0.90 0.94 0.98 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.00
Table 2 Temperature rise of hot water drawn off (Tm, in C)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Annua
l
41.2 41.
4
40.1 37.6 36.4 33.9 30.4 33.4 33.5 36.3 39.4 39.9 37.0
SAP 2009 also introduced a provision for reducing annual hot water usage by 5% in
cases where the dwelling is designed to achieve a water use target of not more that
125 litres per person per day (all water use, hot and cold) [16]. However, this
provision will always have to be used since the new Approved document G [17]
requires all new dwellings to have wholesome water consumption not greater than
125 litres per person par day. In addition to that, some boroughs, especially in
London, require from the developers to build new houses to a minimum of Code
Level 3 of the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) with Wales and Northern Ireland
also making this obligatory for all new housing supported by public funding [18].
Such houses should be designed and built in such a way that the water
requirements should not exceed 80 litres per person per day. This is often achieved
by installing grey and rain water recycling systems along with low flow water
fixtures. Some developers have even greater aspirations than Code Level 3 and have
started building houses to the Code Level 5 and Code Level 6 (Zero Carbon).
The impact of all of the aforementioned changes to the BREDEM/SAP
methodologies of the hot water energy demand of dwellings of total floor areas up
to 150 m
2
have been presented in Figure 3 and Figure 4. Figure 3 clearly shows that
there is quite significant difference in the results of calculation of occupancy for
dwellings of total floor area more than 100 m
2
. It is also surprising to see that the
occupancy seems to be limited to about three occupants even for very large
dwellings. The second chart shows that even for small dwellings there is noticeable
reduction in estimations of hot water energy demand calculated using BREDEM
12/SAP 2005 and SAP 2009 methodologies.
However, it is rather difficult to evaluate whether the new algorithms and
additional provision of a 5% reduction of standard hot water demand would be
sufficient to reflect a potential reduction of hot water demand in houses build to
high level of the CSH.
7
Figure 3 Changes in estimations of
occupancy as function of total floor area
for discussed methodologies.
Figure 4 Changes of hot water energy
demand estimations as function of total
floor area for discussed methodologies.
3. MONITORING OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF GREENWATT WAY THE
ESPERIMENTAL ZERO CARBON DEVELOPMENT
Expecting significant changes in energy consumption of new houses that can affect
energy supply business in UK, SSE, one of the UKs major energy utilities, has
developed a Zero Carbon housing project called Greenwatt Way. The main aim of
the project is to study energy usage and individual occupants interaction with
energy efficient Zero Carbon homes. As part of this study, the hot water demand
will be monitored and the results will be used to verify practically the suitability of
the existing hot water demand estimation methodologies for modern Zero
Carbon/Sustainable houses.
The development is located in Slough, about 20 miles west of London and is shown
in Figure 5. The site consists of ten dwellings; two 1 bed apartments (45 m
2
each), a
terrace of three 2 bed houses (80 m
2
each), a terrace of three 3 bed houses and two
3 bed detached houses (94 m
2
each). There is also a renewable Energy Centre and an
Information Centre. The project partners combined conservative architectural
design with the latest construction methods, technologies and sustainable features
available in order to deliver Zero Carbon housing to Level 6 of the Code for
Sustainable Homes.
Occupancy per TFA
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
Total Floor Are of Dwelling [m2]
O
c
c
u
p
a
n
c
y
N-BREDEM-12 N 2005 N 2009
Hot Water Energy Demand
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
Total Floor Are of Dwelling [m2]
E
n
e
r
g
y
[
M
W
h
/
y
e
a
r
]
QBREDEM-12 QBREDEM-12 -40%
Q2005 Q-2009-5%
20%
8
Figure 5 Aerial view of Zero Carbon
Housing project in Slough.
Figure 6 Integrated renewable energy
centre with district heating scheme.
The homes are equipped with modern hydraulic interface units (HIU) which provide
energy for space heating and hot water. The schematic of the HIU and its key
components is presented in Figure 7. Low carbon heat is supplied to each HIU from
the sites renewable Energy Centre (Figure 6) via a low temperature district heating
(DH) scheme. The district heating scheme is built with a pre-insulated twin pipe
system which aims to reduce heat loses.
The district heating scheme operates at a flow temperature of 55C and the domestic
hot water is supplied at 43C via an on-demand heat exchanger in each house. The
radiators and hot water heat exchanger in all homes are directly connected to the DH.
The heat loads in the house are designed to achieve the lowest possible DH return
temperature to minimise heat losses and maximise the heat pumps coefficient of
performance.
40 kW
10 kW
District
Heating
Space Heating
Hot Water
10C
43C
55C
35C
55C
20C
Figure 7 Key parameters and schematic of Hydraulic Interface Unit (HIU).
9
The research programme includes several work streams with an initial monitoring
programme of two years and includes:
Modelling and monitoring of the energy performance of the renewable energy
centre, district heating scheme and domestic heat and power demand.
A post occupancy evaluation of the tenants.
An evaluation of the whole house mechanical ventilation with heat recovery
system (MVHR).
A demonstration of hot fill washing appliances and energy efficient smart kit.
An electric vehicle car share scheme for residents.
Monitoring of water usage.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The review of methodologies used to estimate hot water energy demand of the UK
dwellings shows that there is a limited number of methods used for this purpose.
The most advanced one was derived from BREDEM model. The methodology has
been recently verified and updated using data from the hot water monitoring
project from more than 100 UK dwellings. Generally the update resulted in
significant decrease of hot water demand estimations per square meter of dwelling.
However, the data collected during the monitoring project did not cover CSH Level
3 and higher Code Levels houses. Therefore, it is still some uncertainty whether
currently used models are accurate enough to model hot water demand in Zero
Carbon houses. The monitoring programme of the Greenwatt Way project should
help to verify and improve the suitability of the methodologies for modern Zero
Carbon/Sustainable houses.
10
5. REFERENCES
[1] DECC, Climate Change Act 2008, DECC, Ed., ed. London, 2008.
[2] DECC, UK Energy in Brief 2009, DECC, Ed., ed. London: National Statistics,
2009.
[3] DEFRA, The environment in your pocket 2008, DEFRA, Ed., ed. London:
National Statistics, 2008.
[4] H. Government, The UK Low Carbon Transition Plan, ed. London: The
Stationery Office, 2009.
[5] DECC, Energy Consumption in the UK. Domestic Data Tables, 2009 Update ed:
A National Statistics Publication, 2009.
[6] Energy Monitoring Company, Measurement of Domestic Hot Water
Consumption in Dwellings, DEFRA 2008.
[7] E. Vine, et al., Domestic hot water consumption in four low-income apartment
buildings, Energy, vol. 12, pp. 459-467, 1987.
[8] K. Pennycook, Rules of Thumb, 4th Edition ed.: BSRIA, 2003.
[9] British Standard, Design, installation, testing and maintenance of services
supplying water for domestic use within buildings and their curtilages
Specification, in BS 6700:2006+A1:2009, ed: BSI, 2009.
[10] R. Yao and K. Steemers, A method of formulating energy load profile for
domestic buildings in the UK, Energy and Buildings, vol. 37, pp. 663-671, 2005.
[11] R. Marsh, Sustainable housing design: an integrated approach, Ph.D thesis,
University of Cambridge, 1996.
[12] L. Harvey, A handbook on low-energy buildings and district-energy systems:
fundamentals, techniques and examples: Earthscan, 2006.
[13] B.R. Anderson, et al., BREDEM-12 Model description, 2001 update: IHS, BRE
Press, 2002.
[14] EST, Measurement of Domestic Hot Water Consumption in Dwellings, DEFRA
2008.
[15] BRE, A review of the relationship between floor area and occupancy in SAP,
Building Research Establishment 2009.
[16] DECC, The Governments Standard Assessment Procedure for Energy Rating of
Dwellings, DECC, Ed., Version 9.90 ed. Garston: BRE, 2010.
2
[17] Secretary of State, Building Regulations, Approved Document Part G - Sanitation,
hot water safety and water efficiency, UK Government, Ed., ed: NBS, 2010.
[18] DCLG, Code for Sustainable Homes - Technical Guide, DCLG, Ed., May 2009 ed,
2009.