SUCCES IN INVATAREA LIMBII ENGLEZE !

<titlu> Gramatica limbii engleze, pentru uz colar </titlu>

Autori:
Georgiana Gl!eanu
Ecaterina Comiel
E"itura "i"a#ti# $i %e"agogi# & Bu#ure$ti
'()*
<#o%erta I>
San"a Retin+#,i - a+i+tent uni.er+itar
Re/eren!i: Ale0an"ra Va+iliu - %ro/e+oar
An#a Ilie+#u - %ro/e+oar
</#o%erta I>
Contri1u!ia autoarelor la ela1orarea lu#rrii a /o+t ur2toarea:
G3 Gl!eanu: #a%3 I3435 '-*365 63'3-6375 8-'95 II395 :65 ')5 '(5 **5 *65 III3935 *:-*73
E3 Co2i$el: #a%3 *3:3-*3;5 6383-63'95 :-75 ''5 '*5 ':-'85 *95 *'3
Re"a#tor: Si2ona Bo+etti
Te,nore"a#tor: Con+tantina Vel#o.i#i
Co%erta: Ion <a#i=
Pag. 003
<titlu> CUVNT NAINTE </titlu>
Lu#rarea "e /a! a /o+t #on#e%ut #a un 2aterial "e re/erin! %entru ele.i> %ro/e+ori $i alte #ategorii "e
%er+oane intere+ate "e +tu"iul li21ii engle?e3
@n tratarea %ro1le2elor> +-a a.ut @n .e"ere 2o"ul @n #are a#e+tea +unt %re?entate @n 2aAoritatea
2anualelor $i gra2ati#ilor "e li21 engle? "in !ara noa+tr3 Au /o+t "e a+e2enea @n aten!ia autorilor
%rogre+ele @nregi+trate @n anali?a /eno2enului ling.i+ti# @n general> nu nu2ai @n Ro2Bnia> "ar $i @n !rile
un"e +e .or1e$te li21a engle?> %re#u2 $i #ara#teri+ti#a li21ii engle?e #onte2%orane "e a a%li#a regulile
/le0i1il $i nuan!at> @n /un#!ie "e +#o%ul #o2uni#rii> "e interlo#utor Cli21aA o/i#ial +au /a2iliarD $i "e
a+%e#tul li21ii C+#ri+ +au oralD3
LuBn" @n #on+i"era!ie toate a#e+te a+%e#te> Gra2ati#a li21ii engle?e %entru u? $#olar %re?int
/eno2enele gra2ati#ale @n 2o" "e+#ri%ti.3
En #a"rul %r!ii I> Mor/ologia> +unt +tu"iate regulile %ri.itoare la /or2a #u.intelor3 A#ea+t %ri2 %arte
e+te #on+i"erat #a "eo+e1it "e i2%ortant %entru #el #are +tu"ia? li21a engle?> "eoare#e %ri2ul lu#ru
#are +e @n.a! @n gra2ati#a unei li21i +trine e+te #u2 +e /or2ea? #ategoriile gra2ati#ale "e 1a?:
ti2%urile .er1ului> %luralul +u1+tanti.elor> #o2%ara!ia a"Ae#ti.elor et#3
Fartea a II-a $i %artea a III-a> Sinta0a %ro%o?i!iei $i Sinta0a /ra?ei> #u%rin" regulile %ri.itoare la
@21inarea #u.intelor @n %ro%o?i!ii $i a %ro%o?i!iilor @n /ra?e3 A#ea+t %arte e+te #on+i"erat "e3 a+e2enea
i2%ortant> "eoare#e ea arat #elui #are +tu"ia? li21a engle? #u2 + /olo+ea+# /or2ele gra2ati#ale
%e #are le-a @n.!at3 In "e+#rierea /or2ei #u.intelor C@n #a"rul 2or/ologieiD $i a /un#!ionrii lor @n
#o2uni#are C@n #a"rul +inta0eiD> lu#rarea reia a/ir2a!iile #on!inute @n 2anualele $#olare @n .igoare3
Ceea #e a"u#e @n %lu+ Gra2ati#a li21ii engle?e> %entru u? $#olar e+te o i2agine /un#!ional> "e
an+a21lu> a+u%ra /eno2enului gra2ati#al #onte2%oran> %rin +%e#i/i#area atBt a unor %o+i1ile a1ateri "e
la reguli> #Bt $i a +itua!iilor @n #are +e /olo+e+# /or2ele gra2ati#ale: @n .or1irea #urent +au @n li21a
+#ri+> @n +tilul o/i#ial +au @n literatur> @n .arianta 1ritani# +au #ea a2eri#an a li21ii engle?e3
@n ela1orarea lu#rrii> +-a %ornit "e la e0%li#a!iile gra2ati#ale $i #o2%en"iile "e gra2ati# #u%rin+e @n
2anualele "e li21 engle? a#tual2ente @n u? @n $#olile "in !ara noa+tr $i "e la e0%erien!a %er+onal $i a
altor #a"re "i"a#ti#e @n %re"area li21ii engle?e3
En %ri2ul rBn"> autoarele +-au 1a?at %e tra"i!ia #reat "e gra2ati#ile ela1orate "e: Leon Le.i!#,i> Ioan
Fre"a - Gra2ati#a li21ii engle?e> E"3 Gtiin!i/i# '(785 Ali#e B"e+#u - Gra2ati#a li21ii engle?e> E"3
Gtiin!i/i#> '(765 Cate"ra "e li21 $i literatur engle?3 Uni.er+itatea "in Bu#ure$ti - Gra2ati#a li21ii
engle?e> E"3 Gtiin!i/i#> '(7*5 Ioana Gte/ne+#u - Le#ture+ in Engli+, Mor%,ologH> Uni.3 "in Bu#3> '(8)3
A.Bn" @n .e"ere ten"in!ele re#ente "in li21a engle? #onte2%oran> au /o+t /olo+ite $i lu#rri %u1li#ate
@n Marea Britanie $i @n alte !ri C.e?i #a%3 Bi1liogra/ieD5 iar %entru a o/eri #ititorului un #a"ru "e re/erin!
/a2iliar $i %o+i1ilitatea "e a /a#e #o2%ara!ii #u +tru#tura li21ii ro2Bne> "e/ini!iile generale> +tru#tura
lu#rrii $i ter2inologia au /o+t ela1orate %e 1a?a unor gra2ati#i ale> li21ii ro2Bne: A#a"e2ia R3S3R3 -
Gra2ati#a li21ii ro2Bne> E"3 A#a"e2iei R3S3R3> '(775 C3 Ii2itriu - Gra2ati#a li21ii ro2Bne e0%li#at3
Mor/ologia> Juni2ea> '(8(5 I3 Ior"an> VI3 Ro1u - Li21a ro2Bna #onte2%oran> E3I3F3> '(8)3
Tri2iterile la +ur+ele /olo+ite -ro2Bne$ti +au +trine -nu au /o+t "e regul 2en!ionate %e %ar#ur+ul lu#rrii
%entru a nu @ngreuia le#tura> 2aterialele "e re/erin! /iin" +%e#i/i#ate la +/Br$itul lu#rrii3
Iatorit #ara#terului %ra#ti# al lu#rrii> /a%tele "e teorie gra2ati#al #on!inute @n Gra2ati# au /o+t
e0%u+e +u##int $i @n+o!ite "e nu2eroa+e e0e2%li/i#ri3 E0e2%lele %re?ente @n lu#rare +unt "intre #ele 2ai
+i2%le> a$a #u2 +unt ele /olo+ite @n .or1irea #urent +au %re?entate @n alte gra2ati#i ale li21ii engle?e>
/iin"3 #on+truite %e 1a?a unui .o#a1ular re"u+ $i a##e+i1il> u$or "e @n!ele+ %entru ele.i3
Situa!iile @n #are "eo+e1irile "intre #ele "ou li21i %re?int "i/i#ult!i %entru ele.ul ro2Bn au /o+t
+u1liniate @n lu#rare $i %ra#ti#ate @n e0er#i!iile #are ur2ea? /ie#rui #a%itol3 Re?ol.area unui 2are nu2r
"e e0er#i!ii a /o+t in#lu+ la +/Br$itul .olu2ului3
Autoarele "ore+# +-$i e0%ri2e gratitu"inea /a! "e autorii gra2ati#ilor li21ii engle?e 2en!iona!i
anterior> #are au %u+ 1a?ele unei +oli"e tra"i!ii "e angli+ti# @n Ro2Bnia5 2ul!u2irile noa+tre +e @n"rea%t
"e a+e2enea #tre a+i+t3 uni.3 San"a Retin+#,i "e la Uni.er+itatea "in Bu#ure$ti> %ro/3 Ale0an"ra Va+iliu>
"e la li#eul "e art KGeorge Ene+#uL $i %ro/3 An#a Ilie+#u> "e la $#oala general nr3 ;9 "in Bu#ure$ti>
%entru #o2%eten!a $i r1"area #u #are au %ar#ur+ lu#rarea @nM +ta"iul "e ela1orare> o/erin" 1ine.enite
+uge+tii #riti#e3
@n egal 2+ur> autoarele !in + 2ul!u2ea+# re"a#!iei "e +%e#ialitate "e la E"itura "i"a#ti# $i
%e"agogi# %entru re#o2an"rile %re!ioa+e "ate $i 2un#a "e+/$urat @n %regtirea .olu2ului %entru
%u1li#are3
Ela1orarea unei a+e2enea gra2ati#i %re?entBn" nu2eroa+e "i/i#ult!iM autoarele a$tea%t eu intere+
+uge+tii $i re#o2an"ri "in %artea #ititorilor> @n .e"erea @21unt!irii lu#rrii> %entru o e.entual
ree"itare3
G3 G3 $i E3 C3
pag: 005
Partea I
MO!O"OGIA
#Morp$olog%&
I'(' GENEA"ITA)I
('*' Mor+ologia i ,inta-a
Cele "ou %r!i #on+tituti.e ale gra2ati#ii tra"i!ionale +unt 2o/ologia $i +inta0a3
Mor+ologia #u%rin"e regulile %ri.itoare la /or2a #u.intelor $i la 2o"i/i#rile /or2ale ale
#u.intelor +tu"iate %e %r!i "e .or1ire5 + i n t a 0 a #u%rin"e regulile %ri.itoare la @21inarea #u.intelor @n
%ro%o?i!ii $i /ra?eN3
'
<note>
'3 Gra2ati#a li21ii ro2Bne> .ol3 I> E"3 A#a"3 R3S3R3> Bu#ure$ti> '(77> %3''3
</note>
('.' Criterii /e utilizare 0n /e+inirea p1r2ilor /e 3orbire
Unitatea "e anali? @n gra2ati#a tra"i!ional e+te #u.Bntul3
Gra2ati#a tra"i!ional gru%ea? #u.intele @n ?e#e #la+e 2ari> nu2ite %r!i "e .or1ire:
+u1+tanti.ul> arti#olul> a"Ae#ti.ul> %ronu2ele> nu2eralul> .er1ul> a".er1ul> %re%o?i!ia> #onAun#!ia $i
interAe#!ia3
E2%r!irea #u.intelor @n ?e#e %r!i "e .or1ire +e 1a?ea? "e /olo+irea #on#o2itent a trei #riterii:
aD #riteriul +e2anti# O +en+ul le0i#al #el 2ai general al #la+elor "e #u.inte5
1D #riteriul 2or/ologi# O +#,i21rile #e au lo# @n /or2a #u.intelor %entru e0%ri2area #ategoriilor
gra2ati#ale "e gen> nu2r> #a?> %er+oan> #o2%ara!ie> 2o"> ti2%> a+%e#t $i "iate?5
#D #riteriul +inta#ti# O %o+i1ilitatea #u.intelor "e a @n"e%lini /un#!ii +inta#ti#e @n #a"rul %ro%o?i!iei3
Ie/inirea %r!ilor "e .or1ire +e 1a?ea? %e toate #ele trei #riterii> un +ingur #riteriu /iin"
in+u/i#ient3
('.'*3 Iin %un#t "e .e"ere +e2anti#> %r!ile "e .or1ire +e "i+ting "u% #eea #e e0%ri2 ele:
nu2ele unui o1ie#t C+u1+tanti.ul> in"ire#t $i %ronu2ele> #are !ine lo#ul unui +u1+tanti.D> o @n+u$ire a unui
o1ie#t Ca"Ae#ti.ulD> un nu2r +au o "eter2inare nu2eri# Cnu2eralulD> o a#!iune +au o +tare C.er1ulD> o
#ara#teri+ti# a unei a#!iuni> +tri +au in+u$iri Ca".er1ulD> e0teriori?area unui +enti2ent> a unei +tri /i?i#e>
a unui a#t "e .oin! +au i2itarea unui +unet CinterAe#!iaDN
*
<note>
*3 I1i"3> %3 '*3
</note>
pag: 006
Iin %un#t "e .e"re al #riteriului +e2anti#> %r!ile "e .or1ire +e @2%art @n:
aD %r!i "e .or1ire #u +en+ le0i#al "e +ine +tttor> $i #are %ot /i %r!i "e %ro%o?i!ie: +u1+tanti.ul>
a"Ae#ti.ul> %ronu2ele> nu2eralul> .er1ul> a".er1ul $i interAe#!ia5
1D %r!i "e .or1ire #are nu au @ntot"eauna +en+ le0i#al "e +ine +tttor> e0%ri2Bn" ra%orturi @ntre
no!iuni> $i #are nu %ot /i %r!i "e %ro%o?i!ie: %re%o?i!ia> #onAun#!ia $i arti#olul3
('.'.' En /un#!ie "e #riteriul 2or/ologi#> #u.intele "in li21a engle? @$i 2o"i/i# /or2a %entru
e0%ri2area #ategoriilor gra2ati#ale "e gen> nu2r>#a?> %er+oan> #o2%ara!ie> ti2%> 2o"> a+%e#t $i
"iate?3
S#,i21rile @2 /or2a #u.intelor #are e0%ri2 #ategoriile gra2ati#ale al#tuie+# /le0iunea3
En /un#!ie "e %re?en!a +au a1+en!a /le0iunii> #u.intele +e @2%art @n:
aD #u.inte /le0i1ile> #are au #el %u!in o #ategorie gra2ati#al> %entru e0%ri2area #reia @$i
2o"i/i# /or2a5
'
Gramatica limbii romne, vol. I, Ed. Acad. R.S.R., Bucureti, 1966, . 11.
*
i1i"3> %3 '*
1D #u.inte ne/le0i1ile> #are nu +unt 2ar#ate %entru #ategorii gra2ati#ale3
('.'43 En /un#!ie "e #riteriul +inta#ti#> #u.intele +e @2%art @n:
aD #u.inte #are @n"e%line+# o /un#!ie +inta#ti# @n %ro%o?i!ie> %utBn" /i o %arte %rin#i%al C+u1ie#t>
%re"i#atD +au +e#un"ar Catri1ut> #o2%le2ent> ele2ent %re"i#ati. +u%li2entarD "e %ro%o?i!ie5
1D #u.inte #are nu au o /un#!ie +inta#ti#> "ar #are 2ar#,ea? /un#!ii +inta#ti#e:
IP.e 1oug,t t,i+ 1oo= /or MarH3
S,e re#ei.er" t,e %ar#el a/eter %aHing /or it3
'3 VERBUL CT,e Ver1D
'3'3 5e+ini2ie
Ver1ul e+te %artea "e .or1ire #are:
aD e0%ri2 a#!iuni> %ro#e+e +au +tri5
1D are #ategorii gra2ati#ale "e %er+oan $i nu2r #o2une #u alte %r!i "e .or1ire $i #ategoriile
+%e#i/i#e "e ti2%> 2o"> a+%e#t $i "iate?5
#D @n"e%line$te /un#!ia +inta#ti# "e %re"i#at3
pag: 007
'3*3 Cla,i+icare
Ver1ele %ot /i #la+i/i#ate "in %un#t "e .e"ere al +tru#turii 2or/ologi#e +au "in %un#t "e .e"ere al
+en+ului le0i#al $i al /un#!iei3
'3*3'3 Iin %un#t "e .e"ere al ,tructurii mor+ologice> .er1ele %ot /i #la+i/i#ate @n:
aD .er1e +i2%le: go5
1D .er1e #o2%u+e: spotlight5
#D .er1e #u %arti#ul a".er1ial: put on, put off, put away5
"D .er1e #u %re%o?i!ie o1ligatorie: look at, listen to, wait, for, succees in5
eD lo#u!iuni .er1ale: take care of, make use of3
Gru%ele aD> 1D $i eD nu %re?int %arti#ularit!i "eo+e1ite3 Fentru #D .e?i Q)38> iar %entru "D .e?i
Q)3*3;3
'3*3*3 6en,ul le-ical al 3erbelor3 Ver1ele @n li21a engle? +e @2%art @n:
aD .er1e #u +en+ le0i#al %lin> nu2ite "e o1i#ei .er1e no!ionale5
1D .er1e #u +en+ le0i#al re"u+> #are +unt /olo+ite 2ai 2ult #u /un#!ii gra2ati#ale3 En #la+a .er1elor
#u +en+ le0i#al re"u+ intr .er1ele #o%ulati.e> .er1ele au0iliare $i .er1ele 2o"ale3
'3*363 !unc2ia ,intactic1 a 3erbelor3 Fe %lan +inta#ti# .er1ele #u +en+ le0i#al %lin +unt
%re"i#ati.e> a"i# %ot /or2a +ingure %re"i#atul unei %ro%o?i!ii> %e #Bn" .er1ele #u +en+ le0i#al re"u+ +unt
ne%re"i#ati.e> au ne.oie "e o #o2%linire C.er1 no!ional> nu2e %re"i#ati.D %entru a "e.eni %re"i#ate: T,e
#,il" i+ cle3er3 En +#,i21 ele 2ar#,ea? anu2ite #ategorii gra2ati#ale3
En: The film 7a, seen by millions of people. Ril2ul a /o+t .?ut "e 2ilioane "e oa2eni3
was are /un#!ia "e 2ar# a "iate?ei %a+i.e> ti2%ul Paste Tense> %er+oana a III-a +ingular %entru
.er1ul see3
*'.'83 Ver1ele #u +en+ le0i#al re"u+ +e @2%art @n:
aD .er1e #o%ulati.e Cbe> $i> #on/or2 gra2ati#ii tra"i!ionale: appear, seem, look, turn, become,
get, remain, stay et#3D: e ,eem, ill3 Fare 1olna.3
1D .er1e au0iliare Cbe, ha!e, shall"shoul#, will"woul#, may"might, can"coul#, #o$ #are @n"e%line+#
/un#!ia "e 2ar# a #ategoriilor gra2ati#ale "e "iate?> 2o"> ti2%> a+%e#t> %er+oan $i nu2r> a /or2ei
interogati.e $i negati.e la .er1ele %e #are le @n+o!e+#:
e 7a, tol/ a lie3 I +-a +%u+ o 2in#iun3 - Iiate?a %a+i.3
e 7a, tr%ing to catch the ball when he fell3 En#er#a + %rin" 2ingea #Bn" a #?ut3 - A+%e#tul
#ontinuu et#3
#D .er1e +e2iau0iliare +au 2o"ale Ccan"coul#, must, ha!e to, may"might, shall"shoul#,
will"woul#, ought to et#3D #are arat atitu"inea .or1itorului /a! "e enun!:
- %o+i1ilitate: %t mig$t rain later3 S-ar %utea + %lou 2ai tBr?iu3
- ne#e+itate: &ou mu,t finish before noon3 Tre1uie + ter2ini @nainte "e %rBn? et#3
pag: 00'
'363 Categoriile gramaticale ale 3erbului
En li21a engle? .er1ul are /or2e gra2ati#ale "eter2inate "e #ategoriile +%e#i/i#e "e ti2%>
a+%e#t> "iate? $i 2o" $i "e #ategoriile ne+%e#i/i#e "e %er+oan $i nu2r3 En /un#!ie "e %re?en!a +au
a1+en!a #ategoriilor "e ti2%> %er+oan $i nu2r> /or2ele .er1ale @n li21a engle? +e @2%art @n /or2e
%er+onale $i ne%er+onale3
!ormele per,onale ale 3erbului C(inite (orms of the )erbD +unt 2o"urile in"i#ati. $i
+u1Aon#ti.3 La a#e+te /or2e> .er1ul e+te 2ar#at %entru a e0%ri2a #ategoriile "e ti2%> 2o"> "iate?>
a+%e#t> %er+oan $i nu2r> iar "in %un#t "e .e"ere +inta#ti#> ele %ot /or2a +ingure %re"i#atul $i +e a#or"
@n nu2r $i %er+oan #u +u1ie#tul3
!ormele neper,onale ale 3erbului C*on+(inite (orms of the )erbD +unt in/initi.ul ,erun#+ul
C,erun-iulD> %arti#i%iul %re?ent $i %arti#u%iul tre#ut3 A#e+te /or2e nu au #ategoriile "e ti2%> %er+on $i
nu2r $i nu %ot /or2a +ingure %re"i#atul %ro%o?i!iei3
'3:3 Timpul CTen+eD
Categoria gra2ati#al a ti2%ului CTenseD> #ategorie +%e#i/i# .er1elor> +e re/er la or"inea
e.eni2entelor @n ti2%> a$a #u2 e+te %er#e%ut a#ea+ta "e .or1itor @n 2o2entul .or1irii3
Mo2entul @n #are are lo# a#tul "e .or1ire e+te 2o2entul %re?ent CnowD3 Ra! "e a#e+t 2o2ent
#are #on+tituie a0a "e re/erin! a %re?entului> unele e.eni2ente +unt:
aD anterioare> #Bn" ele au lo# @nainte "e 2o2entul .or1irii Ce.eni2entele +unt a2intite "e
.or1itorD: Present Perfect5
1D %o+terioare /a! "e 2o2entul .or1irii Ce.eni2entele /iin" anti#i%ate "e .or1itor> "eoare#e .or
a.ea lo# "u% 2o2entul .or1iriiD: (uture5
#D +i2ultane #u 2o2entul .or1irii Ca.Bn" lo# @n a#ela$i ti2%D Present3
Con+i"erBn" 2o2entul .or1irii %un#tul %re?ent> .or1itorul @$i %oate a2inti un e.eni2ent #are a
a.ut lo# la un 2o2ent anterior 2o2entului .or1irii CthenD3 En ra%ort #u a#e+t 2o2ent a2intit then> #are
" na$tere a0ei "e re/erin! a tre#utului> alte e.eni2ente %ot /i:
aD anterioare 2o2entului tre#ut then: Past Perfect5
1D +i2ultane #u then: Past Tense5
#D %o+terioare: (uture in the Past3
Ie a+e2enea> in 2o2entul .or1irii CnowD> .or1itorul %oate anti#i%a anu2ite e.eni2ente
C%o+terioare 2o2entului .or1iriiD3 En ra%ort #u un anu2e e.eni2ent %o+terior 2o2entului %re?ent Ca0a
"e re/erin! a .iitoruluiD> alte e.eni2ente %ot /i:
aD anterioare: (uture Perfect5
1D +i2ultane: (uture5
#D %o+terioare: engle?a nu are 2ar# /or2al %entru a#e+te e.eni2ente3
pag: 00.
En anali?a ti2%ului> tre1uie a+t/el luate @n #on+i"era!ie trei ele2ente:
aD 2o2entul .or1irii5
1D 2o2entul C+.Br$iriiD a#!iunii5
#D a0a +au 2o2entul "e re/erin!3
aD Mo2entul .or1irii e+te 2o2entul @n #are enun!ul e+te %ronun!at "e .or1itor: now3
1D Mo2entul a#!iunii e+te 2o2entul @n #are a a.ut lo# a#!iunea +au +tarea: now, then, tomorrow
etc.
#D Mo2entul "e re/erin! re%re?int a0a %e #are +e %la+ea? .or1itorul @n %er#e%erea
e.eni2entului: a0a %re?entului> a0a tre#utului> a0a .iitorului3
En /un#!ie "e #ele trei ele2ente - 2o2entul .or1irii> 2o2entul a#!iunii $i 2o2entul "e re/erin! -
li21a engle? #unoa$te ur2torul +i+te2 "e ti2%uri:
- %e a0a %re?entului: Present, Present Perfect, (uture5
- %e a0a tre#utului: Past tense, Past Perfect, (uture in the Past5
- %e a0a .iitorului: (uture, (uture PerfectN
*'9' Timpul prezent ,implu CFre+ent Ten+e Si2%leD
'3;3'3 5e+ini2ie3 Fre?entul +i2%lu "e+e2nea? un e.eni2ent Co a#!iune +au +tareD #are +e
@ntB2%l +i2ultan #u 2o2entul .or1irii C%re?entul in+tantaneuD +au #are in#lu"e 2o2entul .or1irii
C%re?entul generi# $i ,a1itualD3
'3;3*3 !orm13 Iin %un#t "e .e"ere al /or2ei> %re?entul +i2%lu e+te i"enti# #u in/initi.ul> la toate
%er+oanele +ingular $i %lural> #u e0#e%!ia %er+oanei a III-a +ingular> #are a"aug -CeD+:
I ,7im Eu @not
Sou ,7im Tu/Voi @no!i/@nota!i
Te ,7im Noi @not2
T,eH ,7im Ei /Ele @noat
<e +Uim, El @noat
S,e ,7im, Ea @noat
It ,7im El/Ea @noat
CneutruD
'3;363 Pronun2area i ortogra+ierea ter2ina!iei -CeD+ la %er+oana aIII-a +ingular %re?int
a#elea$i #ara#teri+ti#i #a $i ter2ina!ia "e %lural -CeD+ a +u1+tanti.elor:
:#e&, +e %ronun!:
V+W "u% #on+oane +ur"e: e thinks VXt+XiXnX=+W3
V?W "u% #on+oane +onore $i .o#ale: e stu#ies VY+tXaX"i?W3 e runs VrXaXn?W3
Vi?W "u% #on+oane +i1ilante: S,e Ua+,e+ VYXUXoX$Xi?W
Ver1ele +aH $i "o au la %er+oana a III-a +ingular o %ronun!are "eo+e1it /a! "e #elelalte
%er+oane:
I +aH V+aiW - ,e +aH+ V+e?W5 I "o V"u:W - ,e "oe+ V"XaX?W3
pag: 0/0
Iin %un#t "e .e"ere al ortogra/iei> 2aAoritatea .er1elor a"aug -+ 5a %er+oana a III-a +ingular:
<e Ual=+3 S,e +ee+3
Ii+inen!a "e.ine -e+ #Bn" .er1ul +e ter2in @n +> 0> ?> +,> #,> t#, +au o:
S,e Uat#,e+3 It 1u??e+3 <e goe+3
Ver1ele ter2inate @n -H %re#e"at "e #on+oan> +#,i21 H @n i $i a"aug -e+: I trH - ,e trie+3
*'9'8' ntrebuin2are' Fre?entul +i2%lu are 2ai 2ulte @ntre1uin!ri:
'D Fre?entul generi# CGeneri# Si2%le Fre+entD e0%ri2 a#!iuni generale #are au lo# @ntr-un
inter.al "e ti2% ne+%e#i/i#at> "ar #are in#lu"e 2o2entul .or1irii:
T,e Eart, 2o.e+ roun" t,e Sun3 Bir"+ /lH3 T,ree an" t,ree 2a=e +i03
A".er1ele "e /re#.en! ti%i#e %entru %ro%o?i!iile generi#e +unt: alUaH+> ne.er> regularlH> e.er:
Too" alUaH+ /loat+ on Uater3
*D Fre?entul +i2%lu e+te /olo+it %entru a#!iuni o1i$nuite> re%etate C<a1itual Si2%le Fre+entD> #are
au lo# @ntr-o %erioa" "e ti2% general +au +%e#i/i#> 2en!ionat %rin a".er1e +au lo#u!iuni a".er1iale "e
ti2% #a: on Mon"aH+> in +u22er> e.erH "aH +au a".er1e +au lo#u!iuni a".er1iale "e /re#.en! #a: o/ten>
/reZuentlH> +el"o2> rarelH> o##a+ionallH> +o2eti2e+> on#e a Uee=/2ont,/Hear: I go to +#,ool e.erH "aH3 I
u+uallH Uat#, TV in t,e e.ening3
Not: Fre?entul +i2%lu "e+e2nBn" a#!iuni re%etate e+te a%ro%iat "e %re?entul generi# "eoare#e
ni#i el nu in"i.i"uali?ea? e.eni2entele +au +%e#i/i# 2o2entul a#!iunii3 Ieo+e1irea @ntre #ele "ou
/olo+iri ale %re?entului +i2%lu e+te ur2toarea: @n %ro%o?i!ii #are #on!in a#!iuni re%etate +u1ie#tul e+te
in"i.i"uali?at> %e #Bn" @n #ele generi#e +u1ie#tul e+te general: I go +=iing in Uinter3 Tater 1oil+ al '99
Centigra"e3 A "o#tor Uor=+ ,ar"3
6D Fre?entul in+tantaneu CIn+tantaneou+ Si2%le Fre+entD +e re/er la a#!iuni #are +unt .?ute #a
a.Bn" lo# @n @ntregi2e @n 2o2entul .or1irii3 A#ea+t @ntre1uin!are a %re?entului +i2%lu +e @ntBlne$te @n:
aD #o2entarii: T,e goal-=ee%er 2i++e+ t,e 1all an" one 2ore goal i+ +#ore"3 Fortarul nu %rin"e
2ingea $i +e 2ar#,ea? @n# un gol3
1D "e2on+tra!ii: I noU 2i0 t,e 1utter Uit, t,e #o#oa3 A#u2 a2e+te# untul #u #a#ao3
#D e0#la2a!ii: <ere #o2e+ our tea#,er! Iat C#D .ine %ro/e+orul no+tru!
:D Rolo+irea %re?entului +i2%lu #u alte .alori te2%orale
AD Fre?entul #u .aloare "e .iitor e+te @ntre1uin!at @n %ro%o?i!ii %rin#i%ale:
aD %entru e0%ri2area "atei: To2orroU i+ Ie#e21er *'+t3 MBine e+te *' "e#e21rie3 To2orroU i+
Satur"aH3 MBine e+te +B21t3
1D %entru re"area unor a#!iuni %lani/i#ate> unor aranAa2ente %entru .iitor> #on/or2 unui orar +au
%rogra2 +ta1ilit C"e e0e2%lu @n e0#ur+ii organi?ateD> 2ai ale+ #u .er1e "e 2i$#are #a: go> #o2e> lea.e>
return +au .er1e #a 1egin> +tart> en"> /ini+,:
Te lea.e Bu#,are+t at eig,t3 Te arri.e in Fre"eal at ten3 Fle#a2 "in Bu#ure$ti la ora )3 So+i2 la
Fre"eal la ora '93
pag: 0//
BD Fre?entul #u .aloare "e .iitor e+te @ntre1uin!at $i @n %ro%o?i!ii +u1or"onate:
aD "e ti2%> intro"u+e @n U,en> a/ter> 1e/ore> a+ +oon a+:
TePll get ,o2e 1e/ore it get+ "ar=3 Vo2 aAunge a#a+ @nainte + +e @ntune#e3
1D #on"i!ionale> intro"u+e "e i/> unle++> %ro.i"e"> in #a+e:
I/ it rain+ on Sun"aH> IPll re%air 2H 1i#H#le3 Ia# o + %lou "u2ini#> a2 +-2i re%ar 1i#i#leta3
CD Fre?entul #u .aloare "e tre#ut +e /olo+e$te:
aD @n nara!iuni> %entru @n.iorarea %o.e+tirii C%re?entul i+tori#D:
4ne "aH> t,e little 1oH goe+ to t,e Uoo"+3 T,ere ,e /in"+ a 1urie" trea+ure3
1D #u .er1e #a tell> ,ear> learn> Urite> %entru a +u1linia e/e#tul %re?ent al unei #o2uni#ri tre#ute:
<e tell+ 2e t,at ,a.e Uon t,e #o2%etition3 E2i +%une # ai #B$tigat #on#ur+ul3
*';' Timplul trecut ,implu #Pa,t Ten,e 6imple&<
*';'*' 5e+ini2ie' Fa+t Ten+e> a+%e#tul +i2%lu> "e+e2nea? un e.eni2ent "e/init #are a a.ut lo# %e
a0a tre#utului Ce.eni2entul e+te a2intit @n 2o2entul %re?entD3
*';'.' !orm1' Mar#a ti2%ului Fa+t Ten+e +i2%lu e+te> la .er1ele regulate> -e": Te li+tene" to t,e
#on#ert la+t nig,t3 A2 a+#ultat #on#ertul a+ear3
*';'4' Pronun2area i ortogra+ierea ter2ina!iei -e" e+te @n /un#!ie "e ter2ina!ia in/initi.ului3
-e" +e %ronun!:
aD V"W #Bn" .er1ele +e ter2in @n .o#al +au #on+oan +onor V1>g>l>2>n>.>?>"?>X"AXW: %laH -
%laHe" V%lei"W5 arri.e" VXXPrai."W5
1D VtW #Bn" .er1ele +e ter2in @n #on+oan +ur" V/>=>%>+>X$X>tX$XW li=e - li=e" Vlai=tW> #ro++ -
#ro++e" V=rXoX+tW5
#D Vi"W #Bn" .er1ele +e ter2in @n -t +au -": Uant - Uante" VYUXoXnti"W5 no" - no""e" VYnXoX"i"W5
Farti#ularit!i ortogra/i#e ale ter2ina!iei -e":
aD #on+oana /inal a /or2ei "e in/initi. +e "u1lea? #Bn" .o#ala #are o %re#e"e e+te +#urt $i
a##entuat: +to% - +to%%e"5 %re/er - %re/erre"3
Not:
'3 Con+oana /inal +e "u1lea? la #Bte.a .er1e> "e$i +ila1a /inal nu e+te a##entuat: =i"na% -
=i"na%%e"5 ,an"i#a% - ,an"i#a%%e"5 Uor+,i% - Uor+,i%%e"5 iar la .er1e ter2inate @n i#> O# +e "u1lea? @n
#=: %i#ni# - %i#ni#=e"3
*3 En engle?a 1ritani#> .er1ele ter2inate @n -l "u1lea? a#ea+t #on+oan> in"i/erent "e a##ent:
#ontrol - #ontrolle"5 tra.el - tra.elle"3
pag: 0/0
63 En .arianta a2eri#an a li21ii engle?e> -l +e "u1lea? nu2ai "a# ulti2a +ila1 e+te a##entuat:
#ontrolle"> "ar: tra.ele"3
1D .er1ele ter2inate @n -H %re#e"at "e #on+oan @l +#,i21 @n -i: +tu"H - +tu"ie"5
#D .er1ele ter2inate @n -e a"aug "oar -": 2o.e - 2o.e"3
*';'83 En #eea #e %ri.e$te .er1ele neregulate> a#e+tea au /o+t @2%r!ite @n $a%te gru%e> @n /un#!ie
"e %ronun!area in/initi.ului> a /or2ei "e Fa+te Ten+e $i a %arti#i%iului tre#ut:
'3 .er1e "e ti%ul:
1urn-1urnt-1urnt
learn-learnt-learnt
len"-lent-lent
+%en"-+%ent-+%ent
*3 #ree%-#re%t-#re%t
lea.e-le/t-le/t
1uH-1oug,t-1oug,t
#at#,-#aug,t-#aug,t
63 #a+t-#a+t-#a+t
,it-,it-,it
+,ut-+,ut-+,ut
Uet-Uet-Uet
:3 2eet-2et-2et
,ang-,ung-,ung
Uin-Uon-Uon
+it-+at-+at
;3 2oU-2oUe"-2oUn/2oUe"
+oU-+oUe"-+oUn/+oUe"
+Uell-+Uelle"-+Uollen/+Uelle"
73 Uear-Uore-Uorn
groU-greU-groUn
gi.e-ga.e-gi.en
Urite-Urote-Uritten
83 1egin-1egan-1egun
+ing-+ang-+ung
#o2e-#a2e-#o2e
go-Uent-gone
Not:
En /un#!ie "e /or2ele %e #are le au .er1ele la Fa+t Ten+e $i la %arti#i%iul tre#ut> ele +e @2%art @n
.er1e regulate $i .er1e neregulate3
Ver1ele regulate /or2ea? Fa+t Ten+e $i %arti#i%iul tre#ut %rin a"ugarea ter2ina!iei -CeD" la
/or2a "e in/initi.: li+ten Ca a+#ultaD - litene" Ca a+#ultatD - li+tene" Ca+#ultatD3
Ver1ele neregulate +unt #ele #are au /or2e "eo+e1ite %entru in/initi.> Fa+t Ten+e $i %arti#i%iul
tre#ut> #are tre1uie @n.!ate %e "ina/ar3
pag: 0/3
Verbe neregulate
Infinitiv Past Tense Participiu
trecut
Traducerea
infinitivului
ari!e aro!e ari!en a !e ridica
"a#$a%e"n# "a#$o%e "a#$o%en a !e tre&i
be $a! been a 'i
bear bore borne a urta
beat beat beaten a bate
become became become a deveni
be(in be(an be(un a )ncee
bend bent bent a !e )ndoi
bid bid bid a ru(a, a
orunci
bind bound bound a le(a
bite bit bitten a muca
bleed bled bled a !n(era
blo$ ble$ blo$n a !u'la, a
bate
brea% bro%e bro%en a !ar(e
breed bred bred a crete, a
educa
brin( brou(*t brou(*t a aduce
build built built a con!trui
burn burnt burnt a arde
bur!t bur!t bur!t a i&bucni, a
n+v+li, a
cr+a
bu, bou(*t bou(*t a cum+ra
ca!t ca!t ca!t a arunca
catc* cau(*t cau(*t a rinde
c*oo!e c*o!e c*o!en a ale(e
clin( clun( clun( a !e a(+-a
come came come a veni
co!t co!t co!t a co!ta
cree cret cret a !e tr), a
!e 'uria
cut cut cut a t+ia
deal dealt dealt a trata, a !e
ocua de
di( du( du( a !+a
do did done a 'ace
dra$ dre$ dra$n a tra(e, a
de!ena
dream dreamt dreamt a vi!a
drin% dran% drun% a bea
drive drove driven a o'a, a
mna
d$ell d$elt d$elt a locui
eat ate eaten a mnca
'all 'ell 'allen a c+dea
'eed 'ed 'ed a *r+ni
'eel 'elt 'elt a "!e# !im-i
'i(*t 'ou(*t 'ou(*t a "!e# luta
'ind 'ound 'ound a (+!i
'lee 'led 'led a 'u(i, a !e
re'u(ia
'lin( 'lun( 'lun( a arunca
'l, 'le$ 'lo$n a &bura
'orbid 'orbad 'orbidden a inter&ice
'or(et 'or(ot 'or(otten a uita
'or(ive 'or(ave 'or(iven a ierta
'ree&e 'ro&e 'ro&en a )n(*e-a
(et (ot (ot a rimi, a
ob-ine
(ive (ave (iven a da
(o $ent (one a mer(e
(rind (round (round a m+cina
(ro$ (re$ (ro$n a crete
*an( *un( *un( a atrna
*ave *ad *ad a avea
*ear *eard *eard a au&i
*ide *id *idden a "!e#
a!cunde
*it *it *it a lovi
*old *eld *eld a -ine
*urt *urt *urt a lovi, a r+ni,
a durea
%ee %et %et a -ine, a
+!tra
%neel %nelt %nelt a
)n(enunc*ia
%nit %nit %nit a tricota
%no$ %ne$ %no$n a ti, a
cunoate
la, laid laid a une, a
ae&a
lead led led a conduce
lean leant leant a !e aleca,
a !e !ri.ini
lea leat leat a !+ri
learn learnt learnt a )nv+-a
leave le't le't a leca, a
l+!a
lend lent lent a da cu
)mrumut
let let let a l+!a, a
ermite
li(*t lit lit a arinde
lie la, lain a &+cea, a !e
a'la
lo!e lo!t lo!t a ierde
ma%e made made a 'ace
mean meant meant a )n!emna
mo$ mo$ed mo$ed,mo$
n
a co!i
a, aid aid a l+ti
ut ut ut a une
read read read a citi
rid rid rid a !c+a de,
a !e
de!cotoro!i
ride rode ridden a c+l+ri
rin( ran( run( a !una
ri!e ro!e ri!en a r+!+ri, a !e
ridica
run ran run a 'u(i
!a$ !a$ed !a$n,!a$ed a t+ia cu
'ier+!tr+ul
!a, !aid !aid a !une
!ee !a$ !een a vedea
!ee% !ou(*t !ou(*t a c+uta
!ell !old !old a vinde
!end !ent !ent a trimite
!et !et !et a une
!e$ !e$ed !e$n/!e$ed a coa!e
!*a%e !*oo% !*a%en a !cutura, a
tremura
!*ear !*eared !*orn/!*ear
ed
a tunde oi
!*ed !*ed !*ed a v+r!a
"lacrimi,
!n(e#
!*ine !*one !*one a !tr+luci
!*oe !*od !*od a otcovi
!*oot !*ot !*ot a )muca
!*o$ !*o$ed !*o$n a ar+ta
!*rin% !*ran% !*run% a !e !trn(e,
a !e !coro.i
!*ut !*ut !*ut a )nc*ide
!in( !an( !un( a cnta
!in% !an% !un% a "!e#
!cu'unda
!it !at !at a edea
!la, !le$ !lain a ucide
!lee !let !let a dormi
!lin( !lun( !lun( a arunca
!lit !lit !lit a "!e# cr+a
!mell !melt !melt a miro!i
!o$ !o$ed !o$n a !em+na
!ea% !o%e !o%en a vorbi
!eed !ed !ed a (r+bi, a
accelera
!ell !elt !elt a orto(ra'ia
!end !ent !ent a c*eltui, a
etrece
!ill !ilt !ilt a v+r!a
!in !un !un a toarce
!it !at !at a !cuia
!lit !lit !lit a de!ica
!oil !olit !oilt a r+!'+-a
!read !read !read a "!e#
)ntinde
!rin( !ran( !run( a i&vor), a
!+ri
!tand !tood !tood a !ta ")n
icioare#
!teal !tole !tolen a 'ura, a !e
'uria
!tic% !tuc% !tuc% a lii
!tin( !tun( !tun( a )n-ea
!tin% !tun% !tun% a miro!i urt
!tre$ !tre$ed !tre$n a re!+ra
!tride !trode !trode a mer(e cu
ai mari
!tri%e !truc% !truc% a lovi
!trin( !trun( !trun( a )nira "e o
a-a#
!trive !trove !triven a n+&ui
!$eat !$eat !$eat a tran!ira
!$ear !$ore !$orn a .ura, a
)n.ura
!$ee !$et !$et a m+tura
!$ell !$elled !$ollen a !e um'la
!$im !$am !$um a )nota
!$in( !$an( !$un( a le(+na
ta%e too% ta%en a lua
teac* tau(*t tau(*t a )nv+-a, a
reda
tear tore torn a rue, a
!'ia
tell told told a !une, a
ove!ti
t*in% t*ou(*t t*ou(*t a "!e# (ndi
t*rive t*rove t*riven a ro!era
t*ro$ t*re$ t*ro$n a arunca
t*ru!t t*ru!t t*ru!t a )n'i(e
tread trod trodden a c+lca
under!tand under!tood under!tood a )n-ele(e
$ear $ore $orn a urta
$eave $ove $oven a -e!e
$ed $ed $ed a "!e#
cununa
$ee $et $et a ln(e
$et $et $et a uda
$in $on $on a cti(a
$ind $ound $ound a r+!uci
$rin( $run( $run( a !toarce
$rite $rote $ritten a !crie
pag: 016
'373;3 Entre1uin!are3 Fa+t Ten+e +i2%lu e+te /olo+it %entru a e0%ri2a:
'D o a#!iune +.Br$it $i @n#,eiat @ntr-un 2o2ent tre#ut:
aD Mo2entul @n #are a a.ut lo# a#!iunea e+te "e o1i#ei 2en!ionat %rin a".er1e "e ti2% #a: tUo
,our+ ago Ca#u2 "ou oreD> He+ter"aH CieriD> la+t Uee= C+%t2Bna tre#utD> in '(89 C@n '(89D et#3: I
Uent to t,e o%era la+t nig,t3 A2 /o+t la o%er a+ear3
Ie+%re a#e+t 2o2ent +e %ot #ere in/or2a!ii %rin @ntre1ri @n#e%Bn" #u U,en> U,at ti2e> ,oU
long ago:
T,en "i" Hou #all on ,i2 [ CBn" ai tre#ut %e la el[
T,at ti2e "i" Hou #all on ,i2 [ La #e or ai tre#ut %e la el[
<oU long ago "i" Hou #all on ,i2 [ Cu #Bt .re2e @n ur2 ai tre#ut %e la el[
I #alle" on ,i2 He+ter"aH A2 tre#ut %e la el ieri
I #alle" on ,i2 at /i.e oP#lo#= A2 tre#ut %e la el la ora ;
I #alle" on ,i2 a /eU "aH+ ago A2 tre#ut %e la el a#u2 #Bte.a ?ile
1D A#!iunea e+te +.Br$it $i @n#,eiat @ntr-un anu2e 2o2ent tre#ut> #,iar "a# a#e+ta nu e+te
2en!ionat> el %utBn" /i "e"u+ "in #onte0t3 CEn +#,i21 +e %oate +%e#i/i#a lo#ul a#!iuniiD: <e +,oo= ,i+
,ea" an" +ai" no3 I"u "in #a% "e?a%ro1ator $i +%u+e nu3 I 2et ,i2 out+i"e 2u+eu23 M-a2 @ntBlnit #u
el @n /a!a 2u?eului3
#D A#!iunea e+te +.Br$it $i @n#,eiat @ntr-un 2o2ent tre#ut #are e+te %re#i?at #a re?ultat al unei
@ntre1ri $i unui r+%un+ la Fre+ent Fer/e#t3 A: <a.e Hou +een t,i+ /il2[ B:Se+> I ,a.e3 I +aU it la+t Uee=3
A:Ai .?ut a#e+t /il2[ B: Ia> l-a2 .?ut3 L-a2 .?ut +%t2Bna tre#ut3
Not: En a#e+t #onte0t C#D> Fa+t Ten+e are o /un#!ie ana/ori#> re/erin"u-+e la un e.eni2ent "eAa
intro"u+ @n .or1ire $i "e#i #uno+#ut: I ,a.e 1een to Con+tan!a3 I .i+ite" t,e AZuariu2 an" Ual=e" "oUn
t,e %ier3
pag: 0/7
*D o a#!iune re%etat @n tre#ut> #are +e tra"u#e "e o1i#ei %rin i2%er/e#t @n li21a ro2Bn: I o/ten
.i+ite" ,i23 El .i?ita2 a"e+ea3
Not: '3 4 a#!iune re%etat @n tre#ut +e 2ai %oate e0%ri2a $i #u aAutorul .er1ului 2o"al Uoul"
C#u .aloare \/re#.entati.]D ^ in/initi.> a#ea+t #on+tru#!ie /iin" #ara#teri+ti# li21ii literare: <e Uoul"
+it /or ,our+ in /ront o/ ,i+ ,ou+e> loo=ing at t,e +tar+3 Sttea / o1i$nuia + +tea ore @n $ir @n /a!a #a+ei
%ri.in" +telele3
En .or1irea #urent +e /olo+e$te u+e" to ^ in/initi.: <e u+e" to +it /or ,our+ in /ro2 o/ ,i+ ,ou+e3
41i$nuia + +tea ore @n $ir @n /a!a #a+ei3
*3 Fa+t Ten+e +i2%lu nu +e /olo+e$te ni#io"at #u .aloare generi# +au in+tantanee> #a Fre+ent
Ten+e +i2%lu3
63 Fa+t Ten+e +i2%lu %oate /i /olo+it $i #u alte .alori te2%orale:
aD #u .aloare "e 2ai 2ult #a %er/e#t CFa+t Fer/e#tD> %entru re"area unor a#!iuni +u##e+i.e @n
tre#ut> @n +%e#ial @n %ro%o?i!ii #ir#u2+tan!iale "e ti2% intro"u+e "e U,en> a/ter et#3:
<e Uent out to %laH a/ter ,e /ini+,e" ,i+ ,o2eUor=3
I +aU ,i2 1e/ore ,e +aU 2e3
A#ea+t /olo+ire a lui Fa+t Ten+e e+te #ara#teri+ti# .er1elor #are e0%ri2 a#!iuni Ca#ti.itH .er1+D:
<e a""re++e" an" +eale" t,e en.elo%e+3
1D #u .aloare "e %re?ent> %entru a e0%ri2a o rug2inte %oliti#oa+ %rin .er1e #a Ui+,> Uant>
Uon"er> li=e> inten": I Uon"ere" i/ Hou #oul" len" 2e t,i+ 1oo=3 M @ntre1a2 "a# a!i %utea +-2i
@2%ru2uta!i #artea3
#D #u .aloare "e %re?ent> @n .or1irea in"ire#t> "a# .er1ul "in %ro%o?i!ia %rin#i%al e+te la un
ti2% tre#ut:
<e tol" 2e ,e Ua+ ill3
"D #u .aloare "e .iitor> @n %ro%o?i!ii #ir#u2+tan!iale "e ti2%> "a# .er1ul "in %ro%o?i!ia %rin#i%al
e+te la un ti2% tre#ut:
<e tol" 2e ,e Uoul" +,oU 2e t,e %,oto+ U,en ,e #a2e3 Mi-a +%u+ #-2i .a arta /otogra/iile
#Bn" .a .eni3
*';';' Tra/ucerea lui Pa,t Ten,e
En li21a ro2Bn> Fa+t Ten+e +e tra"u#e:
'D @n %ro%o?i!iile %rin#i%ale +au in"e%en"ente> %rin:
aD %er/e#tul #o2%u+ C"e o1i#ei la %er+oana I $i a II-aD $i %er/e#tul +i2%lu Ca%roa%e e0#li+i. la
%er+oana a III-aD> #Bn" Fa+t Ten+e e0%ri2 o a#!iune tre#ut @n#,eiat> @n+o!it +au nu "e %erioa"a "e
ti2%:
I lo+t 2H u21rella He+ter"aH3 Mi-a2 %ier"ut u21rela ieri3
I lo+t 2H u21rella a /eU "aH+ ago3 Mi-a2 %ier"ut u21rela a#u2 #Bte.a ?ile3
I lo+t 2H u21rella la+t Uee=3 Mi-a2 %ier"ut u21rela +%t2Bna tre#ut3
<e +ai" goo"1He an" le/t3 S%u+e la re.e"ere $i %le#3
1D i2%er/e#t> #Bn" Fa+t Ten+e e0%ri2 o a#!iune re%etat @n tre#ut> "e o1i#ei @n+o!it "e a".er1e
"e /re#.en!:
S,e o/ten le/t ,er Engle+, te0t1oo= at ,o2e3
Ie+eori @$i uita 2anualul "e engle? a#a+3
*D @n %ro%o?i!ii +u1or"onate %rin:
aD %re?ent> @n .or1irea in"ire#t C"u% un .er1 tre#utD:
<e tol" 2e ,e Ua+ ill3 Mi-a +%u+ # e+te 1olna.3
1D .iitor> @n %ro%o?i!iile te2%orale> #Bn" .er1ul "in %rin#i%al e+te la un ti2% tre#ut:
<e +ai" ,e Uoul" 1ring 2e t,e 1oo= U,en ,e #a2e to 2e %la#e3
Mi-a +%u+ #-2i .a a"u#e #artea #Bn" 2 .a .i?ita3
pag: 0/'
*'=' Per+ectul prezent #Pre,ent Per+ect&
*'='*' 5e+ini2ie' Fre+ent Fer/e#t "e+e2nea? un e.eni2ent .?ut "in %er+%e#ti.a a0ei %re?entului
anterior 2o2entului .or1irii> "ar a #rui anterioritate nu e+te /i0at> a.Bn" un #ara#ter ne"e/init:
IP.e %ainte" a %i#ture3
*'='.' !orm1' En +tru#tura /or2ei Fre+ent Fer/e#t intr .er1ul au0iliar ,a.e la %re?ent $i
%arti#i%iul tre#ut al .er1ului "e #onAugat:
I
Sou <a.e ,ear" a noi+e3 A2/Ai/Au au?it un ?go2ot3
Te Y.e
T,eH
<e
S,e ,a+ ,ear" a noi+e3 A au?it un ?go2ot3
It Y+
'38363 Entre1uin!are3 'D Fre+ent Fer/e#t e+te /olo+it> la /el #a $i Fa+t Ten+e> %entru a "e+e2na un
e.eni2ent anterior 2o2entului .or1irii3 Ieo+e1irea @ntre #ele "ou ti2%uri e+te @n a0a %e #are +e
%la+ea? .or1itorul: a0a %re?entului CFre+ent Fer/e#tD +au a0a tre#utului CFa+t Ten+eD5 $i @n natura
e.eni2entului "e+#ri+: aD ne"e/init CFre+ent Fer/e#tD $i 1D "e/init> uni# CFa+t Ten+eD:
aD IP.e +een MarH3
1D I +aU ,er at t,e #on/eren#e3
*D Rolo+irea lui Fre+ent Fer/e#t e+te a+o#iat #u a".er1e #are e0%ri2 o %erioa" "e ti2%
"e+#,i+> neter2inat: to"aH> t,i+ Uee=> t,i+ 2ont, et#3
IP.e 1een to t,e t,eatre t,i+ Uee=3
%e #Bn" /olo+irea lui Fa+t Ten+e e+te a+o#iat #u a".er1e #are e0%ri2 o %erioa" "e ti2%
@n#,i+> ter2inat: I Uent to t,e t,eatre la+t Uee=3
6D Fre+ent Fer/e#t e+te uneori /olo+it #u .aloare "e Fa+t Ten+e> %entru a e0%ri2a o a#!iune
+.Br$it @n tre#ut $i ter2inat re#ent +au #,iar @naintea 2o2entului .or1irii: <e ,a+ #o2e3 A +o+it3
A#ea+t @ntre1uin!are a lui Fre+ent Fer/e#t e+te a"e+eori 2ar#at "e a".er1e "e ti2% #a Au+t
Cto#2aiD> alrea"H C"eAaD> u% to noU> +o /ar C%Bn a#u2D> latelH> re#entlH C@n ulti2a .re2eD: <e ,a+ Au+t
%,one"3 To#2ai a tele/onat3
Aten!ie! Cu a".er1e #a to"aH> t,i+ 2orning> t,i+ 2ont,> t,i+ Hear> re#entlH> +e %oate /olo+i /ie
Fa+t Ten+e> /ie Fre+ent Fer/e#t> @n /un#!ie "e: aD #ara#terul a#!iunii C"e/init/ne"e/initD $i 1D al %erioa"ei "e
ti2% C@n#,eiat/ne@n#,eiatD:
aD Ii" Hou ,ear Ion Voi#u %laH re#entlH [ Con a #ertain o##a+ionD3 <a.e Hou ,ear" Ion Voi#u %laH
re#entlH [ Cin t,e near %a+t> not a long ti2e agoD3
1D Ii" Hou +ee ,i2 t,i+ 2orning [ CNoU itP+ /i.e oP#lo= %323D3 <a.e Hou +een ,i2 t,i+ 2orning[
CNoU itP+ '' a323D3
:D Fa+t Ten+e e+te /olo+it %entru e.eni2ente #are au a.ut lo# @n tre#ut $i ai #ror autori nu 2ai
e0i+t @n %re?ent> %e #Bn" la Fre+ent Fer/e#t> e.eni2entele au a.ut lo# @n tre#ut> "ar autorii +au e/e#tele
e.eni2entelor 2ai e0i+t $i @n %re?ent:
Fa+t Ten+e
Marin Fre"a Urote +e.eral no.el+ an" +,ort +torie+3
CMarin Fre"a i+ "ea"D3
Ii" Hou +ee t,e e0,i1ition[
CT,e e0,i1ition i+ #lo+e" noUD3
Jo,n inAure" ,i+ ar23
CIt "oe+ not ,urt ,i2 anH longerD3
Fre+ent Fer/e#t
Eugen Bar1u ,a+ Uritten +e.eral no.el+ an" +,ort +torie+3
CEugen Bar1u i+ ali.eD3
<a.e Hou +een t,e e0,i1ition[
CT,e e0,i1ition i+ +till o%enD3
Jo,n ,a+ inAure" ,i+ ar23
CIt +till ,urt+ ,i2D3
pag: 0/.
;D Fre+ent Fer/e#t e+te /olo+it $i %entru a e0%ri2a o a#!iune @n#e%ut @n tre#ut $i #are #ontinu $i
@n 2o2entul .or1irii3 Co2%linirile a".er1iale "e ti2% #ara#teri+ti#e %entru a#ea+t @ntre1uin!are +unt #ele
in"i#Bn":
aD lungi2ea %erioa"ei "e ti2%: /or a long ti2e C"e 2ult .re2eD> /or ten 2inute+ C"e '9 2inuteD>
/or tUo "aH+ C"e "ou ?ileD et#3 <e ,a+ 1een ,ere /or ,al/ an ,our3
Not: Fre%o?i!ia /or %oate /i o2i+ @n .or1ire: <e ,a+ li.e" in Bu#,are+t ten Hear+3
1D @n#e%utul %erioa"ei "e ti2%: +in#e He+ter"aH C"e ieriD> +in#e Ie#e21er C"in Ie#e21rieD> +in#e
Hou #a2e C"e #Bn" ai .enitD et#3 <e ,a+ +tu"ie" Engli+, +in#e t,e 1eginning o/ t,e +#,ool Hear3 Stu"ia?
engle?a "e la @n#e%utul anului $#olar3
Ferioa"a "e ti2% re"at %rintr-o %ro%o?i!ie te2%oral intro"u+ "e +in#e %oate /i e0%ri2at:
aD %rintr-un .er1 la Fa+t Ten+e> #Bn" +e +%e#i/i# 2o2entul ini!ial al %erioa"ei:
I Ua+ 1orn3
IP.e li.e" in Bu#,are+t +in#e 2H %arent+ #a2e to li.e ,ere3
I la+t 2et Hou3
1D %rintr-un .er1 la Fre+ent Fer/e#t> #Bn" #ele "ou a#!iuni +unt %aralele: It ,a+nPt +to%%e"
raining +in#e IP.e 1een in t,i+ toUn3 I ,a.e ne.er #o2e a#ro++ 2H /rien"+ +in#e IP.e +taHe" in t,i+ ,otel3
Aten!ie!
Ieter2inarea /or333/+in#e333 e+te o1ligatorie %entru a#ea+t @ntre1uin!are a %er/e#tului %re?ent3
Rolo+irea lui Fre+ent Fer/e#t Si2%le /r "eter2inarea te2%oral #u /or/+in#e333 +e re/er la o a#!iune
@n#,eiat C.e?i @ntre1uin!rile '>*>:>7D $i nu la una #are #ontinu $i @n 2o2entul .or1irii: <e ,a+ li.e" in
Bu#,are+t C+o2e ti2e in ,i+ li/e5 ,e 2aH li.e t,ere again> 1ut ,e i+ not li.ing t,ere noUD3 A lo#uit @n
Bu#ure$ti C#Bn".a @n .ia!a lui5 %oate .a 2ai lo#ui a#olo> "ar nu lo#uie$te @n Bu#ure$ti @n 2o2entul "e
/a!D3 <e ,a+ +tu"ie" Engle+, C+o2e ti2e in t,e %a+t> +o t,e =noU+ it> 1ut ,e i+ not +tu"Hing it noUD3 A
+tu"iat engle?a C#Bn".a @n tre#ut> a$a # o $tie> "ar nu +tu"ia? engle?a a#u2D3
Not: Ii/eren!a @ntre #ele "ou @ntre1uin!ri reie+e $i "in 2o"ul @n #are +e tra"u# @n li21a
ro2Bn: a#!iunea #are #ontinu $i @n 2o2entul .or1irii - %rin %re?ent> iar #ea @n#,eiat> %etre#ut @n
tre#ut @ntr-un 2o2ent "e ti2% ne"e/init> "e#i ne+%e#i/i#at - %rin %er/e#tul #o2%u+: <e ,a+ +taHe" in t,i+
,otel3 A +tat @n a#e+t ,otel3 <e ,a+ +taHe" in t,i+ ,otel /or a Uee=3 St @n a#e+t ,otel "e o +%t2Bn3
7D Fre+ent Fer/e#t %oate e0%ri2a o a#!iune #ara#teri+ti#> re%etat @n tre#ut> %re?ent $i %oate $i @n
.iitor: <e ,a+ %er/or2e" in %u1li#3 A inter%retat @n %u1li#3
A#ea+t @ntre1uin!are e+te 2ar#at "e a".er1e "e /re#.en! #a: o/ten Ca"e+eaD> alUaH+
Ctot"eaunaD> ne.er Cni#io"atD> +o2eti2e+ CuneoriD et#3: <e ,a+ o/ten %er/or2e" in %u1li#3
8D En %ro%o?i!ii +u1or"onate te2%orale +au #on"i!ionale> Fre+ent Fer/e#t e+te /olo+it %entru a
re"a o a#!iune anterioar a#!iunii "in %ro%o?i!ia %rin#i%al> #Bn" a#ea+ta e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un .er1 la
i2%erati.> in"i#ati. %re?ent +au .iitor: Ring 2e u% U,en Hou ,a.e /ini+,e"3 Tele/onea?-2i #Bn" ai
ter2inat3 <e Uill ,el% 2e i/ ,e ,a+ /ini+,e" ,i+ oUn Uor=3 M .a aAuta "a#-$i .a /i ter2inat trea1a lui3
pag: 000
*'>' Mai:mult:ca:per+ectul #Pa,t Per+ect Ten,e 6imple&
'3)3'3 Ie/ini!ie3 Fa+t Fer/e#t e+te un ti2% /olo+it #Bn" .or1itorul +e %la+ea? %+i,ologi# %e o a0
a tre#utului> %entru a "e+e2na un e.eni2ent anterior unui 2o2ent +au unui e.eni2ent tre#ut> #are e+te
a2intit @n 2o2entul .or1irii:
I ,a" /ini+,e" t,e 1oo= 1H ten oP#lo#= He+ter"aH3
1H t,e ti2e Hou #a2e3
'3)3*3 Ror23 Mai-2ult-#a-%er/e#tul +e /or2ea? "in /or2a "e Fa+t Ten+e a .er1ului ,a.e ^
%arti#i%iul tre#ut al .er1ului "e #onAugat:
I ,a" /ini+,e" t,e 1oo= 1e/ore Hou #a2e3
IP" /ini+,e" t,e 1oo= 1e/ore Hou #a2e3
Ter2ina+e2 #artea @nainte + .ii tu3
<e ,a" alrea"H le/t 1H ten oP#lo#=3 El %le#a+e "eAa la ora '93
'3)363 Entre1uin!are3 Mai-2ult-#a-%er/e#tul e+te @ntre1uin!at %entru a e0%ri2a:
'D o a#!iune tre#ut> @n#,eiat @naintea unui 2o2ent tre#ut: I ,a" /ini+,e" 2H le++on+ 1H ten
oP#lo#= He+ter"aH3 E2i ter2ina+e2 le#!iile @nainte "e ora '9 ieri3
*D o a#!iune tre#ut> @n#,eiat @naintea altei a#!iuni tre#ute: T,en Iori+ got to t,e t,eatre> t,e
+,oU ,a" Calrea"HD +tarte"3 CBn" a aAun+ Iori+ la teatru +%e#ta#olul C"eAaD @n#e%u+e3 Mot,er ,a" #oo=e"
t,e "inner 1H t,e ti2e /at,er arri.e" ,o2e3 Ma2a gti+e "eAa #ina #Bna a aAun+ tata a#a+3
6D o a#!iune tre#ut> @n#,eiat i2e"iat @naintea unei alte a#!iuni tre#ute:
I ,a" Au+t got into t,e #la++roo2 U,en t,e 1ell rang3 No +ooner ,a" I got into t,e #la++roo2 t,an
t,e 1ell rang3 To#2ai/"e-a1ia intra+e2 @n #la+ #Bn" a +unat #lo%o!elul3
I ,a" ,ar"lH got into t,e #la++roo2 U,en t,e 1ell rang3 No +ooner ,a" I got into t,e #la++roo2
t,an t,e 1ell rang3 To#2ai/"e-a1ia intra+e2 @n #la+ #Bn" a +unat #lo%o!elul3
:D o a#!iune tre#ut> +.Br$it @ntr-o %erioa" "e ti2% anterioar unei alte a#!iuni tre#ute> "ar
aAungBn" %Bn la a#ea+ta C#u #o2%liniri a".er1iale @n#e%Bn" #u /or +au +in#eD: <e ,a" 1een in t,e
#la++roo2 /or tUo 2inute+ U,en t,e tea#,er #a2e in3 Era @n #la+ "e "ou 2inute #Bn" a intrat
%ro/e+orul3 <e ,a" li.e" in Bu#,are+t +in#e '(8; U,en I 2et ,i23 Lo#uia @n Bu#ure$ti "in '(8; #Bn" l-
a2 #uno+#ut3
Not: '3 Mai-2ult-#a-%er/e#tul e+te un ti2% utili?at 2ai /re#.ent @n li21a engle? "e#Bt @n li21a
ro2Bn %entru e0%ri2area anteriorit!ii3 CEn li21a ro2Bn +e /olo+e$te a"e+eori %er/e#tul #o2%u+ #u
.aloare "e 2ai-2ult-#a-%er/e#t: T,e %a++enger+ got out a+ +oon a+ t,e train ,a" +to%%e"3 Fa+agerii au
#o1orBt @n"at #e +-a o%rit trenulD3
*3 En li21a engle? +e %oate /olo+i Fa+t Ten+e @n lo# "e Fa+t Fer/e#t @n ur2toarele +itua!ii:
aD "u% #onAu#!ia a/ter> #are in"i# %rin +en+ul ei ra%ortul "e anterioritate ne2ai/iin" ne#e+ar $i o
/or2 .er1al +%e#ial: T,e "ri.er +tarte" t,e #ar a/ter ,e #,e=e" t,e engine3 Go/erul %orni 2a$ina "u%
#e .eri/i# 2otorul3
pag: 00/
1D En %ro%o?i!iile +u1or"onate te2%orale tran+/or2ate @n .or1ire in"ire#t #Bn" .er1ul "in
%rin#i%al e+te la un ti2% tre#ut: <e tol" 2e ,a" +een a 1ear U,en ,e Ua+ in t,e 2ountain+3 Mi-a +%u+ #
a .?ut un ur+ #Bn" a /o+t la 2unte3
63 En %ro%o?i!iile +u1or"onate intro"u+e "e a/ter +au until> /olo+irea 2ai-2ult-#a-%er/e#tului> %rin
#ontra+t #u /olo+irea lui Fa+t Ten+e> +u1linia? ra%ortul "e anterioritate> /a%tul # a#!iunea "in %rin#i%al
nu a a.ut lo# "e#Bt "u% #e a#!iunea "in +u1or"onat a /o+t @n#,eiat: T,e %u%il on "utH le/t t,e
#la++roo2 ARTER +,e ,a" turne" o// t,e lig,t+3 Ele.a "e +er.i#i a %r+it #la+a Cnu2aiD "u% #e a +tin+
lu2ina3 T,e Uaiter "i"nPt ta=e t,e %late+ aUaH UNTIL t,eH ,a" /ini+,e" t,eir "inner3 C,elnerul n-a
+trBn+ /ar/uriile %Bn n-au ter2inat 2a+a3
Mai-2ult-#a-%er/e#tul %oate /i /olo+it: ;D @n .or1irea in"ire#t> %entru a @nlo#ui Fre+ent Fer/e#t
+au Fa+t Ten+e> #Bn" .er1ul "in %ro%o?i!ia %rin#i%al e+te la un ti2% tre#ut:
To2: I ,a.e +%o=en to MarH a1out it3
I +%o=e to ,er la+t Uee=3
To2 +ai" ,e ,a" +%o=en to MarH a1out it3
<e a""e" ,e ,a" +%o=en to ,er t,e Uee= 1e/ore3
*'?' Mi@loace /e e-primare a 3iitorului'
E0i+t 2ai 2ulte %o+i1ilit!i "e re"are a i"eii "e ti2% .iitor @n li21a engle?3
A' Viitorul ,implu #6$allABill !uture&
*'?'*' 5e+ini2ie' Viitorul +i2%lu "e+e2nea? un e.eni2ent %o+terior /a! "e 2o2entul .or1irii3
*'?'.' !orm1
En +tru#tura .iitorului +i2%lu intr .er1ul au0iliar +,all la %er+oana I +ingular $i %lural> Uill la
%er+oana a II-a $i a III-a +ingular $i %lural> $i in/initi.ul +#urt al .er1ului "e #onAugat:
I +,all go to t,e +ea+i"e to2orroU3 Voi 2erge la 2are 2Bine3
Te +,all go to t,e +ea+i"e to2orroU3 Vo2 2erge la 2are 2Bine3
Sou Uill go to t,e 2ountain+ ne0t Uee=3
<e Uill go to t,e 2ountain+ ne0t Uee=3
T,eH Uill go to t,e 2ountain+ ne0t Uee=3
Vei/Ve!i/Va/Vor 2erge la 2unte +%t2Bna .iitoare3
En engle?a 1ritani# .or1it $i @n engle?a a2eri#an @n general +e /olo+e$te Uill $i la %er+oana I
+ingular $i %lural> /r ni#i o +#,i21are "e +en+:
I Uill go t,e +ea+i"e to2orroU3 Voi 2erge la 2are 2Bine3
Te Uill go t,e +ea+i"e to2orroU3 Vo2 2erge la 2are 2Bine3
Ror2a #ontra+ a .iitorului e+te Yll ^ in/initi. la toate %er+oanele: IPll go> <ePll go et#3
A#ea+t /or2 e+te @ntre1uin!at #u %re#"ere @n engle?a .or1it> 2ai ale+ #Bn" +u1ie#tul e+te
e0%ri2at %rintr-un %ronu2e %er+onal3
pag: 000
*'?'4' ntrebuin2are3 'D Viitorul +i2%lu e+te un .iitor %ur> in"i#Bn" "oar # a#!iunea are lo# @ntr-
un 2o2ent .iitor> 2ai a%ro%iat +au a"e+eori 2ai @n"e%rtat "e 2o2entul .or1irii:
<ePll #o2e 1a#= to2orroU3 Se .a @ntoar#e 2Bine3
<ePll #o2e 1a#= ne0t Hear3 Se .a @ntoar#e anul .iitor3
*D Viitorul +i2%lu nu e+te "e o1i#ei @ntre1uin!at @n %ro%o?i!iile +u1or"onate> /iin" @nlo#uit "e
%re?e"ntul +i2%lu: <e Uill #o2e U,en ,e ,a+ ti2e3 Va .eni #Bn" .a a.ea ti2%3 Viitorul +i2%lu a%are
"oar @n %ro%o?i!iile +u1or"onate #o2%leti.e "ire#te +au %re%o?i!ionale> "u% .er1ele t,in=> +u%%o+e>
e0%e#t> 1elie.e> "ou1t> a++u2e> ,o%e> Uon"er> 1e +ure> 1e a/rai"> %entru a e0%ri2a o%iniile +au
%re+u%uneriule .or1itorului "e+%re o a#!iune .iitoare: IP2 +ure HouPll /eel 1etter to2orroU3 Sunt +igur #
te .ei +i2!i 2ai 1ine 2Bine3
6D Viitorul +i2%lu %oate /i /olo+it $i #u .alori 2o"ale C%#t3 6-8D3
Viitorul +i2%lu re%re?entat %rin Uill ^ in/initi.> "e e0e2%lu> %oate /i /olo+it la %er+oana I
+ingurlar $i %lural> %entru a e0%ri2a:
aD nea##entuat> o inten!ie ne%re2e"itat> +%ontan> a%rut @n 2o2entul .or1irii: A: ItP+ ,ot in
,ere3 B: IPll o%en t,e Uin"oU3 A: E #al ai#i3 B: A2 +/M "u# + "e+#,i" /erea+tra3
1D a##entuat> ,otrBrea> "eter2inarea "e a +.Br$i a#!iunea: A: IonPt +ell t,at "i#tionarH3 It i+
.erH goo"3 B: I Uill +ell it> no 2atter U,at Hou are +aHing3 A: Nu .in"e "i#!ionarul> e /oarte 1un3 B: A2
+-l .Bn"/+unt ,otrBt +-l .Bn" in"i/erent #e +%ui3
:D Till ^ in/initi.ul %oate /i /olo+it $i #u .aloare "e %re?ent ,a1itual C/re#.entati.D: E.erH Sun"aH
t,aH Uill go to t,e +ea+i"e3 En /ie#are "u2ini#
o1i$nuie+# +e "u# la 2are3
o1i#eiul + +e "u# la 2are3
C,il"ren Uill 1e #,il"ren3 Co%iii tot #o%ii3
;D La /or2a negati.> la %er+oana I $i a III-a +ingular $i %lural> UonPt ^ in/initi. e0%ri2:
aD nea##entuat> re/u?ul: I UonPt go t,ere3 Nu .reau + 2 "u# a#olo3
1D a##entuat> re/u?ul a1+olut: I UonPt go t,ere3 Ni#i nu 2 gBn"e+# + 2 "u# a#olo3
7D Till ^ in/initi. e+te /olo+it> la /or2a interogati.> %entru a e0%ri2a:
aD o @ntre1are "e+%re o a#!iune .iitoare: Till t,eH o%en t,e e0,i1ition to2orroU [ Vor "e+#,i"e
e0%o?i!ia ei 2Bine [
1D o in.ita!ie Cla %er+oana a II-aD: Till Hou #o2e in> %lea+e[ Vre!i + intra!i> . rog[
#D o rug2inte C"e a+e2enea la %er+oana a II-aD: Till Hou ,el% 2e[ Te rog + 2 aAu!i3
8D La interogati.> S,all ^ in/initi. e0%ri2:
aD .iitorul +i2%lu: S,all I /in" t,e2 at ,o2e i/ I go noU[ A2 +-i g+e+# a#a+ "a# 2 "u#
a#u2[
1D +oli#itarea unei o%inii: S,all I 1uH t,i+ Uat#,[ S #u2%r a#e+t #ea+[
Iatorit @n 2are %arte i2%li#a!iilor 2o"ale %e #are le %re?int .iitorul +i2%lu nu e+te /re#.ent
/olo+it @n .or1irea #urent> /iin" o /or2 #ara#teri+ti# li21ii +#ri+e Cli21aAul Aurnali+ti#> e2i+iuni "e $tiri>
anun!uri o/i#iale> li21aAul literar et#3D3 En .or1ire +e %re/er .iitorul #u going to %entru e0%ri2area i"eii
"e .iitor a%ro%iat +au .iitorul #ontinuu %entru re"area i"eii "e a#!iune neutr> o1i$nuit> @n "e+/$urarea
nor2al a e.eni2entelor .iitoare3
pag: 003
C& Ce about to D in+initi3
*'?'8' Be a1out to ^ in/initi. e0%ri2 un .iitor i2e"iat: Te are a1out to lea.e3 Sunte2 %e
%un#tul "e a %le#a3
C& Ce to D in+initi3
*'?'9' Be to ^ in/initi. e0%ri2:
'D un aranAa2ent: I a2 to 2o.e ,ou+e +oon3 Ur2ea? + 2 2ut @n #urBn"3
*D un or"in: Sou are to return 1e/ore nig,t/all3 Tre1uie + . @ntoar#e!i @nainte "e #"erea no%!ii3
5& Viitorul cu going to #Going to : +uture&
*'?';' Viitorul #u going to +e /or2ea? #u aAutorul /or2ei 1e going to la %re?ent> ur2at "e
in/initi.ul +#urt al .er1ului "e #onAugat: I a2 going to Urite letter+ to2orroU3 Voi +#rie +#ri+ori 2Bine3
Sou are going to +ee a /il2 to2orroU3
Te are going to +ee a /il2 to2orroU3
T,eH are going to +ee a /il2 to2orroU3
<e i+ going to %laH tenni+ to2orroU3
S,e i+ going to %laH tenni+ to2orroU3
*'?'=' ntrebuin2are' Viitorul #u going to e+te @ntre1uin!at %entru a e0%ri2a:
'D o a#ti.itate .iitoare a%ro%iat "e 2o2entul .or1irii C.e?i e0e2%lele "e 2ai +u+D3
Not1: Ver1ele go $i #o2e nu %ot /i %re#e"ate "e going to3 Fentru a re"a i"eea "e .iitor a%ro%iat>
ele +unt @ntre1uin!ate la %re?entul #ontinuu: T,ere are Hou going [ Un"e te "u#i[ <e i+ #o2ing tonig,t3
El .ine "i+ear3
*D o a#ti.itate .iitoare #e .a a.ea lo# #a ur2are a unei inten!ii %re?ente: Te are going to +%en"
our ,oli"aH in t,e 2ountain+3 CTeP.e alrea"H 1oo=e" a roo2 in Foiana Bra$o.D3 A.e2 "e
gBn"/Inten!ion2 + ne %etre#e2 .a#an!a la 2unte3 CA2 re?er.at "eAa o #a2er la Foiana Bra$o.D3
Not: 4 inten!ie +%ontan> ne%re2e"itat> +e e0%ri2 #u aAutorul .er1ului au0iliar Uill ^ in/initi.:
A: IP2 t,ir+tH3 C2i-e +eteD3 B: I Uill /et#, Hou a gla++ o/ Uater3 CM "u# +-!i a"u# un %a,ar #u a%D3
C.e?i Q'3(363 %#t36a3D3
63 o a#!iune .iitoare #are .a a.ea lo# #a re?ultat al unei #au?e %re?ente: ItP+ going to rain3 Loo=
at t,e #lou"+3 Cre" # o + %lou3/Are + %lou3 Uit-te la nori3
:D Viitorul #u going to nu e+te /olo+it "e regul @n %ro%o?i!iile %rin#i%ale> #Bn" ele +unt ur2ate "e
o %ro%o?i!ie +u1or"onat #on"i!ional +au te2%oral C+e /olo+e$te in/initi.ul #u +,all/UillD3 Totu$i a#ea+t
/or2 %oate a%rea @n %ro%o?i!ii te2%orale> #Bn" .re2 + +u1linie2 inten!ia .or1itorului: <e i+ going to
1e a %ilot U,en groU+ u%3 Are "e gBn"/inten!ionea? + +e /a# %ilot #Bn" .a #re$te3
E& Prezentul continuu #Pre,ent Ten,e Continuou,&
*'?'>3 Fre?entul #ontinuu> /or2at "in .er1ul 1e la %re?ent $i %arti#i%iul %re?ent C/or2a in -ingD a
.er1ului "e #onAugat> e+te /olo+it %entru a e0%ri2a o a#!iune .iitoare #are a /o+t %lani/i#at +au %roie#tat
@ntr-un 2o2ent %re?ent: Te are lea.ing to2orroU3 CT,i+ i+ our %lanD3 Fle#2 2Bine3 A#e+ta e+te %lanul
no+truD3
*'?'?' Fre?entul #ontinuu e0%ri2Bn" o a#!iune .iitoare e+te "e o1i#ei @n+o!it "e un a".er1 "e ti2%
.iitor: Te are ,a.ing a 2eeting at 6 oP#lo#=/t,i+ a/ternoon/later3 A.e2/Vo2 a.ea $e"in! la ora 6/"u%
a2ia?/2ai tBr?iu3
pag: 001
!& Prezentul ,implu #6imple Pre,ent&
*'?'*(' Fre?entul +i2%lu e0%ri2:
'D o a#!iune .iitoare "e/init> #are .a a.ea lo# #a %arte a unui %rogra2 o/i#ial> orar +ta1ilit et#3 :
T,e %lane ta=e+ o// at 8 %323 A.ionul "e#olea? la ora '(3993 Ter2 +tart+ in Se%te21er3 G#oala @n#e%e @n
+e%te21rie3
*D o a#!iune .iitoare @n %ro%or!ii +u1or"onate te2%orale $i #on"i!ionale C.e?i Q'3;3:3 %#t3 :1D3
*'?'**' Aten!ie3 AtBt %re?entul #ontinuu #Bt $i #el +i2%lu e0%ri2 o a#!iune .iitoare #on/or2 unui
%lan +au aranAa2ent #Bn" +unt /olo+ite #u .er1e "e 2i$#are #a go> lea.e> arri.e> #o2e et#3
Ieo+e1irea e+te ur2toarea: Tee are lea.ing tonig,t3 Fle#a2 "i+ear3 CA#e+ta e+te %lanul no+tru
%er+onalD3 Te lea.e tonig,t3 Fle#2 "i+ear3 CA#e+ta e+te %rogra2ul o/i#ial> +ta1ilit Cal e0#ur+iei et#3D3
G& Viitorul per+ect #!uture Per+ect 6imple&
*'?'*.' Ie/ini!ie3 Viitorul %er/e#t "e+e2nea? un e.eni2ent anterior unui 2o2ent +au e.eni2ent
#are e+te la rBn"ul +u %o+terior 2o2entului .or1irii3
*'?'*4' Ror23 Viitorul %er/e#t #on!ine @n +tru#tura +a .iitorul +i2%lu al .er1ului ,a.e> ur2at "e
%arti#i%iul tre#ut al .er1ului "e #onAugat: I +,alll/Uill ,a.e "one 2H ,o2eUor= 1H t,e ti2e return3 E2i
.oi /i /#ut le#!iile %Bn te @ntor#i tu3
*'?'*8' Entre1uin!are3 Viitorul %er/e#t e+te /olo+it %entru a e0%ri2a:
'D o a#!iune .iitoare #are .a a.ea lo# @naintea unui 2o2ent .iitor: <e Uill ,a.e /ini+,e" t,e 1oo=
1H Mon"aH3 El .a /i ter2inat #artea %Bn luni3
*D o a#!iune .iitoare #are .a a.ea lo# @naintea unei alte a#!iuni .iitoare:
<e Uill ,a.e /ini+,e" t,e 1oo= 1H t,e ti2e Hou #o2e 1a#= ,o2e3 El .a /i ter2inat #artea %Bn
#Bn" te @ntor#i tu a#a+3
6D o a#!iune .iitoare #are .a a.ea lo# @ntr-o %erioa" "e ti2% anterioar unei a#!iuni .iitoare> "ar
aAungBn" %Bn la a#ea+ta: <e Uill ,a.e Uor=e" in t,i+ /a#torH /or /ortH Hear+ U,en ,e retire+3 Va /i lu#rat
@n a#ea+t /a1ri#a ti2% "e :9 "e ani #Bn" +e .a %en+iona3
Not: Viitorul %er/e#t e+te o /or2 .er1al #ara#teri+ti# li21ii +#ri+e> /iin" rar /olo+it @n .or1irea
#urent3
*'?'*9' A#!iuni .iitoare "intr-o %er+%e#ti. tre#ut3 E.eni2entele .iitoare +unt %o+terioare
2o2entului .or1irii> #are e+te noU3 Iar e.eni2entele %ot /i %o+terioare $i unui 2o2ent tre#ut t,en> #are
e+te a2intit @n 2o2entul .or1irii3 Ie %e a#ea+t a0 a tre#utului> %o+i1ilit!ile "e e0%ri2are a i"eii "e
.iitor +unt ur2toarele:
'D U,oul" ^ in/initi.3 CCon+tru#!ie %u!in /re#.ent @n .or1irea #urent> #ara#teri+ti# +tilului
narati. literarD: T,e ti2e+ Ua+ not /ar o// U,en ,e Uoul" reali?e ,i+ 2i+ta=e3 Nu era "e%arte 2o2entul
#Bn" @$i .a "a +ea2a "e gre$eal3
*D 1e going to la Fa+t Ten+e ^ in/initi.> a"e+ea #u +en+ul "e inten!ie nereali?at: Sou Uere going
to in.ite 2e to t,e #ine2a3 CBut Hou "i"nPtD3 Ur2a/Tre1uia + 2 in.i!i la #ine2a3 CIar n-ai /#ut-oD3
6D Fa+t Ten+e a+%e#tul #ontinuu Ca#!iune #on/or2 unui %lan> aranAa2entD: I Ua+ 2eeting t,e2 in
Tul#ea t,e ne0t "aH3 Ei @ntBlnea2/ur2a +-i @ntBlne+# @n Tul#ea a "oua ?i3
:D Be to la Fa+t Ten+e ^ in/initi. C#on+tru#_ie /olo+it @n engle?a literar > #u +en+ul "e ur2a +5
\era aranAat]D: <e Ua+ to #,ange ,i+ 2in" later3 T,e /e+ti.al Ua+ to 1e ,el" at t,e en" o/ ter23
;D 1e a1out to la Fa+t ten+e ^ in/initi. C\a /i %e %un#tul "e]D: S,e Ua+ a1out to #rH3
pag: 005
*'*(' A,pectul #A,pect&
*'*('*' Ie/ini!ie3 En li21a engle? a+%e#tul e+te #ategoria gra2ati#al +%e#i/i# .er1ului> #are +e
re/er la /elul @n #are e+te re%re?entat a#!iunea e0%ri2at "e .er1: #a a.Bn" "urat +au nu> #a /iin"
ter2inat +au nu3
*'*('.' E0i+t "ou #ontra+te @n li21a engle? : "urati. - non-"urati. C"enu2it "e o1i#ei
#ontinuu - non-#ontinuuD $i %er/e#ti. - non-%er/e#ti.3
En %ri2ul o%o?i!ia e+te @ntre o a#!iune #are are o anu2it "urat> e+te @n "e+/$urare @ntr-un
anu2it 2o2ent +au @ntr-o anu2it %erioa" "e ti2% $i e+te ra%ortat la 2o2entul "e re/erin! noU> t,en
et#3 $i @ntre o a#!iune %entru #are o a+e2enea in/or2a!ie nu e+te i2%ortant3 Co2%ara!i:
Jo,n i+ rea"ing an Engli+, neU+%a%er CnoUD3 Jo,n #ite$te un ?iar engle?e+# Ca#u2D> #u:
Jo,n rea"+ Engli+, neU+%a%er Ce.erH "aHD3 Jo,n #ite$te un ?iar engle?e+# C@n /ie#are ?iD3
En al "oilea a#!iunea e+te @ntre a#!iuni .?ute #a ter2inate @n 2o2entul .or1irii: I ,a.e rea" an
intere+ting arti#le on %ollution3 A2 #itit un arti#ol intere+ant "e+%re %oluare3
$i @ntre a#!iuni "e+%re #are nu +e " o a+e2enea in/or2a!ie: I ,a.e 1een rea"ing +in#e '9 oP#lo#=3
*'*('4' Fentru a anali?a #ontra+tul "urati. - non-"urati. $i %er/e#ti. - non-%er/e#ti. @n li21a
engle? tre1uie %ornit "e la +en+ul le0i#al al .er1elorN:
AD Ver1e #are e0%ri2 a#ti.it!i @n li21a engle? Ca#ti.itH .er1+D +unt "e "ou /eluri:
- .er1e "e a#ti.itate "urati. Ce0%ri2Bn" a#!iuni a #ror +.Br$ire ne#e+it o anu2it "urat "e
ti2%D: eat> "re++> "rin=> rea"> Ual= et#3
- .er1e "e a#ti.itate non-"urati.> #are e0%ri2 a#!iuni 2o2entane> /r "urat> /iin" @n#,eiate
a%roa%e @n a#ela$i ti2% #u e/e#tuarea lor: #at+,> ,it> =i#=> +la2> +la%> +na% et#3
Not: A"e+eori +en+ul non-"urati. al unor .er1e e+te +e2nalat "e %re?en!a unor %arti#ule
a".er1iale #a "oUn> out> u%> #are le "eo+e1e+# "e .er1ele "e a#ti.itate "urati.3 Co2%ara!i:
+it - +it "oUn
+tan" - +tan" u%
"rin= - "rin= u%
%i#= - %i#= u%
La rBn"ul lor> .er1ele "e a#ti.itate "urati. +e @2%art @n:
- .er1e #are nu i2%li# ni#i un +#o%: ru1> run> Ual= et#3
- .er1e #are i2%li# atingerea unui +#o%: iron a +,irt> 2a=e a "re++> rea" a 1oo=> Urite an e++aH3
BD Fe lBng .er1ele #are "e/ine+# a#ti.it!i C"urati.e +au non-"urati.eD e0i+t $i .er1e #are
"enu2e+# +tri3 A#e+tea +unt "urati.e> "eoare#e e0%ri2 e0i+ten!a unor /a%te %e o %erioa" @n"elungat
"e ti2%: 1e #le.er> 1e a1le> =noU ,oU> e0i+t> li.e3
A,pect continuu #T$e Continuou, A,pect&
*'*('8' Ror23 Ti2%urile a+%e#tului #ontinuu +e /or2ea? "intr-un ti2% al .er1ului 1e $i
%arti#i%iul %re?ent C/or2a @n -ingD a .er1ului "e #onAugat:
Fre+ent Continuou+ : I a2 rea"ing
Fa+t Continuou+: I Ua+ rea"ing
Fre+ent Fer/e#t Continuou+: I ,a.e 1een rea"ing
Fa+t Fer/e#t Continuou+: I ,a" 1een rea"ing
Ruture Continuou+: I Uill 1e rea"ing
Ruture Fer/e#t Continuou+: I Uill ,a.e 1een rea"ing
pag: 006
'3'93;3 4rtogra/ia %arti#i%iului %re?ent "e%in"e "e /or2a .er1ului la in/initi.:
aD #on+oana /inal +e "u1lea? "a# .o#ala #are o %re#e"e e +#urt $i a##entuat:
+to% - +to%%ing5 re/er - re/erring3
Not: En engle?a 1ritani#> -l /inal +e "u1lea? in"i/erent "e a##ent: #ontrol - #ontrolling5 tra.el -
tra.elling3
En engle?a a2eri#an -l /inal +e "u1lea? nu2ai "a# a##entul #a"e %e ulti2a +ila1: #ontrolling5
"ar: tra.eling3
1D -H /inal +e %+trea?> in"i/erent "a# e+te %re#e"at "e #on+oan +au "e .o#al: +tu"H -
+tu"Hing5 %laH - %laHing> iar -ie /inal +e tran+/or2 @n -H: lie - lHing5 "ie - "Hing5
#D -e /inal +e o2ite: ,a.e - ,a.ing
E0#e%!ii: agree - agreeing5 1e - 1eing5 +ee - +eeing5 "He - "Heing Ca .o%+iD3
*'*(';3 Entre1uin!area a+%e#tului #ontinuu
aD Rolo+irea a+%e#tului #ontinuu #u .er1ele "e a#ti.itate "urati. /r +#o% arat # a#!iunile
"enu2ite "e .er1e +unt @n "e+/$urare %e a0a %re?entului> a tre#utului +au a .iitorului: T,eH are Ual=ing
@n t,e %ar= noU3 <e Ua+ +Ui22ing @n t,e la=e at t,i+ ti2e He+ter"aH3
1D Cu .er1ele "e a#ti.itate "urati. #are i2%li# atingerea unui +#o%> /olo+irea a+%e#tului
#ontinuu arat # +#o%ul nu a /o+t atin+> a#!iunea nu a /o+t ter2inat: <e i+ rea"ing a 1oo= noU3 Cite$te
o #arte a#u2 CNu a ter2inat-oD3S,e Ua+ ironing a +,irt3 Ea #l#a o #2a$3
#D Ver1ele "e a#ti.itate non-"urati. arat o a#!iune re%erat atun#i #Bn" +unt /olo+ite la a+%e#tul
#ontinuu: <e i+ =i#=ing3 I "in %i#ioare3
"D Ver1ele #are e0%ri2 o +tare arat # a#ea+t +tare e+te li2itat atun#i #Bn" +unt /olo+ite la
a+%e#tul #ontinuu: I li.e in Bra$o. Ct,atP+ U,ere 2H ,ou+e i+D3 IP2 li.ing in Bu#,are+t t,i+ Hear3 Anul
a#e+ta lo#uie+# @n Bu#ure$ti3
Entre1uin!rile a+%e#tului #ontinuu la "i.er+e ti2%uri +unt #ele enu2erate la Q'3'9373 Ii/eren!ele
"e la un ti2% la altul #on+tau @n 2o2entul @n #are are lo# a#!iunea $i @n 2o2entul "e re/erin!3
*'*('=' Prezentul continuu e+te utili?at %entru a e0%ri2a:
'D #u .er1e "e a#ti.itate "urati. /r +#o%:
aD o a#!iune @n "e+/$urare @n 2o2entul .or1irii: Li+ten! <e i+ +inging in t,e 1at,roo2! A+#ult!
CBnt @n 1aie!
A#ea+t @ntre1uin!are e+te 2ar#at "e o1i#ei "e a".er1e "e ti2% #a: noU Ca#u2D rig,t noU C#,iar
a#u2D> at t,i+ 2o2ent C@n a#e+t 2o2entD: A: T,at ia Ian "oing[ B: <e i+ +,a.ing rig,t noU> "ar %oate
a%rea $i /r ele> 2o2entul "e /a! al a#!iunii reie$in" "in /or2a #ontinu a .er1ului: A: T,at i+ Ian
"oing[ B: <e i+ +,a.ing3 A: Ce /a#e Ian Ca#u2D[ B: Se 1r1iere$te3
1D o a#!iune o1i$nuit> re%etat> %re?entat @n "e+/$urarea ei @n anu2ite #ir#u2+tan!e: I alUaH+
ta=e 2H u21rella U,en it i+ raining3 Tot"eauna @2i iau u21rella #Bn" %lou3 I ne.er rea" U,ile I a2
Ual=ing in t,e Botani#al Gar"en+3 El @ntBlne+# ori "e #Bte ori 2 %li21 @n Gr"ina 1otani#3
*D #u .er1ele "e a#ti.itate "urati. i2%li#Bn" un +#o%> o a#!iune #are nu a /o+t ter2inat la
2o2entul .or1irii: <e i+ "oing ,i+ ,o2eUor=3 E$i /a#e te2ele3
6D #u .er1e "e a#ti.itate non-"urati.> o a#!iune re%etat @n 2o2entul .or1irii: <e i+ =no#=ing
on t,e "oor +au o a#!iune re%etat @n 2o" /re#.ent> #are "eranAea? +au i2it %e .or1itor: MH neig,1our
i+ alUaH+ +tarting ,i+ #ar U,en I Uant to ,a.e a re+t3 Ve#inul 2eu tot"eauna @$i %orne$te 2a$ina #Bn"
.reau + 2 o"i,ne+#3
pag: 007
A#ea+t /olo+ire a %re?entului #ontinuu e+te o1ligatoriu @n+o!it "e a".er1e "e /re#.en! #a:
alUaH+> /ore.er Ctot"eaunaD> #ontinuallH> all t,e ti2e Ctot ti2%ulD3
A#e+tea +e a$ea? @ntre au0iliarul 1e $i /or2a @n -ing> #u e0#e%!ia lui all t,e ti2e #are o#u%
%o?i!ie /inal @n %ro%o?i!ie: T,at little #,il" i+ #ontinuallH #rHing "ar: <e i+ #rHing all t,e ti2e3
:D #u .er1e #are "enu2e+# o +tare> o a#!iune #u #ara#ter te2%orar #are are lo# %entru o %erioa"
li2itat "e ti2%> Cin#lu?Bn" $i 2o2entul .or1iriiD: Ann i+ atten"ing t,e FolH3 Ana ur2ea? %olite,ni#a
C+tu"ia? %olite,ni#aD3
Co2%linirile a".er1iale %entru a#ea+t @ntre1uin!are a %re?entului #ontinuu +unt: to"aH Ca+t?iD>
t,i+ Uee= C+%t2Bna a#ea+taD> t,e+e "aH+ C?ilele a#e+teaD> t,i+ 2ont, Cluna a#ea+taD> t,i+ Hear Canul
a#e+taD et#: MH /at,er u+uallH tea#,e+ geo2etrH> 1ut ,e i+ tea#,ing alge1ra t,i+ Hear3 Tatl 2eu %re"
geo2etria "e o1i#ei> "ar anul a#e+ta %re" alge1ra3
;D Fre?entul #ontinuu e+te "e a+e2enea /olo+it %entru a "e+e2na o a#!iune .iitoare %lani/i#at "in
%re?ent C.e?i Q '3(3)3D: Te are lea.ing to2orroU3 Fle#2 2Bine3
*'*('>' Pa,t Ten,e Continuou, e0%ri2:
'D #u .er1e "e a#ti.itate "urati. /r +#o%:
aD o a#!iune @n "e+/$urare @ntr-un 2o2ent tre#ut> a2intit @n 2o2entul .or1irii:
I Ua+ Ual=ing at tUo oP#lo#= He+ter"aH3
I Ua+ Ual=ing at t,i+ la+t Uee=3
Not: A#ea+t /or2 .er1al e+te /re#.ent /olo+it @n "e+#rieri> %entru re"area unor a#ti.it!i
"urati.e> @n "e+/$urare> #are #ontra+tea? #u a#ti.it!i non-"urati.e> +u##e+i.e $i ter2inate> %entru
re"area #rora +e /olo+e$te Fa+t Ten+e +i2%lu C/or2a #ara#teri+ti# nara!iunilorD: It Ua+ a #ol" Uinter
e.ening3 4ut+i"e> t,e Uin" Ua+ 1loUing3 A 1ig /ire Ua+ 1urning in t,e /ire%la#e3 T,e ol" Uo2an #a2e in
an" Uent near t,e /ire3 S,e Uar2e" ,er ,an"+ an" +at "oUn3
1D o a#!iune "urati. @n "e+/$urare> @ntreru%t "e o a#!iune non-"urati.> 2o2entan:
<e #a2e in U,en/U,ile I Ua+ eating3
A intrat #Bn"/@n ti2% #e 2Bn#a23
T,en ,e rang u% I Ua+ CAu+tD going out3 CBn" a tele/onat Cto#2aiD ie$ea23 <e #alle" 2e Au+t a+ I
Ua+ lea.ing3 M-a +trigat e0a#t #Bn" %le#a23
#D "ou a#!iuni %aralele @n "e+/$urare @n tre#ut: S,e Ua+ eating U,ile I Ua+ Ua+,ing3 Ea 2Bn#a
@n ti2% #e eu 2 +%la23
Not: Ia# nu ne intere+ea? a+%e#tul "e "e+/$urare> "e "urat al a#!iunilor> #i "oar # a#!iunile
au a.ut lo# @ntr-un 2o2ent "in tre#ut %ute2 +%une: S,e ate U,ile I Ua+,e"3 +au: S,e ate U,ile I Ua+
Ua+,ing3 Cate - a#!iunea a /o+t 2ai +#urt> ter2inat5 Ua+ Ua+,ing a#!iune - 2ai "e "urat> ne@n#,eiat @n
2o2entul @n #are #ealalt a /o+t @n#,eiatD3
*D #u .er1e "e a#ti.itate "urati. #are i2%li# atingerea unui +#o%: - o a#!iune tre#ut> "ar
ne@n#,eiat: <e Ua+ rea"ing a 1oo= la+t nig,t3 Citea o #arte a+ear3 CCo2%ara!i #u: <e rea" a 1oo= la+t
nig,t3 a #itit o #arte a+ear3
pag: 00'
6D .er1e "e a#ti.itate non-"urati.> o a#!iune re%etat @n tre#ut> iritant %entru #eilal!i C^alUaH+>
/ore.er> #ontinuallH> all t,e ti2eD: <e Ua+ alUaH+ #o2ing late to t,e Engli+, le++on3 Tot"eauna @ntBr?ia la
ora "e engle?3
:D #u .er1e #are e0%ri2 o +tare> o a#!iune tre#ut #u #ara#ter te2%orar: <e Ua+ li.ing in Bra$o.
U,en I 2et ,i23
;D Fa+t Ten+e a+%e#tul #ontinuu 2ai %oate e0%ri2a $i o a#!iune .iitoare> %lani/i#at @ntr-un
2o2ent tre#ut> /iin" +u1@n!elea+ ne@n"e%linirea ei CVe?i Q'3(3';3 %#t36D: Te Uere lea.ing t,e ne0t "aH3
*'*('?' Viitorul continuu #!uture Continuou,&
'D #u .er1e "e a#ti.itate "urati. /r +#o%> .iitorul #ontinuu e0%ri2:
aD o a#!iune @n "e+/$urare @ntr-un 2o2ent .iitor> %o+terior 2o2entului .or1irii:
I +,all 1e Ual=ing at tUo oP#lo#= to2orroU3
I Uill 1e Ual=ing at t,i+ ti2e ne0t Uee=3
M .oi %li21a 2Bine la ora "ou3
M .oi %li21a +%t2Bna .iitoare la ora a+ta3
1D o a#!iune @n "e+/$urare @n .iitor @ntreru%t "e o a#!iune 2o2entan3
T,en ,e #o2e+> I Uill 1e eating3 CBn" .a .eni> eu .oi /i @n 2iAlo#ul 2e+ei3
#D o a#!iune @n "e+/$urare @n .iitor> @n %aralel #u o alt a#!iune @n "e+/$urare "e a+e2enea @n
.iitor: S,e Uill 1e Ual=ing U,ile I a2 +lee%ing3 Ea +e .a %li21a @n ti2% #e eu .oi "or2i3
Aten!ie!
A "oua a#!iune .iitoare @n "e+/$urare nu %oate /i %u+ tot la .iitorul #ontinuu "eaore#e /a#e
%arte "intr-o %ro%o?i!ie +u1or"onat te2%oral C@n #are nu +e /olo+e$te .iitorul @n li21a engle?D3
*D #u .er1e "e a#ti.itate "urati. #are i2%li# atingerea unui +#o%> o a#!iune ne@n#,eiat: S,e
Uill 1e ,a.ing ,er %iano le++on U,en Hou #o2e3
6D Viitorul #ontinuu e0%ri2 $i i"eea "e a#!iune .iitoare #are .a a.ea lo# @n "e+/$urarea /irea+#
a e.eni2entelor: IPll 1e +eeing ,i2 to2orroU 2orning CT,i+ ,a%%en+ e.erH 2orningD3 El ." 2Bine
"i2inea!3 CEl ." @n /ie#are "i2inea!D3 IPll 1e %a++ing t,e gro#erP+ on 2H UaH to +#,ool3 Tre# %rin /a!a
1#niei @n "ru2 +%re $#oal3
*'*('*(' Tra"u#erea /or2elor a+%e#tului #ontinuu @n li21a ro2Bn:
Ver1ul ro2Bne+# nu are o #ategorie 2ar#at /or2al %entru re"area #ontra+tului a+%e#tual
#ontinuu-non#ontinuu3 I"eea "e "e+/$urare +au "urat li2itat a a#!iunii e+te re"at @n li21a ro2Bn #u
aAutorul a".er1elor "e ti2%: <e i+ tea#,ing noU3 Fre"/Are or a#u23 <e i+ tea#,ing arit,2eti# t,i+ Hear3
Fre" arit2eti#a anul a#e+ta3
Singura /or2 .er1al "in li21a ro2Bn #are e0%ri2> #a $i a+%e#tul #ontinuu "in li21a engle?>
o a#!iune neter2inat la un 2o2ent "at> +au "e "urat li2itat> e+te i2%er/e#tul $i a#e+ta e+te /olo+it "e
o1i#ei %entru tra"u#erea lui Fa+t Ten+e #ontinuu @n li21a ro2Bn: S,e Ua+ Uor=ing in t,e gar"en U,en I
arri.ie"3 Mun#ea @n gr"in #Bn" a2 +o+it3
Mai "i/i#il @n+ e+te tra"u#erea i2%er/e#tului @n li21a engle?> "eoare#e e0i+t ten"in!a "e a
/olo+i Fa+t Ten+e Continuou+ $i atun#i #Bn" i2%er/e#tul ro2Bne+# are alt .aloare> #ea "e a#!iune
re%etat @n tre#ut %entru #are li21a engle? /olo+e$te Fa+t Ten+e Si2%le:
Ro2Bn: Mun#ea2 @n gr"in #Bn" 2 "u#ea2 la 1uni#i3
Engle?: I Uor=e" t,e gar"en U,en I Uent to 2H gran"%arent+3
pag: 00.
*'*('**' Ver1e #are nu %ot /i /olo+ite la a+%e#tul #ontinuu3 E0i+t 2ai 2ulte #la+e "e .er1e> #are
"atorit +en+ului lor le0i#al nu %ot /i /olo+ite la a+%e#tul #ontinuu3
A#e+tea +unt: AD .er1e "e a#ti.itate non-"urati.> #are +unt #on+i"erate #a /iin" @n#,eiate @n
2o2entul @n #are au /o+t ini!iate:
<e =i#=+> +la2+> 1ang+ t,e "oor3
BD .er1e #are e0%ri2 a#!iuni "e+/$urate atBt "e ra%i" +u1 o#,ii .or1itorului> @n#Bt %ot /i
#on+i"erate non-"urati.e: +#ore> +,oot> %la#e in t,e o.en3 A#ea+ta +e @ntB2%l "e o1i#ei @n #o2entarii
+%orti.e +au "e2on+tra!ii %ra#ti#e Ca$a nu2itul %re?ent +i2%lu in+tantaneu - .e?i Q'3;3:3 %#t36D3
CD .er1e #are e0%ri2 un a"e.r uni.er+al +au o #ara#teri+ti# general: Ri+, +Ui23 CoU+ gi.e
2il=3 T,e Ianu1e /loU+ into t,e Bla#= +ea3
ID .er1e #are e0%ri2 o %er#e%!ie +en?orial CVer1+ o/ inert %er#e%tionD: +ee> ,ear> +2ell> /eel>
+oun"3 T,e /loUer +2ell+ ni#e3 Rloarea are un 2iro+ %l#ut3
Aten!ie! Ver1ele "e %er#e%!ie +e /olo+e+# #u .er1ul 2o"al #an %entru a re"a o a#!iune uni#>
#on#ret @n "e+/$urare: I #an +ee ,i2 noU3 El ." a#u23 I +ee ,i2 e.erH "aH3 El ." @n /ie#are ?i3
Ver1ele #are re"au %er#e%!ia +en?orial %ot /i /olo+ite la a+%e#tul #ontinuu "a# ele in"i# o
/olo+ire #on$tient a +i2!urilor:
aD %rin /olo+irea unor %ere#,i +inoni2i#e: li+ten to> loo= at> Uat#,:
A+%e#tul +i2%lu:
I C#anD ,ear 2u+i#
I C#anD +ee ,i23
I C#anD +ee t,e TV +et3
A+%e#tul #ontinuu:
I a2 li+tening to 2u+i#3
I a2 loo=ing at ,i23
I a2 Uat#,ing TV3
1D %rin /olo+irea tran?iti. C#a a#ti.it!iD a unor .er1e #are e0%ri2 o #alitate %er2anent
C/olo+ite intran?iti.D: T,e #a=e ta+te+ goo"3 I a2 ta+ting t,e #a=e3
#D .er1ele "e %er#e%!ie %ot a.ea /or2e ale a+%e#tului #ontinuu #Bn" +unt /olo+ite #u alte +en+uri:
IP.e 1een ,earing all a1out ,er e0a2+3 A2 au?it CMi +-a +%u+ totulD "e+%re e0a2enele ei3 C,ear O a %ri2i
.e$tiD3 IP2 +eeing ,i2 tonig,t3 M @ntBlne+# #u el "i+ear3 <e i+ +eeing t,e +ig,t+3 Vi?itea? o1ie#ti.ele
turi+ti#e3 C+ee O a @ntBlni> a .i?ita lo#uri turi+ti#eD3
pag: 00.
ED .er1ele #are e0%ri2 o a#ti.itate 2intal CVer1+ o/ #ognitionD: 1elie.e> =noU> t,in=> i2agine>
2ean> 2in"> re2e21er> re#olle#t> re#all> +u%%o+e> /orget> +u+%e#t> gue++> %re+u%%o+e> reali?e>
un"er+tan"3
A#e+te .er1e +unt ur2ate "e o1i#ei "e o %ro%o?i!ie +u1or"onat intro"u+ "e t,at +au "e un
#u.Bnt relati. @n#e%Bn" #u U,-: I t,in= Ct,atD Hou are rig,t3 Cre" # ai "re%tate3 I "onPt re2e21er U,at
,e +ai"3 Nu-2i a2inte+# #e-a +%u+3
Unele "in ele %ot /i /olo+ite la a+%e#tul #ontinuu "a# +unt /olo+ite #a .er1e "e a#ti.itate: A:
T,at i+ ,e "oing[ B: <e i+ t,in=ing o/ ,i+ /uture3 A: Ce /a#e el[ B: Se gBn"e$te la .iitor3
RD Ver1e #are e0%ri2 +enti2ente> +tri +u/lete$ti: lo.e> li=e> #are/or> a"ore> ,ate> "i+li=e> "ete+t>
regret> %re/er> Ui+,3 I li=e 2H Ao13 E2i %la#e +er.i#iul 2eu3 I "ete+t la?H %eo%le3 Iete+t oa2enii lene$i>
"ar $i: <oU are Hou li=ing t,e tri%[ Cu2 @!i %la#e #ltoria/Cu2 te "i+tre?i[
pag: 030
GD Ver1e e0%ri2Bn" o rela!ie: a%%lH to> 1e> 1elong to> #on#ern> #on+i+t o/> #ontain> #o+t> "e%en"
on> "e+er.e> in#lu"e> in.ol.e> la#=> 2atter> nee"> oUe> oUn> %o++e++> ,a.e> reZuire> re+e21le> +ee2: T,i+
1oo= 1elong+ to ,i23 A#ea+t #arte @i a%ar!ine lui3 <e oUn+ t,i+ ,ou+e3 A#ea+t #a+ e %ro%rietatea lui3
<elen re+e21le+ ,er 2ot,er3 Elena +ea2n #u a2a ei3
A#e+te .er1e nu %ot /i /olo+ite la a+%e#tul #ontinuu> #u e0#e%!ia lui 1e $i ,a.e #Bn" ele nu
e0%ri2 +tarea> re+%e#ti. %o+e+ia: <e i+ =in"3 El e+te a2a1il C@n generalD3 T,H> ,e i+ 1eing =in" to"aH!
Ei> +e %oat #u a2a1ilitate Ce+te a2a1il a+t?i!D Ce+te o +itua!ie ne#ara#teri+ti#> te2%orarD3 <e ,a+ a
neU 1i=e3 Are o 1i#i#let nou3 <e i+ ,a.ing a ri"e noU3 Se %li21 #u 1i#i#leta a#u23 @n .or1irea #urent
.er1e #a re+e21le> #o+t> et#3 +unt uneori @ntre1uin!ate la a+%e#tul #ontinuu> "a# e0%ri2 o inten+i/i#are
tre%tat a a#!iunii: Feter i+ re+e21ling ,i+ /at,er 2ore an" 2ore3 Fetre +ea2n "in #e @n #e 2ai 2ult #u
tatl +u3 Gro#erie+ in 1ritain are #o+ting +o 2u#, 2ore t,e+e "aH+! En Anglia> %re!ul arti#olelor "e
1#nie a #re+#ut a$a "e 2ult @n ?ilele noa+tre!
<D Ver1e #are e0%ri2 o +en?a!ie /i?i#3 CVer1+ o/ 1o"H +en+ationD3 A#e+te .er1e %ot /i /olo+ite la
a+%e#tul #ontinuu +au +i2%lu> #u 2i#i "i/eren!e "e +en+:
<oU "o Hou /eel to"aH[
<oU are Hou /eeling to"aH[
Cu2 te +i2!i a+t?i[
A,pectul per+ecti3 #T$e Per+ecti3e A,pect&
*'*('*.' 5e+ini2ie' A+%e#tul %er/e#ti. arat # un e.eni2ent Co a#!iune +au +tareD e+te
re%re?entat #a @n#,eiat "e #tre .or1itor @n 2o2entul @n #are e+te "i+#utat3
*'*('*4' ntrebuin2are' En /un#!ie "e +en+ul le0i#al al .er1elor $i a".er1ele #are le @n+o!e+#>
a+%e#tul %er/e#ti. are tra"i!ional 2ai 2ulte .alori:
'D a+%e#tul %er/e#ti. re?ultati. CRe+ultati.e Fer/e#tD a%are #u .er1e "e a#ti.itate "urati. #are
i2%li# un +#o% $i arat # a#e+t +#o% a /o+t atin+:
aD I ,a.e 1ro=en t,e .a+e3 A2 +%art .a?a3
1D <e ,a" rea" t,e 1oo=3 CElD #iti+e #artea3
En #on+e#in!> .or1itorul +i2te e/e#tul +au re?ultatul unei a#!iuni anterioare:
aD T,e .a+e i+ 1ro=en noU3 Va?a e+te +%art a#u23
1D <e =neU U,at t,e 1oo= Ua+ a1out3 Gtia "e+%re #e e+te .or1a @n #arte3
*D a+%e#tul %er/e#ti. #ontinuati. CContinuati.e Fer/e#tD e+te /olo+it #u .er1e #are e0%ri2 o +tare
$i +unt @n+o!ite "e a".er1e "e "urat> %entru a e0%ri2a o a#!iune @n#e%ut @nainte $i #are #ontinu $i @n
2o2entul %re?ent> a2intit +au anti#i%at: Te ,a.e lie.e" in Bu#,are+t /or ten Hear+3 Lo#ui2 @n Bu#ure$ti
"e ?e#e ani3 Lon"on ,a+ +too" on t,e T,a2e+ /or t,ou+an"+ o/ Hear+3 Lon"ra e+te +ituat %e Ta2i+a "e
2ii "e ani3
6D a+%e#tul %er/e#ti. al e0%erien!ei CT,e Fer/e#t o/ E0%erien#eD arat # a#!iunea a a.ut lo# o
"at +au "e 2ai 2ulte ori @n e0%erien!a .or1itorului3 T,eH ,a" li.e" in +e.eral touUn+ in Ro2ania3
Lo#ui+er @n 2ai 2ulte ora$e "in Ro2Bnia3 T,ene.er I ,a.e a+=e" 2H /at,er a Zue+tion> I ,a.e re#ei.e"
a +traig,t/orUar" anUer3 4ri "e #Bte ori i-a2 %u+ tatlui 2eu o @ntre1are> a2 %ri2it un r+%un+ /r
o#oli$uri3
pag: 03/
*'*('*8' A+%e#tul %er/e#ti. $i a+%e#tul #ontinuu +unt #o21inate @n ur2toarele /or2e .er1ale:
%er/e#tul %re?ent #ontinuu> 2ai-2ult-#a-%er/e#tul #ontinuu $i .iitorul %er/e#t #ontinuu3
Fer/e#tul %re?ent #ontinuu CFre+ent Fer/e#t Continuou+D e+te al#tuit "in /or2a "e Fre+ent
Fer/e#t a .er1ului 1e ur2at "e %arti#i%iul %re?ent C@n -ingD al .er1ului "e #onAugat:
I ,a.e 1een rea"ing /or t,ree ,our+3 Cite+# "e trei ore3 IP.e 1een rea"ing /or t,ree ,our+3
<e ,a+ 1een rea"ing /or t,ree ,our+3 <eP+ 1een rea"ing /or t,ree ,our+3 Cite$te "e trei ore3
A#ea+t /or2 .er1al e0%ri2:
'Do a#!iune @n#e%ut @ntr-un 2o2ent tre#ut> #are #ontinu @n %re?ent $i %oate $i @n .iitor: T,eH
,a.e 1een %laHing tenni+ /or ,al/ an ,our3 Joa# teni+ "e Au2tate "e or3 CO T,eH 1egan %laHing tenni+
,al/ an ,our ago3 T,eH are +til %laHing tenni+ an t,eH 2aH #ontinue "oing +o3D
A#ea+t @ntre1uin!are a lui Fre+ent Fer/e#t #ontinuu %oate /i re"at $i #u aAutorul lui Fre+ent
Fer/e#t +i2%lu @n #a?ul unor .er1e #a li.e> +taH> Uor=> +tu"H et#3
Rolo+irea a+%e#tului #ontinuu> %rin #ontra#t #u a#ea a a+%e#tului +i2%lu> +#oate @n e.i"en!
#ontinuitatea> in Bu#,are+t /or ten Hear+3
Un alt #ontra+t %oate /i #el "e a#!iune to#2ai @n#,eiat - a#!iune ne@n#,eiat: IP.e Uor=e" on t,i+
#o2%o+ition +in#e /i.e oP#lo#=3 CIP.e Au+t /ini+,e" itD3 IP.e 1een Uor=ing on t,i+ #o2%o+ition +in#e /i.e
oP#lo#=3 Can" IP2 +till Uor=ingD3
*D o a#!iune re%etat /re#.ent> @ntr-o %erioa" "e ti2% #are +e @ntin"e "int tre#ut %Bn @n %re?ent:
IP.e 1een ri"ing a 1i#H#le /or t,ree Hear+3 Merg #u 1i#i#lete "e trei ani3 <e ,a+ 1een Uriting %oe2+ +in#e
,e Ua+ a #,il"3 S#rie %oe?ii "e #Bn" era #o%il3
En a#ea+t +itua!ie C*D +e /olo+e$te Fre+ent Fer/e#t +i2%lu C$i nu #ontinuuD "a# +e +%e#i/i# "e
#Bte ori a /o+t +.Br$it a#!iunea re%etat: IP.e ri""en 2H 1i#H#le ,un"re"+ o/ ti2e+3 A2 2er+ #u
1i#i#leta "e +ute "e ori3 <e ,a+ Uritten /i/tH %oe2+3 A +#ri+ #in#i?e#i "e %oe?ii3
Entre1uin!rile ' $i * ale lui Fre+ent Fer/e#t +unt 2ar#ate "e #o2%liniri a".er1iale in#i"Bn":
aD lungi2ea %erioa"ei "e ti2%: /or age+ C"e 2ult .re2eD> /or a /eU 2inute+ C"e #Bte.a 2inuteD>
/or t,ree ,our+ C"e trei oreD et#3
1D @n#e%utul %erioa"ei "e ti2%: +in#e Ie#e21er *;t, C"e la *; "e#e21rieD> +in#e la+t Hear C"e
anul tre#utD> +in#e Mon"aH C"e luniD et#3
6D o a#!iune tre#ut> @n#,eiat re#ent> #are e+te #au?a unui e/e#t +i2!it @n %re?ent: A: T,H are
Hour ,an"+ "irtH[ B: IP.e 1een re%airing 2H 1i=e3 A: Ie #e ai 2Binile 2ur"are[ B: Mi-a2 re%arat
1i#i#leta3
*'*('*9' Mai:mult:ca:per+ectul continuu #Pa,t Per+ect Continuou,& +e /or2ea? "in .er1ul
1e la 2ai-2ult-#a-%er/e#t $i "in %arti#i%iul @n -ing al .er1ului "e #onAugat3 El are a#elea$i .alori #a $i
Fre+ent Fer/e#t #ontinuu> 2o2entul "e re/erin! /iin" @n+ a0a tre#utului3
pag: 030
A#e+t /or2 .er1al e0%ri2:
'D o a#!iune tre#ut> @n#e%ut @naintea unei alte a#!iuni tre#ute $i #ontinuBn" %Bn la ea:
I ,a" 1een Uaiting /or 2H /rien" +in#e tUo oP#lo#= U,en ,e /inallH3
I ,a" 1een Uaiting /or 2H /rien" /or ,al/ an ,our arri.e"3
El a$te%ta2 %e %rietenul 2eu "e la ora "ou #Bn" @n +/Br$it a +o+it3
El a$te%ta2 %e %rietenul 2eu "e Au2tate "e or #Bn" @n +/Br$it a +o+it3
*D o a#!iune tre#ut @n#e%ut @naintea unui 2o2ent +au a unei a#!iuni tre#ute> #ontinuBn" %Bn @n
a#el 2o2ent +au %Bn la a#ea a#!iune $i %oate $i "u% a#eea: T,e 1oH+ U,ere +till %laHing /oot1all at
noon3
T,eH ,a" 1een %laHing /oot1all all 2orning3
T,eH ,a" 1een %laing /oot1all +in#e ten oP#lo#=3
Bie!ii 2ei Au#au /ot1al la ora %rBn?ului3 Ei Au#a+er /ot1al toat "i2inea!a3/ Ei Au#au /ot1al "e la
ora ?e#e3
6D o a#!iune re%etat /re#.ent @ntr-o %erioa" "e ti2% tre#ut> anterioar unui 2o2ent +au unei
a#!iuni "e a+e2enea tre#ute: <e ,a" 1een Uriting %oe2+ /or tUo Hear+ U,en I 2et ,i23 S#ria %oe?ii "e
"oi ani #Bn" l-a2 #uno+#ut3
Aten!ie! Ia# +e /a#e o %re#i?are nu2eri#> +e /olo+e$te Fa+t Fer/e#t +i2%lu: <e ,a" Uritten /i/tH
%oe2+ U,en I 2et ,i23 S#ri+e+e #in#i?e#i "e %oe?ii #Bn" l-a2 #uno+#ut3
:D o a#!iune anterioar unei alte a#!iuni "e a+e2enea tre#ut ter2inat #u %u!in @naintea ei> $i
/iin" #au?a a#e+teia: <e Ua+ #arrHing a ,a22er an" nail+ 1e#au+e ,e ,a" 1een 2en"ing t,e /en#e3 A.ea
@n 2Bn un #io#an $i #uie %entru # re%ara+e gar"ul3
;D Fre+ent Fer/e#t $i Fa+t Ten+e #ontinuu "e.in 2ai-2ult-#a-%er/e#t #ontinuu @n .or1irea
in"ire#t> "u% un .er1 tre#ut @n %ro%o?i!ia %rin#i%al: \IP.e 1een rea"ing /or t,ree ,our+3] S,e +ai" +,e
,a" 1een rea"ing /or t,ree ,our+3
Aten!ie! Ti2%ul Fa+t Ten+e #ontinuu "e.ine Fa+t Fer/e#t #ontinuu nu2ai "a# +e re/er la o
a#!iune @n#,eiat3C.e?i Q *7363(3D: \I Ua+ t,in=ing o/ going aUaH> 1ut I ,a.e #,ange" 2H 2in"3] <e +ai"
,e ,a" 1een t,in=ing o/ going aUaH> 1ut ,e ,a" #,ange" ,i+ 2in"3
Alt2interi Fa+t Ten+e a+%e#tul #ontinuu r2Bne ne+#,i21at @n .or1irea in"ire#t 2ai ale+ "a# el
a%are @ntr-o %ro%ro?i!ie +u1or"onat te2%oral C.e?i Q*7363)3 %#t3/D: \T,en I Ua+ atten"ing t,e
+e#on"arH +#,ool in Craio.a> I o/ten 2et Ian3] <e +ai" t,at U,en ,e Ua+ atten"ing t,e +e#on"arH
+#,ool in Craio.a> ,e C,a"D o/ten 2et Ian3
*'*('*;' Viitorul per+ect continuu #!uture Per+ect Continuou,& +e /or2ea? "in .iitorul
%er/e#t al .er1ului 1e $i "in %arti#i%iul @n -ing al .er1ului "e #onAugat3
Viitorul %er/e#t #ontinuu e0%ri2 o a#!iune @n "e+/$urare @n .iitor> @nainte $i %Bn la o alt
a#!iune .iitoare C$i %oate $i "u% a#eeaD : U,en t,e 1ell ring+> Ue +,all / Uill ,a.e 1een Uriting /or /i/tH
2inute+3 CBn" .a +una #lo%o!elul noi .o2 /i o#u%a!i #u +#ri+ul / Noi .o2 /i +#ri+ "e #in#i?e#i "e 2inute3
pag: 033
Aten!ie! A#!iunea +.Br$it @n a#ea+t %erioa" "e ti2% .iitoare> anterioar unui 2o2ent +au unei
a#!iuni "e a+e2enea .iitoare> e+te la .iitorul %er/e#t #ontinuu "a# +e +%e#i/i# lungi2ea %erioa"ei "e
ti2% +au @n#e%utul ei: BH +i0 oP#lo#= %323 $i Uill ,a.e 1een +elling 1lou+e+ /or eig,t ,our+3 FBn la ora
') ea .a /i .Bn"ut 1lu?e ti2% "e o%t ore5 $i la .iitorul %er/e#t +i2%lu "a# e+te %re?ent o %re#i?are
nu2eri# @n legtur #u a#!iunea: BH +i0 oP#lo#= %323 $i Uill ,a.e +ol" eig,tH 1lou+e+3 FBn la ora ') ea
.a /i .Bn"ut )9 "e 1lu?e3
Not: Viitorul %er/e#t #ontinuu e+te rar /olo+it @n .or1ire> /iin" o /or2 #ara#teri+ti# li21ii
+#ri+e3
*'**' 5iateza #Voice&
*'**'*' 5e+ini2ie' Iiate?a e+te #ategoria gra2ati#al +%e#i/i# .er1ului #are e0%ri2 ra%ortul
"intre .er1ului %re"i#at> %e "e o %arte> $i +u1ie#tul $i o1ie#tul3 C#o2%le2entul "ire#t +au "e agentD al
.er1ului %re"i#at> %e "e alt %arte3
En li21a engle? e0i+t "ou "iate?e 2ar#ate /or2al: "iate?a a#ti.> "iate?a %a+i.3
*'**'.' 5iateza acti31 #Acti3e Voice&' Ver1ul e+te la "iate?a a#ti. #Bn" +u1ie#tul gra2ati#al
+.Br$e$te a#!iunea #are> la .er1ele tran?iti.e> +e r+/rBnge a+u%ra o1ie#tului: Lu#H C+u1ie#tD ,a+ Uritten
C%re"i#atD a letter Co1ie#tD3 Lu#ia a +#ri+ o +#ri+oare3
Not: Fentru #la+i/i#area .er1elor "in %un#t "e .e"ere al tran?iti.it!ii> .e?i Q':3;3 - ':3)3
*'**'4' 5iateza pa,i31 #Pa,,i3e Voice&' Ver1ul e+te la "iate?a %a+i. #Bn" +u1ie#tul gra2ati#al
+u/er a#!iunea +.Br$it "e o1ie#t: T,i+ letter C+u1ie#tD ,a+ 1een Uritten C%re"i#atD 1H Lu#H Co1ie#tD3
A#ea+t +#ri+oare a /o+t +#ri+ "e Lu#ia3
*'**'8' Ce D participiul trecut' In"i#ii /or2ali ai "iate?ei %a+i.e +unt:
aD .er1ul 1e +au uneori get>
1D #o2%le2entul "e agent intro"u+ "e %re%o?i!ia 1H3
aD Ver1ul 1e 2ar#,ea? #ategoriile "e 2o"> ti2%> %er+oan $i nu2r la "iate?a %a+i.3 El e+te
ur2at "e un .er1 no!ional la %arti#i%iul tre#ut: S,e Ua+ 2et at t,e +tation 1H 2H 1rot,er3 Ea a /o+t
a$te%tat la gar "e /ratele 2eu3
CTa+ - 2o"ul in"i#ati.> Fa+t Ten+e> %er+oana a III-a +ingularD3
'3''3;3 ConAugarea unui .er1 la "iate?a %a+i.> 2o"ul in"i#ati. e+te:
A+%e#tul +i2%lu
Fre+ent: I a2 +een3 <e i+ +een3 Te are +een3
Fa+t: I Ua+ +een3 Te Uere +een3
Fre+ent Fer/e#t: I ,a.e 1een +een3 <e ,a+ 1een +een3
Fa+t Fer/e#t: I ,a" 1een +een3
Ruture: I +,all 1e +een3 <e Uill 1e +een3
Ruture Fer/e#t: I +,all ,a.e 1een +een3 <e Uill ,a.e 1een +een3
A+%e#tul #ontinuu e+te /olo+it la "iate?a %a+i. "oar la Fre+ent $i Fa+t Ten+e3
Ror2a #ontinu "e la "iate?a %a+i. are @n +tru#tura +a .er1ul 1e la a+%e#tul #ontinuu Cti2%ul
Fre+ent +au Fa+tD $i %arti#i%iul tre#ut al .er1ului "e #onAugat: T,e #la++roo2+ are 1eing #leane" noU3 Se
/a#e #ur!enie @n #la+e a#u23
T,e +#,ool Ua+ 1eing #leane" U,en Ue Uente" to .i+it it3 Se /#ea #ur!enie @n $#oal #Bn" a2
.rut +-o .i?it23
pag: 031
*'**';' GetAbecome D participiul trecut' En a/ar "e .er1ul 1e +e 2ai %oate /olo+i $i .er1ul get
%entru /or2area "iate?ei %a+i.e3
Ver1ul get ^ %arti#i%iul tre#ut e+te utili?at 2ai ale+ @n .or1irea #urent> %entru a in"i#a tre#erea
"intr-o +tare @n alta: <er +=irt got #aug,t in t,e "oor3 I +-a %rin /u+ta @n u$3 All our gla++e+ got 1ro=en
U,en Ue 2o.e"3 S-au +%art toate %a,arele #Bn" ne-a2 2utat3
Un +inoni2 al .er1ului get #u +en+ul "e +#,i21are tre%tat e+te .er1ul 1e#o2e> @n+i!it "e+eori "e
2ore an" 2ore> in#rea+inglH: T,e %ro"u#tion o/ t,i+ /a#torH i+ 1e#o2ing in#rea+inglH +%e#iali?e"3
Fro"u#!ia a#e+tei /a1ri#i "e.ine "in #e @n #e 2ai +%e#iali?at3
*'**'=' Complementul /e agent' Co2%le2entul "e agent intro"u+ "e %re%o?i!ia 1H in"i# #ine a
+.Br$it a#!iunea +u/erit "e +u1ie#tul gra2ati#al al %ro%o?i!iei: T,e %oe2 Ua+ re#ite" 1H MarH3 Cnot 1H
Lu#H or AnnD3 Foe?ia a /o+t re#itat "e Maria Cnu "e Lu#ia +au AnaD3
Not: Co2%le2entul "e agent e+te #on+i"erat +u1ie#tul logi# +au real al %ro%o?i!iei> "eoare#e el
+.Br$e$te a#!iunea3
Co2%le2entul "e agent nu e+te 2en!ionat @n 2aAoritatea %ro%ro?i!iilor %a+i.e3 El +e o2ite #Bn":
aD nu +e #unoa$te +u1ie#tul real> #el #are a +.Br$it a#!iunea: All .illage+ in Ro2ania are +u%%lie"
UeP.e ele#tri#itH3 Toate +atele "in Ro2Bnia +unt ali2entate #u #urent ele#tri#3 A "o#tor ,a+ 1een +en"
/or3 Au / +-a tri2i+ "u% "o#tor3
1D Vor1itorul nu "ore$te + 2en!ione?e +u1ie#tul real al a#!iunii: T,i+ +u1Ae#t Uill 1e3 Treate"
/ullH in t,e ne0t #,arter3 A#ea+t %ro1le2 .a /i tratat %e larg @n ur2torul #a%itol3
#D +u1ie#tul real al a#!iunii +e %oate "e"u#e "in #onte0t: <e Ua+ ele#te" Fre+i"ent o/ t,e Tea#,er
- Farent - A++o#iation3 A /o+t ale+ %re$e"inte al #o2itetului "e %rin!i3
En a#e+te #a?uri +u1ie#tul .er1ului la "iate?a a#ti. e+te "e o1i#ei e0%ri2at %rintr-un %ronu2e
%er+onal #u .aloare generi#: Sou> t,eH> one> %rintr-un %ronu2e ne,otrBt: e.erH1o"H> +o2e1o"H> all>
+au %rintr-un +u1+tanti. #a %eo%le:
A#ti.: T,eH +%ea= Engli+, o.er t,e Uorl"3
Feo%le +%ea= Engli+, all o.er t,e Uorl"3
Fa+i.: Engli+, i+ +%o=en all o.er t,e Uorl"3
Aten!ie! Co2%le2entul "e agent +e o2ite $i #Bn" /or2a %a+i. e+te get ^ %arti#i%iul tre#ut: T,e
little 1oH got ,urt on ,i+ UaH to +#,ool3 Bie!elul +-a lo.it @n "ru2 +%re $#oal3
*'**'>' ntrebuin2area /iatezei pa,i3e' En li21a engle? #a $i @n li21a ro2Bn +e /olo+e+#
#ontru#!ii %a+i.e $i nu a#ti.e #Bn" inten!ia .or1itorului e+te "e a +e +u1linia a#!iunea $i nu %e #el #are a
+.Br$it-o3
A#ti.: Million+ o/ %eo%le ,a.e +een t,i+ /il23
CA##entul #a"e %e +u1ie#t: Milioane "e oa2eni au .?ut a#e+t /il2D3
Fa+i.: T,i+ /il2 ,a+ 1een +een 1H 2illion+ o/ %eo%le3
CA##entul #a"e %e .er1: A#e+t /il2 a /o+t .?ut "e 2ilioane "e oa2eniD3
Con+tru#!iile %a+i.e +unt @ntre1uin!ate 2ai /re#.ent @n li21aAul $tiin!i/i# $i @n #el Aurnali+ti#>
#ara#teri?ate %rintr-o e0%ri2are i2%er+onal> o1ie#ti.3
pag: 035
Iiate?a %a+i. +e /olo+e$te #u 2aAoritatea .er1elor tran?iti.e $i #u unele .er1e intran?iti.e #u
%re%o?i!ie o1ligatorie @n #are .er1ul /or2ea? o unitate +e2anti# #u %re%o?i!ia> "e.enin" %ra#ti#
e#,i.alent #u un .er1 tran?iti.3
Ver1ele #el 2ai /re#.ent /olo+ite "in a#ea+t #ategorie +unt: #are /or/loo= a/ter O ten"> #o2e to O
rea#,> "eal Uit, O analH+e> laug, at O ri"i#ule> li+ten to O ,ear> loo= u%on O regar"> relH on O tru+t> +en"
/or O #all> tal= o/ O "i+#u++> t,in= o/ O #on+i"er3
T,i+ 2etter Uill 1e "ealt Uit, at on#e3 Ne .on o#u%a @n"at "e a#ea+t %ro1le23 An alternati.e
Ua+ not toug,t o/3 La o alternati. nu +-au gBn"it3
Fe %lan +inta#ti#> tre#erea unei %ro%o?i!ii "e la "iate?a a#ti. la #ea %a+i. a"u#e #u +ine 2ai
2ulte +#,i21ri:
Iiate?a a#ti.: 4ur /or2 tea#,er ,a+ lent 2e t,i+ 1oo=3
Iiate?a %a+i.:
aD +u1ie#tul a#ti. al a#!iunii "e.ine #o2%le2ent "e agent %a+i. C#are %oate /i o2i+ @n #a?urile "e
la Q'3''383D: T,i+ 1oo= ,a+ 1een lent to 2e 1H our /or2 tea#,er3
1D o1ie#tul a#ti. C#o2%le2entul "ire#t +au in"ire#tD "e.ine +u1ie#tul .er1ului %a+i.: T,i+ 1oo=
,a+ 1een lent to 2e 1H our /or2 tea#,e> +au: I ,a.e 1een lent t,i+ 1oo= 1H our /or2 tea#,er3
#D %re%o?i!ia 1H e+te intro"u+ @naintea agentului: I ,a.e 1een lent t,i+ 1oo= BS our /or2
tea#,er3
Not: Fentru "e+#rierea tran+/or2rilor %a+i.e> .e?i %aragra/ul ':3)3
*'**'?' Tra/ucerea con,truc2iilor pa,i3e 0n limba romEn1' Un .er1 engle?e+# la "iate?a %a+i.
+e tra"u#e "e o1i#ei tot %rintr-o #on+tru#!ie %a+i.: T,e #ar Ua+ re%aire" Herter"aH3 Ma$ina a /o+t
re%arat ieri3
En #a?ul .er1elor ur2ate "e un #o2%le2ent "ire#t $i unul in"ire#t> +e %ot /olo+i $i #on+tru#!ii
re/le0i.e #u .aloare %a+i. #Bn" #o2%le2entul in"ire#t al %er+oanei "e.ine in"ire#t: T,e tea#,er Ua+
o//ere" /loUer+ 1H ,er %u%il+3 Fro/e+oarei i +-au o/erit /lori "e #tre ele.i3
Ver1ele intran?iti.e #u %re%o?i!ie o1ligatorie +e tra"u# %rin "iate? %a+i.> "iate?a a#ti. +au %rin
/or2e re/le0i.-%a+i.e> "e la #a? la #a?: T,e #,il"ren Uere Uell loo=e" a/ter3 Co%iii au /o+t 1ine @ngriAi!i3 A
"o#tor ,a+ 1een +ent /or3 Au tri2i+ / S-a tri2i+ "u% un "o#tor3
Not: En li21a engle? e0i+t o #ategorie a%arte "e .er1e intran?iti.e /olo+ite la "iate?a a#ti. #u
.aloare %a+i. $i #are +e tra"u# @n li21a ro2Bn /ie %rin #on+tru#!ii re/le0i.e %a+i.e> /ie %rin .er1e la
"iate?a %a+i.: T,e 1oo= ,a+ +ol" .erH Uell3 Cartea +-a .Bn"ul /oarte 1ine3 T,e #a=e #ut+ ea+lH3 FrAitura
+e taie u$or3 T,e #lau+e rea"+ 1ot, UaiH+3 Clau?a %oate /i inter%retat @n "ou /eluri3
*'*.' Per,oana i num1rul #Per,on an/ Number&
S%re "eo+e1ire "e .er1ul ro2Bne+# .er1ul engle? are %u!ini in"i#i /or2ali #are + 2ar#,e?e
%er+oana $i nu2rul3
Singura "e+inen! +%e#i/i# e+te -+ %entru %er+oana a III-a +ingular in"i#ati.ul %re?ent> a"ugate
la /or2a "e in/initi. a .er1elor no!ionale3 CVer1ele 2o"ate nu %ri2e+# -+D: <e %laH+ t,e %iano3 El #Bnt la
%ian3
Iatorit a1+en!ei /or2elor /le0ionare> %er+oana $i nu2rul @n li21a engle? +unt i"enti/i#ate "e
o1i#ei #u aAutorul +u1ie#tului> 2ai ale+ #Bn" a#ea+ta e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un %ronu2e %er+onal3
pag: 036
En #on+e#in! +u1ie#tul e+te "e regul e0%ri2at @n li21a engle? 2ai ale+ #Bn" e+te un %ronu2e
%er+onal +%re "eo+e1ire "e li21a ro2Bn: I Uor= .erH ,ar"3 CEuD 2un#e+# /oarte 2ult3 Te Uor= .erH
,ar"3 CNoiD 2un#i2 /oarte 2ult3
*'*4' Mo/ul #Moo/&
'3'63'3 Ie/ini!ie3 Mo"ul e+te #ategoria gra2ati#al +%e#i/i# .er1ului #are arat /elul @n #are
.or1itorul #on+i"er a#!iunea "in %un#tul "e .e"ere al %o+i1ilit!ii "e @n"e%linire a ei @n realitate3
Fentru re"area a#e+tui ra%ort al a#!iunii #u realitatea> li21a engle? "i+%une "e "ou 2o"uri
2ar#ate /or2al: in"i#ati.ul Ca#!iune realD $i +u1Aon#ti.ul Ca#!iune %o+i1il +au %re+u%u+D3
Not: Unele gra2ati#i 2en!ionea? $i 2o"urile #on"i!ional $i i2%erati.3 En a#ea+t lu#rare
/or2ele "e #on"i!ional C%re?ent $i tre#utD +unt tratate @n #a"rul 2o"ului +u1Aon#ti. C.e?i Q'3'63'9 $i
Q'3'63'*D3 "atorit /or2ei i"enti#e #u unele /or2e ale +unAon#ti.ului analiti# $i /un#!iei +i2ilare Ca#!iune
%o+i1il +au %re+u%u+> @n a#e+t #a? #on"i!ionat "e @n"e%linirea unei altei a#!iuniD> iar /olo+irea
#on"i!ionalului e+te tratat @n #a"rul Sinta0ei /ra?ei: Q *;3':3:3
Ror2ele /olo+ite %entru e0%ri2area unei a#!iuni %orun#ite Ca$a-nu2itul 2o" i2%erati.D +unt
anali?ate @n #a"rul #a%itolului Relurile %ro%o?i!iilor> Fro%o?i!ia i2%erati.> Q*63:3
Iu% #ategoria gra2ati#al a %er+oanei $i a %o+i1ilit!ii "e a /or2a %re"i#atul unei %ro%o?i!ii>
/or2ele .er1ale @n li21a engle? +e @2%art @n %er+onale Cin"i#ati.ul $i +u1Aon#ti.ulD $i ne%er+onale
Cin/initi.ul> %arti#i%iul $i Gerun"-ulD3
!OME"E PE6ONA"E A"E VECU"UI #T$e !inite
!orm, o+ t$e Verb&
*'*4'.' Mo/ul In/icati3 #T$e In/icati3e Moo/&
Mo"ul in"i#ati. %re?int a#!iunea> +tarea et#3 e0%ri2at "e .er1 #a real @n"e%linit #,iar3 Mo"ul
in"i#ati. are ur2toarele ti2%uri> @n @n.e#inarea lor #ronologi#:
Fe a0a tre#utului:
Fa+t
Fa+t Fer/e#t
Ruture in t,e Fa+t
Fe a0a %re?entului:
Fre+ent
Fre+ent Fer/e#t
Ruture
Fe a0a .iitorului:
Ruture
Ruture Fer/e#t
X
<e returne" t,e 1oo= to t,e li1rarH a/ter ,e ,a" rea" it3 A ina%oiat #artea la 1i1liote# "u% #e a
#itit-o3 I #an return t,e 1oo= to t,e li1rarH noU3 I ,a.e rea" it3 Fot + @na%oie? #artea la 1i1liote#
Ca#u2D3 A2 #itit-o3 <e Uill return t,e 1oo= to t,e li1rarH ne0t Mon"aH3 <e Uill ,a.e rea" it 1H t,en3 Va
@na%oia #artea la 1i1liote# lunea .iitoare3 4 .a /i #itit %Bn atun#i3
Not: Fentru anali?a /olo+irii ti2%urilor> .e?i Q '3;3 - Q'3(3
*'*4'4' Mo/ul ,ub@oncti3 #T$e 6ub@oncti3e Moo/&' Mo"ul +u1Aon#ti. %re?int a#!iunea #a
%o+i1il> #Bn" a#!iunea e+te %roie#tat @n .iitor> +au #a .irtual> nereali?at> "e#i ireal> #Bn" a#!iunea
tre1uia + ai1 lo# @n tre#ut3 Mo"ul +u1Aon#ti. @n li21a engle? are /or2e +inteti#e $i analiti#e3
*'*4'8' 6ub@oncti3ul ,intetic #T$e 6%nt$etical 6ub@oncti3e&' Su1Aon#ti.ul +inteti# are /or2e
"e %re?ent $i tre#ut3
pag: 037
*'*4'9' 6ub@oncti3ul prezent #T$e Pre,ent 6ub@oncti3e& e+te i"enti# #a /or2 #u in/initi.ul
+#urt al .er1ului: It i+ ne#e++arH t,at ,e 1e ,ere3 It i+ ne#e++arH t,at ,e #o2e in ti2e3
E+te ne#e+ar #a el + /ie ai#i3 E+te ne#e+ar #a el + .in la ti2%3
Su1Aon#ti.ul %re?ent e0%ri2 o a#!iune #on+i"erat %o+i1il> "e#i nu #ontrar realit!ii3
Su1Aon#ti.ul %re?ent e+te %u!in /olo+it @n engle?a #onte2%oran> /iin" "e o1i#ei @nlo#uit "e alte
#ontru#!ii: +u1Aon#ti.ul analiti#> in/initi.ul3 Entre1uin!rile lui +unt li2itate la:
'D %ro%o?i!ii %rin#i%ale #on!inBn":
aD urri: Long li.e %ea#e! Tria+# %a#ea!
1D anu2ite e0%re+ii> @n #on+tru#!ii /i0e CRor2ulai# Su1Aon#ti.eD: So 1e it t,en! A$a + /ie! Su//i#e
it to +auH t,at333 E+te "e aAun+ + +%un #333
*D %ro%o?i!ii +u1or"onate intro"u+e "e t,at> #Bn" %ro%o?i!ia %rin#i%al e0%ri2 o re#o2an"are>
"e#i?ie> rug2inte> +%eran! +au inten!ie %entru .iitor ori un +enti2ent "e +ur%rin"ere CMan"ati.e
Su1Aon#ti.eD3
A+t/el +u1Aon#ti.ul +inteti# e+te /olo+it @n ur2toarele ti%uri "e %ro%o?i!ii +u1or"onate:
aD @n %ro%o?i!ii +u1ie#ti.e: It i+ ne#e++arH t,at t,e #,air2an in/or2 t,e #o22ittee o/ t,e "e#i+ion3
E+te ne#e+ar #a %re$e"intele + in/or2e?e #o2itetul a+u%ra "e#i?iei3
1D @n %ro%o?i!ii atri1uti.e a%ro%o?i!ionale: T,ere Ua+ a %ro%o+al t,at ,e 1e ele#te" %ea#e
#,air2an3 E0i+ta o %ro%unere #a el + /ie ale+ %re$e"inte3
#D @n %ro%o?i!ii #o2%leti.e "ire#te: T,eH +ugge+te" t,at +te%+ 1e ta=en to #on+oli"ate %ea#e an"
+e#uritH in Euro%e3 S-a %ro%u+ luarea "e 2+uri %entru #on+oli"area %#ii $i +e#urit!ii @n Euro%a3
"D @n %ro%o?i!ii #on"i!ionale +au #on#e+i.e intro"u+e "e o #onAun#!ie: I/ t,i+ ru2our 1e true> Ue
#annot +taH ,ere3 Ia# a#e+t ?.on e #u2.a a"e.rat nu %ute2 r2Bne ai#i3 T,oug, e.erHone "e+ert Hou>
I Uill not3 C,iar "a# lu2ea te .a %r+i> eu nu o .oi /a#e3
Rolo+irea +u1Aon#ti.ului %re?ent e+te #ara#teri+ti# +tilului o/i#ial> /iin" @ntBlnit @n tratate>
re?olu!ii> regula2ente +au @n +tilul te,ni#o-$tiin!i/i#3
Su1Aon#ti.ul %re?ent e+te 2ai /re#.ent /olo+it @n engle?a a2eri#an Cliterar $i .or1itD3 Engle?a
1ritani# #urent %re/er #on+tru#!ii #u:
aD in/initi.ul: It i+ ne#e++arH /or ,i2 to #o2e in ti2e3
1D +,oul" ^ in/initi.ul: T,eH +ugge+t t,at +te%+ +,oul" 1e ta=en3
*'*4';' 6ub@oncti3ul trecut #T$e Pa,t 6ub@oncti3e&' Su1Aon#ti.ul tre#ut #oin#i"e #a /or2 #u
Fa+t Ten+e +i2%lu> 2o"ul in"i#ati.: I Ui+, ,e tol" t,e trut,3 A$ "ori + +%un a"e.rul3
Ver1ul 1e are o /or2 uni# %entru toate %er+oanele: Uere: I Ui+, ,e/t,eH Uere ,ere3
En .or1irea #urent @n+> e0i+t ten"in!a "e a-l @nlo#ui %e Uere #u Ua+ la %er+oana I $i a III-a
+ingular: I/ ,e Uere/Ua+ ill> I Uoul" +en" /or t,e "o#tor3 Ia# ar /i 1olna.> a$ tri2ite "u% "o#tor3
Ror2a "e +u1Aon#ti. tre#ut %oate /i /olo+it $i la a+%e#tul #ontinuu3 Ea #on!ine @n +tru#tura +a
/or2a Uere ur2at "e %arti#i%iul @n -ing al .er1ului "e #onAugat: I Ui+, ,e Uere re.i+ing /or ,i+ e0a2
noU3 A$ "ori + re%ete %entru e0a2en a#u23
pag: 03'
Su1Aon#ti.ul tre#ut e+te /olo+it @n %ro%o?i!ii +u1or"onate> %entru a e0%ri2a o a#!iune #ontrar
realit!ii:
aD @n %ro%o?i!ii +u1ie#ti.e> "u% itP+ C,ig,D ti2e: ItP+ ti2e Hou Uent to 1e"3 E "e 2ult ti2%ul + .
"u#e!i la #ul#are CE+te /oarte tBr?iuD3
Not: Co2%ara!i #u: ItP+ ti2e ^ in/initi.: ItP+ ti2e /or Hou to go 1e"3 E ti2%ul + . "u#e!i la
#ul#are3 CE ora "e #ul#areD3
1D @n #o2%leti.e "ire#te> "u% .er1ul Ui+,: I Ui+, Hou Uere telling t,e trut,3 A$ "ori + +%ui
a"e.rul3
#D @n %ro%o?i!ii #on"i!ionale: I/ I +aU ,i2> I Uoul" gi.e ,i2 Hour 2e++age3 Ia# l-a$ .e"ea i-a$
tran+2ite 2e+aAul tu3
"D @n #ir#u2+tan!iale "e 2o" #o2%arati.e: S,e tal=e" a+ i/ +,e Uere ill3 Vor1ea "e %ar# era
1olna.3
eD @n %ro%o?i!ii #on#e+i.e: E.en t,oug, ,e Uere ill> ,e Uoul" not 2i++ +#,ool3 C,iar "a# ar /i
1olna.> n-ar li%+i "e la $#oal3
Su1Aon#ti.ul tre#ut e+te utili?at atBt @n +tilul literar #Bt $i @n li21a .or1it3 El e+te #on/un"at "e
o1i#ei #u Fa+t Ten+e> #u #are e+te i"enti# #a /or23
Not: En #a%itolele "e +inta0 a /ra?ei +-a /olo+it ter2enul "e Fa+t Ten+e $i nu "e +u1Aon#ti.
tre#ut @n "i+#u!ia %ro%o?i!iilor +u1or"onate @n #are a%are a#ea+t /or2> %entru +i2%li/i#are $i u$urarea
2e2orrii3
*'*4'=' 6ub@oncti3ul II trecut' Ror2a "e 2ai-2ult-#a-%er/e#t a in"i#ati.ului are $i .aloare "e
+u1Aon#ti. %er/e#t> #Bn" e0%ri2 o a#!iune #ontrar unei realit!i tre#ute> "e#i ireal> @n unele %ro%o?i!ii
+u1or"onate:
aD @n %ro%o?i!ii #o2%leti.e "ire#te> "u% .er1ul Ui+,: I Ui+, I ,a" 1een t,ere too3 C1ut I Ua+nPtD3
A$ /i "orit + /iu $i eu a#olo3
1D @n #ir#u2+tan!iale "e 2o" #o2%arati.e: <e tal=e+ a+ i/ ,e ,a" +een ,er3 Vor1ea "e %ar# ar /i
.?ut-o3
#D @n %ro%o?i!ii #on"i!ionale: I/ ,e ,a" rea" t,e 1oo=> ,e Uoul" ,a.e Uritten a 1etter ter2 %a%er3
Ia# ar /i #itit #artea ar /i +#ri+ o te? 2ai 1un3
*'*4'>' 6ub@oncti3ul analitic #T$e Anal%tical 6ub@oncti3e&'
En li21a engle? #onte2%oran e0i+t ten"in!a "e a /olo+i +u1Aon#ti.ul analiti#> 2ai /re#.ent
"e#Bt +u1Aon#ti.ul +inteti#> %entru a e0%ri2a /a%te +au a#!iuni i%oteti#e> +u1 /or2a unor %re+u%uneri>
@n"oieli> urri> #on"i!ii> #on#e+ii +au a unui +#o%3
Ror2ele +u1Aon#ti.ului analiti# #on!in @n +tru#tura lor .er1e 2o"ale ur2ate "e .er1e no!ionale la
in/initi.3 C%re?ent +au %er/e#tD3
E0i+t 2ai 2ulte %o+i1ilit!i "e e0%ri2are a +u1Aon#ti.ului analiti# C#u o /or2 uni# %entru toate
%er+oaneleD:
+,oul" ^ in/initi. : +,oul" lea.e
+,oul" ^ in/initi.ul %er/e#t : +,oul" ,a.e le/t
Uoul" ^ in/initi. : Uoul" lea.e
Uoul" ^ in/initi.ul %er/e#t : Uoul" ,a.e le/t
2aH ^ in/initi. : 2aH lea.e
2aH ^ in/initi.ul %er/e#t : 2aH ,a.e le/t
2ig,t ^ in/initi. : 2ig,t lea.e
2ig,t ^ in/initi.ul %er/e#t : 2ig,t ,a.e le/t
#oul" ^ in/initi. : #oul" lea.e
#oul" ^ in/initi.ul %er/e#t : #oul" ,a.e le/t
pag: 010
Ror2ele "e +u1Aon#ti. al#tuite "in .er1e 2o"ale ur2ate "e in/initi.ul %re?ent +e re/er la o
a#!iune +i2ultan +au %o+terioar a#!iunii "in %ro%o?i!ia %rin#i%al> %e #Bn" #ele ur2ate "e in/initi.ul
%er/e#t re"au o a#!iune anterioar a#!iunii "in %ro%o?i!ia %rin#i%al3
Aten!ie! Ie$i #on!in .er1e 2o"ale> /or2ele +u1Aon#ti.ului analiti# $i-au %ier"ut @n 2ulte #a?uri
@n!ele+ul 2o"al> .er1ele 2o"ale "e.enin" +i2%le .er1e au0iliare: <e le/t earlH +o t,at ,e 2ig,t arri.e in
ti2e3 A %le#at "e.re2e #a + aAung la ti2%3
*'*4'?' ntrebuin2area ,ub@oncti3ului analitic' Ror2ele "e +u1Aon#ti. analiti# +unt /olo+ite atBt
@n %ro%o?i!iile %rin#i%ale> #Bt $i @n %ro%o?i!iile +u1or"onate3
Rolo+irea a#e+tor /or2e @n %ro%o?i!iile %rin#i%ale e+te li2itat "e o1i#ei la e0%ri2area unor urri >
@n e0%re+ii /i0e> +au %entru e0%ri2area i"eii "e #on"i!ional: MaH ,e li.e long! I +,oul" li=e to go noU3
Ror2ele +u1Aon#ti.ului analiti# C2ai ale+ +,oul" ^ in/initi.D +unt 2ai /re#.ente @n %ro%o?i!iile
+u1or"onate C@n +%e#ial #ele intro"u+e "e t,atD> %entru a e0%ri2a o a#!iune %o+i1il> %re+u%u+> %entru a
+u1linia i"eea "e a#!iune $i nu a#!iunea %ro%riu-?i+ +au @n"e%linirea ei> #are +unt re"ate %rin in"i#ati.3
Co2%ara!i:
T,e i"ea i+ t,at +%ort /a#ilitie+ +,oul" 1e i2%ro.e"3 I"eea e+te + +e @21unt!ea+# 1a?a
2aterial %entru +%ort3 CA#ea+ta +e %oate @ntB2%la +au nuD3 T,e /a#t i+ t,at +%ort /a#ilitie+ Uill 1e
i2%ro.e"3 Ra%tul e+te # 1a?a 2aterial %entru +%ort .a /i @21unt!it3 CA#ea+ta +e .a @ntB2%laD3
*'*4'*(' 6$oul/ D in+initi3ul' S,oul" ^ in/initi.ul e+te /olo+it: 'D @n %ro%o?i!ii %rin#i%ale> @n
al#tuirea /or2elor "e #on"i!ional %re?ent $i tre#ut:
aD S,oul" ^ in/initi.ul %re?ent e+te utili?at %entru a re"a #on"i!ionalul %re?ent @n li21a engle?> la
%er+oana I +ingular $i %lural: I/Ue +,oul" li=e to +ee ,i23 A$/A2 "ori +-l .e"e23
Not: En .or1irea #urent e0i+t ten"in!a "e a /olo+i Uoul" @n lo# "e +,oul": I/Te Uoul" li=e to
+ee ,i23
1D S,oul" ^ in/initi.ul %er/e#t e+te /olo+it #u /un#!ie "e #on"i!ional tre#ut la %er+oana I +ingular $i
%lural: I/Te +,oul" ,a.e li=e" to +ee ,i23 Gi ai#i e+te %re?ent ten"in!a "e a @nlo#ui +,oul" #u Uoul":
I/Te Uoul" ,a.e li=e" to +ee ,i23
#D Tot @n %ro%o?i!ii %rin#i%ale> +,oul" ^ in/initi.ul e+te /olo+it %entru e0%ri2area unei atitu"ini
e2o!ionale> @n @ntre1ri @n#e%Bn" #u U,H +au ,oU: T,H +,oul" Ue Zuarrel a1out +u#, a tri/le[ Ie #e +
ne #ert2 %entru un a+e2enea /lea# [
*D @n %ro%o?i!ii +u1or"onate:
aD @n %ro%o?i!ii +u1ie#ti.e intro"u+e it i+/Ua+ ne#e++arH> +trnge> unu+ual> i2%ortant> i2%o++i1le>
natural> CunD/ortunate> re2ar=a1le> +u%ri+ing et#3:
It i+ ne#e++arH t,at t,e #,air2an +,oul" in/or2 t,e #o22ittee o/ t,e "e#i+ion ta=en3 E+te ne#e+ar
#a %re$e"intele + in/or2e?e #o2itetul "e+%re "e#i?ia luat3
pag: 010
1D @n %ro%o?i!ii +u1ie#ti.e intro"u+e "e it/Ua+ a %itH> +,a2e> +ur%ri+e> Uon"er: It i+ Uon"er t,at
t,eH +,oul" #o2e +o earlH3 E o 2inune #a ei + .in a$a "e.re2e3
#D @n %ro%o?i!iile atri1uti.e a%o?i!ionale> "u% +u1+tanti.ele rea+on> +u%%o+ition> t,oug,> i"ea>
,int: T,i+ i+ no rea+on U,H ,e +,oul" 1e late3 A#ea+ta nu e+te un 2oti. %entru #are + @ntBr?ie3
"D @n %ro%o?i!iile #o2%leti.e "ire#te "u% .er1e #are e0%ri2 un or"in> o +uge+tie> o ,otrBre:
or"er> #o22an"> "e2an"> reZue+t> in+i+t> +ugge+t> %ro%o+e> o//er> arrange> agree> +ettle: T,eH "e2an"e"
t,at t,e 2eeting +,oul" 1e ,el" Uit,out "elaH3 Au #erut #a $e"in!a + /ie !inut /r @ntBr?iere3
eD @n %ro%o?i!ii #o2%leti.e %re%o?i!ionale "u% a"Ae#ti.e #a: I a2 gla"> %lea+e"> an0iou+> +orrH
et#3> #are re"au +enti2entele .or1itorului: S,e Ua+ an0iou+ t,at t,eH +,oul" +ee ,er "an#ing3 Era
ner1"toare #a ei + o .a" "an+Bn"3
/D @n %ro%o?i!ii #on"i!ionale> %entru e0%ri2area unei #on"i!ii %u!in %ro1a1ile: I/ ,e +,oul" #o2e>
tell ,i2 to Uait in t,e roo23
Ia# .ine #u2.a/+e @ntB2%l + .in> +%une-i + a$te%te @n #a2era "e ?i3
gD @n %ro%o?i!ii #ir#u2+tan!iale "e +#oi% negati.e intro"u+e "e le+t> /or /ear Ct,atD> in #a+e Ct,atD>
ur2ate "e un .er1 la /or2a a/ir2ati.: <e ,urrie" /or /ear ,e +,oul" 1e late3 Se gr1ea "e /ri# + nu
@ntBr?ie3
,D @n %ro%o?i!ii #on#e+i.e intro"u+e "e t,oug,> alt,oug,> U,ate.er %entru a e0%ri2a o a#!iune
i%oteti#: T,ate.er ,e +,oul" "o> ,e i+ not li=elH to +u##ee"3 4ri#e ar /a#e nu are $an+e + reu$ea+#3
iD @n %ro%o?i!ii +u1or"onate te2%orale CrarD: <e Ua+ a".i+e" to =ee% a "iet till ,e +,oul" /eel
1etter3 A /o+t +/tuit + !in regi2 %Bn +e .a +i2!i 2ai 1ine3
pag: 040
1.10.11. 1a,/mi(*t 2 In'initivul. Sub.onctivul analitic e3rimat rin ma,/mi(*t 2
in'initivul re&ent !au er'ect e!te 'olo!it4
1# )n roo&i-ii rinciale, entru a e3rima o urare, dorin-+4 1a, ,ou live lon( 5
S+ tr+ieti mul-i ani 5 6*, t*at *e mi(*t recover !oon 5 6, de !7ar )n!+n+toi
reede 5
8# )n roo&i-ii !ubordonate.
Aten-ie5 9ac+ verbul din roo&i-ia rincial+ e!te la un tim re&ent, )n
roo&i-ia !ubordonat+ !e oate 'olo!i ma, !au mi(*t 2 in'initiv "er'ect#.
:tili&area lui mi(*t 2 in'initiv indic+ o ne!i(uran-+ mai mare dect ma,4 It i!
o!!ible t*at *e ma, come later. E!te o!ibil / Se oate !+ vin+ mai tr&iu. It i!
o!!ible t*at *e mi(*t come later. S7ar utea !+ vin+ mai tr&iu.
1i(*t 2 in'initivul e!te )ntrebuin-at )ntotdeauna du+ un verb trecut )n roo&i-ia
rincial+4 ;e !o%e loudl, !o t*at ever,bod, mi(*t *ear *im. A vorbit tare ca !+7
l aud+ toat+ lumea.
1a,/mi(*t 2 in'initivul "re&ent !au er'ect# e!te 'olo!it )n urm+toarele tiuri de
roo&i-ii !ubordonate4
pag: 041
a# )n roo&i-ii !ubiective introdu!e de it i!/$a! o!!ible, robable, li%el,, la 'orma
a'irmativ+4 It $a! o!!ible t*at t*e, mi(*t *ave vi!ited t*e E3*ibition t*e da,
be'ore. Era o!ibil ca ei !+ 'i vi&itat e3o&i-ia cu o &i )nainte.
<ot+4 =a 'orma intero(ativ+ !au ne(ativ+, ace!te con!truc-ii !unt urmate de
!*ould 2 in'initiv4 >a! i! o!!ible t*at !*ould *ave vi!ited t*e E3*ibition alread ?
Era o&ibil ca ei !+ 'i vi&itat de.a e3o&i-ia ?
b# )n roo&i-ii comletive reo&i-ionale du+ be a'raid4 4 ;e $a! a'raid I mi(*t
turn do$n *i! o''er. Se temea !+ nu7i re!in( o'erta.
c# )n roo&i-ii circum!tan-iale de !co introdu!e de con.unc-iile t*at, !o t*at, in
order t*at4 S*e reeated t*e e3lanation !o t*at de uil! mi(*t under!tand t*e
le!!on better. A reetat e3lica-ia ca elevii !+ )n-elea(+ mai bine lec-ia.
d# )n roo&i-ii conce!ive introdu!e de t*ou(*, alt*ou(*, $*atever, *o$ever, no
matter etc., entru a reda o ac-iune ne!i(ur+, re!uu!+4 ;o$ever tired*e mi(*t
be, *e mu!t come do$n and tal% to u!. 6rict de obo!it ar 'i, trebuie !+ coboare
!+ vorbea!c+ cu noi.
1.13.12. Would + infinitivul. Sub.onctivul analitic e3rimat rin $ould 2
in'initivul re&ent !au er'ect e!te utili&at4
1# )n roo&i-ii rinciale, entru con!truirea 'ormelor de condi-ional4
a# condi-ionalul re&ent, la toate er!oanele, e!te 'ormat din $ould 2 in'initivul
re&ent4 @*e, $ould li%e to come no$. Ei ar dori !+ vin+ acum.
b# $ould 2 in'initivul er'ect e!te )ntrebuin-at entru 'ormarea condi-ionalului
trecut la toate er!oanele4 @*e, $ould *ave li%ed to come no$. Ei ar dori !+ vin+
acum.
8# )n roo&i-ii !ubordonate4
a# )n roo&i-ii comletive directe, du+ verbul $i!*, entru a e3rima o ac-iune
dorit+, dar avnd u-ine an!e de reali&are )n viitor4 I $i!* *e $ould lend me *i!
boo%. "but I donAt t*in% *e $ill#. A dori !+7mi )mrumute cartea "dar nu cred c+ o
va 'ace#.b# )n roo&i-ii circum!tan-iale de !co intrBodu!e de !o t*at4 S*e %et
t*e 'ood in t*e oven !o t*at t*e, $ould eat it *ot. A -inut mncarea )n cutor ca
!7o m+nnce cald+.
1.13.13. Could + infinitivul. Could 2 in'initivul e!te 'olo!it de obicei )n Could 2
in'initivul. circum!tan-iale de !co, ca o alternativ+ a lui ma,/mi(*t 2 in'initivul.
9eo!ebirea dintre cele dou+ con!truc-ii e!te urm+toarea4 ma,/mi(*t e!te mai
'ormal i indic+ un (rad mai mare de ne!i(uran-+C could e!te utili&at )n vorbire i
indic+ un (rad mai mare de ne!i(uran-+C could e!te utili&at )n vorbire i indic+ de
obicei o ac-iune real+4 S*e !ent *im mone, !o t*at *e could bu, t*e dictionar,. I7
a trimi! bani ca !+ oat+ cum+ra / !+ cumere dic-ionarul.
1.10.1D. Sub.onctivul !au indicativul. En unele din !itua-iile de mai !u! )n care !e
)ntrebuin-ea&+ !ub.onctivul analitic !e oate 'olo!i i indicativul. Ace!ta e!te
utili&at de obicei cnd ac-iunea e!te men-ionat+ ca un 'atreal i nu ca o
re!uunereC ItA! a it, ,ou *ave mi!!ed !uc* an oortunit,. E +cat c+ ai
ierdut o a!emenea oca&ie. "Se !ublinia!&+ ideea de a ierde o a!emenea
oca&ie#.
<ot+4 Fentru anali&a mai detaliat+ a 'olo!irii modurilor i timurilor )n roo&i-iile
!ubordonate, ve&i Sinta3a 'ra&ei, G 8B.D. 7 G8B.1H.
pag: 042
1.14. Formele nepersonale ale verbului (Te !on"Finite Forms of te
#erb$
1.1D.1. Iormele neer!onale ale verbului )n limba en(le&+ !unt in'initivul,
articiiul )n 7in(, 'orma Gerund "(erun&iul# i articiiul trecut.
Iormele neer!onale ale verbului nu au cate(oriile (ramaticale de mod, er!oan+
i num+r i nu ot )ndelini )n roo&i-ie 'unc-ia de redicat. En unele !itua-ii )n!+
ele ot 'orma con!truc-ii cu caracter redicativ )n care 'orma verbal+ !e a'l+ )ntr7
un raort redicativ imlicit 'a-+ de elementul nominal4 Iat*er comin( *ome
earl,, $e $ent 'or a $al%. @ata venind devreme aca!+, ne7am du! la limbare.
@*e rearation! 'or t*e e3am comleted, t*e candidate! $ere allo$ed to enter
t*e e3amination room. Fre(+tirile entru e3amen "'iind# terminate, li !7a ermi!
candida-ilor !+ intre )n !ala de e3amen.
Iormele neer!onale ale verbului cu att caracteri!tici verbale, ct i
caracteri!tici nominale.
1.14.2. Caracteristicile verbale comune cu cele ale 'ormelor neer!onale
!unt4
a# Iormele neer!onale ale verbului au tradi-ional cate(oria de tim, diate&+ iar
in'initivul are i cate(oria de a!ect.
b# e lan !intactic, ot avea !ubiect "'ormnd con!truc-ii redicative imlicite#,
comlement direct "du+ verbe tran&itive# !au comlemente circum!tan-iale, ca
i 'orme er!onale4 I can ima(ine t*em $orr,in( about it. Emi ima(ine& c+7i 'ac
robleme de!re ace!t lucru. ;avin( read t*e boo%, !*e returned it to t*e librar,.
9u+ ce a citit cartea a )naoiat7o la bibliotec+. >e noticed !ome uil! runnin(
in t*e la,(round. Am ob!ervat c-iva elevi aler(nd )n curtea colii.
1.14.3. Fe ln(+ ace!te caracteri!tici verbale, in'initivul i Gerund7ul au i
caracteristici substantivale% datorit+ c+rora ele ot )ndelini )n roo&i-ie i
'unc-ii !eci'ice !ub!tantivului, iar articiiul are i caracteri!tici ad.ectivale,
datorit+ c+rora !e oate comorta ca un ad.ectiv )n roo&i-ie4 @o !ee *er a(ain
$a! *i! onl, de!ire. S7o vad+ din nou era !in(ura lui dorin-+. Runnin( i! (ood 'or
,ou. Cro!ul )-i 'ace bine. ;e $ould add !tam a'ter !tam to *i! (ro$in(
collection o' old Romanian !tam!. Ad+u(a timbru du+ timbru la colec-ia lui )n
cretere, de vec*i m+rci otale romneti. @*ere i! t*e =o!t Froert, 6''ice.
Acolo e!te Biroul de obiecte (+!ite.
1.1&. Infinitivul (Te Infinitive$
1.1&.1. Formele infinitivului. In'initivul are dou+ 'orme4 in'initivul lun( "@*e
=on( In'initive#, marcat de articula to i in'initivul !curt "@*e S*ort In'initive#,
'+r+ articula to.
<ot+4 In'initivul cu adverb intercalat "@*e Slit In'initive#. Gramaticile mai
men-ionea&+ i in'initivul cu adverb intercalat, o con!truc-ie de!tul de 'recvent+
)n en(le&a contemoran+, alc+tuit+ dintr7un in'initiv lun( i un adverb de mod,
ae&at )ntre verbul rincial. 9e e3emlu4
to clearl, under!tand J a )n-ele(e clar
to 'ull, areciate J a arecia cum trebuie
to 'lat, re'u!e J a re'u&a cate(oric etc
@*e, came to 'ull, reali&e t*e imortance o' t*e event. Au a.un! !+7i dea !eama
e delin de imortan-a evenimentului.
1.1&.2. Caracteristicile verbele ale infinitivului.
a# In'initivul are cate(oriile (ramaticale de tim "re&ent i er'ect#, a!ect
"!imlu i continuu# diate&a "activ+ i a!iv+#.
In'initivul "tim, a!ect, diate&+#
@imul A!ectul continuu A!ectul
continuu
9iate&a activ+ 9iate&a a!iv+ 9iate&a activ+
Fre&ent $a!* be $a!*ed be $a!*in(
Fer'ect
a !+la
*ave $a!*ed
a 'i !+lat
a 'i !+lat
*ave been
$a!*ed
a 'i 'o!t !+lat
a !+la
*ave been
$a!*in(
a 'i !+lat
1.1&.3. Caracteristicile substantivale ale infinitivului En roro&i-ie,
in'initivul )ndelinete de re(ul+ 'unc-iile unui !ub!tantiv. In'initivul e!te 'olo!it4
1# la )nceutul roo&i-iei4
a# cu 'unc-ie de !ubiect4 @o err i! *uman. A (rei e!te omene!c.
<ot+4 )n vorbirea curent+, !ubiectul e3rimat rintr7un in'initiv e!te anticiat de
ronumele it4 It i! Kuite ea!, to learn En(li!*. E!te de!tul de uor !+ )nve-i
en(le&ete.
b# ca element indeendent )n roo&i-ie, )n con!truc-ii arentetice4 to be !ure, to
ut it mildl,, to !ea% 'ran%l,, to tell t*e trut* etc.4 @o tell t*e trut*, I donAt li%e
*im.
8# du+ !ub!tantive )ndelinind 'unc-ia de atribut4 ;e i! not t*e man to do it. El
nu e!te omul "care# !+ 'ac+ ace!t lucru. <e$ bloc%! o' 'lat! $ill be built in t*i!
area in t*e ,ear! to come. En anii ce vor veni !e vor con!trui noi blocuri de
locuin-e )n acea!t+ &on+.
<ota4 :nele dintre ace!te !ub!tantive rovin din verbele de la 1.1B.0., ct.64
attemt, deci!ion, intention, $i!* etc.4 ;e announced *i! deci!ion to re!i(n. Li7a
anun-at *ot+rrea de a demi!iona.
0# du+ verbe modale, ca arte a redicatului4
a# in'initivul lun(, du+4 ou(*t "to#, *ave "to#, be "to#, u!ed "to# i uneori du+
dare i need "ve&i 1.8M.B. i 1.8M.11.#, ca arte a redicatului4 >e *ave to (et u
earl, ever, da,. @rebuie !+ ne !cul+m devreme )n 'iecare &i.
b# in'initivul !curt, du+ can, ma,, mu!t, need, dare, !*all/!*ould, $ill/$ould4 Nou
!*ould !ee a doctor. Ar trebui !+ mer(i la doctor.
D# du+ verbe coulative ")n !ecial be#, )ndelinind 'unc-ia de nume redicativ4
@o !ee *er i! to li%e *er. A o vedea )n!eamn+ a o l+cea.
B# ca o comlinire a unor ad.ective care e3rim+ !t+ri !u'leteti, 'olo!ite
redicativ4 a'raid, certain, content, ea(er, (lad, lea!ed !orr,, !ure, $ron( etc.4
;e i! ea(er to *el ,ou. E!te dornic !+ te a.ute. IAm ver, (lad to *ave !een t*em.
Sunt 'oarte bucurod c+ i7am v+&ut.
6# du+ verbe tran&itive4 arran(e, attemt, decide, learn, o''er, romi!e, re'u!e,
$ant, $i!* etc. )ndelinind 'unc-ia de comlement direct.
a# !in(ure4 @*e, *ave decided to reeat t*e e3eriment. Au *ot+rt !+ reete
e3erien-a.
b# )n con!truc-ia Acu&ativ cu in'initiv, du+ verbe e3rimnd o activitate mintal+
"believe, con!ider, t*in% etc.#, ermi!iunea "allo$, ermit#, un ordin !au o
ru(+minte "order, command, reKue!t, be(, a!% etc.#4 >e reKue!ted t*em to
comlete t*e !urve,. =e7am cerut !+ termine anc*eta.
pag: 044
c# Aten-ie5 9u+ verbele de erce!ie4 *ear, !ee, $atc*, notice, ob!erve, erceive
i du+ *ave, let i ma%e )n con!truc-ia Acu&ativ cu in'initiv "ve&i 1O.0.1.# !e
'olo!ete in'initivul !curt4 I *eard t*em come. I7am au&it venind. I made *er $or%
*arder. Am '+cut7o !+ muncea!c+ mai mult.
<ot+4 1. Perbul notice oate 'i urmat i de in'initivul cu to4 I noticed t*em "to#
come. I7am ob!ervat venind.
8. Perbele de la ct.6 c#!unt urmate de in'initivul cu to )n tran!'ormarea a!iv+ a
con!truc-iei Acu&ativ cu in'initiv 7 <ominativ cu in'initiv4 @*e, $ere *eard to
come. S*e $a! made to $or% *arder.
H# )n con!truc-ia In'initivul cu 'or 7 to4 @*e, $ere an3iou! 'or *er to be(in *er
!on(. Erau ner+bd+tori ca ea !+7i )ncea+ cntecul.
O# )n con!truc-ia <ominativ cu in'initiv4 @*e, $ere reKue!ted to comlete t*e
!urve,. =i !7a cerut !+ termine anc*eta.
9# du+ verbe tran&itive !au intran&itive, )ndelinind 'unc-ia de comlement
circum!tan-ial de !co4 I came to tal% to ,ou. Am venit "ca# !+ !tau de vorb+ cu
tine.
<ot+4 In'initivul cu 'unc-ie de comlement circum!tan-ial de !co oate 'i
recedat de in order to, !o a! to4 ;e reetead t*e ne$ $ord! ever,da, 9in order#
not to 'or(et t*em. Reeta cuvintele noi )n 'iecare &i ca !+ nu le uite.
1M# entru a )nlocui o roo&i-ie !ubordonat+, recedat de un ronume/adverb
intero(ativ, !au de o con.unc-ie4
S*o$ me $*ere to (o "J $*ere I mu!t (o#.
;e *a! told me $*at to bu, "J $*at I mu!t bu,#.
*o$ to do it. "J *o$ I !*ould do it#.
<ot+41. Perbul %no$ cu !en!ul de Qa ti cum !+ ...R e!te urmat de *o$2in'initiv4
S*e %no$! *o$ to cativate *er audience. Ltie cum !+7i cative&e auditoriul.
8. Ior(et, learn i teac* !unt 'olo!ite )n mod !imilar4 S*e tau(*t me *o$ to catc*
butter'lie!. 17a )nv+-at cum !+ rind 'luturi.
11# Farticula to oate 'i 'olo!it+ entru a )nlocui un verb care a 'o!t de.a
men-ionat4 A4 =etA! (o. B4 I donAt $ant to. A4 ;ai !+ mer(em. B4 <u vreau "!+
mer(em#. S*e bou(*t t*e boo% alt*ou(* I *ad told *er not to. Ea a cum+rat
cartea dei i7am !u! !+ n7o cumere.
1.1&.4. Traducere. In'initivul !e traduce de obicei )n limba romn+ rintr7o
roo&i-ie !ubordonat+4 I $ant to !ee *er. Preau !7o v+d. ;e could come. A utut
!+ vin+.
1.1'. Forma (n "in) (Te "in) Form$
1.1'.1. Iorma )n 7in( rere&int+ dou+ 'orme verbale di!tincte4 articiiul )n 7in( i
Gerund7ul. Ace!tea au 'orm+ identic+, utnd 'i di'eren-iate numai du+ 'unc-iile
e care le )ndeline!c )n roo&i-ie, e ba&a determin+rilor e care le au.
Iorma )n 7in( !e con!truiete din in'initivul verbului de con.u(at, la care !e
adau(+ termina-ia 7in(4 read 2 7in( J readin(C $rit$ 2 7in( J $ritin(C cr, J 7in(
J cr,in(C lie 2 7in( Jl,in(C !it 2 7in( J !ittin(. "Fentru orto(ra'ierea ace!tei 'orme
verbale, ve&i 1.1M.B.#.
pag: 045
Iunc-iile )ndelinite de cele dou+ 'orme verbale deriv+ din caracteri!ticile lor4
articiiul )n 7in( are caracteri!tici verbale i ad.ectivale4 ;e i! !leein(. El
doarme. @*e !leein( c*ild. Coilul care doarme. iar Gerund7ul, caracteri!tici
verbale i !ub!tantivale4 >e *ad t*e adavanta(e o' $or%in( in a 'actor, near our
!c*ool. Am avut avanta.ul !+ lucr+m )ntr7o 'abric+ ln(+ coala noa!tr+. >or%in(
in a 'actor, i! u!e'ul 'or our 'uture career!. 1unca )n 'abric+ e!te 'olo!itoare
entru viitoarea noa!tr+ ro'e!iune.
1.16.8. Farticiiul )n 7in( !au articiiul re&ent "t*e 7in( Fartcile, t*e Fre!ent
Farticile# e3rim+ o ac-iune )n de!'+urare !au o !tare nele(ate de un a(ent rin
cate(oriile de er!oan+ !au num+r.
1.16.0. Caracteri!ticile verbale ale articiiului )n 7in(. a# Farticiiul )n 7in( are
cate(oriile (ramaticale de tim i diate&+4
Participiul (n "in) (timp *i diate+,$
@im 9iate&+
activ+ a!iv+
Present participle
Farticiiul Fre&ent
Present Participle
Farticiiul Fer'ect
reading
citind
having read
citind
being read
'iind citit
heaving been read
'iind citit
Farticiiul re&ent e3rim+ o ac-iune !imultan+ cu verbul la mod er!onal din
roo&i-ie4 Runnin( acro!! t*e ar%, *e *eard !omebod, call *i! name. En tim ce
traver!a arcul )n 'u(+, a au&it e cineva !tri(ndu7l e nume.
Farticiiul er'ect
0
!e 'ormea&+ din articiiul re&ent al verbului *ave din
articiiul trecut al verbului de con.u(at. El e3rim+ o ac-iune anterioar+ verbului
redicativ din roo&i-ie4 ;avin( run acro!! t*e ar%, *e 'elt tired. 9u+ ce a
traver!at arcul )n 'u(+ !7a !im-it obo!it.
6
Farticiiul er'ect "Fer'ect Farticile# i articiiul trecut "Fa!t Farticile# nu !unt una i aceeai
'orm+ verbal+.
Farticiiul er'ect rere&int+ 'orma er'ect+ a articiiului )n 7in( indicnd o ac-iune !+vrit+
anterior ac-iunii e3rimate de verbul redicativ4 ;avin( 'ini!*ed t*e boo%, *e $ent to bed.
9eoarece / 9u+ ce a terminat cartea, !7a du! la culcare.
Farticiiul trecut rere&int+ alt+ 'orm+ verbal+, li!it+ de cate(oria de tim i care denumete
ac-iunea ca re&ultat4 @*e 'urniture made in Romania i! e3orted to man, countrie!. 1obila
'abricat+ )n Romnia e!te e3ortat+ )n mute -+ri.
Farticiiul trecut intr+ )n !tructura 'ormei din articiiu er'ect4 ;avin( made a u!e'ul !u((e!tion,
*e *ad our !uort. 9eoarece a '+cut o rounere util+, "el# !7a bucurat de !ri.inul no!tru.
b# Farticiiul )n 7in( e!te 'olo!it entru 'ormarea a!ectului continuu al verbelor4
@*e, are (oin( *ome. Se duc aca!+. I $a! la,in( c*e! $*en t*e tele*one ran(.
Sucam a* cnd a !unat tele'onul.
c# Fe lan !intactic, articiiul )n 7in( oate avea !ubiect, comlement direct
"du+ verbe tran&itive# i comlemente circum!tan-iale , ca i 'ormele er!onale4
I !a$ *im readin( an En(li!* boo% in t*e librar,. =7am v+&ut citind o carte
en(le&ea!c+ la bibliotec+.
1.1'.4. Caracteristicile ad-ectivale ale participiului (n "in). Farciciiul )n
7in( oate 'i 'olo!it i ca ad.ectiv. El !e aea&+ )naintea !ub!tantivului, dac+ !e
accentuea&+ latura !a ad.ectival+ i du+ !ub!tantiv, dac+ latura verbal+ e!te
mai evident+4 All !leein( c*ildren are beauti'ul "!leein( J not a$a%e#. @o-i coii
adormi-i !unt 'rumoi. @*e c*ild !leein( in t*e ne3t room i! m, bab, brot*er
"!leein( J $*o i! !leein(#. Coilul care doarme )n camera al+turat+ e!te
'r+-iorul meu.
pag: 046
1.1'.&. Func.iile sintactice ale participiului (n "in). Farticiiul )n 7in( e!te
'olo!it "!in(ur !au recedat de con.uc-ii, )n !ecial $*en !au $*ile#4
1# )n e3re!ii arentetice4 (enerall, !ea%in( J )n (eneral, .ud(in( b,
aearance! J .udecnd du+ aaren-eC be(innin( $it* Setember 1B J
)ncend cu 1B !etembrie, con!iderin( t*e circum!tance! J lund )n
con!iderare condi-iile. Sud(in( b, aearance!, nobod, i! to blame. Sudecnd
du+ aaren-e nimeni nu e!te vinovat.
8# ca nume redicativ, du+ verbele !tand, !it, lie4 S*e S@669 (a&in( at t*e
bri(*tl, lit !*o $indo$!. Se uita cu admira-ie la vitrinele viu luminate.
0# ca )nlocuitor al unor roo&i-ii !ubordonate, )ndelinind )n roo&i-ie 'unc-ia
de4
a# atribut4 S*e loo%ed at t*e c*ildren la,in( in t*e (arden "J $*o $ere la,in(#4
Se uita la coii care !e .ucau )n (r+din+.
b# arte dintr7un comlement direct comle3 "Acu&ativ cu articiiu )n 7in(#4 S*e
*eard !omebod, %noc%in( at t*e door. "J t*at !omebod, $a! %noc%in(#. A au&it
e cineva b+tnd la u+.
c# comlement circum!tan-ial, mai ale! de4
7 tim4 Arrivin( at t*e !tation, *e !tarted loo%in( 'or *i! 'riend "J $*en *e
arrived...# So!ind la (ar+, a )nceut !+7i caute rietenul.
7 cau&+4 ;avin( read t*e boo%, *e $a! able to comment on ir. "J A! *e *ad read
t*e boo%...# 9eaorece citi!e cartea, a utut !+ o comente&e.
7 )mre.ur+ri )n!o-itoare4 S*e came out o' t*e room $earin( a lon( evenin( dre!!.
"S*e came out... S*e $a! $earin(...# A ieit din camer+ urtnd o roc*ie lun(+ de
!ear+.
<ot+4 E3rimarea comlementului circum!tan-ial rintr7un articiiu )n 7in( e!te o
tr+!+tur+ caracteri!tic+ en(le&ei literare. En vorbire !e re'er+ roo&i-iile
!ubordonate "Pe&i arante&ele#.
1.16.6. @raducere. Farticiiul )n 7in( !e traduce )n limba romn+ rintr7un (erun&iu
!au rintr7o roo&i-ie !ubordonat+4 Fa!!in( t*e !*o, *e !a$ *i! mot*er in!ide.
@recnd / En tim ce trecea rin 'a-a ma(a&inului, o v+&u e mama !a )n+untru.
*'*=' !orma :ing ca Gerun/ #T$e Gerun/&
1.1/.1. Caracteristicile verbale ale formei 0erund. Gerund are, la 'el ca i
articiiul )n 7in(, caracteri!tici verbale4
a# are cate(oriile (ramaticale de tim i diate&+4
9iate&a activ+4
Gerund4 I en.o, learnin( En(li!*. Emi lace !+ )nv+- en(le&a.
Fer'ect Gerund4 ;e denie! *avin( ta%en t*e boo%!. <ea(+ c+ a luat c+r-ile.
pag: 047
9iate&a a!iv+4
Gerund4 ;e canAt !tand bein( interruted. <u oate !u'eri !+ 'ie
)ntrerut.
Fer'ect Gerund4 ;e denie! *avin( been invited to t*e art,. <ea(+ c+ a 'o!t
invitat la
etrecere.
Gerund denumete de re(ul+ o ac-iune !imultan+ cu ac-iunea verbului redicativ
"cu e3ce-ia !itua-iilor )n care Gerund7ul e!te recedat de reo&i-ia be'ore !au
a'ter#.
@*e teac*er en.o,ed ta%in( t*e c*ildren to t*e mu!eum la!t Sunda,. Fro'e!orului
i7a '+cut l+cere !+7i duc+ e coii la mu&eu duminica trecut+.
Iorma er'ect+ "Fer'ect Gerund# denumete o ac-iune anterioar+ verbului
redicativ. Acea!t+ 'orm+ e!te mai rar 'olo!it+ dect Gerund i ea aare mai ale!
du+ verbul den,4 ;e 9E<IES *avin( !een *er. <ea(+ c+ a v+&ut7o.
En ca&ul altor verbe, mai ale! remember, e3cu!e, 'or(ive, t*an% i du+
reo&i-iile on, a'ter, $it*out, raortul de anterioritate oate 'i e3rimat i de
Gerund.
I canAt remember doin( t*i! e3erci!e be'ore.
I canAt remember *avin( done t*i! e3erci!e be'ore.
<u 7mi aminte!c !+ mai 'i '+cut ace!t e3erci-iu.
I t*an%ed *im 'or *elin( me.
I t*an%ed *im 'or *avin( *eled.
I7am mul-umit c+ m7a a.utat.
<ot+4 Sen!ul a!iv al Gerund7ului e!te redat de obicei rin 'orma a!iv+4 @*e
c*ildren en.oied bein( ta%en to t*e mu!eum. Coiilor le7a '+cut l+cere !+ 'ie du7
i la mu&eu. 9u+ verbele $ant, need, reKuire, de!erve, i du+ ad.ectivul $ort*
!e 'olo!ete )n!+ Gerund7ul activ entru redarea !en!ului a!iv4 Nour !*oe! <EE9
mendin(. @rebuie !+7-i reari anto'ii / Fanto'ii t+i trebuie reara-i. >*at i!
>6R@; doin( i! >6R@; doin( $ell. Ce merit+ '+cut merit+ '+cut bine.
b# Fe lan !intactic, Gerund oate avea !ubienct, comlement direct )n ca&ul
verbelor tran&itive, comlemente circum!tan-iale4 I canAt ima(ine *im drivin( a
car in t*i! $eat*er. <u mi7l ima(ine& conducnd maina e o a!emenea vreme.
1.1H.8. Caracteri!ticile !ub!tantivale ale 'ormei Gerund. Sre deo!ebire de
articiiul )n 7in(, care are i caracteri!tici ad.ectivale, Gerund are i caracteri!tici
!ub!tantivale4
a# oate 'i determinat de articole, ad.ective, !ub!tantive la ca&ul (enitiv !intetic4
@*e !ound o' a loud %noc%in( on t*e door interruted t*eir di!cu!!ion.
@*e !ound o' *er comin( in interruted t*eir di!cu!!ion.
@*e !ound o' a bab,A! cr,in( interruted t*eir di!cu!!ion.
<ot+4 9ac+ un verb tran&itiv 2 comlementul !+u direct e!te 'olo!it la Gerund
recedat de un articol, comlementul direct !e tran!'orm+ )ntr7un atribut
reo&i-ional cu o'.
Comara-i4 @*e !tran(*enin( o' eace and !ecurit, in Euroe i! an e!!ential
rereKui!ite 'or !tren(t*enin( eace and !ecurit, t*rou(*out t*e $orld. Ent+rirea
+cii i !ecur+t+-ii )n Euroa e!te o condi-ie e!en-ial+ entru )nt+rirea +cii i
!ecurit+-ii )n )ntrea(a lume.
pag: 048
@*e $rittin( o' boo%! ta%e! a (reat deal o' time.
>rittin( boo%! ta%e! a (reat deal o' time.
Scrierea c+r-ilor ia 'oarte mult tim.
b# e!te )ntrebuin-at du+ reo&i-ii4 AI@ER $al%in( 'or an *our, $e $ent to t*e
cinema. 9u+ ce ne7am limbat o or+, ne7am du! la cinema. ;e i! in t*e *abit 6I
(oin( 'i!*in( ever, $ee%. Are obiceiul / 6binuiete !+ mear(+ la e!cuit )n
'iecare !+t+mn+.
c# e lan !intactic, Gerund7ul )ndelinete 'unc-ii rorii !ub!tantivului
1# !ubiect4 Camin( i! t*e ideal $a, to !end a *olida,.
<ot+4 Subiectul e3rimat rin Gerund e!te ade!eori introdu! de un it anticiativ4
ItA! no (ood $orrin(. ItA! *oele!! tr,in( to (et t*i! car (oin(.
8# arte dintr7un redicat verbal, du+ verbele indicnd )nceutul be(in, !tartC
continuarea4 continue, (o on, %ee "on# i !'nitul ac-iunii4 !to, end, 'ini!*,
cea!e4
;e BEGA< !earc*in( 'or t*e document.
;e >E<@ 6< !earc*in( 'or t*e document.
;e II<ISC;E9 !earc*in( 'or t*e document.
0# nume redicativ "rar#4 Seein( i! document.
D# comlement direct4 Ianc, meetin( ,ou *ere 5
B# arte dintr7un comlement reo&i-ional4 ;e $a! !ucceeded in collectin( all
t*e material.
6# arte dintr7un comlement comle34
I can ima(ine *er (ettin( u!et.
I can ima(ine 1ar,A! (ettin( u!et.
H# arte dintr7un comlement circum!tan-ial "recedat de o reo&i-ie care indic+
i 'elul comlementului4
7 de tim4 A'ter c,clin( dou$n t*e avenue, *e turned ri(*t.
7 de mod4 ;e $on t*e cometition b, Kue!!in( all t*e an!$er!.
O# arte dintr7un atribut reo&i-ional4 I *ad t*e lea!ure o' travellin( $it* t*em.
1.1H.0. Entrebuin-area 'ormei Gerund
1# Iorma Gerund e!te 'olo!it+4
a# du+ reo&i-ii ca a'ter, be'ore, b,, 'or, 'rom, on etc., care indic+ rela-ii
temorale, cau&ale, de mod, de !co, etc.4 6< $a%in( u, *e 'ound *im!el' in a
*o!ital $ard. Cnd !7a tre&it !7a v+&ut )ntr7un !alon de !ital. Read ,our aer
a(ain BEI6RE *andin( it in. Citete )nc+ o dat+ lucrarea )nainte !+ o redai. NouAll
(et a tic%et I6R ar%in( *ere. Ai !+ rimeti amend+ entru c+ ai arcat aici. S*e
%ee! *ealt*, BN %eein( a !trict diet. Ei men-ine !+n+tatea -innd un re(im
!trict.
b# du+ +r-i de vorbire urmate )n mod obli(atoriu de anumite reo&i-ii4
7 !ub!tantive cu reo&i-ie obli(atorie4 7 doubt 2 aboutC 7 cau!e, rea!on 2 'orC 7
belie', con'idence, deli(*t, di''icult,, e3erience, 'ait*, intere!t, luc%, ride 2 inC 7
c*ar(e, 'avour, *abit, *oe, intention, oortunit,, oint 2 o'C 7 contribution,
ob.ection, oo!ition 2 toC etc. ;e *a! a lot o' ETFERIE<CE I< 'orei(n lan(ua(e
teac*in(. Are mult+ e3erien-+ )n redarea limbii !tr+ine.
pag: 049
7 ad.ective i articiii trecute cu reo&i-ie obli(atorie4 7 an(r,, an3iou!, certain,
ent*u!ia!tic, *a,, otimi!tic, lea!ed, !ure, $orried 2 aboutC 7 an(r,,
a!toni!*ed, bad, clever, deli(*ted, e3ert, (ood, lea!ed, !%i'ul, !urri!ed 2 atC 7
e3cellent, 'amou!, re!on!ible, !orr,, !uitable, u!e'ul 2 'orC 7 con!i!tent, correct,
dili(ent, e3erienced, e3ert, 'ortunate, *el'ul, intere!ted, late, romt, Kuic%,
con!ciou!, convinced, 'ond, (uilt,, roud, tired 2 o'C 7 ba!ed, deendent, intent,
%een 2 onC 7 accu!tomed, eKual, eKuivalent, oo!ed, u!ed 2 toC 7 anno,ed,
bored, content, deli(*ted, 'uriou!, di!aointed, *a,, lea!ed, !ati!'ied, !ic%,
u!et 2 $it*. I am 9E=IG;@E9 A@ *er $innin( t*e 'ir!t ri&e. Sunt )ncntat c+ a
cti(at remiul )nti.
I am :SE9 @6 (ettin( u earl,.
Sunt obinuit !+ m+ !col devreme.
7 verbe cu reo&i-ie obli(atorie4 7 comlain, dream, learn, $orr, 2 aboutC 7 aim,
*e!itate 2C 7 'i(*t, !tru((le 2 a(ain!tC 7 be(in, conclude, end 2 b,C 7 aolo(i&e,
care 2 'orC 7 revent, recover. re'rain, retire 2 'romC 7 believe, con!i!t, deli(*t,
articiate, !ucceed 2 inC 7 accu!e, arove, boa!t, comlain, con!it, *ear, t*in%
2 o'C 7 a(ree, concentrate, con(ratulate, count, decide, 'ocu!, in!i!t, live, rel, 2
onC 7 a(ree, contribute, loo% 'or$ard, ob.ect, re!ort 2 toC 7 a(ree 2 $it*.
I donAt AGREE @6 ,our leavin( earlier t*an t*e ot*er!.
I 6BSEC@ @6 ,our leavin( earlier t*an t*e ot*er!.
<u !unt de acord !+ leci mai devreme dect ceilal-i. I $onAt ;EAR 6I bu,in( a
ne$ @P !et. <u vreau !+ aud !+ cum+r+m un televi&or nou. IAm =66UI<G
I6R>AR9 @6 !eein( ,ou a(ain. Atet cu ner+bdare !+ te v+d din nou. @*e!e
mea!ure! C6<@RIB:@E @6 !tren(t*enin( eace and !ecurit,. Ace!te m+!uri
contribuie la )nt+rirea +cii i !ecurit+-ii.
8# Gerund e!te )ntrebuin-at du+ !ub!tantivul u!e )n contruc-ia it i! no u!e !au
t*ere i! no u!e i du+ ad.ectivul $ort*4 @*i! boo% i! >6R@; readin(. Acea!t+
carte merit+ citit+. I@AS <6 :SE tr,in( to mend t*e vacuum7cleaner. 9e(eaba
)ncerci !+ reari a!iratorul.
0# du+ verbe tran&itive4 admit, avoid, con!ider, den,, dete!t, di!li%e, e!cae,
'anc,, 'ini!*, (ive u, cannot *el, %ee "on#, donAt mind, mi!!, o!tone,
racti!e, ut o'', re!ent, re!i!t, ri!%, cannot !tand, !to, !u((e!t etc. Nou mu!t
AP6I9 bein( late in 'uture. @rebuie !+ evi-i !+ )ntr&ii )n viitor. ;e ;AS GIPE< :F
!mo%in(. S7a l+!at de 'umat. I CA<<6@ ;E=F lau(*in( at *i! .o%e!. <u ot !+ nu
rd la (lumele lui. I CA<<6@ S@A<9 bein( interruted in m, $or%. <u ot !u'eri
!+ 'iu )ntrerut din lucru.
D# du+ verbe e3rimnd o activitate mintal+4 'or(et, remember, under!tand etc
!au o !tare !u'letea!c+4 cannot bear, dread, *ate, li%e, love, ne(lect, re'er,
re(ret, etc. )n alternan-+ cu in'initivul4 I remember bein( di!aointed. Emi
aminte!c c+ am 'o!t de&am+(it. I ;A@E t*eir arrivin( late. <u7mi lace c+ )ntr&ie.
B# du+ verbe indicnd un roce!4 lan, tr,, underta%eC )nceutul4 be(in, !tartC
continuarea4 continue !au !'ritul ac-iunii4 cea!e, )n alternan-+ cu in'initivul.
@*e, S@AR@E9 comarin( note!.
@*e, C6<@I<:E9 comarin( note!.
@*e, CEASE9 comarin( note!.
pag: 050
1.1/.4. Traducere. Iorma Gerund nu are core!ondent er'ect )n limba romn+.
Ea !e traduce de obicei, )n 'unc-ie de conte3t, rin4
a# un (erun&iu4 ;e ented *i! !eec* b, t*an%in( ever,bod, 'or t*eir attention. Li7
a )nc*eiat cuvntarea mul-umind tuturor entru aten-ie.
b# un !ub!tantiv4 S$immin( %ee! ,ou 'it. Enotul te men-ine )n 'orm+.
c# o roo&i-ie !ubordonat+4 ;e i! 'ond o' readin( aloud. Ei lace !+ citea!c+ cu
(la! tare.
1.1/.&. Infinitivul cu to *i forma 0erund. In'initivul cu to i 'orma Gerund au
unele caracteri!tici !ub!ta!tantivale i verale comune, datorit+ c+rora4
a# ot avea4
7 !ubiect4 I $ant ,ou to (o 'ir!t. I canAt !tand @om interrutin( me all t*e timeC
7 comlement direct4 I intend to read t*i! tomorro$. I remember !endin( a
*olida, $it* t*em.
7 comlement circum!tan-ial4 >e $anted to (o to t*e t*eatre. ;e *ad t*e bene'it
o' !tud,in( at a Romanian univer!it,.
b# ot )ndelini acelelai 'unc-ii )n roo&i-ie4
7 !ubiect, nume redicativ4 @o !ee *er i! to li%e *er. Seein( i! believin(.
7 comlement direct4 I love to !$im in t*e !ea. I love !$immin(.
7 atribut reo&i-ional4 ;e *a! no de!ire to (o. ;e *a! no intention o' (oin( etc.
En alte ca&uri )n!+, numai una din cele dou+ 'orme e!te o!ibil+. Pom anali&a deci
ca&urile4
1# cnd !e 'olo!ete numai in'initivulC
8# cnd !e 'olo!ete numai 'orma GerundC
0# cnd !e oate 'olo!i !au in'initivul !au Gerund7ul i care !unt di'eren-ele de
!en!.
1.1H.6. Iolo!irea in'initivului cu to e!te obli(atorie4
a# du+ verbele enumerate la G1.1B.0. ct. 64 aran(e, a!%, attemt, c*oo!e,
decide, demand etc. 2 a(ree, aim, con!ent, determine, *oe, mana(e, etc.4
@*e, 9ECI9E9 to ma%e anot*er attemt.
@*e, AGREE9 to ma%e anot*er attemt.
@*e, C6<SE<@E9 to ma%e anot*er attemt.
b# du+ verbe, !ub!tantive !au ad.ective, entru a e3rima !coul4
>e *urried to e3lored t*e cave.
>e *ad no time e3lored t*e cave.
>e 'ound it e3citin( e3lored t*e cave.
c# )n con!truc-ia Acu&ativ cu in'initiv, du+ verbe care e3rim+ un ordin !au o
ru(+minte4
;e 6R9ERE9 u! to leave immediatel,.
;e REV:ES@E9 u! to leave immediatel,.
;e ASUE9 u! to leave immediatel,.
1.1/./. Folosirea formei 0erund este obli)atorie1
a# du+ verbele enumerate la G 1.1H.0. ct. 04 ;e AP6I9S mentionin( t*e
!ub.ect. >*, do ,ou F:@ 6II tellin( *er t*e trut* ? I 96<W@ 1I<9 doin( it a(ain.
b# du+ reo&i-ii4 BEI6RE (oin( out, !$itc* o'' t*e li(*t! lea!e. ;e i! %een 6<
readin( oetr,.
c# du+ ad.ectivele $ort*, li%e i du+ t*ere i! no4 ItA! >6R@; li!tenin( to *im.
@;ERE IS <6 accountin( 'or ta!te!.
pag: 051
1.1/.2. En alte !itua-ii !e oate 'olo!i 'ie In'initivul cu to i 'orma Gerund.
9eo!ebirile rinciale )ntre cele dou+ 'orme, )n anumite !itua-ii, !unt
urm+toarele4
a# Gerund indic+ )n (eneral, in'initivul 7 !+vrirea ac-iunii )n anumite
circum!tan-e4 ItA! no u!e to den, t*at I $a! 'ri(*tened at 'ir!t. <u are ro!t !+ ne(
c+ miJa 'o!t team+ la )nceut. ItA! no u!e cr,in( over !ilt mil%.
b# Gerund indic+ o ac-iune anterioar+ verbului la mod er!onal, in'initivul 7 o
ac-iune viitoare4 I remember (ivin( *er t*e arcel. Emi aminte!c c+ i7am dat
ac*etul. I mu!t remember to (ive *er t*e arcel. @rebuie !+ nu uit !+7i dau
ac*etul.
c# Gerund indic+ o ac-iune anterioar+, in'initivul 7 !coul ac-iunii e3rimate de
verbul redicativ4 ;e !toed readin(. S7a orit din citit. ;e !toed to read t*e
adverti!ement. S7a orit !+ citea!c+ reclama.
d# Gerund7ul !e re'er+ la o ac-iune deliberat+, in'initivul, la o ac-iune involuntar+4
S*e be(an !ea%in(. A )nceut !+ vorbea!c+. S*e be(an to $ee. A )nceut !+
ln(+, etc.
9eoa!ebirile de )ntrebuin-are dintre in'initiv i 'orma Gerund, detaliate e verbe,
!unt urm+toarele4
1.1/.2. 3eosebirile de (ntrebuin.are dintre infinitiv *i 0erund
Perb, 2 In'initiv 2 Gerund
Sub!tantiv,
Ad.ectiv
Sen! E3emlu Sen! E3emlu
*ate, li%e,
di!li%e,
re'er
7 cu re'erire
la o anumit+
oca&ie4
I *ate to (et
u earlu, on
1onda,!.
I li%e to (o
to concert!
conducted
b, Ion Poicu.
7 ac-iune
v+&ut+ )n
(eneral4
I *ate
(ettin( u
earl,.
I li%e (oin(
to concent!.
remember
'or(et
7 ac-iune
o!terioar+4
I mu!t
remeber to
o!t t*e
letter.
I 'or(ot to
*one *er
la!t ni(*t.
7 ac-iune
anterioar+4
I remember
o!tin( t*e
letter.
IAll never
'or(et
!eein( *er
dance.
re(ret 7 ac-iune
!imultan+
cu re(retul4
I re(ret to
!a, it $a!nAt
true.
7 ac-iune
anterioar+4
I re(ret
!a,in( it
$a!nAt true.
be(in
cea!e
7 ac-iune
involuntar+
It be(an to
rain $*ile
t*e, $ere
$al%in(.
;e be(an to
7 ac-iune
deliberat+4
;e be(an
$ritin( $*en
*e $a! 'i't,.
reali&e *i!
mi!ta%e.
!to 7 !coul
ac-iunii4
;e !toed
to tal% to
*er. "J in
order to
tal%#
7 )ncetarea
ac-iunii4
;e !toed
tal%in(. ";e
became
!ilent#.
continue,
dread, 'ear,
intend,
ne(lect
7 'recvent )n
vorbire i )n
e3rimarea
!cri!+
'amiliar+4
I intend to
!end t*e
*olida,! at
t*e !ea!ide.
7 )n limba
!cri!+,
literar+4
I intend
!endin( m,
*olida,! at
t*e !ea!ide.
de!erve,
need,
reKuire,
$ant
2 in'initiv
a!iv4
;i!
!tatement
need! to be
c*ec%ed.
7 con!truc-ia
cu Gerund
mai
'recvent+
dect cu
in'initivul
a!iv4
Nour !*oe!
need
mendin(.
tr, 7 a )ncerca,
a 'ace un
e'ort4
@r, to $rite
$it* ,our
le't
*and.",our
ri(*t *and i!
in la!ter#
7 a trece
rin, a
e3erimenta
4
I tried
$rittin( $it*
m, le't *and
$*en I $a!
a c*ild.
mean 7 a
inten-iona4
I meant to
tell ,ou, but
I 'or(ot.
7 a )n!emna4 ;i! comin(
tomorro$
mean!
mot*erA!
$or%in(
e3tra *ard
toda,.
allo$,
ermit
2
comlement
indirect al
er!oanei4
;e doe!nAt
allo$ /
ermit
uil! to
tal% durin(
te!t!.
7 '+r+
comlement
indirect4
;e doe!nAt
allo$ /
ermit
tal%in(
durin( te!t!.
oortunit, 2 verbul be
J un
moment
convenabil,
oca&ie4
@*.i! $ill be
a (ood
oortunit,
"'or ,ou# to
meet *im.
7
o!ibilitate4
I *ad t*e
oortunit,
o' meetin(
*im.
a'raid 7 )ntr7o
anumit+
!itua-ie4
IAm a'raid to
di!turb *im
at t*i! late
*our.
7 )n (eneral4 I canAt la,
record! *ere
a! IAm a'raid
o' di!turbin(
*im.
pag: 052
1.1H.9.E3i!t+ i !itua-ii )n care 'olo!irea in'initivului cu to !au a Gerund7ului nu
imlic+ di'eren-e mari de !en!4
a# :nele !ub!tantive, ca ambition, c*an(e, c*ar(e, *onour, intention, o!!ibilit,,
ot 'i urmate 'ie de in'initiv, 'ir de o' 2 Gerund4 >e *ad t*e ;6<6:R 6I meetin(
t*e (reat !inb(er. Am avut onorea de a 'i re&enta-i marei cnt+re-e. I do not
*ave t*e ;6<6:R to belon( to t*i! a!!ociation. <u am onoarea de a 'i membru
al ace!tei a!ocia-ii. S*e *ad no I<@E<@I6< 6I (oin( on t*e tri. <u avea nici o
inten-ie !+ mear(+ )n e3cur!ie. S*e le't at ei(*t, $it* t*e I<@E<@I6< to (o to bed
earl,. A lecat la O cu inten-ia !+ !e culce devreme.
b# :nele !ub!tantive, ad.ective !au verbe ot 'i 'olo!ite uneori '+r+ reo&i-ie, i
atunci !unt urmate de un in'initiv, iar alteori cu reo&i-ie i atunci !unt urmate
de un Gerund4 S*e AGREE9 to come. A 'o!t de acord !+ vin+4 I AGREE @6 *er
comin(. Sunt de acord !+ vin+. >e 9ECI9E9 to vi!it t*e e3*ibition. Am *ot+rt !+
vi&it+m e3o&i-ia. >e 9ECI9E9 6< vi!itin( t*e e3*ibition. Nou $ere Kuite RIG;@
to re'u!e *i! o''er. Ai avut dretate !+7i re'u&i o'erta. S*e $a! RIG;@ I< re'u!in(
*im. "Ea# a '+cut bine c+ l7a re'u&at.
Aten-ie la urm+toarele !itua-ii care re&int+ de!eori di'icult+-i entru elevii
romni4
a# mana(e 2 in'initivC !ucceed 2 in 2 GerundC ;e 1A<AGE9 to !et ever,t*in(
ri(*t, dar4 ;e S:CCEE9E9 I< !ettin( ever,t*in( ri(*t.
b# aim 2 in'initivC aim 2 at 2 Gerund4
@*i! boo% AI1S to (ive de!crition o' t*e !tructure o' re!ent 7 da, En(li!*.
@*i! boo% AI1S A@ (ivin( de!crition o' t*e !tructure o' re!ent 7 da, En(li!*.
c# occa!ion 2 in'initivC oortunit, 2 o' 2 Gerund4 I *oe I $onAt *ave 6CCASI6<
"J rea!on 'or / need to# to uni!* ,ou. Ser c+ nu voi avea motive !+ te
ede!e!c. I' I *ave 6CCASI6< to meet *im, IAll (ive *im ,our me!!a(e. 9ac+ am
motiv !+7l )ntlne!c, am !+7i tran!mit me!a.ul t+u. I' I *ave an 6FF6R@:<I@N 6I
meetin( *im, IAll *im ,our me!!a(e. 9ac+ !e ivete vreo oca&ie / 9ac+ am
o&ibilitatea !+7l )ntlne!c am !+7i tran!mit me!a.ul t+u.
d# "un#able 2 in'intivC "un#caable 2 o' 2 Gerund4 ;e $a! ":<#AB=E to do it. ;e
$a! ":<#CAFAB=E 6I doin( it.
pag: 053
1.12. Participiul trecut (Te Past Participle$
1.12.1. Farticiiul trecut e!te 'orma neer!onal+ a verbului care denumete
ac-iunea ca re&ultat.
Farticiiul trecut al verbelor re(ulate !e 'ormea&+ de la in'initiv, la care !e
adau(+ termina-ia 7ed4 li!ten 7 li!tened, move 7 moved, carr, 7 carried, !to 7
!toed, etc.
"Fentru articilarit+-ile 'onetice i orto(ra'ice ale 'ormei )n 7ed, ve&i G1.6.0.#
Fentru 'orma de articiiu trecut a verbelor nere(ulate, ve&i li!ta rincialelor
verbe nere(ulate, .18 7 16.
1.12.2. Caracteristicile verbale ale participiului trecut1
a# Farticiiul trecut e!te 'olo!it la 'ormarea diate&ei a!ive, )mreun+ cu verbul
be4 Ire!* 'ruit and ve(etable! are !old *ere. Aici !e vnd 'ructe i le(ume
roa!ete.
b# Farticiiul trecut e!te )ntrebuin-at la 'ormarea timurilor er'ecte ale verbelor,
)mreun+ cu verbul au3iliar *ave4
Fre!ent Fer'ect4 ;e *a! read t*e boo%. El a citit cartea.
Fa!t Fer'ect4 ;e *ad read t*e boo%. El citi!e cartea.
Iuture Fer'ect4 ;e $ill *ave read t*e boo%. El va 'i citit cartea.
Fa!t Conditional4 ;e $ould *ave read t*e boo%. El ar 'i citit cartea.
<ot+4 Perbul (o i mai rar come ot reda idea de er'ect re&ent i re!ectiv de
mai7mult7ca7er'ect, cu a.utorul verbului be la re&ent !au Fa!t @en!e ")n loc de
au3iliarul *ave#4 @*e lumber i! come. A !o!it in!talatorul. @*e Kue!t $ere (one.
1u!a'irii leca!er+.
1.12.3. Caracteristicile ad-ectivale ale participiului trecut. Farticiiul trecut
are i caracteri!tici ad.ectivale, utnd 'unc-iona ca un ad.ectiv )n roo&i-ie.
Sublinierea, 'ie a naturii verbale a articiiului trecut, 'ie a celei ad.ectivale,
reie!e din o&i-ia ace!tuia.
Cnd !e accentuea&+ caracterul verbal, articiiul urmea&+ !ub!tantivul,
'unc-ionnd ca un )nlocuitor al unei roo&i-ii relative4 @*e t*in(! not $anted
$ere (iven a$a, "J $*ic* $ere not $anted#.
Cnd e!te accentuat a!ectul ad.ectival al articiiului, el !e aea&+ )naintea
!ub!tantivului4 @*e!e are ortrait! o' $anted er!on!.
1.12.4. 4ten.ie 5 :nele verbe au 'orme !eciale entru articiiile trecute
'olo!ite ad.ectival4
a# articiiul unor verbe re(ulate "a(ed, beloved, learned, cur!ed, ble!!ed# )i
!c*imb+ ronun-ia, ad+u(nd un XidY !ilabic4
pag: 054
Farticiiul trecut Ad.ectiv din articiiu4
;e $a! a(ed.????
;e $a! beloved ???? b, *i!
!tudent!.
;e *a! learned ???? t*i! le!!on.
;e i! an a(ed ???? man.
6ur beloved ???? countr,.
;e i! a learned ???? man.
b# :nele verbe nere(ulate au 'orme la articiiul trecut4 una 'olo!it+ ca articiiu,
cealalt+ ca ad.ectiv "care oate a+rea 'ie !in(ur, 'ie )n anumite combina-ii#4
Farticiiu trecut4 Ad.ectiv din articiiu4
@*e little c*ild $a! beaten b, t*e
bi((er bo,!.
;e $a! dead7beat "mort de
obo!eal+# a'ter t*e da,A! $or%.
>e *ave drun% too muc* co''ee.
@*e !teel *a! melted.
@*e tree $a! !truc% b, li(*tnin(.
@*e la$n $a! mo$n/mo$ed
,e!terda,.
S*e *a! !e$n/!e$ed a dre!!.
;e *a! .u!t !*aved.
@*e, *ave !*ourn/!*eared t*e
!*ee.
@*e !*irt *a! !*run%.
@*e !*i *a! !un%.
;e *a! !o$n/!o$ed t*e 'ield.
;e *a! !ilt/!illed t*e mil%.
@*e, *ave !oilt/!oiled t*e c*ild.
@*e, *ave $or%ed *ere.
A drun%en man i! unlea!ant to
loo% at. "'olo!irea atributiv+ a
ad.ectivului# dar i4 ;e $a! *al' 7
drun%.
"'olo!irea redicativ+ a
ad.ectivului#
1olten !teel.(old/lava "atributiv#,
entru metale, dar4 melted
butter/!no$.
;e $a! (rie' !tric%en "'olo!it
redicativ#.
;e $a! anic !tric%en "'olo!it
redicativ#.
;e $a! terror !tric%en "'olo!it
redicativ#.
;e $a! !tric%en $it* 'ever.
1o$n (ra!!/*a, "doar atributiv#
A *and!e$n dre!!.
A clean!*aven man.
A !*orn lamb.
S*run%en clot*e!.
Sun%en e,e!.
So$n !eed!.
Silt mil%.
A !oilt c*ild.
>rou(*t ironC $rou(*t7u nerve!.
1.12.&. Func.iile sintactice ale participiului trecut. Farticiiul trecut
)ndelinete 'unc-iile !intactice de4
a# atribut4 @*ere i! t*e =o!t Froert, 6''ice. Acolo e!te biroul de obiecte (+!ite.
b# nume redicativ4 ;e $a!, imre!!ed b, *er %indne!!. A 'o!t imre!ionat de
bun+tatea ei.
c# arte dintr7un comlement direct comle3 "Acu&ativ cu articiiu trecut#4 I
$ant it done immediatel,. Preau ca acea!ta !+ 'ie '+cut+ imediat.
d# arte dintr7un comlement circum!tan-ial "de tim, cau&+, condi-ie,
comara-ie#, de!eori recedat de con.unc-iile $*en, i', a! i'/a! t*ou(* etc.4 Struc%
$it* t*e emotion in *i! tone, !*e turned and loo%ed at *im.Imre!ionat+ de
emo-ia care !e !im-ea )n vocea lui, "ea# !e )ntoar!e i7l rivi. S*e %et !ilent AS II
u&&led b, m, $ord!. @+cea ca i cnd cuvintele mele i7ar 'i !trnit nedumerirea.
1.1O.6. @raducere. Farticiiul trecut !e traduce de obicei )n limba romn+ rintr7un
articiiu !au rintr7o roo&i-ie !ubordonat+4 ;e loo%ed at t*e cler% bent over
t*e aer!. Frivi la 'unc-ionarul alecat e!te *rtii. @*e rearation! 'or t*e
birt*da, art, comleted, I $ent out to bu, a birt*da, coo%. 9u+ ce am
terminat re(+tirile entru aniver!are, am ieit !+ cum+r un tort.
pag: 055
1.12./. Con-u)area verbului call
@imul 9iate&a activ+ 9iate&a a!iv+
A!ectul
!imlu
A!ectul
continuu
A!ectul
!imlu
A!ectul
continuu
Indicativul
re&ent
I call I am callin( I am called I am bein(
called
Fer'ectul
re&ent
I *ave called I *ave been
callin(
I *ave been
called
7
Fa!t @en!e I called I $a! callin( I $a! called I $a! bein(
called
1ai mult ca
er'ect
I *ad called I *ad been
callin(
I *ad been
called
7
Piitorul
aroiat
I am (oin(
to call
I am (oin(
to be callin(
I am (oin(
to be called
7
Piitorul
!imlu
I !*all/$ill
call
I !*all/ $ill
be callin(
I !*all/$ill
be called
7
Piitorul
er'ect
I !*all/
$ill *ave
called
I !*all/$ill
*ave been
callin(
I !*all/$ill
*ave been
called
7
Sub.onctivul I call
I !*ould call
etc.
I be callin(
I !*ould be
callin( etc.
I be called
I !*ould be
called etc.
7
Condi-ionalu
l re&ent
I !*ould/
$ould call
I
!*ould/$oul
d be callin(
I
!*ould/$oul
d be called.
7
Condi-ionalu
l trecut
I !*ould/
$ould *ave
called
I
!*ould/$oul
d *ave been
callin(
I
!*ould/$oul
d *ave been
called
7
Imerativul =et me call 5
Call 5
=et me bbe
callin( 5
Be callin( 5
=et me be
called 5
Be called 5
7
In'initivul
re&ent
call be callin( be called 7
In'initivul
er'ect
*ave called *ave been
callin(
*ave been
called
7
Farticiiul
re&ent i
Gerund
callin( 7 bein( called 7
Farticiiul i
Gerund7ul
er'ect
*avin(
called
7 *avin( been
called
7
Farticiiul
trecut
called 7 called 7
pag: 056
1.16. #erbele au7iliare (4u7iliar8 #erbs$
1.16.1. Perbele au3iliare au urm+toarele caracteri!itici4
1# !unt (olite de !en! le3ical4 I !*all leave a'ter *e come!. Poi leca du+ ce vine
el.
<ot+4 :nele verbe au3iliare "$ill/$ould, !*all/!*ould, ma,/mi(*t# ot 'i 'olo!ite i
ca verbe modale4 Nou !*ould !ee t*i! 'ilm. @rebuie !+ ve&i 'ilmul ace!ta.
Alte verbe au3iliare ot 'i 'olo!ite i ca verbe no-ionale, avnd un !en! le3ical
roriu )n anumite conte3te4 I *ave a boo%. Am o carte. 9o t*i! tran!lation,
lea!e, $ill ,ou. I+ te ro( acea!t+ traducere.
8# )ndeline!c 'unc-ia de marc+ a cate(oriilor (ramaticale de diate&+, mod, tim,
er!oan+ i num+r la verbele e care le )n!o-e!c4 S*e $a! o''ered 'lo$er!. I !7au
o'erit 'lori.
0# )nlocuie!c verbele no-ionale )n r+!un!urile !curte i )ntreb+rile di!.unctive "la
'el ca i verbele modale#4 A4 9o ,ou li%e t*i! boo% ? B4 Ne!, I do. ;e *a! $ritten a
(ood como!ition, *a!nAt *e ?
D# din unct de vedere al ronun-+rii i orto(ra'iei, verbele au3iliare aar ade!ea
!ub 'orme redu!e, contra!e, ele 'iind de obicei neaccentuate )n vorbire. Iolo!irea
'ormelor contra!e e!te caracteri!tic+ vorbirii curente i e3rim+rii 'amiliare )n
!cri!.
<ot+4 :nele 'orme contra!e !unt caracteri!tice e3rim+rii dialectale !au vorbirii
necultivate. ;e ainAt no 'ool "J ;e i! no 'ool# El nu e ro!t deloc.
Ele aar ca 'orme incorecte din unct de vedre (ramatical )n raort cu limba
!tandard.
1.16.2. Forme contrase con!tau )n !crutarea berbelor au3iliare la 'orma
a'irmativ+ i a ne(a-iei not la 'orma ne(ativ+4 IAve (ot a boo%. I *avenAt (ot a
boo%.
6 'orm+ contra!+ oate avea mai multe valori4 ;eA! come J ;e *a! come. ;eA!
*ere J ;e i! *ere.
Iormele contra!e ale verbelor au3iliare i modale "la a'irmativ i la ne(ativ cu
adverbul not contra!# !unt urm+toarele4
1.16.2. Forme verbale contrase
Iorma contra!+ En loc de Iorma contra!+ En loc de
Wve "iAve, ,ouAve
etc.#
W! "*eA! etc.#
Wd
Wm "IAm#
*ave
1# *a! 8# i!
1# *ad
8# !*ould
0# $ould
am
are
*avenAt
*adnAt
i!nAt
arenAt
$a!nAt
$erenAt
*ave not
*ad not
i! not
are not
$a! not
$ere not
Wre ",ouAre etc.#
Wll "IAll, ,ouAll
etc.#
donAt
doe!nAt
didnAt
canAt
couldnAt
mu!tnAt
1# !*all
8# $ill
do not
doe! not
did not
cannot
could not
mu!t not
!*anAt
!*ouldnAt
$onAt
$ouldnAt
darenAt
neednAt
letA!
QlemmeR
QainAtR
!*all not
!*ould not
$ill not
$ould not
dare not
need not
let u!
let me
1# am not
8# i! not
pag: 057
Aten-ie 5 Iormele contra!e ale verbelor au3iliare la a'irmativ nu ot 'i 'olo!ite4
a# )n r+!un!urile !curte4 ;a! *e (ot a ne$ bic,cle ? Ne!, *e *a!.
b# )n roo&i-ii intero(ative4 S*all $e (o to cinema ? >*ere did *e (o ?
c# )n artea 'inal+ a )ntreb+rilor di!.unctivale4 ;e $a!nAt t*ere, $a! *e ?
d# cnd !unt accentuate, entru !ubliniere4 ;e $a! at t*e con'erence. I did !ee
*im t*ere.
1.16.3. 9e% :as;:ere% been (a fi$. Perbul be, Fa!t @en!e4 $a!, $ere, articiiul
trecut been, aare )n !tructura4
a# a!ectului continuu "be 2 articiiul re&ent#4
9iate&a activ+ 9iate&a a!iv+
In'initive4 be readin(
Fre!ent4 ;e i! readin(.
Fa!t4 ;e $a! readin(.
Iuture4 ;e $ill be readin(.
Conditional4 ;e $ould be readin(.
In'initive Fer'ect4 ;ave been
readin(.
Fre!ent Fer'ect4 ;e *ad been
readin(.
Iuture Fer'ect4 ;e $ill *ave been
readin(.
Conditional Fer'ect4 ;e $ould
*ave been readin(.
I i! bein( read.
It $a! bein( read.
7
7
7
7
7
7
b# a diate&ei a!ive "be 2 articiiul trecut#4
In'initive4 be read. Fer'ect In'initive4 *ave been read
Gerund4 bein( read. Fer'ect Gerund4 *avin( been read.
Fre!ent4 It i! read. Fre!ent er'ect4 It *a! been read.
Fa!t4 It $a! read. Fa!t Fer'ect4 It *ad been read.
Iuture4 It $ill be read. Iuture Fer'ect4 It $ill *ave been read.
Conditional4 It $ould be read. Conditional Fer'ect4 It $ould *ave been read.
1.16.4. <ave% ad% ad (a avea$. Perbul *ave, Fa!t @en!e4 *ad, articiiul
trecut4 *ad, aare, att la diate&a activ+, ct i la cea a!iv+, )n !tructura
'ormelor er'ecte4
9iate&a activ+ 9iate&a a!iv+
Fer'ect In'initive4 *ave read
Fer'ect Gerund4 *avin( read.
Fre!ent Fer'ect4 ;e *a! read.
Fa!t Fer'ect4 ;e *ad read.
Iuture Fer'ect4 ;e $ill *ave read.
Conditional Fer'ect4 >e $ould
*ave read.
*ave been read
*avin( been read
It *a! been read
It *ad been read
It $ill *ave been read
It $ould *ave been read
1.16.&. =all% sould =all% =ould aare4
a# la ambele diate&e, )n !tructura timurilor viitoare, modul indicativ i ale
timurilor modului condi-ional, la er!oana I !in(ular i lural4
9iate&a activ+ 9iate&a a!iv+
Iuture4 I !*all (ive
Iuture Fer'ect4 I !*all *ave (iven.
Conditional4I !*ould (ive
Conditional Fer'ect4 I !*ould *ave
(iven
I !*all be (iven
I !*all *ave been (iven
I !*ould be (iven
I !*ould *ave been (iven
<ot+4 S*ould 2 in'initiv e!te 'olo!it i ca viitor7)n7trecut "Iuture in t*e Fa!t#4 I !aid
I !*ould do it. Am !u! c+ am !7o 'ac.
b# la toate er!oanele, entru 'ormarea !ub.onctivului analitic4
ItA! !tran(e t*at t*e, !*ould be *ere no$.
ItA! !tran(e t*at t*e, !*ould *ave been *ere.
1.16.'. Will% :ould intr+ )n comonen-a acelorai 'orme verbale ca i !*all,
!*ould "viitor i condi-ional#, la er!oanele a II7a i a III7a !in(ular i lural, iar )n
vorbire, i la er!oana I !in(ular i lural4
9iate&a activ+4 9iate&a a!iv+4
Iuture4 ;e $ill (ive.
Iuture Fer'ect4 ;e $ill *ave (iven.
Conditional4 ;e $ill (ive.
Conditional Fer'ect4 ;e $ould
*ave (iven.
;e $ill be (iven.
;e $ill *ave been (iven.
;e $ould be (iven.
;e $ould *ave been (iven.
<ot+4 >ould 2 in'initiv e!te 'olo!it i ca viitor7)n7trecut4 ;e !aid be $ould do it. A
!u! c+ o !7o 'ac+.
1.16./. 1a,, mi(*t aare )n !tructura !ub.onctivului analitic, 'olo!it mai ale! )n
roo&i-iile circum!tan-iale de !co4 ;urr, u, !o t*at $e ma, arrive in time.
Gr+bete7te ca !+ a.un(em la tim. @*e, *urried !o t*at t*e, mi(*t arrive in
time. S7au (r+bit ca !+ a.un(+ la tim.
1.16.2. >et aare )n !tructura imerativului, er!oana I i a III7a !in(ular i
lural4
=et me t*in% 5
=et u! t*in% 5
=et *im t*in% 5
=et t*em t*in% 5
1.16.6. a# 3o% does% 'orma de Fa!t @en!e did% intr+ )n alc+tuirea 'ormei
intero(ative i ne(ative a verbelor no-ionale la timul Fre!ent Simle, re!ectiv
Fa!t @en!e Simle4 9o ,ou live in t*i! to$n ? =ocuieti )n ace!t ora ? 9oe! *e
$or% *ere ? =ucrea&+ aici ? 9id *e attend t*i! !c*ool ? A urmat acea!t+ coal+ ? I
donAt li%e it. ;e doe!nAt under!tand. @*e, didnAt (o.
<ot+4 1. Perbul au3iliar be rimete au3iliarul do la imerativul ne(ativ4 9onAt be
!ill, 5 <u 'i ro!t"u-# 5
8. Perbul *ave 'ormea&+ intero(ativul i ne(ativul cu a.utorul lui do )n en(le&a
vorbit+ i )n varianta american+ a limbii en(le&e4 I donAt *ave enou(* time to do
t*i!. <7am de!tul tim ca !+ 'ac a!ta.
b# 9o aare )n !tructura 'ormei ne(ative a modului imerativ4
9onAt li!ten to t*at non!en!e.
9onAt letA! li!ten to t*at non!en!e.
c# 9o e!te )ntrebuin-at entru !ublinierea redicatului la 'orma a'irmativ+ a
indicativului, timurile re&ent i Fa!t @en!e i a imerativului, )n care !itua-ie
e!te accentuat4 S*e doe! ma%e all *er dre!!e! *er!el'. Entr7adev+r )i 'ace toate
roc*iile !in(ur+. 9o read t*i! letter to me. Citete7mi te ro(, !cri!oarea.
pag: 059
1.2?. #erbele modale (@odal #erbs$
1.2?.1. Perbele modale e3rim+ atitudinea vorbitorului 'a-+ de enun-, ac-iunea
din cadrul ace!tuia 'iind v+&ut+ ca o!ibil+, robabil+, nece!ar+, obli(atorie, de
dorit etc.4 It mi(*t rain later. S7a utea !+ lou+ mai tr&iu. Nou mu!t meet *im at
t*e !tation. @rebuie !+7l ate-i la (ar+.
9in unct de vedere al caracteri!ticilor 'ormale, verbele modale en(le&eti !e
)mart )n4
1# verbe no-ionale e3rimnd modalitatea "$ant, $i!*, order, obli(e, advi!e,
intend, mean, re'er, etc.# care !e comort+ ca celelalte verbe no-ionale4 ;e
$ant! to !ee t*e la,. Prea !+ vad+ ie!a. 9onAt obli(e *im to do t*i!. <u7l obli(a
!+ 'ac+ a!ta.
8# verbe modale de'ective "9e'ective 1odal Perb!# "can/could, ma,/mi(*t, mu!t,
*ave to, !*all/!*ould, $ill/$ould, ou(*t to, be to, u!ed to, need, dare#, care
e3rim+ de a!emenea modalitatea, dar care din unct de vedere 'ormal, re&int+
anumite caracteri!tici.
<ot+4 @ermenul de verbe modale 'olo!it e arcur!ul lucr+rii !e re'er+ la verbele
modale de'ective.
1.2?.2. Caracteristicile verbelor modale. Perbele modale au urm+toarele
caracteri!itici4
a# !unt de'ective, adic+ le li!e!c anumite 'orme verbale. En con!ecin-+, nu ot 'i
con.u(ate la toate modurile i timurile.
Iormele e care le au verbele modale ot 'i 'olo!ite entru redarea mai multor
timuri i moduri. Can, ma,, mu!t, need i dare, de e3emlu, e3rim+ indicativul
re&ent4 I can *el ,ou.
9ac+ ele !unt )n!+ urmate de un adverb de tim viitor, ac-iunea e3rimat+ de
verbul la in'initiv !e re'er+ la un moment viitor4 I can onl, *el ,ou ne3t $ee%.
Am !+ te ot a.uta abia !+t+mna viitoare.
Iormele aarent trecute ale verbelor modale au valori4
7 de Fa!t @en!e, condi-ional i !ub.onctiv "could, $ould, mi(*t#4 I could !%ate $*en
I $a! a c*ild. Ltiam !+ atine& cnd eram coil. I could *el ,ou i' ,ou $anted me
to. A utea !+ te a.ut dac+ ai dori. S*e lent *im t*e camera !o t*at *e could ta%e
*oto! on t*e tri. I7am )mrumutat aaratul de 'oto(ra'iat ca !+ 'ac+ 'oto(ra'ii
)n e3cur!ie.
<ot+4 1i(*t oate 'i 'olo!it cu valoare de Fa!t @en!e doar )n vorbirea indirect+4
S*e !aid ,ou mi(*t (o.
7 de condi-ional i !ub.onctiv "!*ould#4 I !*ould li%e to come tomorro$ i' ,ou donAt
mind. A dori !+ vin mine, dac+ nu te deran.ea&+. ;e demanded $e !*ould
come t*e ne3t da,. A cerut !+ venim a doua &i.
7 la unele 'orme care le li!e!c, verbele modale !unt )nlocuite de eri'ra&e
modale, de anumite con!truc-ii cu !en! modal "1odal EKuivalent!#4 can 7 be able
toC mu!t 7 *ave toC ma, 7 be allo$ed to/ermitted to4
Fre!ent4 Nou ma, (o no$. Fo-i / Ai voie !+ leci acum.
Fa!t @en!e4 ;e $a! allo$ed (o to. I !7a ermi! / dat voie !+ lece.
Fa!t Fer'ect4 ;e *ad been allo$ed to (o out and la, be'ore t*e, le't. I !e
ermi!e!e !+ ia!+ a'ar+ !+ !e .oace )nainte ca ei !+ lece.
b# nu rime!c ! la er!oana a III7a !in(ular "cu e3ce-ia lui be to i *ave to#4 ;e
mu!t !ee t*i! la,. @rebuie !+ vad+ acea!t+ ie!+.
c# 'ormea&+ intero(ativul i ne(ativul '+r+ a.utorul au3iliarului do/did "cu e3ce-ia
lui *ave to#4 1u!t ,ou do t*i! ? @rebuie !+ 'aci a!ta ? S*e cannot !$im. <u tie !+
)noate, dar4 9o ,ou *ave to t,e t*at reort ? @rebuie !+ dactilo(ra'ie&i raortul ?
pag: 060
d# !unt urmate de in'initivul !curt al verbelor no-ionale "cu e3ce-ia lui be to,
*ave to, ou(*t to#4
S*e can coo%. Ltie !+ (+tea!c+, dar4 ;e *a! to (et u earl, ever, da,. @rebuie !+
!e !coale devreme )n 'iecare &i.
Cnd !unt urmate de in'initivul re&ent, verbele modaKle !e re'er+ la o ac-iune
re&ent+ !au viitoare4 ;e mi(*t be t*ere no$. S7ar utea ca el !+ 'ie acolo acum.
S*e mi(*t come later. Ea !7ar utea !+ vin+ mai tr&iu.
Cnd !unt urmate de in'initivul re&ent, verbele modale !e re'er+ la o ac'-iune
re&ent+ !au viitoare4 ;e mi(*t be t*ere no$. S7ar utea ca el !+ 'ie acolo acum.
S*e mi(*t come later. ea !7ar utea !+ vin+ mai tr&iu.
Cnd !unt urmate de in'initivul er'ect, ac-iunea e3rimat+ de verbul no-ional
are un caracter trecut, de anterioritate4 ;e mi(*t *ave been *ere be'ore $e
arrived. S7ar utea !+ 'i 'o!t aici )nainte !+ !o!im noi.
e# e lan !intactic, verbele modale de'ective alc+tuie!c un redicat verbal
comu! )mreun+ cu un alt verb la in'initiv4 Nou can bu, a @P7!et in in!talment!.
Fo-i !+ cumeri un televi&or )n rate.
En cadrul redicatului verbal comu!, verbele modale )ndeline!c o 'unc-ie dubl+4
7 'unc-ia (ramatical+ de marc+ a timului4 ;e can !%ate no$. Ltie !+ atine&e
acum. ;e could !%ate $*en *e $a! a c*ild. Ltia !+ atine&e cnd era coil.
7 'unc-ia le3ical+ de e3rimare a modalit+-ii4 S*e can t,e. Ltie !+ bat+ la main+.
Nou neednAt t,e t*i!. <u e!te nevoie !+ ba-i a!ta la main+.
1.2?.3. C4! ; CAB>3. Can e!te 'olo!it entru toate er!oanele la indicativ
re&ent.
Could e!te 'olo!it entru toate er!oanele la Fa!t @en!e i !ub.onctiv7condi-ional.
Can/could oate e3rima4
1# caacitatea "'i&ic+ !au intelectual+# de e'ectuare a unei ac-iuni4 @om can !ea%
t*ree 'orei(n lan(ua(e!. @om tie trei limbi !tr+ine. I could run 'a!ter t*an ,ou
la!t ,ear. Futeam !+ aler( mai reede dect tine anul trecut.
<ot+4 Can urmat de un verb de erce-ie !en&orial+ "!ee, *ear etc,# core!unde
a!ectului continuu al verbului re!ectiv4 I can !ee t*e car no$. I can *ear
'oot!te!.
Can e3rimnd caacitatea 'i&ic+ !au intelectual+ "abilit,# e!te )nlocuit de be able
to/be caable o'/%no$ *o$ to4
Fre&ent4 I can !%i no$/I am able to !%i no$. "mai u-in 'recvent#
Fa!t @en!e4 I could !%ate $*en I $a! a c*ild. Ltiam !+ atine& cnd eram coil.
"caacitatea de a atina )n (eneral#. Alt*ou(* it $a! ver, cold ,e!terda,, $e
$ere able to !%ate 'or an *our. 9ei a 'o!t 'oarte 'ri( ieri, am reuit !+ atin+m o
or+. "caacitatea de a atina 7 mani'e!tat+ )n anumite condi-ii, )n !ecial
ne'avorabile#.
Piitor4 IAll be able to !%ate ne3t ,ear.
Condi-ional4 >ould ,ou be able to mana(e b, ,our!el' i' it $a! nece!!ar, ?
Could ,ou mana(e b, ,our!el' i' it $a! nece!!ar, ?
@e7ai utea de!curca !in(ur dac+ ar 'i nevoie ?
Aten-ie 5 9i'eren-a de !en! )ntre could i $a!/$ere able to !e ierde la ne(ativ
!au cu verbe de erce-ie4
I couldnAt !%i ,e!terda, a! t*e $eat*er $a! ver, bad.
I $a!nAt able to !%i ,e!terda, a! t*e $eat*er $a! ver, bad.
I couldnAt !ee *im in t*e dar%.
I $a!nAt able to !ee *im in t*e dar%.
pag: 061
8# Can e!te 'olo!it entru a e3rima ermi!iunea, ca o alternativ+ a lui man, )n
e3rimarea 'amiliar+4 A4 Can I borro$ ,our umbrella ? B4 6' cour!e ,ou can. Fot
!+ iau umbrela ta ? 9e!i(ur.
Could e!te 'olo!it entru a e3rima ermi!iunea )n trecut4 6n Sunda,! $e could
!ta, in bed until ten oAcloc%. 9uminic+ aveam voie !+ !t+m )n at n+ la ora 1M.
En ace!t !en!, can/could oate 'i )nlocuit de be allo$ed to, be ermitted to4 6n
Sunda,! $e $ere allo$ed to !ta, in bed until ten oAcloc%.
0# Fo!ibilitatea datorit+ circum!tan-elor !e e3rim+ a!t'el4
Fre&ent4 Nou can !%i at Fredeal no$. @*ere i! enou(* !no$.
Fa!t @en!e4 >e could !%i at Fredeal la!t ,ear. @*ere $a! enou(* !no$.
Piitor4
It $ill be o!!ible 'or ,ou to !%i at Fredeal, t*ere $ill be lent, o' !no$ in
9ecember.
Nou $ill be able to !%i at Fredeal, t*ere $ill be lent, o' !no$ in 9ecember.
Iorme de condi-ional4 ItA! 'o((,. @*e airort could be clo!ed. I' *e *ad enou(*
mone, *e could bu, a bic,cle.
D# Can/could !unt 'olo!ite entru a e3rima4 o cerere, ru(+minte oliticoa!+4 Can
,ou $ait a 'e$ moment! ?
Could e!te mai olitico! dect can.
B# Could 2 in'initivul er'ect e!te 'olo!it entru a e3rima caacitatea nereali&at+
de e'ectuare a unei ac-iuni )n trecut4 S*e could *ave *eled me. "But !*e didnAt#.
Ar 'i utut !+ m+ a.ute.
6# CanAt/couldnAt 2 in'initivul re&ent al verbului be e3rim+ o deduc-ie ne(ativ+
de!re un eveniment re&ent4 A4 IAm *un(r,. B4 Nou canAt be *un(r,. NouAve .u!t
*ad ,our dinner.
CanAt/CouldnAt 2 in'initivul er'ect e3rim+ o deduc-ie ne(ativ+ de!re un
eveniment trecut4 A4 9id Ann t,e t*e reort ?
B4 S*e canAt/couldnAt *ave t,ed it. S*e *a!nAt learned to t,e ,et.
1.2?.4. @4C;@I0<T. 1a, e!te 'olo!it la toate er!oanele cu valoare de indicativ
re&ent i viitor.
1i(*t e!te 'olo!it entru toate er!oanele cu valoare de condi-ional i !ub.onctiv.
1i(*t e!te )ntrebuin-at cu valoare de Fa!t @en!e doar )n vorbirea indirect+. QIt
ma, rain laterR. , *e !aid. ;e !aid it mi(*t rain later.
1a, e!te 'olo!it4
1# entru a cere "a# !au a acorda "b# ermi!iunea "mai o'icial dect can#4
a# 1a, I (o ? Fot !+ lec ?
b# Nou ma, (o. Fo-i !+ leci.
Iorma ne(ativ+ de neacordare a ermi!iunii de ma, not, rar ma,nAt4 A4 1a, I (o
out ? B4 <o, ,ou ma, not.
1u!t not "mu!nAt# e!te 'olo!it entru a e3rima interdic-ia, mai ale! )n
re(ulamente, in!truc-iuni4 Nou mu!tnAt $al% on t*e (ra!!. <u c+lca-i e iarb+.
Ec*ivalentul modal entru e3rimarea ermi!iunii e!te be allo$ed to / be
ermitted to4
;e $a! allo$ed to (o. I !7a ermi!/I !7a dat voie !+ lece.
;e $a! ermitted to (o. I !7a ermi!/I !7a dat voie !+ lece.
pag: 062
8# 1a,/mi(*t oate e3rima o cerere, o ru(+minte oliticoa!+ "ma, e!te mai
olitico! i o'icial dect can/could#4 1a, I u!e ,our *one ? Emi da-i voie !+ dau
tele'on ?
Iolo!irea lui mi(*t )n ace!t !en! indic+ un (rad de ne!i(uran-+ mai mare dect
ma, "cu rivire la r+!un!#4 1i(*t I u!e ,our *one ? A utea !+ dau un tele'on ?
0# 1a,/mi(*t 2 in'initivul re&ent e3rim+ o o!ibilitate re&ent+ !au viitoare ")n
!au du+ momentul vorbirii#4
;e ma, come toda,. Se oate !+ vin+ a&i.
;e mi(*t come tomorro$. S7ar utea !+ vin+ mine.
1i(*t e!te 'olo!it4
a# entru a e3rima o o!ibilitate mai )nde+rtat+ "!7ar utea...#
b# du+ un verb trecut, )n vorbirea indirect+4 ;e !aid *e mi(*t come.
c# )n 'ra&e con-innd !ubordonate condi-ionale4 I' ,ou !*outed, *e mi(*t *ear
,ou. 9ac+ ai !tri(a, !7ar utea !+ te aud+.
=a 'orma intero(ativ+ i ne(ativ+, ma, e3rimnd o!ibilitatea e!te )nlocuit de
con!truc-iile do ,ou t*in% 2 re&ent / viitor !au be li%el, 2 in'initiv4
9o ,ou t*in% *eAll come toda, ? Cre&i c+ o !+ vin+ a!t+&i ?
I! *e li%el, to come toda, ? Cre&i c+ o !+ vin+ a!t+&i ?
1a,/mi(*t 2 in'initivul er'ect e!te 'olo!it entru a e3rima o !ecula-ie de!re o
ac-iune trecut+4
;e ma, *ave arrived. Se oate !+ 'i !o!it.
;e mi(*t *ave arrived. S7ar utea !+ 'i !o!it.
D# 1i(*t mai e!te 'olo!it4
a# )n cereri in!i!tente !au atunci cnd vorbitorul e!te iritat de ne)ndelinirea unei
ac-iuni "mi(*t 2 in'initivul re&ent#4 Nou mi(*t (ive me a co, o' t*at aer.
"Flea!e (ive me a co,. IAm anno,ed t*at ,ou *avenAt (iven me one.#
b# entru a e3rima iritarea, reroul )n le(+tur+ cu nee'ectuarea unei ac-iuni
trecute "mi(*t 2 in'initivul er'ect#4 Nou mi(*t *ave told me $*at *ad *aened.
Ai 'i utut !+7mi !ui ce !7a )ntmlat.
1.2?.&. @B=T ; <4#D TA ; !DD3. 1u!t e!te 'ol!it la toate er!oanele, la
indicativul re&ent i viitor.
;ave to e!te 'olo!it ca )nlocuitor a lui mu!t e3rimnd obli(a-ia, iar need e!te
'olo!it cu valoare de re&ent i viitor, mai ale! )n roo&i-ii ne(ative i
intero(ative.
1u!t !e 'olo!ete entru a e3rima4
1# obli(a-ia4 @*e, mu!t !to becau!e t*e tra''ic li(*t i! red no$.
1u!t e3rimnd obli(a-ia oate 'i )nlocuit de *ave to !au Wve (ot to.
;APE @6. Entre mu!t i *ave to e3i!t+ urm+toarele di'eren-e de !en!4
a# 1u!t e3rim+ o obli(a-ie imu!+ de c+tre vorbitor, e cnd *ave to e3rim+ o
obli(a-ie imu!+ din e3terior4 I mu!t (o. "ItA! m, deci!ion#. >e *ave to (o. "@*e
!*o i! clo!in(#.
b# 1u!t e3rim+ o obli(a-ie imortant+, ur(ent+4 I mu!t be at t*e *o!otal at
t$o. ItA! mo!t imortant.
;ave to e3rim+ o obli(a-ie obinuit+, reetat+ "*abitual obli(ation#4 I *ave to be
at t*e *o!ital at !even oAcloc% ever, mornin(. I be(in $or% ar !even.
Fre&ent4 Nou mu!t !ta, in bed 'or a 'e$ da,!. NouAve (ot 'lu. Nou *ave to !ta, in
bed $*en ,ou *ave 'lu.
pag: 063
Fa!t @en!e4 ;e *ad to !ta, in bed la!t $ee%. ;e $a! Kuite ill.
Piitor4 Nou mu!t !ta, in bed tomorro$ i' ,ou donAt 'eel better. NouAll *ave to !ta,
in bed $*en ,ou 'eel 'everi!* a(ain.
;APE G6@ @6
En vorbirea 'amiliar+, !e adau(+ (ot la *ave to, iar *ave !e contra(e ob-inndu7!e
IAve (ot/I *avenAt (ot to *one *er.
Acea!t+ 'orm+ e3rim+ de obicei obli(a-ia )mlinirii unei !in(ure ac-iuni.
Iorma mu!t not "mu!tnAt# e3rim+ interdic-ia, !au un !'at la re&ent !au viitor4
Nou mu!t not move. Nou mu!tnAt $al% on t*e (ra!!. Nou mu!tnAt mi!! t*at 'ilm, it
i! ver, (ood.
=i!a obli(ativit+-ii !e e3rim+ cu a.utorul lui neednAt, !au not *ave to/not need
to4
Nou neednAt come earl,.
Nou donAt *ave to come earl,.
Iorma ne(ativ+ a lui *ave to e3rim+ o obli(a-ie e3tern+ !au reetat+, *abitual+4
>e donAt *ave to (et u earl, Sunda,!. ">e donAt (o to !c*oool on Sunda,!#.
>e $onAt *ave to (et u earl, Sunda,!. ">e donAt (o to !c*oool on Sunda,!#.
<eed oate 'i 'olo!it la mai multe timuri "ca i not *ave to#4
Fre&ent4 A4 <eed I (o t*ere no$ ? B4 <o, ,ou neednAt. A4 9o I need to come ever,
da, ? B4 Nou donAt need to.
Fa!t @en!e4 9id ,ou need to (o t*ere ,e!terda, ? I didnAt need to (o.
Piitor4 Nou neednAt/$onAt need to (o t*ere tomorro$.
<ot+4 En roo&i-iile intero(ative, 'olo!irea lui need )n locul lui mu!t arat+ v+
vorbitorul !e ateat+ la un r+!un! ne(ativ4 A4 <eed I $a!* t*e di!*e! ? "I *oe
not.#
Aten-ie 5 <eed i neednAt !unt urmate de in'initivul !curt. Celelalte 'orme !unt
urmate de in'initivul lun(4 Nou neednAt *ave bou(*t t$o loave! o' bread. IAve
bou(*t a loa' m,!el'.
<ot+4 <eed oate 'i 'olo!it i ca verb rincial, )n!emnnd4 ;e need! *el. Are
nevoie de a.utor. 9id !*e need t*e dictionar, ? A avut nevoie de dic-ionar ?
8# 1u!t oate e3rima i deduc-ia lo(ic+4 S*e mu!t be at *ome. S*e le't an *our
a(o.
9educ-ia ne(ativ+ !e e3rim+ cu a.utorul lui cannot/canAt 2 in'initivul re&ent al
verbului to be4 S*e le't ten minute! a(o, !*e canAt be at *ome no$.
1u!t 2 in'initivul er'ect e3rim+ o deduc-ie lo(ic+ ")n re&ent# de!re o ac-iune
trecut+4 S*eA! (ot a ten in *er term aer. S*e mu!t *ave $or%ed ver, *ard.
9educ-ie lo(ic+ ne(ativ+ !e e3rim+ cu a.utorul lui canAt/couldnAt 2 in'initivul
er'ect4
S*e canAt *ave ba%ed t*i! ie. S*e canAt coo%.
S*e couldnAt *ave ba%ed t*i! ie. S*e canAt coo%.
En vorbirea indirect+ !e 'olo!ete mu!t !au *ave to du+ ca&, du+ un verb
declarativ la un tim trecut4 S*e !aid !*e $ould *ave to leave earl, in t*e
mornin( "obli(a-ie#. >e t*ou(*t !*e mu!t be ill. Am cre&ut c+ e!te bolnav+
"deduc-ie lo(ic+#.
pag: 064
1.2?.'. =<4>>;=<AB>3. S*all e!te 'olo!it4
1# entru a e3rima obli(a-ie, )n !til o'icial 7 acte, re(ulamente, etc. la er!oana a
II7a i a III7a4 @*e !eller !*all !ul, t*e !are art! in due time.
Pn&+torul va 'urni&a ie!ele de !c*imb )n tim util.
Pn&+torul e!te obli(at !+ 'urni&e&e ie!ele de !c*imb )n tim util.
8# S*all e!te 'olo!it )n roo&i-ii intero(ative, la er!oana I !in(ular !au lural4
a# entru a cere un !'at, o !u(e!tie, un ordin4 >*ere !*all $e ut t*e 'lo$er! ?
:nde !+ unem 'lorile ? S*all $e (o to t*e cinema toni(*t ? "Ce !ui#, mer(em la
cinema di!ear+ ? >*at !*all I do ? Ce trebuie !+ 'ac ?
b# entru a 'ace o o'ert+4 S*all I *el ,ou ? S+ te a.ut ?
S*ould e!te 'olo!it entru a e3rima4
1# obli(a-ia, nece!itatea lo(ic+ de )n'+tuire a unei ac-iuni, de obicei !ub 'orm+
de !'at de c+tre vorbitor4 @*e boo% i! ver, intere!tin(. Nou !*ould read it. Cartea
e 'oarte intere!ant+. Ar trebui !7o citeti. ;e !*ouldnAt tell lie!. <7ar trebui !+
mint+.
8# o re!uunere "indicnd un (rad de ne!i(uran-+ mai mare dect $ill#4 ;e
!*ould be t*ere b, no$. Ar trebui !+ 'i a.un! acolo de.a. ;e !*ould *ave le't b,
no$. Ar trebui !+ 'i lecat de.a.
0# S*ould e!te 'recvent 'olo!it )n roo&i-iile !ubordonate "ve&i ca. 8B#4
a# )n roo&i-ii !ubiective4 ItA! !tran(e t*at *e !*ould be*ave li%e t*at.
b# )n roo&i-ii comletive directe4 I !u((e!t $e !*ould leave at once.
c# )n roo&i-ii condi-ionate entru a e3rima o condi-ie mai u-in robabil+4 I'
!*e !*ould come, tell *er to $ait 'or me. 9ac+ !e )ntml+ !+ vin+, !une7i !+ m+
atete.
d# )n roo&i-ii de !co, )n aralel cu $ould4 S*e ut on *er !un (la!!e! !o t*at ne
one !*ould/$ould !ee *er tear!. Ei u!e oc*elarii de !oare ca !+ nu7i vad+ nimeni
lacrimile.
e# )n roo&i-ii de !co ne(ative, du+ le!t i uneori du+ in ca!e4 S*e $a! a'raid
in ca!e !*e !*ould !li on t*e ic, road. Ei era team+ !+ nu alunece e drumul
)n(*e-at.
S*ould 2 in'initivul er'ect e3rim+ ne)ndelinirea unei obli(a-ii !au a unei
ac-iuni )n trecut4Nou !*ould *ave !ent *er a tele(ram. >*, didnAt ,ou ? Ar 'i
trebuit !+7i trimi-i o tele(ram+. 9e ce n7ai '+cut7o ?
1.2?./. AB0<T TA. 6u(*t to indic+ obli(a-ia !au datoria, de obicei !ub 'orm+ de
!'at dat de c+tre vorbitor "la 'el ca !*ould#4
A4 Nou ou(*t to 'ini!* t*e boo% be'ore (oin( on *olida,. A4 Ar trebui !+ termini
cartea )nainte !+ leci )n vacan-+.
B4 I %no$ I !*ould. B4 Ltiu c7ar trebui.
E3rimarea unui !'at, a unei recomand+ri, !u(e!tii, rin ou(*t to/!*ould e!te mai
u-in uternic+ dect rin mu!t4 Comara-i4
Nou !*ould !ee a doctor. Ar trebui !+ te duci la doctor.
Nou ou(*t to !ee a doctor. Ar trebui !+ te duci la doctor.
Nou mu!t !ee a doctor. @rebuie !+ te duci la doctor.
6u(*t to 2 in'initivul er'ect e3rim+ o datorie ne)ndelinit+, o ac-iune care ar 'i
trebuit e'ectuat+ "la 'el ca !*ould#4
Nou ou(*t to *ave cro!!ed $*en t*e li(*t! $ere (reen.
Nou !*ould *ave cro!!ed $*en t*e li(*t! $ere (reen.
Ar 'i trebuit !+ traver!e&i cnd lumina !ema'orului era verde.
pag: 065
Nou ou(*tnAt to *ave cro!!ed $*en t*e li(*t! $ere red.
Nou !*ouldnAt *ave cro!!ed $*en t*e li(*t! $ere red.
<7ar 'i trebuit !+ traver!e&i e lumina roie a !ema'orului.
6u(*t to/!*ould r+mne ne!c*imbat )n vorbirea indirect+, du+ un verb la un
tim trecut.4
;e told me ,ou ou(*t to attent t*e con'erence.
;e told me ,ou !*ould attent t*e con'erence.
1i7a !u! c+ ar trebui !+ vii la con'erin-+.
1.2?.2. WI>>;WAB>3. >ill e!te 'olo!it entru a e3rima4
1# o comand+ imer!onal+ "!imilar cu mu!t, be to#4 Nou $ill come *ere at once.
Pino )ncoace imediat.
8# in!i!ten-a, *ot+rrea de a e'ectua o ac-iune4 ;e $ill !tud, c*emi!tr, $*atever
*i! 'at*er !a,!. Pa !tudia / e!te deci! !+ !tudie&e c*imia, indi'erent de +rerea
tat+lui !+u.
0# o ac-iune reetat+, un obicei al unei er!oane "$ill Q'recventativR#4 ;e $ill !it
on t*e benc* 'or *our! and (a&e at t*e !tar!. 6binuiete !+ !tea ore7n ir e
banc+ i !+ !e uite la !tele.
D# o invita-ie, )n roo&i-ii intero(ative, la er!oana a II7a4 >ill ,ou *ave anot*er
!an$ic* ? 1ai vrei / ia te ro( un !andvi.
B# o cerere !au ru(+minte "e un ton olitico!, dar mai autoritar dect $ould#4
>ill ,ou !i(n t*e re(i!ter ? P+ ro( !+ !emna-i )n re(i!tru.
6# o inten-ie !ontan+, neremeditat+, )n momentul vorbirii la er!oana I "de
obicei contra! )n Wll#4
A4 IAm t*ir!t,. B4 IAll 'etc* ,ou a (la!! o' $ater. A4 1i7e !ete. B4 S+7-i aduc un a*ar
cu a+.
>ill devine $ould !au in'initiv )n vorbirea indirect+, )n 'unc-ie !e !en!4
>ould e!te 'olo!it4
1# entru a e3rima o cerere, o ru(+minte oliticoa!+4
>ould ,ou do me 'avour ? Pre-i !+7mi 'ace-i un !erviciu ?
>ould ,ou do me a 'avour ? P+ ro( !+7mi 'ace-i un !erviciu ?
<ot+4 >ould li%e e!te de obicei 'olo!it )n locul lui $ant, 'iind o 'orm+ de e3rimare
mai oliticoa!+4
I $ould li%e to tal% to t*e mana(er.
I $ant to tal% to t*e mana(er.
A dori !+ vorbe!c cu directorul.
>ould ,ou li%e to tal% to *im no$ ? 9ori-i cu el acum ?
8# Ca 'orma de Fa!t @en!e a lui $ill, $oud e!te 'olo!it entru a e3rima4
a# inten-ia ")n vorbire indirect+#4 I !aid, QI $ill *el *erR. I !aid I $ould *el *er.
b# inten-ia ne(ativ+ "re'u&ul#4
Fre!ent4 ;e $onAt *el me. <u vrea !+ m+ a.ute.
Fa!t ten!e4 ;e $ouldnAt *el me. <u voia !+ m+ a.ute.
pag: 066
c# in!i!ten-a, *ot+rrea de a e'ectua o ac-iune )n trecut4 ;e $ould %ee !ilent 'or
*our!, no metter $*at ar(ument! I u!ed.
d# o activitate reetat+, un obicei )n trecut "$ould Q'recventativR#4 S*e $ould $ait
'or me in 'ront o' t*e !c*ool (ate!.
0# >ould e!te 'olo!it i entru a e3rima robabilitatea4 @*at $ould be t*eir car.
Frobabil c+ aceea e!te maina lor. "Ac eeaK trebuie !+ 'ie maina lor#.
Aten-ie 5 >ould 2 rat*er/!ooner 2 in'initivul !curt e!te 'olo!it entru a e3rima
re'erin-a4
I $ould rat*er li!ten to t*e concert t*an !ee t*e 'ilm.
I Wd !ooner li!ten to t*e concert t*an !ee t*e 'ilm.
A re'era !+ a!cult concertul dect !+ v+d 'ilmul.
1.2?.6. B=D3 TA. :!ed to e!te 'olo!it doar la Fa!t @en!e, entru a e3rima4
1# o ac-iune reetat+, un obicei trecut, care nu mai e!te racticat )n re&ent4 I
u!ed to !$im in t*e 6lt river $*en I $a! a c*ild, but I donAt do t*i! an, lon(er.
6binuiam !+ )not )n 6lt cnd eram coil, dar acum nu mai )not.
8# o ac-iune reetat+, un obicei trecut, care mai e!te racticat i )n re&ent4 @*e,
u!ed to !end t*eir *olida,! in t*e mountain!. "ItA! ver, li%el, t*e, !till do it.#.
Aten-ie 5 1. :!ed to oate 'i )nlocuit de $ould la !en!ul 8#. >ould e!te 'recvent4
@*e, $ould !end t*eir *olida,! in t*e mountain!.
Ei etreceau vacan-ele la munte.
6binuiau !+7i etreac+ vacan-ele la munte.
Aten-ie 5 :!ed to nu are 'orm+ la re&ent. Fentru a e3rima un obicei re&ent,
'olo!i-i re&entul !imlu4 I "u!uall,# !end m, *olida,! in t*e mountain!.
9e obicei )mi etrec vacan-ele la munte.
6binuie!c !+7mi etrec vacan-ele la munte.
1.2?.1?. 9D TA. Be to e!te 'olo!it entru a e3rima4
1# o comand+ !au in!truc-iuni )ntr7un mod imer!onal "de obicei la er!oana a III7
a#4
;e i! to !ta, *ere till $e return.
@rebuie Pa !ta !+ !tea aici n+ ne )ntoarcem.
:rmea&+ Pa !ta !+ !tea aici n+ ne )ntoarcem.
8# o ac-iune lani'icat+ "con!truc-ie de! 'olo!it+ )n limba.ul .urnali!tic#4 @*e
cometition i! to !tart in a $ee%A! time.
0# un ordin !au comand+, )n vorbirea indirect+4 ;e !a,!, Q>ait *ere till I comeR.
;e !a,! t*at I am to $ait *ere till *e come!.
=a Fa!t @en!e, be oate 'i urmat4
a# de un in'initiv re&ent4 ;e $a! to (o. :rma !+ lece.
roo&i-ie din care nu a'l+m dac+ ac-iunea lani'icat+ a 'o!t )ndelinit+ !au nuC
b# de un in'initiv er'ect, entru a e3rima o ac-iune l+nuit+ dar ne)ndelinit+4
;e $a! to *ave (one "but *e didnAt#.
pag: 067
1.2?.11. 34ED. 9are !e 'olo!ete cu !aen!ul de a )ndr+&ni, a avea cura.ul, )n
!ecial )n roo&i-ii intero(ative i ne(ative4 ;o$ dare ,ou contradict me ? Cum
)ndr+&neti !+ m+ contra&ici ? @*e bo, dared not tell *i! 'at*er $*at *e *ad done.
B+iatul n7a )ndr+&nit !+7i !un+ tat+lui !+u ce a '+cut.
=a a'irmativ, dare !e con.u(+ ca un verb rincial4
Fre&ent4 dare, dare!C
Fa!t @en!e4 dared.
=a ne(ativ i intero(ativ, dare oate 'i con.u(at ca un verb no-ional !au ca un
verb modal4 9are *e !ea% ? Endr+&nete !+ vorbea!c+ ? 9oe! *e dare "to#
!ea% ?
9are ca verb modal e!te urmat4
a# de in'initivul '+r+ to du+ 'orma invariabil+ dare "er!oana a III7a !in(ular !au
Fa!t @en!e#4 I $onder $*et*er *e 9ARE come. 1+ )ntreb dac+ va )ndr+&ni !+ vin+.
;e 'elt t*at *e 9ARE<A@ tr,. Li7a dat !eama c+ n7are cura.ul !+ )ncerce.
b# de in'initivul cu to, du+ articiiul re&ent !au du+ er!oana a III7a !in(ular4
<o$ *e dare! to attac% me 5 Acum )ndr+&nete !+ m+ atace 5
c# de in'initivul cu !au '+r+ to du+ 'orma de in'initiv a verbului, 'orma de Fa!t
@en!e dared i articiiul trecut4 ;e $ouldnAt dare "to# tell me t*i!. <7ar )ndr+&ni
!+7mi !un+ ace!t lucru. ;e dared "to# $rite uon t*e !ub.ect. A avut cura.ul !+
!crie de!re acea roblem+. ;e *ad never dared "to# a!% me. <u )ndr+&ni!e
niciodat+ !+ m+ )ntrebe.
Aten-ie 5 Perbul dare e!te urmat de in'initivul cu to cnd e!te 'olo!it ca verb
rincial4 ;e dared me to comete $it* *im. 17a rovocat la )ntrecere.
E`ERCI_II
I. 6rto(ra'ia-i urm+toarele verbe la er!oana a III7a !in(ular Fa!t @en!e, 'orma )n
7in( i articiiul trecut4
!tud,, l,, a,, $rite, !to, cut, travel, occur, die, d,e, re'er, $a!*, $atc*,(o to,
be(in, cr,, !ee, re(ret, 'ree, !*o$, !e$.
II. Fune-i verbele din arante&+ la timul otrivit.
1. =oo%5 It "rain#. @a%e ,ou umbrelle.
8. >*, "*e, drive# !o 'a!t toda,?
0. It "!tart# to rain $*ile !*e "$al%# in t*e ar% ,e!terda,.
D. @*e tele*one "rin(# .u!t a! *e "(o# out a 'e$ minute! a(o.
B. I' t*e $eat*er "be# 'ine tomorro$, $e "(o# on a tri to Foiana Braov.
6. >*at ",ou, (o# toni(*t ?
H. >*at time "t*e train leave#? It "leave# at O oAcloc% accordin( to !c*edule.
Re&olvare4
1. It i! rainin(.
8. I! *e drivin(C drive!C
0. !tarted, $a! $al%in(.
D. ran(, $a! (oin( outC
B. i!, !*all be !%iin(C
6. doe! t*e train leave, leave!C
H. are ,ou doin(C am loo%in(C *ave ,ou been loo%in(CcameC did ,ou cameC came.
III. @raduce-i )n limba en(le&+4
1. Flou+. Flou+ ade!ea toamna. 8. Flou+ de cnd ai venit. 0. A louat. D. A louat
i ieri. B. Floua cnd m7am uitat e 'erea!tr+. 6. St+ !+ lou+. H. Pom 'ace o
limbare du+ ce va 'i !tat loaia. O. <u vom mer(e )n arc dac+ nu va !ta loaia.
Re&olvare4
1. It i! rainin(. It o'ten rain! in autumn. 8. It *a! been rainin( !ince ,ou came. 0.
It *a! rained. D. It rained ,e!terda, too. B. It $a! rainin( $*en I loo%ed out o' t*e
$indo$. 6. I! loo%! li%e rain. H. >eAll (o 'or a $al% $*en t*e rain *a! !toed. O.
>e !*anAt (o 'or a $a% unle!! it !to! rainin(.
IP. @rece-i urm+toarele roo&i-ii la diate&a a!iv+, tran!'ormnd comlementul
er!oanei )n !ubiect.
E3emlu4 @*e, o''ered *er 'lo$er!.
S*e $a! o''ered 'lo$er!.
1. @*e (uide i! !*o$in( t*em t*e mu!eum.
8. @*e, *ave aointed *im re!ident.
0. S*e *a! (iven me a (ood dictionar,.
D. @*e, $ill tell ,ou $*at time t*e bu! leave!.
B. IAll a, t*e cartenter 'or *i! $or%.
6. ;e romi!ed t*em ne$ bic,cle!.
Re&olvare4
1. @*e, are bein( !*o$n t*e mu!eum. 8. ;e *a! been aointed re!ident. 0. I
*ave been (iven a (ood dictionar,. D. Nou $ill be told $*at time t*e bu! leave!.
B. @*e carender $ill be aid 'or *i! $or%. 6. @*e, $ere romi!ed ne$ bic,cle!.
P. @raduce-i urm+toarele roo&i-ii )n limba en(le&+, 'olo!ind verbe la diate&a
a!iv+4
1. Acea!t+ roblem+ trebuie anali&at+.
8. <u !7a dormit )n ace!t at.
0. Coiii au 'o!t bine )n(ri.i-i.
D. Cinele a 'o!t c+lcat de un autobu&.
B. Por rde de tine dac+ vei urta roc*ia a!ta.
Re&olvare4
1. @*i! matter mu!t be loo%ed into.
8. @*i! bed *a! not been !let in.
0. @*e c*ildren $ere $ell loo%ed a'ter.
D. @*e do( $a! run over b, a bu!.
B. Nou $ill be lau(*ed at i' ,ou $ear t*i! dre!!.
PI. En roo&i-iile de mai .o!, )nlocui-i, !ub.onctivul !intetic cu !ub.onctivul analitic
cu !*ould !au ma,4
E3emlu4
a# It i! nece!!ar, t*at *e !and t*e letter at once.
It i! nece!!ar, t*at *e !*oul !end t*e letter at once.
b# >*oever t*e $oman be, ,ou mu!t !end 'or a doctor.
>*oever t*e $oman ma, be, ,ou mu!t !end 'or a doctor.
1. Iat*er in!i!ted t*at *i! !on read boo%! in Romania *i!tor,.
8. It i! imerative t*at t*e, e3ceed roduction.
0. @*e doctor recommended t*at t*e old $oman %ee to bed 'or a 'e$ da,!.
D. =on( !*e be *a,.
B. @*e c*airman demanded t*at roo!al! be made.
PII. @raduce-i )n limba en(le&+ 'olo!ind 'orme ale !ub.onctivului !intetic !au
analitic4
1. E!te recomandabil !+ 'ii acolo la ora O 'i3.
8. Ei cer ca truele inamice !+ 'ie retra!e de e teritoriul lor.
0. 9e ce !+ 'acem noi a!ta ?
D. 9orin-a lui ca noi !+ devenim ro'e!ori !7a )ndelinit.
B. Iie ce7o 'i, voi orni motorul.
Re&olvare4
1. It i! advi!able t*at ,ou be / !*ould be t*ere at ei(*t oAcloc% !*ar.
8. @*e, reKuire t*at t*e enem, troo! be/!*ould be $it*dra$n 'rom t*eir
territor,.
0. >*, !*ould $e do t*i!?
D. ;i! $i!* t*at $e !*ould become teac*er! *a! been 'ul'illed.
B. Come $*at ma,, IAll !tart t*e en(ine.
pag: 069
PIII. Fune-i verbele din arante&e la in'initivul lun( "cu to# !au !curt "'+r+ to#.
E3emlu4
a# Nou mu!t "*el# *im.
Nou mu!t *el *im.
b# @*e, $ant "come# no$.
@*e, $ant to come no$.
1. ;e *a! decided "become# a mec*anic.
8. >ill ,ou "come# to t*e t*eatre $it* me?
0. Nou ou(*t "revi!e# 'or ,our e3am! t*i! $ee%.
D. >e can "$ait# 'or ,ou *ere.
B. I !a$ t*em "cro!!# t*e !treet.
Re&olvare4
1. to becomeC
8. comeC
0. to revi!eC
D. $aitC
B. cro!!.
IT. Comleta-i !a-iile libere cu reo&i-iile nece!are. Fune-i verbele din
arante&e la 'orma Gerund.
E3emlu4
;e 'inall, !ucceeded ... "!ell# *i! old car.
;e 'inall, !ucceeded in !ellin( *i! old car.
1. @*e bad $eat*er revent *im... "leave# la!t 1onda,.
8. 6ur teac*er doe!nAt arove... "!tud,# late at ni(*t.
0. ;e $orrie!... "lo!e# *i! o!ition.
D. ;e 'inall, !ucceeded... "o!t# t*e letter.
B. S*e in!i!t!... "do# ever,t*in( *er!el'.
6. @*i! re!earc* aim!... "'ind# a more e''icient met*od.
Re&olva-i4
1. 'rom leavin(
8. o' !tud,in(C
0. about lo!in(C
D. in o!tin(C
B. on doin(C
6. at 'indin(.
T. Fune-i verbele din arante&e la 'orma Gerund. Fune-i ronumele er!onale la
acu&ativ "entru o e3rimare 'amiliar+#, !au tran!'orma-i7le )n ronume o!e!ive
"entru o e3rimare mai literar+#.
E3emlu4
I canAt under!tand "*e, 'or(et# to come to t*e meetin(.
I canAt under!tand *im / *i! 'or(etin( to come to t*e meetin(.
1. 1, mot*er *ate! "I, read# $*ile IAm $*ile IAm eatin(.
8. I donAt remember "*e, come# late be'ore.
0. E3cu!e "I, interrut# ,ou.
D. I donAt li%e "!*e, $ear# m, dre!!e!.
B. I ob.ect to "t*e,, ma%e# !o muc* noi!e.
6. ;e doe!nAt a(ree to "$e, come# late to !c*ool.
Re&olvare4
1. me/m, readin(C
8. *im/*i! comin(C
0. me 'or interrutin( ,ou/m, interrutin( ,ouC
D. *er/*er $earin(C
B. t*em/t*eir ma%in(C
6. u!/our comin(.
TI. Fune-i verbele din arante&e la in'initivul cu to !au 'orma Gerund )n 'unc-ie de
!en!4
1. I $ill remember "(ive# ,our mot*er ,our me!!a(e.
8. I remember "meet# *im at ,our birt*da, la!t ,ear.
0. Flea!e !to "interrut# me in t*e middle o' a !entence.
D. ;e !toed "tal%# to *i! 'ormer uil!.
B. 9id ,ou 'or(et "(ive# *im t*at me!!a(e?
6. I de'initel, recall "leave# m, coat in t*i! room.
Re&olvare4
1. to (ive.
8. meetin(.
0. interrutin(.
D. to tal%.
B. to (ive.
6. leavin(.
pag: 070
TII. Fune-i cuvintele din arante&e la 'orma corect+4 articiiu )n 7in( !au
articiiu trecut4
E3emlu4
a# >e !a$ an "entertain# ro(ramme on @P la!t ni(*t.
>e !a$ an entertainin( ro(ramme on @P la!t ni(*t.
b# @*e carenter reaired t*e "brea%# c*air.
@*e carenter reaired t*e bro%en c*air.
1. >eAll *ave to $or% *ard t*e "'ollo$# $ee%!.
8. @*e olice $ere on t*e trac%! o' t*e "'ollo$# man.
0. @*at $a! a ver, "intere!t# boo%.
D. @*e "intere!t# artie! !i(ned t*e a(reement.
B. @*e, !ell "'ree&e# (ood! *ere.
6. @*e temerature i! belo$ "'ree&e# oint.
Re&olvare4
1. 'ollo$in(.
8. 'ollo$ed.
0. intere!tin(.
D. intere!ted.
B. 'ro&en
6. 'ree&in(.
TIII. @raduce-i )n limba en(le&+4
1. C+r-ile )mrumutate de la bibliotec+ trebuie )naoiate la tim.
8. Iere!trele !alonului !e de!c*ideau !re o tera!+ cu rivire la mare.
0. Au&ind ai, !e )ntoar!e tre!+rind.
D. @oate lucrurile e care le tim de mult ne !unt dra(i.
B. @+cu, +rnd mirat de urtarea mea.
6. 9u+ ce a terminat ce7avea de '+cut, !e ridic+ !+ orea!c+ maina.
Re&olvarea4
1. Boo%! borro$ed 'rom t*e librar, mu!t be returned in time.
8. @*e $indo$! o' t*e dra$in(7room oened on to a terrace overloo%in( t*e !ea.
0. ;earin( 'oot!te!, *e turned $it* a !tart.
D. All lon( %no$n ob.ect! are dear to u!.
B. ;e %et !ilent, a! i' u&&led b, m, be*aviour.
6. ;avin( comleted *er iece o' $or%, !*e ro!e to !$itc* o'' t*e mac*ine.
TIP. Enlocui-i cuvintele !cri!e cur!iv cu verbe otrivite ca !en! i verbe no-ionale
la in'initivul re&ent !au er'ect4
E3emlu4
>e are obli(ed to do our *ome$or% ever, da,.
>e *ave to do our *em$or% ever, da,.
1. Nou are (iven ermi!!ion to leave.
8. Fer*a! t*e, *ave *eard t*e ne$!.
0. ;e robabl, $ent to 6radea on bu!ine!!.
D. C*ildren are 'orbidden to la, $it* matc*e!.
B. S*e didnAt 'or(et about t*e aointmentC it i! imo!!ible.
6. A! ,ou donAt 'eel $ell itA! (ood 'or ,ou to !ee a doctor.
Re&olvare4
1. ma, leave.
8. ma, *ave *eard.
0. mu!t *ave (one.
D. mu!t not la,.
B. couldnAt *ave 'or(otten.
6. !*ould !ee.
TP. @raduce-i )n limba en(le&+, 'olo!ind verbe modale otrivite ca !en!4
1. Prei !+7mi aduci &iarul, te ro( ?
8. S+ cum+r nite banane ? A re'era !+ cum+r nite ortocale.
0. Pre-i !+ !emna-i )n re(i!tru, v+ ro( ?
D. Fute-i !+ m+ a.uta-i la ba(a.e ?
B. 9ori-i o ceac+ de ca'ea ? <u, mul-ume!c. A dori o ceac+ de ceai.
6. Ea nu tie )n!+ en(le&ete dar va ti acea!t+ limb+ e!te c-iva ani.
Re&olvare4
1. >ill ,ou 'etc* me t*e ne$!aer, lea!e.
8. S*all I bu, !ome banana! ? NouAd rat*er bu, !ome oran(e!.
0. >ould ,ou !i(n in t*e re(i!ter, lea!e.
D. Could ,ou *el me $it* m, lu((a(e ?
B. >ould ,ou li%e a cu o' co''ee? <o, t*an% ,ou.
6. S*e canAt !ea% En(li!* ,et, but !*e $ill be able to do !o in a 'e$ ,ear!A time.
pag: 071
2. =ubstantivul (Te !oun$
2.1. 3efini.ie
Sub!tantivul4
a# denumete obiecte )n !en! 'oarte lar(, adic+ 'iin-e, lucruri, 'enomene "man,
c*air, !no$, $al%, $i!dom#C
b# are cate(orii (ramaticale de (en, num+r i ca&C
c# oate )ndelini )n roo&i-ie 'unc-iile de !ubiect, nume redicativ, atribut,
ao&i-ie, comlement, element redicativ !ulimentar, !au oate 'i ec*ivalentul
unei roo&i-ii !au 'ra&e.
2.2. Clasificare.
Sub!tantivele din limba en(le&+ ot 'i cla!i'icate din mai multe uncte de vedere.
8.8.1. 9in unct de vedere al 'orm+rii lor, !ub!tantivele !e )mart )n4
a# !ub!tantive !imle4 bo,, meal, da,C
b# !ub!tantive 'ormate din derivare cu !u'i3e !au re'i3e4 c*ild*ood, di!(u!t,
un*aine!!C
c# !ub!tantive 'ormate rin comunere "!ub!tantivele comun!e#4 !c*oolbo,,
cla!!roomC
pag: 072
d# !ub!tantive 'ormate rin conver!iune, din alte +r-i de vorbire4
7 ad.ective4 t*e (ood, t*e evil, t*e ric*, t*e oorC
7 verbe la in'initiv4 coo%, 'allC
7 verbe la Gerund4 readin(, bo3in(C
7 verbe la articiiul trecut4 t*e in.uredC
e# !ub!tantive 'ormate rin contra(ere4 ad "adverti!ement#, 'rid(e "re'ri(erator#,
(,m "(,mna!ium#, lab "laborator,#, liv "livin(room#, ol, "ol,tec*nic#, ram
"erambulator#, ub "ublic *ou!e#C
'# abrevieri4 1F "1ember o' Farliament#, 9r "doctor#, 1r Bro$n "9l. Bro$n#, 1r!
Bro$n "dna Bro$n#, 1i!! Bro$n "dra Bro$n#, 1! Bro$n "aelativ entru 'emei,
c+!+torite !au nec+!+torite#.
2.2.2. 9in unct de vedere al )radului de individuali+are% !ub!tantivele )n
limba en(le&+ !e )mart )n dou+ cla!e mari4 !ub!tantive comune i !ub!tantive
rorii.
A. Sub!tantivele comune !unt li!ite de o!ibilitatea de a individuali&a rin ele
)n!ele. Ele denume!c un element rintr7o cate(orie de obiecte de acelai 'el4
table, !c*ool. Sub!tantivele comune !e !ubcla!i'ic+ )n4
a# !ub!tantive aelative, care denume!c un element dintr7o cate(orie4 table,
!c*oolC
b# !ub!tantive colective, care denume!c obiecte con!tnd din mai multe
elemente de acelai 'el4 'amil,, eoleC
c# !ub!tantive concrete, care denume!c obiecte !au !ub!tan-a con!titutiv+ a unor
obiecte4 table, $ood, !teelC
d# !ub!tantive ab!tracte, care denume!c ab!trac-iuni4 di''icult,, $orr,, eace,
love, mu!ic.
B. Sub!tantivele "numele# rorii au caacitatea de a individuali&a un obiect
dintr7o cate(orie de obiecte de acelai 'el, denumind )n rinciiu un !in(ur
element dintr7o cate(orie. En limba en(le&+, !ub!tantivele rorii denume!c4
a# nume de er!oane4 C*urc*illC
b# denumiri (eo(ra'ice4
7 nume de localit+-i
7 nume de t+ri i continente
7 nume de ae i mun-i
c# divi&iuni temorale4
7 lunile anului
7 &ilele !+t+mnii
7 !+rb+tori
d# nume de c+r-i, &iare, revi!te
e# nume de in!titu-ii
Arto)rafia substantivelor proprii. En limba en(le&+ !ub!tantivele rorii !e
!criu cu liter+ mare, ca i )n limba romn+4 ;elen 7 ElenaC Rome 7 Roma. E3i!t+
)n!+ unele !itua-ii )n care u&a.ul )n limba en(le&+ e!te di'erit de cel din limba
romn+4
pag: 073
a# numele lunilor anului i ale &ilelor !+t+mnii !e !criu cu liter+ mare )n limba
en(le&+, 'iind con!iderate !ub!tantive rorii4 Aril 7 arilie, Sunda, 7 duminic+C
b# toate cuvintele "cu e3ce-ia articolelor, reo&i-iilor i con.uc-iilor# dintr7un
!ub!tantiv roriu e3rimat rintr7o eri'ra&+ !ub!tantival+ !e !criu cu liter+
mare )n limba en(le&+4
7 titluri de c+r-i4 9ombe, and Son 7 9ombe, i 'iul
7 titluri de &iare4 @*e 9ail, 1irror
7 titluri de revi!te4 En(li!* =an(ua(e @eac*in( SournalC
7 titluri de caitole, articole, lucr+ri, in!titu-ii etc.4 @*e Con'erence 'or Feace an
Securit, in Euroe 7 Con'erin-a de ace i !ecuritate )n EuroaC t*e :nited
<ation! 6r(ani&ation 7 6r(ani&a-ia <a-iunilor :nite,
c# numele de na-ionalit+-i i limbi !e !criu de a!emenea cu liter+ mare )n limba
en(le&+4 ;e !ea%! En(li!*. "El# Porbete en(le&ete. >e are Romanian!. <oi
!untem romni.
2.3. !um,rul substantivelor. (!umber of !ouns$
Sub!tantivele )n limba en(le&+ au cate(oriile (ramaticale de (en, num+r i ca&.
<um+rul e!te cate(oria (ramatical+ care !e recunoate cel mai uor, datorit+
de!inen-ei 7!, !eci'ic+ entru 'orma de lural a !ub!tantivelor. 9in unct de
vedere al ideii de num+r, !ub!tantivele )n en(le&+ !e )mart )n num+rabile "Count
noun!# i nenum+rabile "1a!! noun!#. Sub!tantivele num+rabile !unt de obicei
variabile ca 'orm+ "Pariable <oun!#, avnd att !in(ular ct i lural, iar cele
nenum+rabile !unt de re(ul+ invariabile ca 'orm+ "Invariable noun!#, avnd
'orma numai de !in(ular !au numai de lural.
2.3.1. =ubstantivele num,rabile (Count !ouns$. Sub!tantivele num+rabile
denume!c no-iunile ca unit+-i !earate, care ot 'i num+rate4 a bo,, t$o bo,!, a
'e$ bo,!, etc. Sub!tantivele num+rabile au urm+toarele caracteri!tici4
a# !unt variabile ca 'orm+, avnd att num+rul !in(ular, ct i num+rul lural4
mu!eum 7 mu!eum!, c*ild 7 c*ildrenC
b# ot 'i recedate de numerale cardinale !au cuanti'icatori4 one boo%, t*ree
boo%!, !everal ale!, a lot o' bru!*e!C
c# la num+rul !in(ular !e acord+ cu verbe la !in(ular4 @*e boo% i! on t*e table. iar
la num+rul lural, cu verbe la lural4 @*e ale! are in t*e ba!%et.
2.3.2 Clasificarea substantivelor num,rabile. Sub!tantivele num+rabile ot
'i4 aelative4 (arden, encilC !au colective4 committee, audienceC concrete4 c*ild,
!c*oolC !au ab!tracte4 di''icult,, Kue!tion.
Sub!tantivele colective !unt o divi&iune a !ub!tantivelor num+rabile. Ele !e
comort+4
1# ca !ub!tantive num+rabile roriu7&i!e cnd denume!c o colectivitate
con!iderat+ ca un )ntre(4 @*e t$o 'ootball team! are in t*e 'ield no$. Cele dou+
ec*ie de 'otbal !unt acum e teren.
En ace!t ca& ele au num+rul !in(ular i num+rul lural i !e acord+ cu verbe la
!in(ular !au la lural4 ;i! 'amil, i! lar(er t*an mine. Iamilia lui e!te mai
numeroa!+ dect a mea. 6n eac* 'loor live t$o 'amilie!. =a 'iecare eta. locuie!c
dou+ 'amilii.
pag: 074
8# Cnd ace!te !ub!tantive !e re'er+ la membrii comonen-i ai colectivit+-ii, ele
!e comort+ ca !ub!tantive colective roriu7&i!e. En acea!t+ !itua-ie,
!ub!tantivele colective !e 'olo!e!c ca 'orma de !in(ular, re'erirea 'iind la o
colectivitate4 'amil,, team, care !e acord+ cu verbul la lural, re'erirea 'iind la
membrii colectivit+-ii4 1, 'amil, are at *ome. Iamilia mea e!te aca!+. "JAll t*e
member! o' m, 'amil,...#.
9in (rua !ub!tantivelor colective 'ac arte !ub!tantivele4 arm,, a!!embl,,
audience, cla!!, club, committee, coman,, cre$, cro$d, 'amil,, (overnment,
.ur,, art,, re!!, ublic, re(iment, troo, 'li(*t "o' bird!, in!ect!, lane!#, 'loc%
"o' !*ee#, *erd "o' cattle#, ac% "o' $olve!#, oultr,, !*oal "o' 'i!*#, !$arm "o'
bee!#.
2.3.3. Formarea pluralului substantivelor num,rabile. Sub!tantivele
num+rabile au dou+ 'orme4 o 'orm+ de !in(ular i o 'orm+ de lural.
Iorma de !in(ular e!te nemarcat+4 boo%, bo3, c*ild.
Iormele de lural !unt de dou+ 'eluri4
A. re(ulate, cnd luralul !e 'ormea&+ rin ad+u(area de!inen-ei 7! la 'orma de
!in(ular4 boo% 7 boo%!.
B. <ere(ulate, cnd luralul !e 'ormea&+ )n alte moduri.
4. Pluralul re)ulat al substantivelor !e 'ormea&+ rin ad+u(area de!inen-ei
7! la 'orma !in(ular al !ub!tantivului.
2.3.4. Pronun.area pluralului re)ulat e!te urm+toarea4
a# X7!Y du+ con!oane !urde4 boo%!, roo'!, lam!, caret!, mont*!C
b# X7&Y du+ con!oane !onore i vocale4 (love!, table!, bo,!, treeC
c# Xi&Y du+ !unete4 cla!!e!, no!e!, bru!*e!, matc*e!, villa(e!.
2.3.&. Arto)rafia pluralului re)ulat.
1# 9e!inen-a 7! !e !crie 7! du+ ma.oritatea !ub!tantivelor, inclu&nd
!ub!tantivele terminate )n 7e mut4 boo% 7 boo%!, table 7 table!.
8# E3ce-ii4 E3i!t+ unele !itua-ii care 'ac e3ce-ie de la acea!t+ re(ul+ (eneral+4
a# Sub!tantivele terminate )n 7!, 7&, 73, 7c*, 7!* adau(+ e!4 bu! 7 bu!e!C (la!! 7
(la!!e!C bu&& 7 bu&&e!C bo3 7 bo3e!C $atc* 7 $atc*e!C bru!* 7 bru!*e!C
b# =a cteva dintre !ub!tantivele din ace!t (ru !e dublea&+ con!oana 'inal+4 'e&
7 'e&&e!, Kui& 7 Kui&&e!.
c# Sub!tantivele terminate )n 7o4 adau(+ de!inen-a 7!4
7 cnd 7o e recedat de o vocal+4 cuc%oo!C %an(aroo!C radio!C !cenario!C !tudio!,
&oo!C
7 la !ub!tantive rorii4 <ero!, Romeo!C
7 )n abrevieri4 %ilo! "%ilo(ramme!#, *oto! "*oto(ra*!#, ro! "ro'e!ional!#C
7 la unele !ub!tantive !tr+ine4 concerto!, d,namo!, iano!, !olo!, !orano!,
tan(o!, tabacco!C
7 adau(+ 7e! la !ub!tantive ca4 ec*oe!, *eroe!, mo!Kuitoe!, <e(roe!, otatoe!,
tomatoe!C
pag: 075
7 au dou+ 'orme de lural4 ban.o! 7 ban.oe!C bu''alo! 7 bu''aloe!C car(o! 7
car(oe!C memento! 7 mementoe!C motto! 7 mottoe!C volcano! 7 volcanoe!C
d# Sub!tantivele terminate )n 7, recedat de o con!oan+ tran!'orm+ e , )n i i
adau(+ 7e!4 cit, 7 citie!C 'actor, 7 'actorie!. @ran!'ormarea nu are loc4
7 du+ vocale4 bo, 7 bo,!, la, 7 la,!C
7 )n !ub!tantive rorii4 t*e Uenned,!C
7 )n !ub!tantive comu!e4 !tand7b,!C
e# =iterele, numeralele i abrevierile 'ormea&+ luralul rin ad+u(area unui
ao!tro' i 7!4 AA!, 198MA!C 1FA!4 @*ere are t$o AA! and t*ree 8A! in t*e number o'
t*at En(*i!* car. @*ere are t$o 1FA! in t*e lobb,.
En en(le&a contemoran+ e3i!t+ tendin-a ca numeralele i abrevierile !+ 'orme&e
luralul i rin ad+u(area doar a unui 7! la !in(ular4 in t*e 190M!C 1F "1ember o'
Farliament# 7 1!C 1t "1ountain# 7 1t!.
Iorma de lural '+r+ ao!tro' e!te mai 'recvent 'olo!it+ dect cea cu ao!tro'.
0# Fluralul !ub!tantivelor comu!e
a# 1a.oritatea !ub!tantivelor comu!e adau(+ 7! la ultimul element4 cla!!room 7
cla!!room!C 'or(et7me7not 7 'or(et7me7not!C race *or!e "cal de cur!e# 7 race
*or!e!C
b# :nele !ub!tantive comu!e, de obicei cele alc+tuite dintr7un !ub!tantiv i
dintr7o con!truc-ie reo&i-ional+, adau(+ 7! la rimul element4 loo%er7on 7
loo%er!7onC mot*er7in7lo$ 7 mot*er!7in7lo$C
c# !ub!tantivele comu!e )n care rimul element e!te man !au $oman
tran!'orm+ la lural ambele elemente4 man !in(er 7 men !in(er!C $oman doctor 7
$omen doctor!.
2.3.'. 9. Pluralul nere)ulat al substantivelor !e 'ormea&+ )n mai multe
'eluri4
a# con!oana !urd+ XY, X'Y, !au X!Y )n care !e termin+ !ub!tantivul !e tran!'orm+ )n
erec*ea ei !onor+4 XvY, X&Y "voicin(# la unele !ub!tantive4
1# 7t* t*!4 bat* 7 bat*!C mout* 7 mout*!C at* 7 at*!C
8# 7'"e# X'Y ve! Xv&Y4 cal' 7 calve!C el' 7 elve!C *al' 7 *alve!C %ni'e 7 %nive!C lea' 7
leave!C li'e 7 live!C loa' 7 loave!C !el' 7 !elve!C !*el' 7 !*elve!C
0# 7!e X!Y !e! X&i&Y4 *ou!e 7 *ou!e!.
pag: 076
Aten-ie 5 Ace!t 'enomen de !onori&are a con!oanei 'inale nu !e roduce la toate
!ub!tantivele terminate )n XY, X'Y, !au X!Y. E3i!t+ i 'orme de lural re(ulat i
o!cila-ie )ntre cele dou+ 'orme4
Flural re(ulat "1#4 Iorme duble "1#4
con!oan+ 2 7t*4 vocal+ 2 7t*4
bert* 7 bert*! clot* 7 clot*!
eart* 7 eart! deat* 7 deat*! oat* 7 oat*!
len(* 7 len(t*! 'ait* 7 'ait*! trut* 7 trut*!
Flural re(ulat "8#4 Iorme duble "8#4
belie' 7 belie'! d$ar' 7 d$ar'! 7 d$arve!
c*ie' 7 c*ie'! *and%erc*ie' 7 *and%erc*ie'! 7 *and%erc*ieve!
cli'' 7 cli''! *oo' 7 *oo'! 7 *oove!
roo' 7 roo'! !car' 7 !car'! 7 !carve!
roo' 7 roo'! $*ar' 7 $*ar'! 7 $*arve!
!a'e 7 !a'e!
7 Sonori&area lui X!Y !e roduce numai la !ub!tantivul *ou!e.
b# vocala !au di'ton(ul 'inal !e !c*imb+ )n alt+ vocal+ !au di'ton( "mutation#4
man 7 menC $oman 7 $omenC 'oot 7 'eetC (oo!e 7 (ee!eC toot* 7 teet*C mou!e 7
miceC lou!e 7 lice.
c# @rei !ub!tantive adau(+ de!iden-a 7en "cu !au '+r+ muta-ie vocalic+#4 o3 7
o3enC c*ild 7 c*ildrenC brot*er 7 bret*ren.
d# :nele !ub!tantive num+rabile au aceeai 'orm+ la !in(ular i lural "rime!c
de!iden-a &ero 7 lural &ero#.
Fluralul &ero e!te 'olo!it4
7 cu unele !ub!tantive )n 7!4 barrac%! 7 barac+C *eadKuarter! 7 !ediuC mean! 7
mi.locC !erie! 7 !erie.
@*i! i! an arm, barrac%!. @*e!e are arm, barrac%!. @*e bu!, trolle,bu! and t*e
under(round are modern mean! o' tran!ort. Autobu&ul, troleibu&ul i metroul
!unt mi.loace moderne de tran!ortC
7 cu numele de na-ionalit+-i terminate )n 7e!e4 t*e C*ine!e, t*e Saane!e, t*e
FortuKue!e, t*e Pietname!e4
;e i! !ea%in( to a FortuKue!e. El vorbete cu un ortu(*e&. @*e FortuKue!e live
in Euroe. Fortu(*e&ii tr+ie!c )n EuroaC
pag: 077
7 cu !ub!tantivele denumind animale. Ace!tea ot avea4
1# doar luralul &ero4 car 7 carC deer 7 deerC (ame 7 (ameC (rou!e 7 (rou!eC
!*ee 7 !*eeC i%e 7 i%e.
8# luralul &ero "'olo!it mai ale! )n limba.ul vn+tore!c# i luralul re(ulat )n 7!,
'olo!it entru indicarea unor variet+-i4 anteloe 7 anteloe 7 anteloe!C cod 7 cod 7
cod!C duc% 7 duc% #ra-e !+lbatice# 7 duc%! "ra-e de 'erme#C
0# doar luralul re(ulat4 co$ 7 co$!C do( 7 do(!C *en 7 *en!C *or!e 7 *or!e!C
e# Flurale !tr+ine "Iorei(n Flural!#. E3i!t+ mai multe de!iden-e de lural de
ori(ine !tr+in+ care !unt 'olo!ite )n limba en(le&+, mai ale! )n limba.ul tiin-i'ic4
Flurale !tr+ine
Sin(ular Flural
@ermina-ia E3emle @ermina-ia E3emle
7u!
7a
7um
7e3
7i3
7i!
7on
7eau
&ero
7o
!timulu!
coru!
(enu!
al(a
larva
!tratum
code3
t*e!i!
criterion,
*enomenon
tableau
c*amoi!, c*a!!i!,
cor!
(ra''ito
7i
7ora
7era
7ae
7a
7ice!
7e!
7a
7eau3
&ero
7i
!timuli
corora
(enera
al(ae
larvae
!trata
codice!
t*e!e!
criteria,
*enomena
tableau3
c*amoi!, c*a!!i!,
cor!
(ra''iti "de obicei
lural#
:nele dintre ace!te de!inen-e !unt mai bine rere&entate )n limba en(le&+4
7u! 7i4 !timulu! !timuliC bacillu! bacili.
7um 7a4 addendum addendaC datum dataC
a(endum a(endaC erratum errataC
bacterium bacteriaC !tratum !trata.
7i! 7e!4 anal,!i! anal,!e!C elli!i! elli!e!C
a3i! a3e!C *,ot*e!i! *,ot*e!e!C
ba!i! ba!e!C
cri!i! cri!e!C aral,!i! aral,!e!C
dia(no!i! dia(no!e!C arent*e!i! arent*e!e!C
!,nt*e!i! !,nt*e!e!C t*e!i! t*e!e!.
pag: 078
En ceea ce rivete luralele !tr+ine e3i!t+ mai multe !itua-ii4
1. :nele !ub!tantive de ori(ine !tr+in+ i7au +!trat 'orma de lural din limba din
care au 'o!t )mrumutate "ve&i tabelul de e a(. HH#.
8. :nele !ub!tative au numai luralul cu 7!4
7u! u!e! 4 bonu! bonu!e!
camu! camu!e!
c*oru! c*oru!e!
circu! circu!e!
i(noramu! i(noramu!e!
7a a! 4 arena arena! drama drama!
dilemma dillema! enc,cloedia enc,cloedia!
diloma diloma!era era!
7um um!4 album album! (,mna!ium (,mna!ium!
(eranium (eranium! mu!eum mu!eum!
7on on!4 demon demon!
electron electron!
le3icon le3icon!
7o 7o!4 !orano !orano!
0. Alte !ub!tantive de ori(ine !tr+in+ au dou+ 'orme de lural4 luralul re(ulat cu
7! i luralul de ori(ine !tr+in+4
7u! 7u!e!4 cactu! cactu!e! cacti
7i (eniu! (eniu!e! (enii "!irite, du*uri#
"oameni de (eniu#
!,llabu! !,llabu!e! !,llabi
terminu! terminu!e! termini
7a 7a!4 antenna antenna! antennae
7ae 'ormula 'ormula! 'ormulae
vertebra vertebra! vertebrae
7um 7um!4 aKuarium aKuarium! aKuaria
7a curriculum curriculum! curricula
medium medium! media
!anatorium !anatorium! !anatoria
!,mo!ium !,mo!ium! !,mo!ia
7i3 7i3e!4 aendi3 aendi3e! aendice!
7e3 7ice! inde3 ")n anatomie# ")n c+r-i#
inde3e! indice!
"curin!uri# "indici 7 )n matematic+#
7on 7on!
7on 7a automaton automaton! automata
7eau 7eau!4 bureau bureau! bureau3
7eau3lateau lateau! lateau3
7o 7o!4 libretto libretto! libretti
7i virtuo!o virtuo!o! virtuo!i
pag: 079
<ot+4 Iormele de lural )n i !unt rare.
=a !ub!tantivele cu dou+ 'orme de lural, 'ormele !tr+ine de lural !unt de obicei
'olo!ite )n limba.ul te*nic, iar luralul )n ! e!te )ntlnit )n vorbirea curent+.
2.3./. =ubstantivele nenum,rabile (@ass !ouns$. Sub!tantivele
nenum+rabile denume!c no-iuni v+&ute ca un )ntre(. Sub!tantivele nenum+rabile
ot 'i concrete4 !u(ar, coal, !teel !au ab!tracte4 beaut,, %indne!!.
Sub!tantivele nenum+rabile au urm+toarele caracteri!tici4
a# !unt invariabile ca 'orm+4 tea, in'ormation, cattle.
b# neavnd contra!tul !in(ular 7 lural, ele nu ot 'i num+rate cu a.utorul
numeralelor !au al altor cuanti'icatori4 I need "!ome# tea. I need "!ome#
in'ormation. I need "!ome# !ci!!or!.
c# Se acord+ cu verbul !in(ular4 C*ine!e tea i! ver, (ood. Ceaiul c*ine&e!c e!te
'oarte bun, !au la lural4 @*e !ci!!or! are on t*e table. Ioar'eca e!te e ma!+.
d# :nele !ub!tantivel en(le&eti 'ac arte att din cla!a !ub!tantivelor
num+rabile, ct i din a celor nenum+rabile, cu di'eren-e de !en!4
S*e i! a beaut,. "Ea# e!te o 'rumu!e-e.
Beaut, i! to be admired. Irumu!e-ea trebuie admirat+.
@*e main c*aracter o' t*e !tor, i! on old 'i!*erman. Eroul/er!ona.ul rincial al
nuvelei e!te un b+trn e!car.
;e i! a man o' c*aracter. "El# e!te un om de caracter.
I *ad an intere!tin( e3erience $*en travellin( in t*e <ort* o' countr,. 1i !7a
)ntmlat ceva intere!ant cnd am c+l+torit )n nordul -+rii.
@*i! teac*er *a! a (reat deal o' e3erience. Ace!t ro'e!or are 'oarte mult+
e3erien-+.
Give me an ice, lea!e. 9+7mi o )n(*e-at+ te ro(.
@*at bloc% o' ice i! ver, dan(erou!. Ace!t bloc de (*ea-+ e!te 'oarte ericulo!.
S*e *a! (ot a ne$ iron. Are un nou 'ier de c+lcat.
@*i! tool i! made o' iron. Acea!t+ unealt+ e!te din 'ier.
pag: 080
e# :neori di'eren-ele de !en! dintre !ub!tantivele num+rabile i cele
nemum+rabile !unt e3rimate rin cuvinte di'erite.
IAve bou(*t t$o loave!. Am cum+rat dou+ ini.
IAll bu, bread at t*e !uermar%et. Am !+ cum+r ine la auto!ervire.
@*ere are t$o !*ee in t*e 'ield. Sunt dou+ oi e cmie.
I li%e mutton. Emi lace carnea de oaie.
@*i! i( i! ver, 'at. Forcul ace!ta e!te 'oarte (ra!.
IAve bou(*t !ome or% 'or dinner. Am cum+rat nite carne de orc.
'# En limba en(le&+ 'ac arte din cla!a !ub!tantivelor invariabile la !in(ular unele
!ub!tantive care !unt num+rabile !au invariabile la lural )n limba romn+4
advice, bu!ine!!, 'urniture, *ome$or%, income, in'ormation, %no$led(e, lu((a(e,
merc*andi!e, mone, etc.
;e al$a,! (ive! me (ood advice. @otdeauna )mi d+ !'aturi bune.
Nou mu!t do ,our *ome$or% care'ull,. @rebuie !+7-i 'aci cu aten-ie lec-iile.
I need 'urt*er in'ormation. Am nevoie de in'orma-ii !ulimentare.
;i! %no$led(e o' En(li!* i! oor. Cunotin-ele lui de en(le&+ !unt !labe.
8.0.O. <um+rul !ub!tantivelor invariabile. Sub!tantivele invariabile nu au oo&i-ia
!in(ular 7 lural. Ele au numai !in(ular4 (old, !au numai lural t*e olice, cattle
etc.
A3 Su1+tanti.ele in.aria1ile la +ingular
:n num+r de !ub!tantive invariabile au numai 'orm+ de !in(ular4 !u(ar, $i!dom,
ne$!, mea!le!, t*e (ood. >ale!.
Ace!tea !e acord+ cu verbul la !in(ular4 F*onetic! i! a branc* o' lin(ui!tic!.
Iolo!irea lor cu 'orm+ de lural i/!au cu un verb la lural !e 'ace doar )n !itua-ii
!eciale.
9in cla!a !ub!tantivelor invariabile la !in(ular 'ac arte4
a# !ub!tantivele nenum+rabile concrete4 bread, butter, c*al%, 'ood, 'ruit.
Iruit i! (ood to eat. E!te bine !+ m+nnci 'ructe.
pag: 081
b# Sub!tantive nenum+rabile ab!tracte4 advice, cleanline!!, *ome$or%,
in'ormation.
c# :nele !ub!tantive terminate )n 7!, care e3rim+ urm+toarele no-iuni4
1# !ub!tantivul ne$!4 ;ere i! t*e 9 oAcloc% ne$!. Ace!tea !unt tirile de la ora
nou+.
8# nume de boli4 mea!le! 7 o.arC mum! 7 oreionC ric%t! 7 ra*iti!m4
1ea!le! i! a catc*in( di!ea!e. Fo.arul e!te o boal+ conta(ioa!+.
0# nume de tiin-e i obiecte de !tudiu terminate )n 7ic!4 acou!tic!, c,bernetic!,
economic!.
Acou!tic! i! t*e !cince o' !ound. Acu!tica e!te tiin-a !unetelor.
9e a!emenea4 at*letic!, et*ic!, (,mna!tic!.
D# :nele nume de .ocuri4 billiard!, bo$l!, card!, dart!.
9ominoe! i! a (ame 'or c*ildren.
9ar4 a billiard7table, a bo$lin(7alle,, a dart7board.
B# :nele !ub!tantive rorii4 At*en!, Bru!!el!, <ale!, >ale!, t*e @*ame!4
>ale! i! in t*e !ount*7$e!t o' (reat Britain. Zara Galilor !e a'l+ )n artea de !ud7
e!t a 1arii Britanii.
d# Ad.ective ab!tracte !ub!tantivi&ate4 t*e beauti'ul, t*e !ublime, t*e (ood, t*e
evil4
In 'air,7!torie! t*e (ood al$a,! $in!. En ba!me binele )nvin(e totdeauna.
Cuati'icarea !ub!tantivelor invariabile la !in(ular !e oate reali&a cu a.utorul unor
cuvinte ca4 a iece o', an item o', a bar o', a ba( o' etc.
Sub!tantive concrete4
a iece o' bacon
a !lice o' ca%e
a ice o' bread
a loa' o' bread
a ice o' land
a !tri o' land
a iece o' 'urniture
an article o' 'urniture
a bit o' (ra!!
a blade o' (ra!!
a iece o' aer
a !*eet o' aer
pag: 082
Sub!tantive ab!tracte4
a iece o' advice
a $ord o' advice
a ice o' in'ormation
an item o' ne$!
an item o' bu!ine!!
a bit o' bu!ine!!
a iece o' $or%
a bit o' $or%
a $ord o' abu!e
a 'it o' a!!ion
an attac% o' 'ever
B3 Su1tanti.e in.aria1ile la %lural
Sub!tantivele invariabile la lural au numai 'orm+ de lural i !e acord+ de re(ul+
cu un verb la lural4 @*e binocular! are on t*e table. Binoclul e!te e ma!+.
9in cla!a !ub!tantivelor invariabile la lural 'ac arte4
a# !ub!tantivele care denume!c obiecte 'ormate din dou+ +r-i e(ale. Ace!te
!ub!tantive !e nume!c !ummnation lural! )n limba en(le&+. Ele denume!c4 1#
unelte4 binocular!, coma!!e!, (la!!e!, incer!, lier!.
>*ere are t*e !ci!!or! ? :nde e!te 'oar'eca ?
8# articole de )mbr+c+minte4 brace!, clot*e! 'lannel!, .ean!, overall!, ant!,
,.ama!, !*ort!, trou!er!4
@*e!e trou!er! are too lon( 'or ,ou. Aceti antaloni !unt rea lun(i entru tine.
<ot+4 1. 6b!erva-i 'orma de !in(ular a unora dintre ace!te !ub!tantive cnd !unt
'olo!ite atributiv4 a !ectacle ca!e7 toc de oc*elari, a ,.ama cord 7 cordon de
i.ama, a !u!ender belt 7 ort.artier, a trou!er le( 7 crac de antalon
8. Sub!tantivele care denume!c obiecte din dou+ +r-i !e num+r+ cu a.utorul
cuvntului air4 a air o' !ci!!or!, a air o' trou!er!C t$o air! o' (la!!e!C t*ree
air! o' !%i!, etc.
b# alte !ub!tantive 'olo!ite numai la lural "luralia tantum#, terminate de re(ul+
)n 7!4 ;e live! in t*e out!%irt! o' t*e tou$n. =ocuiete la eri'eria oraului.
E3emlele de luralia tantum )n limba en(le&+ !unt numeroa!e4
Fluralia tantu2 @n -+
annal! anale
t*e antiode! antio&i
arm! arme
au!ice! au!icii
e''ect! e'ecte, )mbr+c+minte
'und! 'onduri
(round! &a-, dro.die
letter! litere
t*e =ord! Camera =or&ilor
re(ard! !alut+ri
remain! re!turi
!ud! cl+buc de !+un
!tair! !c+ri
t*an%! mul-umiri
troo! true
troic! troice
pag: 083
:nele !ub!tantive 'ac arte din cla!a luralia tantum doar )n limba en(le&+, )n
limba romn+ ele 'iind !ub!tantive variabile !au invariabile la !in(ular4
arc*ive! ar*iv+
a!*e! cenu+
content! con-inut
(ood! mar'+
*ol,da,! vacan-+
minute! roce!7verbal
ain! o!teneal+
!and! la.+
!irit! di!o&i-ie
$a(e! !alariu
Aten-ie 5 E3i!t+ unele !ub!tantive care au dou+ 'orm+, cu )n-ele!uri di'erite4 o
'orm+ invariabil+ la !in(ular i o 'orm+ invariabil+ la lural4
Sub!t. invariab. Sub!t. invariab.
la !in(ular la lural
advice7!'aturi advice!7)ntiin-+ri, avi&e
air7aer air!7aere "'i(urat#
a!*7!crum de -i(ar+ a!*e!7cenu+ ")n (eneral#
brace7erec*e "de otrnic*i# brace!7bretele
*onour7onoare *onour!7onoruriC di!tinc-ie la e3amene
middle a(e7vr!t+ mi.locie t*e 1iddle A(e!7Evul mediu
re!ect7!tim+, con!idera-ie re!ect!7oma(ii
pag: 084
Sub!tantivele luralia tantum i !ummation lural! !e con'und+ uneori cu 'orma
de lural a unor !ub!tantive num+rabile4
colour J culoareC l. colour!
colour! "l. tantum# J drael
coma!! J bu!ol+C l. coma!!e!
coma!!e! "l. tantum# J coma!
dama(e J avarieC l. dama(e!
dama(e! "l. tantum# J de!+(ubiri
e''ect! "l. tantum# J e'ecte, *aine
(la!! J a*arC l. (la!!e!
(la!!e! "l. tantum# J oc*elari
(round J motiv, cau&+C l. (round!
(round! "l. tantum[ J &a-, teren
letter J !cri!oareC l. letter!
letter! "l. tantum# J literatur+, litere
minute J minutC l. minute!
minute! "l. tantum# J roce!7verbal
ain J durereC l. ain!
ain! "l.tantum# J o!teneal+
Kuarter J !'ert, cartierC l. Kuarter!
Kuarter! "l. tantum# J locuin-+, cantomament
!cale J (am+ mu&ical+, !ol&C l. !cale!
!cale! "l. tantum# J balan-+
!ectacle J !ectacolC l. !ectacle!
!ectacle! "l.tantum# J oc*elari
term J erioad+, termen, trime!truC l. term!
term! "l.tantum# J termeni, rela-ii, raorturi, condi-ii
c# Sub!tantive nemarcate la lural. En cla!a !ub!tantivelor invariabile la lural
intr+ i unele !ub!tantive 'olo!ite numai la lural dar nemarcate 'ormal entru
ace!t num+r. Ace!te !ub!tantive !unt4 cattle, cler(,, (entr,, eole, olice.
@*e cattle are in t*e 'ield. Pitele !unt e cm. @*ere are a lot o' eole in t*e
!treet. Sunt mul-i oameni e !trad+.
d# Ad.ectivele !au articiiile er!onale !ub!tantivi&ate4 t*e *andicaed, t*e
in.ured, t*e oor, t*e ric*, t*e !ic%, t*e $ounded4
@*e in.ured $ere ta%en to *o!ital. R+ni-ii au 'o!t dui la !ital.
pag: 085
e# :nele !ub!tantive rorii4 t*e Al!, t*e Ea!t / >e!t Indie!, t*e ;ebride!, t*e
;i(*land!4 @*e ;i(*land! are mountainou! re(ion. Re(iunea ;i(*land! e!te o
re(iune muntoa!+.
<um+rul !ub!tantivelor
Sub!tantive variabile
Ielul Iorma E3emle
luralului luralului Sin(ular Flural
Flurale
re(ulate
2! X!Y
2! X&Y
2e! Xi&Y
boo%
encil, bo,
$atc*
boo%!
encil!, bo,!
$atc*e!
!onori&area
con!oanei
XMY7X[t&[Y2X&Y
X'Y7XvY2X&Y
X!Y7XvY2Xi&Y
bat*
%ni'e
*ou!e
bat*!
%nive!
*ou!e!
muta-ie vocalic+ man
'oot
mou!e
men
'eet
mice
lural )n 7en 27
muta-ie vocalic+
o3
c*ild
o3en
c*ildren
\ero !*ee
$or%!
t*e Saane!e
!*ee
$or%!
t*e Saane!e
7u!4 7iC 7oraC 7eraC
7a47aeC
7um4 7aC
Flurale 7e3, 7i34 7ice!C
!tr+ine 7i!4 7e!C
7on4 7a
&ero
!timulu!
coru!
(enu!
larva
de!ideratum
code3
anal,!i!
!timuli
corora
(enera
larvae
de!iderata
codic !
anal,!e!
7o4 7i *enomenon
c*a!!i!
temo
*enomena
c*a!!i!
temi
Su1+tanti.e in.aria1ile
Iorma
invariabil+
Ielul
!ub!tantivelor
E3emle
Sin(ular a# nemum+rabile
concrete
b# nenum+rabile
ab!tracte
c# !ub!tantive )n 7!
d# ad.ective
ab!tracte
!ub!tantivi&ate
e# !ub!tantive rorii
(old, mil%, *one,
art, atrioti!m
ne$!
t*e beauti'ul, t*e
(ood
;elen, Bro$n,
Antarctica
Flural a# !ummation lural!
b# luralia tantum )n
7!
c# !ub!tantive cu
lural nemarcat
d# ad.ective
er!onale
!ub!tantivi&ate
e# unele !ub!tantive
rorii
!ci!!or!
cu!tom!, (ood!
cattle, olice
t*e ric*, t*e oor
t*e Carat*ian!, t*e
;ebride!, t*e :nited
State!
pag: 086
2.4. 0enul substantivelor (0ender of !ouns$
2.4.1. Genul e!te cate(oria (ramatical+ caracteri!tic+ )n rimul rnd
!ub!tantivelor, adic+ cuvintelor care indic+ numele obiectelor. Con-inutul
cate(oriei (ramaticale a (enului con!t+ )n aceea c+ obiectele din lumea
incon.ur+toare, dac+ rere&int+ 'iin-e, !unt unele de !e3 b+rb+te!c "ma!culin# i
altele de !e3 'emeie!c "'eminin#, iar dac+ rere&int+ lucruri, !unt )n a'ar+ !e3ului
"neutre#.
Sre deo!ebire de limba romn+, )n care artea 'inal+ a !ub!tantivelor con!tuie
marca cate(oriei (ramaticale a (enului4 ma!+, 'rate etc., )n limba en(le&+ (enul
!ub!tantivelor e!te rareori marcat 'ormal. En a'ara ca&urilor )n (enul e!te marcat
'ormal4 bo, 7 (irl, lion 7 lione!!, (enul !ub!tantivelor )n limba en(le&+ !e identi'ic+
de obicei cu a.utorul ronumelor care !e re'er+ la !ub!tantive i care au 'orme
di'erite du+ (en4
@*e librarian i! at *i! de!%. ;e i! $ritten !omet*in(. Bibliotecarul e!te la biroul
!+u. El !crie ceva. @*e librarian i! at *er de!%. S*e i! $rittin( !omet*in(.
Bibliotecara e!te la biroul ei. Ea !crie ceva.
2.4.2. Clasificarea substantivelor dup, ideea de )en. 9in unct de vedere
al aartenen-ei la (enul ma!culin, 'eminin !au neutru, !ub!tantivele din limba
en(le&+ !e )mart )n trei (rue mari4 A. !ub!tantive nume de er!oaneC B.
!ub!tantive nume de animale i C. !ub!tantive nume de obiecte.
2.4.3. 0enul substantivelor nume de persoane (0ender of Personal
!ouns$.
En limba en(le&+, !ub!tantivele care denume!c er!oane de !e3 b+rb+te!c !unt
de (en ma!culin4 man, brot*er, iar !ub!tantivele care denume!c er!oane de !e3
'emeie!c !unt de (enul 'eminin4 $oman, !i!ter.
=a !ub!tantivele nume de er!oane, cate(oria (ramatical+ a (enului oate 'i
marcat+4 1# le3icalC 8# mor'olo(icC 0# identi'icat+ cu a.utorul unor cuvinte care
marc*ea&+ (enul, iar !ub!tantivele nemarcate entru (en "(enul comun#.
1# la !ub!tantive nume de er!oane (enul e!te marcat le3ical, rin cuvinte
di'erite4
brot*er !i!ter
earl counte!!
'at*er mot*er
%in( Kueen
lord lad,
man $oman
uncle aunt
8# la alte !ub!tantive nume de er!oane, (enul e!te marcat mor'olo(ic, rin
ad+u(area unui !u'i3 la 'orma de ma!culin4
a# e!!4
actor actre!!
count counte!!
(od (odde!!
ma!ter mi!tre!!
$aiter $aitre!!
b# 7ine4 *ero *eroineC
!au rin ad+u(area unui !u'i3 la 'orma de 'eminin4
a# 7er4 $indo$ $ido$er
b# 7(room4 bride bride(room
0# alte !ub!tantive nume de er!oane au o !in(ur+ 'orm+ att entru ma!culin
ct i entru 'eminin. Ele aar-in (enului comun. E.4 arti!t, c*airman, coo%,
cou!in, doctor, 'oreiner, 'riend, Kue!t, mu!ician, arent, teac*er, $riter.
Aartenen-a la (enul ma!culin !au 'eminin !e reci&ea&+ )n conte3t4
pag: 087
cu a.utorul ronumelor4
@*e teac*er a!%ed t*e uil a 'e$ more Kue!tion! a! !*e $anted to (ive *im a
better mar%.
cu a.utorul unor cuvinte la care (enul e!te marcat le3ical, ca bo,, male,
'emale4
bo,7'riend (irl7'riend
male7!tudent 'emale7!tudent
c*airman c*air$oman
cu a.utorul unor ad.ective 'olo!ite doar entru un !in(ur !e34
1, nei(*bour i! re(nant.
2.4.4. 0enul substantivelor nume de animale (0ender of 4nimate !ouns$
Sub!tantivele nume de animale de !ubcla!i'ic+ )n4 1# nume de animale mari i 8#
nume de animale mici.
1# Sub!tantivele nume de animale mari !unt con!iderate de obicei de (enul
ma!culin, 'iind )nlocuite de ronumele *e4 @*e *or!e $a! rat*er re!tive at 'ir!t,
but *e !oon become more mana(eable.
=a unele dintre ace!te animale, di!tinc-ia de !e3 ma!culin7'eminin e!te marcat+
'ormal, !itua-ie )n care !ub!tantivele !unt )nlocuite de ronumele *e !au !*e4 @*e
mare $*innied $*en !*e !a$ *er ma!ter. Iaa a nec*e&at cnd i7a v+&ut
!t+nul.
1arca (enului oate 'i reali&at+4
a# le3ical4 *or!e4 !tallion mare
o34 bull co$
!*ee4 ram e$e
i(4 boar !o$
deer4 !ta( *ind
b# mor'olo(ic4 lion lione!!, ti(er ti(re!!.
8# Sub!tantivele nume de animale mici !unt con!iderate de obicei neutre, 'iind
)nlocuite de ronumele it4 I !a$ a 'ro( b, t*e la%e. It $a! bi( and u(l,.
En unele ca&uri )n!+ !e ot indica di'eren-ele de !e34
a# le3ical4
coc% *en
do( bitc*
dra%e duc%
b# rin cuvinte marc+ ale (enului4
coc% !arro$ *en !arro$
*e (oat !*e (oat
@om cat !*e cat
2.4.&. 0enul substantivelor nume de obiecte (0ender of Inanimate
!ouns$
Sub!tantivele nume de obiecte !unt de (enul neutru4 >*ereA! ,our umbrelle ? It
i! m, ba(.
2.4.'. Folosirea stilistic, a cate)oriei )ramaticale a )enului. 4. :nele
!ub!tantive nume de obiecte care !unt de re(ul+ neutre )n vorbirea curent+ !unt
uneori er!oni'icate )n literatur+, unde ele ot 'i tratate ca !ub!tantive ma!culine
!au 'eminine.
Sunt ma!culine !ub!tantivele care denume!c4
a# a!iuni inten!e i ac-iuni violente4 an(er, 'ear, murder.
b# 'enomene naturale uternice4 ocean, river, !un.
c# nume de 'luvii4 t*e 9anube, t*e @*ame!.
d# nume de mun-i4 t*e Carat*ian!, t*e C*eviot.
pag: 088
Sunt 'eminine4
a# !ub!tantivele care !u(erea&+ o caracteri!tic+ 'eminin+, un caracter blnd,
a'ectuo!, cele care indic+ 'ertilitatea4 a''ection, devotion, 'ait*, *oe, .u!ticeC
b# !ub!tantivele care denume!c tr+!+turi ne(ative de caracter4 ambition, 'oll,,
.ealou!,, reven(e, vanit,C
c# !ub!tantive ab!tracte ca4 'ortune, libert,, merc,, nature, eace, !cience.
9. Sub!tantivele nume de obiecte, de animale !au er!oane !e ot )nde+rta de
la 'olo!irea lor obinuit+, la (enul neutru ma!culin !au 'eminin, )n vorbirea
curent+.
E3i!t+ dou+ tendin-e4
1# !ub!tantivele inanimate !unt er!oni'icate, devenind !*e !au *e )ntr7o
e3rimare a'ectuoa!+, iar !ub!tantivelor animate 'olo!ite de obicei la (enul
neutru li !e atribuie (enul ma!culin !au 'eminin.
En acea!t+ cate(orie intr+4
denumirile de ve*icule, maini, ambarca-iuni4 boat, bu!, car, en(ine,
locomotive, motor, !*i. Fer!oanele care maniulea&+ ace!te ve*icule le
con!ider+ de (enul 'eminin )ntr7o e3rimare a'ectuoa!+4 I am ver, 'ond o' m, car
and I $a!* *er ever, da,.
numele de -+ri, -inuturi, localit+-i, cnd !unt rivite ca unit+-i olitice
economice4 Romania *a! (ratl, develoed *er touri!m.
animale dome!tice !unt )n (eneral de (enul neutru, dar cnd intervin din
con!iderente de ordin a'ectiv li !e atribuie (enul ma!culin !au 'eminin4 >*ere i!
t*e cat ? S*e i! on t*e bed. ;ave ,ou !een t*e do( ? I donAt %no$ $*ere *e i!.
!ub!tantivele bab,, in'ant, c*ild, care !unt de obicei neutre, ot 'i 'olo!ite i la
(enul ma!culin !au 'eminin, )ntr7o e3rimare a'ectuoa!+4 @*e c*ild *a!nAt eaten
*i! brea%'a!t. Ietc* t*e bab, 'rom *er cotC !*e i! cr,in(.
8# E3i!t+ i o alt+ !itua-ie, ou!+ celei men-ionate anterior, re'eritoare la
!ub!tantive nume de er!oane. Cnd o er!oan+ e!te tratat+ cu di!re-, acea!ta
oate 'i con!iderat+ un obiect ne)n!u'le-it, re'erirea la ea '+cndu7!e cu
ronumele it4 So ,ouAve 'ound t*e (irl at la!t. >*ere did ,ou 'ind it ?
2.&. Ca+ul substantivelor (Case of !ouns$
8.B.1. Ca&ul e!te cate(oria (ramatical+ care indic+ raorturile dintre obiecte !au
dintre obiecte i ac-iuni. Si!temul ca&ului e!te 'olo!it entru a marca 'unc-iile
!intactice ale !ub!tantivelor.
A!t'el, )n limba en(le&+, ca i )n limba romn+, raorturile !tabilite )ntre obiecte i
)ntre obiecte i ac-iuni !e ot reda rin cinci ca&uri, 'iecare dintre ele 'iind 'olo!it
mai ale! entru e3rimarea unui anumit raort.
<ominativul e!te mai ale! ca&ul !ubiectului, acu&ativul, ca&ul comlementului
direct, dativul, ca&ul comlementului indirect, (enitivul, ca&ul atributului, iar
vocativul e!te )n a'ara 'unc-iile !intactice.
En limba romn+, cate(oria (ramatical+ a ca&ului e!te marcat+ de obicei rin
de!inen-e "c+r-ile coiilor#, i reo&i-ii "e ma!+#.
pag: 089
En limba en(le&+, cate(oria (ramatical+ a ca&ului e!te marcat+ rin4
de!inen-+4 t*e c*ildA! boo%
toic+4 @*e man "<# oened t*e $indo$ "Ac#.
reo&i-ii4 I bou(*t it 'or 1ar,.
2.&.2. Ca+ul nominativ (Te !ominative Case$. Ca&ul nominativ e!te ca&ul
!ub!tantivelor care )ndeline!c 'unc-ia de !ubiect, nume redicativ i ao&i-ie.
:n !ub!tantiv )n ca&ul nominativ )n limba en(le&+ !e oate identi'ica cu a.utorul
toicii.
6b!erva-i e3emlele4
@*e audience li%ed t*e la,.
@*e!e $omen are nur!e!.
1, nei(*bour, a ver, e3erienced en(ineer, *eled me to mend t*e car.
Iunc-iile !intactice ale ca&ului nominativ !unt4
a# !ubiect al roo&i-iei4 @*e bo, i! $aitin( 'or *i! 'riend.
b# nume redicativ4 ;e i! a teac*er.
c# ao&i-ie, !au arte a unei roo&i-ii4 C*arle!, a 'riend o' mine, $ill *el ,ou to
do it.
2.&.3. Ca+ul acu+ativ (Te 4cusative Case$. Ca&ul acu&ativ e!te ca&ul
comlementului direct4 I ate an icecream an *our a(o.
Ca&ul acu&ativ nu e!te marcat rin de!inen-e )n en(le&a modern+. 9e aceea el
e!te identi'icat cu a.utorul toicii4
a# 9ac+ e3i!t+ numai un comlement )n roo&i-ie, ace!ta e!te, )n ma.oritatea
ca&urilor, un comlement direct )n ca&ul acu&ativ i e!te ae&at imediat du+
verbul tran&itiv4 S*ut t*e $indo$, lea!e.
b# 9ac+ )n roo&i-ie e3i!t+ dou+ comlemente, unul e!te )n ca&ul acu&ativ, iar
cel+lalt e!te tot )n ca&ul acu&ativ, !au )n ca&ul dativ, )n 'unc-ie de verbele du+
care urmea&+4 I a!%ed *im "Ac# a Kue!tion "Ac#. I lent *er "9# m, umbrella "Ac#.
:rm+toarele verbe !unt urmate de dou+ acu&ative4 a!%, env,, e3cu!e, 'or(ive,
!ave, !tri%e4
@*e teac*er a!%ed t*e uil! !everal Kue!tion!. I env, ,ou ,our (arden. @*at
!aved u! a lot o' trouble.
)n tim ce verbe ca4 den,, (ive, *and, lend, a,, read !unt urmate de un
comlement indirect )n ca&ul dativ i un comlement direct )n ca&ul acu&ativ4 Can
,ou lend me t*i! boo% ? S*e told t*e c*ildren an intere!tin( !tor,. I $i!* ,ou a
(ood .ourne,.
Ca&ul acu&ativ e!te 'olo!it du+4
a# verbe tran&itive, entru a denumi obiectul care !u'er+ ac-iunea verbului4 drin%,
eat, meet.
b# du+ unele verbe intran&itive, tran'ormndu7le )n verbe tran&itive4 $ee,
tear!, loo% coma!!ion.
c# du+ unele verbe intran&itive care au aceeai r+d+cin+ ca i !ub!tantivul )n
acu&ativ, 'ormnd aa7numitul acu&ativ intern4 'i(*t terrible 'i(*t, !in( a !on(.
d# du+ reo&i-ii. 1a.oritatea reo&i-iilor )n limba en(le&+ !unt urmate de
!ub!tantive / ronume )n ca&ul acu&ativ4 IAm loo%in( at So*n. IAm loo%in( at *im.
pag: 090
Iunc-iile )n roo&i-ie ale unui !ub!tantiv )n ca&ul acu&ativ !unt4
a# comlement direct4 S*e met m, brot*er in t*e !treet.
b# arte dintr7un comlement reo&i-ional4 @*e bo,! $ere tal%in( about t*e
matc*.
c# arte dintr7un atribut4 I %no$ *im to be a man o' *onour.
d# arte dintr7un comlement circum!tan-ial4 @*e, arrived in t*e evenin(.
2.&.4. Ca+ul dativ (Te dative Case$. :n !ub!tantiv )n ca&ul dativ )ndelinete
'unc-ia de comlement indirect i arat+ c+tre cine !au c+tre ce e!te )ndretat+
ac-iunea e3rimat+ de verb.
En limba en(le&+, ca&ul dativ e!te marcat de reo&i-ia to !au 'or !au rin toic+4
S*e (ave !ome !$eet! to t*e c*ildren. I bou(*t a re!ent 'or m, mot*er. I lent
*er "9# a boo% "Ac#.
Ca&ul dativ e!te 'olo!it4
a# du+ unele verbe intran&itive, urmate de un comlement indirect al er!oanei4
come, *aen, occur, roo!e4
;e came to me. It *aened to m, mot*er. ;e roo!ed to *er.
b# du+ verbe tran&itive urmate de comlement direct i comlement indirect
recedat de reDo&i-ia to4 den,, (ive, *and, o''er, read, tell4
I aid t*e mone, to t*e ca!*ier. IAm $iritin( a o!tcard to m, 'riend!.
E3i!t+ )n!+ un num+r de verbe urmate )n mod obli(atoriu de ca&ul dativ 2
reo&i-ia to4 addre!!, announce, communicate4
I introduced *im to m, 'riend!.
c# du+ verbe tran&itive urmate de comlement direct i comlement indirect
recedat de reo&i-ia 'or4 bu,, c*oo!e, do, leave, ma%e, order, !ave4
S*e made a ne$ dre!! 'or *er dau(*ter.
d# du+ unele !ub!tantive4
;er attitude to animal! !urri!ed u!.
;er cruelt, to animal! !urri!ed u!.
;er %inde!! to animal! !urri!ed u!.
e# du+ unele ad.ective4 9inAt be cruel to animal!. S*e advi!ed me to be %ind to
t*e little bo,.
'# du+ ad.ective de comara-ie ca4 adeKuate, corre!ondin(, eKual, eKuivalent,
!imilar, in'erior4
@*e re!ult $a! not eKual to *i! e''ort. 1an i! !uerior to animal!.
2.&.&. Ca+ul )enitiv (Te 0enitive Case$. Sub!tantivul )n ca&ul (enitiv
e3rim+ )n rincial ideea de o!e!iune i )ndelinete 'unc-ia de atribut )n
roo&i-ie4 AnnA! ba( i! ne$.
En limba en(le&+, ca&ul (enitiv e!te marcat de re(ul+ de de!inen-a 7!, recedat+
de un ao!tro'. 9e aceea (enitivul cu W! !e mai numete (enitivul )n W! !au
(enitivul !intetic.
pag: 091
4rtogra/ia "e+inen!ei geniti.ului
a# 9e!inen-a 7! recedat+ de un ao!tro' !e adau(+4
la 'orma de !in(ular a !ub!tantivului4 t*e (irlA! dre!!C t*e uilA! Kue!tion
la cteva !ub!tantive cu 'orm+ nere(ulat+ de lural4 1enA! clot*e! are more
e3en!ive t*an $omenA!. >e %ee t*e c*ildrenA! to,! *ere.
la cteva !ub!tantive comune terminate )n !unetul 7! i urmate de cuvntul
!a%e 4 'or (oodne!!A !a%eC 'or convenienceA !a%e.
<ot+4 Ao!tro'ul nu e!te obli(atoriu )n ace!t ca&, con!truc-iile de mai !u!
)ntrebuin-ndu7!e i !ub 'orma4 'or (oodne!! !a%eC 'or convenience !a%e.
b# Ao!tro'ul !in(ur, '+r+ de!inen-a 7! !e adau(+4
7 la 'orma de lural a !ub!tantivelor re(ulate4 t*e bo,!A bic,cle!C t*e driver!A
attention.
7 la !ub!tantivele nume de er!oane terminate )n 7!4 9ic%en!A li'eC C*arle!A boo%!.
<ot+4 1. =a numele rorii terminate )n 7! !e oate )ntlni i (enitivul cu W!4
9ic%en!A! novel!.
@endin-a )n limba en(le&+ contemoran+ 'avori&ea&+ )n!+ !crierea '+r+ 7! dar
ronun-area cu Xi&Y, ca i )n ca&ul !crierii cu W!4 Burn!A XWb[X:n?i?W oem!.
8. =a unele nume rorii care nu !e termin+ )n 7! !e ob!erv+ tendin-a de
di!ari-ie a ao!tro'ului i uneori i a !ub!tantivului determinat4 Earl! CourtC
;arrod!C St. 9avid!C St. Alban! . "EarlA! CourtC St. 9avidA! etc#.
Ca?uri +%e#iale
a# Gruurile de cuvinte i titulaturile comu!e au marca (enitivului ad+u(at+ la
ultimul cuvnt4 a ,ear and a *al'A! dela,C m, !i!ter7in7la$A! .ob.
b# dou] !ub!tantive le(ate rin and care rere&int] o!e!orii aceluiaXi obiect
adau(] marca (enitivului la ultimul cuv^nt4 @om and 1ar,A! arent! "@om i 1ar,
!unt 'ra-i#. >it* 1r and 1r! Bro$nA! comliment!.
c# 9ac+ obiectul nu aar-ine amndorura, marca (enitivului o rimete 'iecare
!ub!tantiv )n arte4 @omA! and mar,A! 'riend!.
d# Ao&i-ia rimete de obicei !emnul (enitivului la ultimul cuvntC
;ave ,ou met m, brot*er Simm,A! !on ?
Fronun-area de!inen-ei (enitivului !intetic !e reali&ea&+ du+ re(ulile de
ronun-are a de!inen-ei de lural a !ub!tantivelor4
X!Y X&Y Xi&Y
SotA! t*e bo,A! t*e .ud(eA!
t*e arc*itectA! t*e teac*erA! BruceA!
9ic%A! ;enr,A! AliceA!
>ocul substantivului (n ca+ul )enitiv1
a# Sub!tantivul )n ca&ul (enitiv, determinantul, recede !ub!tantivul determinat
cnd e!te 'olo!it atributiv4 @*i! i! m, !i!terA! !c*oolba(.
b# Sub!tantivul )n (enitiv oate a+rea !in(ur, !ub!tantivul determinat 'iind omi!.
A!emenea !itua-ii aar4
cnd !ub!tantivul determinat a 'o!t men-ionat anterior4 @*i! i! @omA! boo%.
1ar,A! i! in *er ba(.
cnd !ub!tantivul determinat e!te cuvntul !*o, *ou!e, lace, mu!eum4 I
bou(*t t*e!e at t*e (rocerA! "!*o#. I $a! at t*e Bro$n!A "*ou!e# ,e!terda,.
pag: 092
d# Sub!tantivul )n ca&ul (enitiv oate urma !ub!tantivul determinat cnd e!te
de!+r-it de ace!ta rin reo&i-ia o' "(enitiv dublu#4 a boo% o' t*e teac*erA!C
t*o!e !%ate! o' FeterA!.
Rolo+irea geniti.ului +inteti#
Genitivul !intetic e!te 'olo!it cu4
a# nume rorii4 @omA! car
b# !ub!tantive nume de er!oane4 t*e bo,A! ne$ !*irt
c# !ub!tantive colective4 t*e nationA! !ecurit,
d# !ub!tantive care denume!c animale mari4 t*e lionA! mane
e# denumiri (eo(ra'ice i ale unor in!titu-ii4 EuroeA! 'utureC RomaniaA! 'orei(n
olic,C t*e !c*oolA! ro(ramme
'# !ub!tantive care denume!c unit+-i de tim, !a-iu, m+!ur+4 toda,A! $or%C a
momentA! tal%C a da,A! .ourne,
(# cteva !ub!tantive comune urmate de cuvntul !a%e4 'or it,A! !a%eC 'or
merc,A! !a%eC
*# !ub!tantive nume de obiecte care ot deveni ma!culine !au 'eminine rin
er!oni'icare, )n literatur+4 trut*A! victor,, =oveA! =abourA! =o!tC t*e oceanA! roarC
i# unele ronume ne*ot+rte ca4 anot*er, eit*er, neit*er, one i comuii lui
!ome, an,, no, ever, recum i adverbul el!eC !omebod,A! adviceC nobod,A!
'aultC
.# )n unele e3re!ii4 a needleA! e,eC *er *eartA! de!ireC to a *airA! breadt*C
%# cnd !ub!tantivul determinat e!te omi!4 St FaulA! "Cat*edral# i! one o'
@u!!audA! "mu!eum#.
Con!truc-ia cu 6I "@*e 6I Con!truction#
Con!truc-ia cu reo&i-ia o' e!te uneori 'olo!it+ ca un ec*ivalent al (enitivului
!intetic4 S*a%e!eareA! la,! 7 t*e la,! o' S*a%e!eare.
=ocul con!truc-iei cu o' e!te du+ !ub!tantivul determinat4 t*e li'e o' t*e (reat
$riterC t*e roo' o' t*e *ou!e.
Rolo+irea #on+tru#!iei #u o/
Con!truc-ia cu o' !e 'olo!ete4
a# cu !ub!tantivele nume de obiecte4 t*e title o' t*e boo%C
b# cu denumiri (eo(ra'ice urmate de un nume roriu4 t*e Cit, o' =ondon t*e
Gul' o' 1e3ico.
c# cu nume rorii, )n locul (enitivului !intetic4
cnd numele rorii !unt e3rimate rin !ub!tantive coordonate4 t*e teac*er
o' Feter and 1ar,
cnd numele roriu con!t+ dintr7un !ub!tantiv cu ao&i-ie4 t*e rei(n o' Vueen
Eli!abet*
cnd dorim !+ !ubliniem numele roriu4 t*e !onnet! o' >illiam S*a%e!eare
pag: 093
d# cu !ub!tantivele nume de er!oan+4
cnd !ub!tantivul determinat e!te recedat de articolul ne*ot+rt !au de un
demon!trativ4 I am a (reat admirer o' t*i! $riter.
e# entru )nt+rire4 @*e arrival o' *i! (rand'at*er !urri!ed *im.
'# cu nume de animale mici4 t*e tail o' t*e mou!eC t*e $in(! o' a butter'l,.
0enitivul implicit (Te Implicit 0enitive$
Genitivul imlicit e!te o contruc-ie (enitival+ )n care !ub!tantivului determinat )i
li!ete de!inen-a de (enitiv4 audience articiation, !tudent *o!tel, a'ternoon
tea.
0enitivul dublu (Te 3ouble 0enitive$
Genitivul dublu con!t+ din (enitivul !intetic 2 con!truc-ia cu o'. Acea!t+
con!truc-ie e!te 'olo!it+ cu !ub!tantive nume de er!oane4 @*i! .o%e o' FeterA! A
t*reat o' our teac*erA!.
Genitivul dublu di'er+ ca !en! de con!trcu-ia cu o' 'olo!it+ !in(ur+. a de!crition
o' Gal!$ort*,A! J o de!criere '+cut+ de Gal!$ort*,C a de!crition o' Gal!$ort*,
J o de!criere a lui Gal!$ort*, "'+cut+ de altcineva#
2.&.'. Ca+ul #ocativ (Te #ocative Case$ " (ve+i F 21.4$
E`ERCI_II
I. @raduce-i urm+toarele roo&i-ii )n limba en(le&+, 'olo!ind !ub!tnative rorii i
abrevieri4
1. Lcoala )ncee )n !etembrie. 8. <oi mer(em la )not duminica. 0. 9l. Bro$n e!te
membru al arlamentului. D. En 'iecare an la data de D iulie, americanii
!+rb+tore!c \iua Indeenden-ei. B. 9un+rea !e var!+ )n 1area <ea(r+. 6.
9octorul Ione!cu con!ult+ elevii )n 'iecare luni. H. Sania !e )nvecinea&+ cu
Iran-a. O. C*ine&ii, vietname&ii i .aone&ii tr+ie!c )n A!ia. 9. ;otelul
Intercontinental din Bucureti !e a'l+, ln(+ @eatrul <a-ional. 1M. Studiem en(le&a
i ru!a la coal+. 11. En 19H6 a avut loc la ;el!in%i con'erin-a entru ace i
!ecuritate )n Euroa.
II. @rece-i urm+toarele !ub!tnative comu!e la num+rul lural4 !c*oolbo,C
ma!terieceC brot*er7in7la$C 'at*er7in7la$C *eadma!terC mil%manC $oman denti!tC
o!tmanC blac%boardC !on7in7la$C a!!er7b,C bedroomC car raceC loo%er7onC man
!in(erC merr,7(o7roundC *or!e7raceC 'or(et7me7norC 'oot!etC 'ireman.
III. Fune-i !ub!tantivele din arante&e la num+rul lural4
1. @*ere are *undred! o' "boo%# on t*e "!*el'#. 8. All *i! "to,# are in *i! room. 0.
@*o!e "man# are "touri!t!#. D. "C*ild# li%e "!tor,#. B. @*e, le't t*eir "$atc*# on t*e
table.
pag: 094
IP. Ale(e-i 'orma otrivit+ a !ub!tantivelor entru a comleta roo&i-iile de mai
.o!4
*undred/*undred!
1.....o' uil! attend t*i! !c*ool. 8. Si3 ..... uil! attend t*e !c*ool round t*e
corner.
million/million!
0. Romania *a! a oulation a t$ent,7t$o... eole. D. @$o... eole live in
Buc*are!t.
P. @rece-i la lural urm+toarele !ub!tantive de ori(ine !tr+in+4
a# !timulu!C *enomenonC de!ideratumC addendumC
b# camu!C viru!C enc,cloediaC villaC
c# !,llabu!C (eniu!C 'ormulaC curriculumC
PI. Comleta-i roo&i-iile urm+toare cu cuanti'icatori otrivi-i ca !en!4 iece, bit,
item, air, *ead etc.
1. I need a $*ite... o' aer. 8. S*e bou(*t t$o... o' c*ocolate ,e!terda,. 0. I $ant
a .... o' $*ite bread and t$o... o' bro$n bread. D. Give me a .... o' c*al%, $ill ,ou?
B. >*at a .... o' $or% i! man5
PII. @raduce-i urm+toarele roo&i-ii )n limba en(le&+4
1. Ltirile e care le7am rimit !unt intere!ante. 8. 1i7am '+cut ba(a.ele a!ear+. 0.
Pom ublica toate in'orma-iile care !unt nece!are candida-ilor. D. Cunotin-ele lui
de i!torie !unt remarcabile. B. Am cum+rat 'ructe i cteva r+.ituri. 6. Zi7ai
'+cut temele?
PIII. Citi-i urm+toarele roo&i-ii con-innd luralia tantum )n 7! i traduce-i7le )n
limba romn+4
1. @*e !tandard o' livin( in t*e 1iddle A(e! $a! ver, lo$. 8. S*e tried to ma%e
amend! 'or *er 'ormer be*aviour. 0. All 9acian! ro!e in arm! $*en t*e Roman!
invaded 9acia. D. @*e letter burnt to a!*e!. B. ;e_! (ot (ood brain!, *e_ll mana(e.
6. Clot*e! do not ma%e t*e man. H. ;ave a loo% at t*e table content!. O. @*e,
couldn-t 'ini!* t*e ro.ect 'or lac% o' 'und!. 9. Good! are u!uall, tran!orted in
(ood! train!. 1M. >*ere are ,ou (oin( to !end ,our *olida,!? 11. ;e *a! (ood
loo%!. 18. Nou are 'or(ettin( ,our manner!, ,oun( man5
pag: 095
IT. @raduce-i )n limba en(le&+4
1. :nde e!te cletele? 8. 1ulte mul-umiri. 0. S7au )ncercat toate mi.loacele. D.
Cartierul (eneral al armatei era ln(+ =ondra. B. Ii&ica e!te obiectul lui re'erat.
6. Am rin! trei +!tr+vi mari. H. @ocmai !7a ublicat o carte de!re etii de a+
dulce din Romnia. O. Are +r aten. 9. Ea are cteva 'ire de +r alb. 1M. 9+7mi
dou+ ini, te ro(. 11. A '+cut ro(re!e mari )n )nv+-area limbii en(le&e. 18.
Ace!ta e!te roce!ul verbal al edin-ei.
T. @raduce-i urm+toarele roo&i-ii )n limba romn+4
1. @*ere i! a (la!! o' mil% on t*e table. 8. 9oe! *e $ear (la!!e!? 0. Nou *ave to
declare ever,t*in( at t*e cu!tom!. D. @*e, $ant to (et acKuainted $it* t*i!
Romanian cu!tom. B. Are ,ou $ritin( a letter? 6. ;e i! a (reat man o' letter!. H. I
don_t li%e *er air!. O. @*ere i! !omet*in( in t*e air.
TI. @raduce-i )n limba en(le&+4
9ra(ul meu 1o G*i-+,
1ii de mul-umiri entru rietenoa!a ta 'elicitare. 9e )ndat+ ce voi rimi
e3emlarele de autor de la Academie, )-i voi trimite un volum din lucrarea mea
de!re 1area <ea(r+.
<oi avem o iarn+ nel+cut+ i eu i !o-iam 'iind bolnavi.
9ra(ul no!tru @o-u e!te )n!+ voinic i7mi 'ace o mare l+cere !+ aud (la!ul !+u la
tele'on.
Gr. Antia
TII. Care !unt core!ondentele 'eminine ale urm+toarelor !ub!tantive ma!culine4
1. !onC 8. lorC 0. ne*e$C D. uncleC B. 'at*erC 6. brot*er. H. coc%C O. !ta(C 9. bo,C
1M. *u!bandC 11. manC 18. %in(.
TIII. Care !unt 'ormele de ma!culin i 'eminin ale urm+toarelor !ub!tantive4
1. 'riendC 8. (oatC 0. !tundentC D. catC B. a!!C 6. 'ro(.
TIP. Iormula-i roo&i-ii cu !ub!tnative la (enitiv, con'orm modelului4 So*n *a!
(ot a boo%. @*i! i! So*nA! boo%.
1. 1, nei(*bour *a! (ot a car. 8. =il, *a! (ot a doll. 0. 9ic% *a! (ot a ne$ bic,cle.
D. 1, cou!in *a! (ot a ne$ !tam7boo%. B. 1r >*ite *a! (ot an umbrella. 6.
=a$rence and Faul *ave (ot an electric train. H. Feter *a! (ot a bic,cle and 1ar,
*a! (ot a bic,cle too.
pag: 096
TP. @raduce-i )n limba romn+4
at a mileA! di!tanceC ,e!terda,A! ne$!aerC in t$o ,ear!A timeC a oundA!
$ei(*tC at a !tone_! t*ro$C to m, *eart_! contentC art 'or art_! !a%e.
TPI. @rece-i urm+toarele !ub!tantive )n ca&ul (enitiv la num+rul lural.
'3 1, cou!in_! *ou!e i! lar(e.
8. @*e (irl_! room i! ver, rett,
0. @*e uil_! uni'orm i! blue
D. @*e $oman_! $or% i! ver, muc* areciated.
B. @*e $or%er_! li'e i! muc* better toda,.
6. @*e teac*er rao!ed t*e !tudent_! $or%
H. >*ere are t*e c*ild clot*e!?
O. @*e bab,_! 'ood i! in t*e 'rid(e.
TPII. Fune!i +u1+tanti.ele "in %arante?e la geniti.ul +inteti# +au analiti#3
'3 MarH i+ CIa.i"D +i+ter
*3 T,e C1oo=D %age+ ,a.e nu21er+3
63 T,at i+ Hour C1rot,erD ,o11H[
:3 T,i+ i+ a CUo2anD ,at3
;3 T,atM+ C t,i+ 1oHD /a.ourite +%ort[
73 T,e C+,e"D roo/ Ua+ 1loUn o// 1H t,e Uin"3
83 T,at i+ CAli#eD %en#il-1o03
)3 CLa"ie+D ,at+ are .erH %rettH t,i+ Hear3
(3 T,i+ i+ C2H1rot,er an" +i+terD roo23
'93 T,ere are t,e Cgirl+D 1lou+e+[
''3 CIi#=en+D no.el+ are .erH intere+ting3
'*3 T,e ,ou+e i+ at a C2ileD "i+tan#e3
'63 <a.e Hou rea" CHe+ter"aHD %a%er3
`VIII3 Con+trui!i %ro%o?i!ii #on/or2 2o"elulului:
+,oU-Mi=e-t,e 1uil"ing
I +,oUe" Mie t,e 1uil"ing3
I +,oUe" t,e 1uil"ing to Mi=e3
'3 gi.e- 2oneH - ,er +on3
*3 tell - +e#ret- MarH3
63 ,an"-%a%er-t,e tea#,er3
:3 len"- u21rella-2H /rien"
;3 t,roU-1all-,i+ /rien"3
73 Urite-letter-gran"2a
83 o//er-/loUer+-tea#,err
`I`3 Re/or2ula!i ur2toarele %ro%o?i!ii> /olo+in" %re%o?i!ia to +au /or "u% #a?3
'3 I 1oug,t Mi=e a "og3
*3 <e ga.e To2 +o2e %re+ent+3
63 I #,o+e 2H +i+ter a ni#e %re+ent3
:3 MarH +,oUe" t,e tea#,er ,er #o2%o?ition3
;3 T,eH +ent t,eir %arent+ a %ar#el3
73 Ii" Hou 2a=e <elen t,i+ neU #ar"igan[
83 Ii" ,e gi.e ,i+ 2ot,er a 1un#, o/ /loUer+[
)3 I or"ere" 2H +i+ter a le2ona"e3
``3 Tra"u#e!i @n li21a engle?:
aD
'3 Congre+ul al `II-lea al %arti"ului a luat ,otrBri "e 2are @n+e2ntate %entru %o%orul no+tru $i %entru
%rogre+ul %atriei3
*3 Ai #itit ?iarul "e ieri[
63 Iu% un 2o2ent "e gBn"ire> ele.ul a r+%un+ %er/e#t la toate @ntre1rile 2ele3
:3 Juriul a @n2Bnat %re2ii #B$tigtorilor @ntre#erii3
;3 Ne-a2 "i+trat /oarte 1ine la %etre#erea +uroriii %rietenului 2eu3
73 Cre" # a2 luat %lria alt#ui.a3
83 Stiloul e+te al lui Bo3
)3 Ce $tii "e+%re #li2a a#e+tei !ri[
(3 Fro/e+orul a .or1it 2ai 1ine "e o or "e+%re %rogre+ul $tiin!ei3
'93 Ele.ii i-au o/erit @n.!toarei lor un 1u#,et "e /lori3
''3 Ar /i 1ine + ne @ntBlni2 a#a+ la Maria3
'*3 Fu1li#area a#e+tei #r!i a @n+e2nat un +u##e+ "eo+e1it3
1D
'3 Cea 2ai 2o"ern %oet a noa+tr a .or1it "e+%re ulti2ul ei .olu2 "e %oe?ii3
*3 Ve!i /i @n+o!i!i "e /iul $i /ii#a 2ea3
63 Nu $tiu #ine Aoa# rolul %rin!e+ei3
:3 Nu ia2 .?ut %e un#,iul $i 2tu$a 2ea "e #Bte.a luni3
;3 Ne%oata ei #ea 2ai 2i# e+te 2o$tenitoarea #a+ei3
73 Ve#inul 2eu a l+at u$a "e+#,i+ $i a uitat "e ea3

pag: 097
3. 4rticolul *i al.i determinan.i (Te 4rticle and oter
3eterminers$
3.1. Cate)oria determin,rii
0.1.1. Cate(oria determin+rii a a+rut )n limba en(le&+, ca i )n limba romn+, din
nece!itatea de a indica un element unic "t*e 9anube# !au !eci'ic "t*i! man#
dintr7o cate(orie, !au de a denumi o )ntrea(+ cate(orie de elemente de acelai
'el "@*e lion i! a !tron( animal#.
En limba en(le&+ e3i!t+ mai multe +r-i de vorbire care ot determina un
!ub!tantiv4 t*e 'ir!t t$o !tudent!. Ele 'ormea&+ )n (ramatica !tructurali!t+ cla!a
determinan-ilor, care e!te !ubdivi&at+ )n redeterminan-i, determinan-i roriu7
&ii i o!tdeterminan-i.
Acea!t+ terminolo(ie a 'o!t !tabilit+ e ba&a cate(oriei (ramaticale e care o
rere&int+ ace!te cuvinte e ln(+ !ub!tantiv "determinarea# i e ba&a o&i-iei
e care o ocu+ unul 'a-+ de altul4 ;al' "redeterminant# t*e "determinant
roriu7&i!# !econd "o!tdeterminant# c*ater.
3.1.2. 3eterminan.ii propriu"+i*i. En cala!a determinan-ilor roriu7&ii intr+
articolul i alte +r-i de vorbire care ot )nlocui articolul )naintea unui !ub!tantiv4
ad.ectivul demon!trativ "t*i!, t*at, t*e!e, t*o!e#, ad.ectivul o!e!iv "m,, ,our, *i!
etc.#, ad.ectivul ne*ot+rt "eac*, ever,, eit*er etc.# i unele ad.ective
intero(ative "$*at, $*ic*# i ne(ative "no, neit*er#4
a boo%
t*e boo%
no boo%
eac* boo%
ever, boo%
eit*er boo%
t*i! boo%
m, boo%
$*at boo%
Ieter2inan!ii %ro%riu-?i$i ai +u1+tanti.ului
9eterminantul E3emle
Articolul *ot+rt
Articolul ne*ot+rt
Articolul &ero
t*e man
a treeC an ale
menC tree!, ale!
Ad.ectivul demon!trativ t*i! ne$!aer, t*at ma(a&ine
t*e!e article!, t*o!e aer!
Ad.ectivul o!e!iv m, *ou!eC ,our carC *i! $atc*C
*er dre!!C
it! tailC our !c*oolC t*eir
cla!!room.
Ad.ectivul intero(ativ >*at boo% do ,ou $ant ?
>*ic* boo%! do ,ou $ant ?
>*o!e boo% do ,ou $ant ?
Ad.ectivul ne*ot+rt Eac* uil, ever, da,, eit*er
!ideC
!ome boo%!C an, !tudent!C
no c*ildrenC neit*er !tudent.
pag: 098
Articolul ocu+ un loc central )n cadrul determinan-ilor, neavnd alt+ 'unc-ie
dect cea de determinare a !ub!tantivului. Al-i determinan-i ot 'unc-iona
indeendent de !ub!tantivele e care le reced+, ca ronume4
I $ant t*i!/!ome. >*at i! t*i! ?
Fe ln(+ determinan-ii roriu7&ii, !ub!tantivele mai ot 'i recedate i de alte
cla!e de cuvinte4 redeterminan-i, numerale cardinale i ordinale / cuanti'icatori
"o!t determinan-i#.
Ace!te dou+ cla!e au 'o!t !tabilite e ba&a o&i-iei lor 'a-+ de determinan-i )n
rela-ie unul cu altul.
3.1.3. Predeterminan.ii. Fredeterminan-ii !e nume!c a!t'el deaorece ei aar
)naintea determinan-ilor4
a# all t*e boo%!
bot* m, boo%!
*al' t*e!e boo%!
b# double t*e / t*e!e amount
t$ice t*e / t*e!e amount
t*ree time! t*e / t*e!e amount
c# ine7t*ird t*e time
t*ree Kuarter! t*e / t*e!e amount
Cnd !unt urma-i de !ub!tantive, redeterminan-ii ot a+rea )n trei con!truc-ii4
all o' t*e c*ildren
all t*e c*ildren
all c*ildren
bot* o' t*e teac*er!
bot* t*e teac*er!
bot* teac*er!
Cnd determinan-ii !unt urma-i de ronume, con!truc-ia cu o' e!te obi(atorie4 all
o' t*em, bot* o' t*em, *al' o' it.
Fredeterminan-ii all, bot* i *al' ot 'i 'olo!i-i i ca ronume4
All under!tood t*e teac*erA! e3lanation.
Bot* under!tood t*e teac*erA! e3lanation.
;al' under!tood t*e teac*erA! e3lanation.
En ca&ul lui all, !e 'olo!ete determinantul &ero )n ca&ul !ub!tantivelor num+rabile
la lural 'olo!ite (eneric4 All t*e uil! $ent into t*e cla!!room. 9ar4 All !oldier!
mu!t $ear uni'orm! "(eneric#.
pag: 099
All oate 'i de a!emenea 'olo!it cu articolul &ero )n e3re!ii ca4 all "t*e# da, /
mornin( / ni(*t, )n !ecial )ntr7un conte3t ne(ativ4 I *avenAt !een *er all da,4
Ca determinant, all recede4
a# !ub!tantive "ne#num+rabile concrete "rar# !au ab!tracte la !in(ular, avnd
!en!ul de )ntre(, tot4
S*e interruted *im all t*e time. El )ntreruea tot timul.
;e didnAt !end all *i! mone,. <u i7a c*eltuit to-i banii.
;e *a!nAt read all t*e !tor,.
;e *a!nAt read t*e $*ole !tor,.
b# !ub!tantive num+rabile la lural, avnd !en!ul de to-i, toate4
>*ere are all ,our boo%! ? :nde !unt toate c+r-ile tale ?
All oate 'i 'olo!it att ca redeterminant ct i ca ronume ne*ot+rt4 ;ave ,ou
drun% all t*e mil% ? Ai b+ut tot latele ? ;ave ,ou !een all ? Ai v+&ut tot ? All "t*e#
eole came in time. All "o' t*em# $ere unctual.
Bot*. Bot* )n!eamn+ amndoi, amndou+, 'iind 'olo!it entru re'erirea la dou+
er!oane "accentuat#4 Bot* c*ildren are ver, Kuit. Amndoi coiii !unt 'oarte
t+cu-i.
Bot* oate 'i 'olo!it att ca redeterminant4 Bot* "o'# t*e!e 'eature! are ver,
imortant.
ct i ca ronume4 Bot* are imortant.
;al'. ;al' ".um+tate# e!te 'olo!it att cu !ub!tantive nenum+rabile4 ;e didnAt !a,
a $ord *al' t*e time *e !ta,ed t*ere.
ct i ca !ub!tantive nenum+rabile4 ;al' t*e !tudent! in t*e !tudent *o!tel $ere
a!lee. ;al' e!te 'olo!it ca4
7 redeterminant4 *al' t*e boo%
7 !ub!tantiv4 Nour *al' i! bi((er t*an mine.
7 ronume ne*ot+rt4 *al' "o' t*em# le't.
<umeralele multilicative "ve&i G D.H.# !unt inclu!e )n cla!a redeterminan-ilor,
deoarece ele ot 'i ae&ate )naintea determinan-ilor4 t$ice t*e amount, double
t*at rice.
=a 'el i numeralele 'rac-ionare "ve&i GD.B.#, care ot avea i con!truc-ii cu o', )n
mod !imilar cu all, bot* i *al'4
@*e ve(etable! boiled in one t*ird "o'# t*e time t*e meat did.
3.1.4. Postdeterminan.ii. 6rdinalele !unt o!tdeterminan-i. Ele urmea&+
determinan-ii )n (ruul nominal, dar reced cuanti'icatorii i ad.ectivele4 @*e 'ir!t
t*ree imortant event!.
En cla!a ordinalelor intr+4
a# numeralele ordinale4 'ir!t, !econd, t*ird, 'ourt* etc.
b# "an#ot*er, ne3t, la!t.
Cuanti'icatorii urmea&+ determinan-ii i ordinalele i reced ad.ectivele4 @*e 'ir!t
t*ree imortant event!.
9in cla!a cuanti'icatorilor 'ac arte4
a# numeralele cardinale4 one, t$o, t*ree, 'our, 'ive, etc.
pag: 100
b# cuanti'icatorii, cuvintele care e3rim+ num+rul "man,, 'e$, !everal# !au
cantitatea "muc*, little# )n mod nede'init.
Cuati'icatorii !unt 'olo!i-i4
a# numai cu !ub!tantive num+rabile4
man, c*ildren a (reat number o' c*ildren
'e$ c*ildren a lar(e number o' c*ildren
!everal c*ildren a (ood number o' c*ildren
b# numai cu !ub!tantive nenum+rabile4
muc* time a (reat/(ood deal o' mone,
little time a (reat/(ood deal o' mone,
a little time (reat/(ood deal o' mone,
muc* time a lar(e/!mall Kuantit,/amount o' mone,
little time a lar(e/!mall Kuantit,/amount o' mone,
a little time a lar(e/!mall Kuantit,/amount o' mone,
c# cu !ub!tantive num+rabile !au nenum+rabile ")n e3rimarea 'amiliar+#4
a lot o' c*ildren/mone,
lot! o' c*ildren/mone,
lent, o' c*ildren/mone,
@uc J mult, mult !e 'olo!ete mai ale! )n roo&i-ii intero(ative i ne(ative4
!here isn"t muc sugar le#t. <u a r+ma! mult &a*+r.
En roo&i-ii a'irmative !e 'olo!ete4 ver$ much, a l%t %#, a great deal %#, a large
&small' am%unt %#, plent$ %#4
!here is a lot of sugar in the sugar basin. E!te "'oarte# mult &a*+r )n &a*arni-+.
!here is ver8 muc sugar in the sugar basin. E!te "'oarte# mult &a*+r )n
&a*arni-+.
@*ere i! let, o' !u(ar in t*e !u(ar ba!in. E!te 'oarte mult &a*+r )n &a*arni-+.
>ittle )n!eamn+ pu(in, pu(in, indic+ o cantitate in!u'icient+, imlic+ o areciere
ne(ativ+4 )he eats little bread. Ea m+nnc+ u-in+ ine "aroae deloc#.
* little indic+ o cantitate mic+, dar !u'icient+ i imlic+ o areciere o&itiv+4 + eat
a little bread. 1+nnc ceva ine.
@an8 J mul(i, multe !e 'olo!ete mai ale! )n roo&i-ii intero(ative i ne(ative4
,id he read man8 -nglish b%%.s ? A citit multe c+r-i en(le&eti. + have n%t invited
man8 pe%ple t% m$ birthda$ part$. <7am invitat mult+ lume la &iua mea de
natere.
En roo&i-ii a'irmative !e 'olo!ete ver$ man$, a l%t %#, a great / large number,
l%ts %#4
0e"s read a lot of -nglish b%%.s.
0e"s read ver8 man8 -nglish b%%.s.
0e"s read a )reat number of -nglish b%%.s.
0e"s read lots of -nglish b%%.s.
Fe: J pu(ini, pu(ine indic+ un num+r in!u'icient i imlic+ o areciere ne(ativ+4
Fe: pe%ple live t% be a hundred. Fu-ini oameni tr+ie!c 1MM de ani.
4 fe: J c1(iva, c1teva indic+ un num+r mic, dar !u'icient i imlic+ o areciere
o&itiv+4 !here are fe: #l%2ers in the vase. Sunt cteva 'lori )n va&+.
=everal e!te 'olo!it entru mai mult de dou+ er!oane4
0e read several b%%.s %n ,acia. El a citit mai multe c+r-i de!re 9acia.
0e read several b%%.s %n ,acia. El a citit cteva c+r-i de!re 9acia.
pag: 101
3.2. 4rticolul (Te 4rticle$
3.2.1. 3efini.ie. Articolul e!te artea de vorbire care4
a# con!tituie un mi.loac de individuali&a a obiectelor i 'enomenelor )ntr7un
conte3t lin(vi!tic !au !itua-ionalC
b# nu are 'orme 'le3ionare, 'iind ne'le3ibil din unct de vedere mor'olo(icC
c# )ndelinete 'unc-ia de determinant.
Articolul ocu+ un loc central )n cadrul determinan-ilor, 'iind con!iderat
determinantul pr%priu34is. Acea!ta !e datorea&+ 'atului c+ articolul nu oate 'i o
arte de vorbire indeendent+, el contribuind doar la determinarea unic+ !au
individual+ a !ub!tantivului e care )l )n!o-ete.
Articolul e!te redat rin articolul *ot+rt the, articolul ne*ot+rt a !au an !au rin
artic%lul 4er%. Ace!te articole !e 'olo!e!c entru a reali&a4 1# re'erin-a unic+
"uni5ue re#erence# i 8# re'erin-a individual+ "individual re#erence#.
3.2.2. 1# Articolul !e 'olo!ete entru referin., unic, atunci cnd !e identi'ic+
cu un membru anume al unei cla!e4 Te b%$ 2as running ver$ #ast. B+iatul
aler(a 'oarte reede.
3.2.3. 8# Articolul !e 'olo!ete entru referin., individual, cnd re'erirea !e
'ace la orice membru al unei cla!e, '+r+ ca ace!ta !+ 'ie identi'icat )n mod unic.
Fentru re#erin(a unic, !e 'olo!ete articolul *ot+rt entru !ub!tantive
num+rabile i nenum+rabile4
6here is te b%%. + gave $%u ?
6here are te b%%.s + gave $%u ?
6here is te chal. + gave $%u ?
Fentru re#erin( individual, !e 'olo!e!c4
7 articolul ne*ot+rt a&n', cu !ub!tantive num+rabile la !in(ular4
!here is a b%%. %n the table.
!here is an %range %n the table.
7 articolul &ero !au s%me/an$, cu !ub!tantive num+rabile la lural i !ub!tantive
nenum+rabile4
!here are "some# b%%.s %n the table.
!here is "some# salt %n the table.
4ten.ie5 Articolul !e 'olo!ete )eneric cnd unei cla!e de elemente i !e atribuie
o rorietateC 'olo!irea (eneric+ are )n vedere cla!a i nu anumi-i membri ai
cla!ei4 9o8s li.e t% pla$ #%%tball. B+ie-ilor le lace !+ .oace 'otbal. 4 b%$ runs
#aster than a girl. :n b+iat alear(+ mai reede dect o 'at+. Te ti)er lives in
the 7ungle. @i(rul tr+iete )n .un(l+.
Sub!tantivele 'olo!ite (eneric nu au di!tinc-ia de num+r deoarece ele denume!c
ceea ce e!te tiic, (eneral entru membrii unei cla!e. 9e aceea, 'olo!irea
(eneric+ aare cu cele trei articole4
pag: 102
a# articolul *ot+rt the, articolul ne*ot+rt a&n' !au articolul &ero entru
!ub!tantivele num+rabile4
Te co: gives us mil..
4 co: gives us mil.8
Co:s give us mil..
b# articolul &ero entru !ub!tantivele nenum+rabile4 @ilG i! (ood 'or our *ealt*.
3.2.4. !umele proprii *i referin.a unic,. <umele rorii !unt !ub!tantivele cu
re'erin-+ unic+ rin e3celen-+, deoarece ele !unt con!iderate membri unici ai
cla!ei din care 'ac arte4 0elen, 9%unt -verest, the ,anube, :rance, 9%nda$8
Frin acea!ta, numele rorii !e deo!ebe!c de !ub!tantivele comune4
a# !e !criu cu liter+ mare4 1r. @*om!on, t*e En(li!* C*annel, t*e ;aKue.
b# nu au contra!tul articulat7nearticulat4 unele nume rorii !unt 'olo!ite cu
articolul &ero, altele !unt 'olo!ite cu articolul t*e, '+r+ !+ e3i!te o oo&i-ie )ntre
ele4 Au!tralia, Ital,, Buc*are!t, >ind!or Ca!tle.
c# numele rorii nearticulate rime!c articol cnd !e inten-ionea&+ re!trn(erea
re'erin-ei la un anumit tim !au loc care identi'ic+, numele rintr7o roo&i-ie
relativ+ re!trictiv+, o con!truc-ie reo&i-ional+ cu o' !au una rovenit+ dintr7o
roo&i-ie relativ+ re!trictiv+4
in Romania
in t*e Romania o' toda,
Buc*are!t
t*e Buc*are!t I li%e
Emine!cu
t*e ,oun( Emine!cu
in Pictorian En(land
in t*e En(land o' Vueen Pictoria
3.3. 4rticolul ot,rHt (Te 3efinite 4rticle$
0.0.1. Iorma articolului *ot+rt. Articolul *ot+rt are 'orma unic+ t*e.
@*e !e ronun-+ X[t&[XW
a# inaintea !unetelor con!onantice4 t*e uilC t*e *ou!eC
b# )naintea !unetelor !emicon!onantice, rere&entate de obicei rin literele u, ,,
$4 t*e univer!it,, t*e $indo$, t*e ,ear, t*e one.
@*e !e ronun-+ X[t&[i"4#Y
a# )naintea !unetelor vocalice4 t*e arti!t!C
b# )naintea lui * mut4 t*e *ourC t*e *one!t manC
t*e *onourC t*e *eirC
c# ronun-area X[t&[i4Y e!te de a!emenea 'olo!it+ entru !ubliniere4 @*e!e are t*e
'act!.
3.3.2. Func.iile articolului ot,rHt. Articolul *ot+rt e!te 'olo!it entru a
e3rima re'erin-a unic+. El )ndelinete mai multe 'unc-ii. Ace!tea !unt4
1# 'unc-ia deictic+, cu !ub!tantive a c+ror re'erin-+ e!te imediat )n-elea!+ de
vorbitorii limbii, ea 'iind !eci'ic )n conte3tul !itua-ional al comunic+rii.
Anumite !ub!tantive au determinare deictic+ )n conte3te !itua-ionale.
9e e3emlu4
a# )ntr7o )nc+ere4 t*e door, t*e $indo$, t*e table, t*e radiator.
Clo!e t*e $indo$, $ill ,ou ? Enc*ide 'erea!tra, te ro(.
b# )ntr7o +dure4 t*e $ind, t*e !%,, t*e (round etc.
@*e (round i! covered $it* dr, leave!. F+mntul e!te acoerit cu 'run&e u!cate.
pag: 103
c# )ntr7un ora4 t*e to$n*all, t*e olice !tation, t*e rail$a, !tation, t*e *o!ital4
Can ,ou tell me *o$ to (et to t*e to$n*all ? Fute-i !+7mi !une-i cum !+ a.un( la
rim+rie ?
d# )ntr7o -ar+4 t*e radio, t*e re!!, t*e tele*one4 >*atA! on t*e radio at ei(*t
oAcloc% ? Ce ro(ram e!te la radio la ora O ?
e# )n univer!4 t*e !un, t*e moon, t*e eart*4
@*e eart* move! round t*e !un. F+mntul !e )nvrtete )n .urul !oarelui.
8# 'unc-ia ana'oric+, cu !ub!tantive determinate de'initiv rin men-ionarea
anterioar+4 I bou(*t a boo% ,e!terda,. @*e boo% i! inter!tin(. Am cum+rat o
carte ieri. Cartea e!te intere!ant+.
0# 'unc-ia cata'oric+, cnd determinarea de'init+ aare du+ !ub!tantiv, 'iind
e3rimat+ rintr7o roo&i-ie relativ+ re!trictiv+ !au rintr7o con!truc-ie
reo&i-ional+ rovenit+ dintr7o roo&i-ie relativ+ re!trictiv+4 @*e man $*o i!
drivin( t*e red car i! our En(li!* teac*er. 6mul care conduce maina roie e!te
ro'e!orul no!tru de en(le&+. @*e man "$*o i!# in t*e red car i! our En(li!*
teac*er. 6mul din maina roie e!te ro'e!orul no!tru de en(le&+.
D# 'unc-ia (eneric+, cnd !ub!tantivul e!te 'olo!it )n !en!ul !+u cel mai (eneral,
ca rere&entant al unei cla!e. En acea!t+ 'unc-ie t*e )n!o-ete !ub!tantive
num+rabile la num+rul !in(ular4 @*e *or!e i! a u!e'ul animal. Calul e!te un
animal 'olo!itor. @*e $ild ele*ant can be 'ound in !ome art! o' A'rica. Ele'antul
!+lbatic oate 'i (+!it )n unele &one din A'rica.
B# cu nume rorii4
<umele rorii !unt recedate de obicei de articolul *ot+rt cnd !tructura lor
intr+ i un ad.ectiv !au !ub!tantiv 'olo!it ad.ectival4 @*e :nited Uin(dom, t*e
:nited State!, t*e Art Galler,C
!au o con!truc-ie reo&i-ional+ o!tu!+ "cu o'#4 @*e :niver!it, o' Buc*are!t ,
t*e ;ou!e! o' FarliamentC
En ace!te ca&uri, articolul t*e e!te 'olo!it c*iar dac+ unul dintre cele dou+
elemente e!te omi!4 t*e "river# @*ame!, t*e @ate "Galler,#, t*e Faci'ic "6cean#,
t*e 1editerranean "Sea#, t*e Intercontinental ";otel#.
Articolul *ot+rt !e 'olo!ete cu urm+toarele cla!e de nume rorii4
a# !ub!tantive la lural4 t*e Bro$n! 7 'amilia Bro$nC t*e <ert*erland! 7 6landa
t*e Al! 7 Alii.
b# denumiri (eo(ra'ice4
7 nume de ruri4 @*e 9anube, t*e 6ltC
7 nume de m+ri i oceane4 t*e Blac% Sea, t*e Atlantic 6ceanC
7 nume de canaluri4 t*e Sue& Canal, t*e Fanama CanalC
7 nume de deerturi, (ol'uri, cauri4 @*e Sa*ara, @*e er!ian Gul', t*e Cae o'
Good ;oe.
c# nume de in!titu-ii4
7 *oteluri i re!taurante4 t*e =ido, t*e Berlin Re!taurantC
7 teatre, cinemato(ra'e, cluburi4 @*e <ational @*eatre, t*e Caitol CinemaC
7 mu&ee, bliblioteci4@*e Briti!* 1u!eum, t*e <ational ;i!tor, 1u!eumC
d# nume de &iare4 @*e @ime!, @*e 9ail, @ele(ra*, @*e Guardian. <umele de
revi!te au de obicei articolul &ero4 =i'e, En(li!* =an(ua(e @eac*in( Sournal.
e# nume de va!e4 @*e @ran!,lvania.
pag: 104
Zara !au
continentul
Ad.ectiv Sub!tantiv
Iolo!ire individual+ Iolo!ire
(eneric+
Sin(ular Flural Flural
C*ina C*ine!e a C*ine!e C*ine!e t*e C*ine!e
Saan Saana!e a Saane!e Saane!e t*e
Saane!e
Fortu(al Fortu(ue!e a
Fortu(ue!e
Fortu(ue!e t*e
Fortu(ue!e
S$it&erland S$i!! a S$i!! S$i!! t*e S$i!!
Pietnam Pietname!e a
Pietname!e
Pietname!e t*e
Pietname!e
I!rael I!raeli an I!raeli I!raeli! t*e I!raeli!
Fa%i!tan Fa%i!tani a Fa%i!tani Fa%i!tani! t*e
Fa%i!tani!
A'rica A'rican an A'rican A'rican! t*e A'rican!
America American an
American
American! t*e
American!
A!ia A!ian an A!ian A!ian! t*e A!ian!
Au!tralia Au!tralian an
Au!tralian
Au!tralian! t*e
Au!tralian!
Ital, Italian an Italian Italian! t*e Italian!
Bel(ium Bel(ian a Bel(ian Bel(ian! t*e Bel(ian!
Bra&il Bra&ilian a Bra&ilian Bra&ilian! t*e
Bra&ilian!
Euroe Euroean a Euroean Euroean! t*e
Euroean!
German, German a German German! t*e
German!
Greece Gree% a Gree% Gree%! t*e Gree%!
;un(ar, ;un(arian a ;un(arian ;un(arian! t*e
;un(arian!
<or$a, <or$e(ian a
<or$e(ian
<or$e(ian! t*e
<or$e(ian!
9enmar% 9ani!* a 9ane 9ane! t*e 9ane!
"9ani!*#
Iinland Iini!* a Iinn Iinn! t*e Iinn!
"Iini!*#
Foland Foli!* a Fole Fole! t*e Fole!
"Foli!*#
Sain Sani!* a Saniard Saniard! t*e
Saniard!
"Sani!*#
S$eden S$edi!* a S$ede S$ede! t*e S$ede!
"S$edi!*#
Arabia Arabic an Arab Arab! t*e Arab!
En(land En(li!* an
En(li!*man
En(li!*men t*e En(li!*
En(li!*men
Irance Irenc* a
Irenc*man
Irenc*men t*e Irenc*
Irenc*men
;olland 9utc* a 9utc*man 9utc*men t*e 9utc*
t*e
<et*erland!
9utc* a 9utc*man 9utc*men t*e 9utc*
9utc*men
Ireland Iri!* an Iri!*man Iri!*men t*e Iri!*
Iri!*men
>ale! >el!* a >el!*man >el!*men t*e >el!*
>el!*men
Britain Briti!* a Briton Briton! t*e Briti!*
Briton!
Scotland Scot! a Scot!man Scot!men Scot!men
Scotland Scotti!* a Scot Scot! t*e Scot!
Scotland Scotc* a
Scotc*man
Scotc*men t*e Scotc*
pag: 105
3.4. 4rticolul neot,rHt (Te Indefinite 4rticle$
3.4.1. Forma articolului neot,rHt
Articolul ne*ot+rt are dou+ 'orme4 a i an.
A !e ronun-+ X[XW "'orma !lab+, cnd e!te neaccentuat#, !au XeiY "'orma tare
cnd e!te accentuat# i !e 'olo!ete )naintea cuvintelor care )nce cu un !unet
con!onantic !au !emicon!onantic4 a buider, a ma(a&ineC a $ater7melon, a ,ear.
An !e ronun-+ X[XnY "'orma !lab+# !au X[ae[nY "'orma tare# i !e 'olo!ete
)naintea cuvintelor care )nce cu un !unet vocalic !au * mut4 an arc*itect, an
e((, an oran(e, an *our, an *eir, an *one!t man.
3.4.2. Func.iile articolului neot,rHt. Articolul ne*ot+rt are mai multe valori.
Ace!tea !unt4
1# 'unc-ia ei'oric+, !eci'ic+ articolului ne*ot+rt, 'olo!it+ entru introducerea )n
comunicare a unei no-iuni care nu a 'o!t men-ionat+ anterior4 @*ere i! a ,oun(
bo, $aitin( 'or ,ou. @e ateat+ un b+iat. I read an intere!tin( novel la!t mont*.
Am citit un roman intere!ant luna trecut+.
Iunc-ia ei'oric+ a articolului ne*ot+rt e!te 'olo!it+ )n !itua-iile )n care obiectul
!au er!oana men-ionat+ )n comunicare e!te necuno!cut+ a!cult+torului4 A man
came and %noc%ed at our door. A venit un om i a b+tut la u+C !au )n !itua-iile )n
care vorbitorul nu dorete !+ determine de'init obiectul !au er!oana re!ectiv+
ci !e re'er+ doar la un membru al unei cla!e4 I !a$ a cat on t*e !tair!. Am v+&ut o
i!ic+ e !car+.
8# 'unc-ia numeric+, )n !itua-iile )n care 'orma a"n# are valoarea numeralului one.
Fentru a reda acea!t+ idee de num+r (ramatical "!in(ularul#, articolul ne*ot+rt
!e 'olo!ete4
7 cu !ub!tantivele num+rabile la !in(ular, de obicei )n !erii numerice4
S*e bou(*t a dre!!, t$o blou!e! and an umbrella.
A cum+rat o roc*ie, dou+ blu&e i o umbrel+.
7 cu numeralele ")n locul lui one#4 a/one *undredC a/one t*ou!and.
pag: 106
0# 'unc-ia (eneric+
Articolul ne*ot+rt oate 'i 'olo!it i cu valoare (eneric+, cu !ub!tantive
num+rabile la !in(ular, entru a rere&enta o )ntrea(+ cla!+4
A co$ (ive! u! mil%. Paca ne d+ late.
D# articolul ne*ot+rt e!te 'olo!it i )naintea numelui redicativ e3rimat rintr7un
!ub!tantiv4
;e i! a teac*er. ;e $a! a *eadma!ter.
;e i! a teac*er. ;e became a *eadma!ter.
;e i! a teac*er. ;e remained a *eadma!ter.
4ten.ie 5 Articolul ne*ot+rt nu !e 'olo!ete4
1# cu !ub!tantive nenum+rabile
Comara-i4
a# !ub!tantiv num+rabil. I bou(*t an iron ,e!terda,. Am cum+rat un 'ier de
c+lcat ieri.
7 !ub!tantiv nenum+rabil. @*i! 'ence i! made o' iron. Ace!t (ard e!te din 'ier.
8# cu !ub!tantive num+rabile la lural
Comara-i4
7 !ub!tantiv num+rabil la !in(ular4 I $atc*ed an intere!tin( 'ilm on @P la!t ni(*t.
Am v+&ut un 'ilm intere!ant la televi&or a!ear+.
7 !ub!tantiv num+rabil la lural4 Nou can $atc* "!ome# intere!tin( 'ilm! on @P.
Fo-i !+ ve&i "nite# 'ilme intere!ante la televi&or.
En ca&ul !ub!tantivelor num+rabile la lural, determinarea nede'init+ !e
reali&ea&+4
a# cu articolul &ero4 @*ere are 'ilm! on @P. Sunt 'ilme la televi&or.
b# cu a.utorul lui !ome !au an,4 @*ere are !ome intere!tin( 'ilm! on @P. Sunt
unele/nite 'ilme intere!ante la televi&or.
3.&. 4rticolul +ero (Te Iero 4rticle$
0.B.1. En unele ca&uri, !ub!tantivele nenum+rabile, !ub!tantivele num+rabile la
lural i numele rorii ar ne)n!o-ite de articol4 S*e drin%! tea ever, da,.
Clot*e! do not ma%e t*e man. Bobb, C*arlton $a! a (ood 'ootball la,er.
En a!t'el de ca&uri, ab!en-a articolului ec*ivalea&+ ca 'unc-ia cu re&en-a unui
articol. Ace!ta e!te de obicei numit articolul &ero.
pag: 107
E!te nece!ar !+ di!tin(em )ntre e3i!ten-a unui articol &ero i omi!iunea articolului
*ot+rt !au ne*ot+rt, entru c+ articolul &ero aare )n !itua-ii ou!e celor )n
care !e 'olo!e!c celelalte articole4 I li%e c*ocolate. "Articolul &ero entru 'olo!irea
(eneric+#. Emi lace ciocolata. @*e c*ocolate ,ou bou(*t i! nice. Ciocolata e
care ai cum+rat7o e!te (u!toa!+.
3.&.2. Func.iile articolului +ero
1# articolul &ero )ndelinete 'unc-ia (eneric+ cu4
a# !ub!tantive nenum+rabile
b# !ub!tantive num+rabile la lural
I li%e mil% / co''ee.
I li%e mu!ic / literature/ (eo(ra*, / travelin(
I li%e lon( $al%! / (ood 'riend! / (ame!.
a# articolul &ero cu !ub!tantive nenum+rabile indic+ o cantitate nede'init+,
cantitatea )n (eneral4 Nou can b, !u(ar, 'lo$er, rice and oil at t*e (rocerA!. Fo-i !+
cumeri &a*+r, ore& i ulei la b+c+nie.
Acea!t+ )ntrebuin-are a articolului &ero e!te de! )ntlnit+ )n roverbe i )n limba.ul
tiin-i'ic4 ;a!te ma%e! $a!te. Graba !tric+ treaba. =i(*t travel! 'a!ter t*an !ound.
=umina !e dela!ea&+ mai reede dect !unetul.
b# cu !ub!tantivele num+rabile la lural articolul &ero !e re'er+ la to-i membri
unei cla!e4 C*ildren li%e to la,. Coiilor le lace !+ !e .oace.
8# Articolul &ero e!te )ntrebuin-at de re(ul+ entru re'erin-a unic+ a numelor
rorii i a unor !ub!tantive comune )n anumite conte3te4 Feter and 1ar, $ill (o
to !c*ool in autumn. =a toamn+ Fetre i 1aria vor mer(e la coal+.
A. :rm+toarele cla!e de nume rorii !e 'olo!e!c cu articolul &ero4
a# <umele de er!oane, )n!o-ite !au nu de ao&i-ie4 Feter, So*n Bro$n, 9r Smit*.
pag: 108
b# divi&iuni de tim4
7 &ilele !+t+mnii4 1onda,, Irida,.
7 lunile anului4 aril, ma,, .une.
7 !+rb+torile4 =iberation 9a,.
c# denumiri (eo(ra'ice4
7 continente4 Euroe, A!ia.
7 -+ri4 Romania, Bul(aria, Irancia.
7 orae4 Buc*are!t, Edinbur(*.
7 lacuri4 =a%e 6ntario, =oc* =omond.
7 mun-i4 Ben <evi!, 1ount Evere!t.
d# numele rorii urmate de !ub!tantive comune, denumind cl+diri, !tr+&i,
oduri, etc.4 Bran Ca!tle, >e!tmin!ter Abbe,, 63'ord Street.
B. :nele !ub!tantive comune !e 'olo!e!c cu articolul &ero, avnd re'erin-+ unic+
)n anumite conte3te !itua-ionale, )ntr7un mod !imilar cu numele rorii.
1a.oritatea ace!tor cuvinte intr+ )n comonen-a unor e3re!ii idiomatice, )n care
!unt 'olo!ite cu articolul &ero. :nele dintre ele )n!+ ot 'i 'olo!ite i cu articolul
*ot+rt )n alte conte3te4
pag: 109
R4L4SIREA UN4R SUBSTANTIVE C4MUNE CU ARTIC4LUL ZER4
Ce denume!c
!ub!tantivele
Articolul &ero Articolul *ot+rt
Anotimuri "in durin(# in durin( 7!rin(
/!ummer/
autumn/$inter
in t*e !rin(/!ummer/
autumn/!ummer
Anumite in!titu-ii "at, in,
to, etc.#
be in/(o to7 bed/*o!ital
"mai ale! en(le&a
britanic+#C
7 cla!! "mai ale! en(le&a
american+#/ri!onC
be at/(o to 7
lie do$n on t*e bed
moderni&e t*e *o!ital
$al% round t*e ri!on
$al% a!t t*e !c*ool
be at/(o to/!tud, at t*e
univer!it, "mai ale!
en(le&a american+#
!c*ool/colle(e/univer!it,C
be at/(o *ome
be in/leave to$n
aroac* t*e to$nC
1i.loace de tran!ort "b,# travel/leave/come 7 b, 7
bic,cle/boat/bu!/car/train
/lane
!it omn t*e bic,cle
be on t*e bu!
!lee in t*e car
ta%e t*e/a train
be on t*e lane
!it in t*e boat
1omente ale &ilei i
no-ii "at,b,,a'ter,be'ore#
at/be'ore 7
da$n/da,brea%/!unri!e/!
un!et/du!%/t$ili(*t
at/around/be'ore 7
noon/midni(*t
at/b, 7 ni(*t
"b,# da, and ni(*t
durin( t*e da,
admire t*e !unri!e/!un!et
!ee not*in( in t*e du!%
in t*e a'ternoon
$a%e u in t*e ni(*t
in t*e da,time
1e!ele &ilei *ave/be'ore/at/a'ter 7
brea%'a!t/lunc*/dinner/!u
er
9inner $ill be !erved at
H.MM.
@*e brea%'a!t $a! (ood.
S*e coo%ed t*e dinner.
@*e dinner t*e, o''ered
u! $a! ver, (ood.
<ume de boli aendiciti!
anaemia
diabete!
in'luen&a
t*e la(ue
"t*e# 'lu
"t*e# mea!le!
"t*e# mum!
Structuri aralele arm in arm
*and in *and
da, b, da,
'ace to 'ace
'rom da$n to du!%
'rom mornin( till ni(*t
'rom be(innin( to end
'rom ri(*t to le't
'rom ea!t to $e!t
;e too% *er b, t*e arm.
;e *a! a boo% in *i!
*and.
Irom t*e be(innin( o' t*e
boo% to t*e end o' it.
Uee to t*e ri(*t.
;e live! in t*e $e!t.
pag: 110
0. Cu elementul redicativ !ulimentar !e 'olo!ete articolul &ero, entru
re'erin-+ unic+4
@*e, aointed *im c*airman. =7a numit reedinte
!au articolul *ot+rt entru re'erin-+ unic+4 @*e, aointed *im t*e c*airman o'
t*e !tandin( commi!!ion.
Run#!iile arti#olului
Articolul Iunc-ia E3emle
Articolul
*ot+rt
1. deictic+ @urn on t*e radio, lea!e.
>al% a!t t*e *o!ital and
,ouAll (et to t*e rail$a,
!tation.
8. ana'oric+ I !a$ a la, la!t ni(*t. @*e
la, $a! ver, intere!tin(.
0. cata'oric+ I *ave mana(ed to 'ind t*e
boo% on Romantici!m.
D. (eneric+ @*e 'amil, la,! an imortant
educational role.
B. cu unele nume
rorii
@*e :nited <ation!, t*e
Far%er!, t*e Roc%, 1ountain!,
@*e 1i!!i!ii, t*e <ort* Sea,
t*e En(li!* C*annel, t*e
Intercontinental ;otel, t*e
Academ, =ibrar,
Articolul
ne*ot+rt
1. ei'oric+ I !a$ a c*imne, !$ee on t*e
$a, to !c*ool.
8. numeric+ Give me a encil, a noteboo%
and a rubber, lea!e.
0. (eneric+ A *or!e i! a u!e'ul animal.
D. )naintea unui
nume redicativ
;e i! a doctor.
Articolul &ero a# cu !ub!tantive
nenum+rabile
"(eneric#
;e li%e! mil%/!%iin(.
b# cu !ub!tantive
num+rabile la
lural "(eneric#
>e (o on lon( $al%! in t*e
evenin(.
c# cu nume rorii 1ar, Bro$n, Fre!ident
Uenned,, 9add,C
on 1onda,, in Irance, 63'ord
Street
d# )n e3re!ii
idiomatice
It o'ten !no$! in $inter.
Go to bed5 I (o to !c*ool b,
bu!.
See ,ou at noon
e# cu elememntul
redicativ
!ulimentar
@*e, elected *im Fre!ident.
pag: 111
3.'. Amisiunea articolului (Te Dl8psis of te 4rticle$
E3i!t+ unele !itua-ii )n care articolul *ot+rt !au ne*ot+rt e!te omi!. Ace!te
ca&uri !e deo!ebe!c de cele )n care !e 'olo!ete articolul &ero, deoarece omiterea
articolului nu roduce modi'ic+ri de !en! ci are doar o valoare !tili!tic+.
Comara-i4
a# I li%e *one,. Emi lace mierea. "articolul &ero J 'unc-ia (eneric+#
I li%e t*e *one, t*e, !ell *ere. Emi lace mierea care !e vinde aici. "articolul
*ot+rt t*e J re'erin-+ de'init+#.
b# @a%e t*e *one, to t*e c*ildren at t*e corner table 5 9u mierea coiilor de la
ma!a din col- 5
@a%e! *one, to c*ildren at corner table. 9uce mierea coiilor de la ma!a din col-.
"indica-ii !cenice#.
Articolul !e omite )n urm+toarele !itua-ii4
a# )n vorbirea 'amiliar+4 "ItA! a # Fit, t*e, $onAt be t*ere. F+cat c+ nu vor 'i i ei
acolo. "I! t*e# Car !till not $or%in(? @ot nu mer(e maina ? "A# Iriend o' mine told
me about it. :n rieten de7al meu mi7a !u! de!re a!ta.
b# )n limba.ul .urnali!tice4 Emlo,ee! *ave to obe, !a'et, re(ulation!. An(a.a-ii
trebuie !+ re!ecte re(ulile de rotec-ie a muncii.
c# )n indica-ii !cenice4 "@*e# 6ld $oman (oe! to "t*e# !ettee "on t*e# ri(*t.
B+trna !e )ndreat+ !re canaeaua din dreata "!cenei#.
pag: 112
4l.i determinan.i (Ater 3eterminers$
3./. 4d-ectivul demonstrativ (Te 3emonstrative 4d-ective$
En a'ar+ de articol, mai ot 'unc-iona ca determinan-i ai !ub!tantivului4 ad.ectivul
demon!trativ, o!e!iv, intero(ativ i ne*ot+rt.
9emon!trativul t*i!/t*at, t*e!e/t*o!e e!te 'olo!it ca determinant cnd )n!o-ete
un !ub!tantiv4 @*i! boo% i! more intere!tin( t*an t*at one.
El oate 'i )n!+ 'olo!it i ca ronume4 >*atA! t*i! ? @*o!e are better t*an t*e!e.
3./.1. 3efini.ie. 9eterminantul demon!trativ, )n terminolo(ie tradi-ional+
ad.ectivul demon!trativ, determin+ un !ub!tantiv, indicnd )n rincial
aroierea !au de+rtarea de vorbitor.
Ad.ectivul demon!trativ )n limba en(le&+ are cate(oria (ramatical+ de num+r i
)ndelinete 'unc-ia !intactic+ de atribut.
3./.2. Form,. En limba en(le&+, ad.ectivul demon!trativ are 'orme deo!ebite
du+ num+r, dar nu du+ (en, ca )n limba romn+4 t*i! (irl 7 t*e!e (irl!C acea!t+
'at+ 7 ace!te 'ete.
3./.3. Jntrebuin.are. Iunc-iile demon!trativului t*i!/t*at, t*e!e/t*o!e !unt4
a# 'unc-ia deictic+, de a indica orientarea )n !a-iu !au )n tim )ntr7un conte3t
!itua-ional4 @*e!e c*ildren, ri(*t *ere, are Kuieter t*an t*o!e.
@*i!/t*e!e !unt 'olo!ite entru a ar+ta c+ obiectele !e (+!e!c )n aroierea
vorbitorului4 @*i! i! m, de!%. @*e!e bo,! are m, brot*er!.
@*at.@*o!e !unt )ntrebuin-ate entru a indica obiecte a'late la o mai mare
de+rtare de vorbitor4 1, 'at*erA! icture i! on t*at $all. >*at are t*o!e c*ildren
doin( ?
@*at e!te utili&at entru un obiect a'lat la de+rtare de vorbitor, mai ale! cnd
ace!ta e!te )n contra!t cu alt obiect, aroiat vorbitorului, care e!te identi'icat
rin t*i!4 @*i! i! m, !eat ant t*at i! ,our!. I li%e t*e!e icture! muc* better t*an
t*o!e.
Cnd !e re'er+ la tim, demon!trativele t*i!, t*e!e !unt corelate cu re&entul, iar
t*at, t*o!e cu trecutul !au viitorul4 S*e *a! been ver, bu!, t*e!e da,!. @*at
!torm de!tro,ed ever,t*in( la!t ,ear.
b# 'unc-ia ana'oric+, de re'erire la un obiect men-ionat anterior4 I !a$ our En(li!*
teac*er in *i! ne$ car. @*i! car i! reall, !omet*in(.
b# 'unc-ia cata'oric+, de re'erire la un obiect a!ura c+ruia !e 'ac reci&+ri
ulterioare4 @*e!e little c*ildren are ver, rett,.
pag: 113
d# 'unc-ia emo-ional+, de !coatere )n eviden-+ a !ub!tantivului determinat4 @*i!
@om Broo% i! al$a,! la,in( t*e iano at ni(*t. =oc%ed t*at door ?
Func.iile demonstrativului1
Iunc-ia <um+r
Sin(ular Flural
1. 9eictic+ "conte3t
!itua-ional#
a# aroiereC
b# de+rtareC
@*i! boo% over *ere.
@*at boo% over
t*ere.
@*e!e boo%! over
*ere.
@*o!e boo%! over
t*ere.
8. Ana'oric+ "conte3t
lin(vi!tic#
=oo% at 1ar,A! dre!!5
@*i! dre!! i! reall, !omet*in(.
0. Cata'oric+ @*o!e old $omen are are al$a,! (o!!iin(.
D. Emo-ional+ @*i! nei(*bour o' mine i! al$a,! loo!in( *i!
%e,.
Seen t*at 'ilm?
3.2. 4d-ectivul posesiv (Te Posesive 4d-ective$
3.2.1. 3efini.ie. 9eterminantul o!e!iv, )n terminolo(ie tradi-ional+ ad.ectivul
o!e!iv, )nlocuiete o!e!orul i determin+ numele obiectului o!edat4
FeterA! !tam collection i! ver, valuable.
;i! !tam collection i! ver, valuable.
Ad.ectivul o!e!iv !e acord+ )n (en i num+r cu numele obiectului o!edat4
;er boo% 7 cartea eiC
;i! bi%e 7 bicicleta luiC
@*eir to,! 7 .uc+riile lor.
En roo&i-ie, ad.ectivul o!e!iv )ndelinete 'unc-ia de atribut4 1, boo%! are *ere
on t*e table.
3.2.2. Form,. Ad.ectivul o!e!iv )n limba en(le&+ are 'orme di'eren-iate du+
er!oan+, num+r i (en4
Fer!oan+ <um+r Gen
Sin(ular Flural
I m, our
II ,our ,our
III *i!
*er
it!
t*eir ma!culin
'eminin
neutru
=a er!oana a II7a !in(ular i lural, ad.ectivul o!e!iv are aceeai 'orm+4 =oo%,
t*ere i! a 'l, in ,our !ou. Frivete, e o mu!c+ )n !ua ta.
pag: 114
Genul e!te marcat doar la er!oana a III7a !in(ular4 7 *i! !e re'er+ la !ub!tantive
nume de er!oan+ de !e3 b+rb+te!c4
So*nA! car i! ne$.
@*e manA! car i! ne$.
;i! car i! ne$.
iar *er !e re'er+ la !ub!tantive nume de er!oan+ de !e3 'eminin4
1ar,A! umbrella i! old.
@*e $omanA! umbrella i! old.
;er umbrella i! old.
It! !e re'er+ la !ub!tantive animate "nume de animale# i inanimate "nume de
obiecte#4
@*e catA! tail i! lon(.
It! tail i! lon(.
@*e door o' t*e room i! oen.
It! door i! oen.
3.2.3. Jntrebuin.are. Ad.ectivul o!e!iv e!te 'olo!it ca determinant al
!ub!tantivului, )nlocuind numele o!e!orului i determinnd numele obiectului
o!edat4
So*nA! e,e! are blue.
;i! e,e! are blue.
Sre deo!ebire de demon!trativele t*i!/t*at, t*e!e/t*o!e, care ot 'i 'olo!ite att
ca determinan-i "t*i! boo%# ct i ca ronume "I $ant t*i!# 'ormele m,, ,our, *i!,
*er, it!, our, ,our, t*eir nu ot 'i 'olo!ite dect ca determinan-i4 i! t*i! ,our
brot*er ?
Iormele o!e!ive ronominale )n limba en(le&+ !unt di'erite de cele ad.ectivale4
Comara-i4
Ad.ectiv o!e!iv Fronume o!e!iv
@*i! i! m, boo%.
@*at i! ,our boo%.
@*at i! *er/*i!/it! 'ood.
@*i! i! our cla!!room.
@*at i! t*eir cla!!room.
@*i! boo% i! mine.
@*at boo% i! ,our!.
@*at 'ood i! *er!/*i!.
@*i! cla!!room i! our!.
@*at cla!!room i! t*eir!.
pag: 115
4ten.ie5 6 !itua-ie articular+ )n limba en(le&+, o re&int+ !ub!tantivele
denumind +r-i ale corului "hand, head, b%d4, leg# i articolele de )mbracaminte
"c%at, umbrella, hat, sh%es' care !unt )ntotdeauna recedate de ad.ectivul
o!e!iv )n limba en(le&+, !re deo!ebire de limba romn+, unde el e!te de obicei
omi!. 0e has a hat %n is head8 Are o +l+rie e ca. ;end me 8our umbralla,
2ill $%u< E2%ru2ut-2i te rog u21rela CtaD3
3.6. 4d-ectivul intero)ativ (Te Interro)ative 4d-ective$
3.6.l. 3efini.ie. 9eterminantul intero(ativ, )n terminolo(ia tradi-ional+ ad.ectivul
intero(ativ, determin+ numele obiectului a!ura c+ruia !e cer in'orma-ii4 Wat
-nglish b%%.s have $%u read latel$ ?
Ad.ectivul intero(ativ are cate(oria (ramatical+ de ca&4 "G4 2h%se# i oate
)ndelini 'unc-ia !intactic+ de atribut4 Wat 7%.e did he tell $%u ?
!au de marc+, introducnd roo&i-ii !ubordonate4
+ as.ed him :at -nglish b%%.s he had read latel$8
3.6.2. Form,. 9in unct de vedere al 'le3iunii, $*o are 'orme 'le3ionare entru
ca&, iar 2hich i 2hat !unt invariabile.
Ca& Fronume
$*o $*at $*ic*
<ominat
iv
$*o $*at $*ic*
Genitiv $*o!e $*at $*ic*
9ativ to $*om "'orm+
literar+#
$*o ... to "vorbire
curent+#
$*at $*ic*
Acu&ativ $*om "'orm+ literar+#
$*o "vorbire curent+#
$*at $*ic*
3.6.3. Jntrebuin.are. Ad.ectivul intero(ativ e!te 'olo!it ca determinant e ln(+
numele obiectului a!ura c+ruia !e cer in'orma-ii4 Wat #ilm did $%u see last
night <
6hat rivete obiectul re!ectiv '+r+ re'erire la alte obiecte4 Wat da$ is t%da$ <
6hich e!te !electiv4 Wic dress d%es she 2ant <
6h%se !e 'olo!ete att cu nume de er!oane ct i cu nume de animale i
obiecte4 Wose pen did $%u b%rr%2 ? Wose 2alls did the$ paint ?
0%2 much !e re'era la #antitate !i !e 'olo!e!te cu !ub!tantive nenumarabile
concrete4 <o: muc m%ne$ did $%u spend ? <o: muc rice did $%u bu$ ?
pag: 116
0%2 man$ !e 'olo!ete cu !ub!tantive nenum+rabile4 + d%n"t .n%2 h%2 man$
e=ercises he 2r%te8
:nele intero(ative !e 'olo!e!c i ca ad.ective i ca ronume4
Wic b%%. is m%re imp%rtant <
Wic %# these is m%re imp%rtant <
Wat "7%.e# did he tell $%u ? Wose "b%%.# is this ?
Alte intero(ative !e 'olo!e!c numai ca ronume4 Wo came #irst ? To :om did
$%u 2rite the letter<
3.1?. 4d-ectivul neot,rHt (Te Indefinite 4d-ective$
3.1?.1. 3efini.ie. 9eterminantul ne*ot+rt, )n terminolo(ie tradi-ional+
ad.ectivul ne*ot+rt, determin+ !ub!tantivul )ntr7un mod (lobal "all the b%%.s,
ever8 pupil# !au ar-ial "eac pupil, eiter side#.
3.1?.2. Form,. Ad.ectivul ne*ot+rt e!te invariabil ca 'orm+ i )ndelinete
'unc-ia !intactic+ de atribut4 Dac pupil must d% his h%me2%r.8
3.1?.3. Jntrebuin.are. =ome. Ad.ectivul ne*ot+rt s%me J ceva, nite, u-in+,
unii, unele, c-iva, cteva, vreun, vreo, !e )ntrebuin-ea&+ )n roo&i-ii a'irmative
i indic+ e3i!ten-a unui num+r re!trn! de lucruri, 'iin-e, a unei cantit+-i
re!trn!e. E!te 'olo!it cu !ub!tantive num+rabile la lural i cu !ub!tantive
nenum+rabile la !in(ular4 !here are some b%%.s %n his des.8 )he b%ught some
cheese8
)%me oate 'i 'olo!it )n roro&i-ii intero(ative )n urm+toarele ca&uri4
a# )n roo&i-ii )n care !e o'er+ un lucru4 6ill $%u have some ca.e ?
b# cnd )ntrebarea nu !e re'er+ la s%me4 ,id she as. #ather t% give me some
m%ne$ ?
4n8. *n$ J vreun, vreo, nici un"ul#, nici o, nici una, !e )ntebuin-ea&+4
a# )n roo&i-ii a'irmative cu !en!ul4 oricare, orice4 4n8 pupil in $%ur #%rm c%uld
in the 5uesti%n8
b# )n roo&i-ii intero(ative i ne(ative4 ,id $%u meet an8 ? !here isn"t an$
b$tter in the #ridge8
Ad.ectivele ne*ot+rte each, ever$, either re&int+ deo!ebiri de !en!4
Dver8. -ver$ !e re'er+ la membrii unui (ru '+r+ a7i individuali&a4 Dver8 2%rd %#
it is true8 Iiecare cuvnt e!te adev+rat. !he children engaged his ever8 th%ught.
@oate (ndurile lui erau la coil.
-ver$ e!te 'olo!it i cu !ub!tantive denumind unit+-i de tim !au di!tan-+ entru
a indica caracterul reetat4
ever$ %ther da$ 7 din dou+ )n dou+ &ile
ever$ three da$s 7 din trei )n trei &ile
pag: 117
ever$ n%2 and then 7 din cnd )n cnd
ever$ %ther mile 7 din dou+ )n dou+ mile
-ver$ e!te 'olo!it doar ca determinant. Emreun+ cu 3b%d$, 3%ne, 3thing, 32here
'ormea&+ ronume i adverbe ne*ot+rte4 ever$b%d$, ever$%ne, ever$thing >i
ever$2here8
Dac. -ach !e re'er+ la membrii unui (ru lua-i individual4 Dac pupil must bring
s%me scrap ir%n t% sch%%l. Iiecare coil ")n arte# trebuie !+ aduc+ 'ier vec*i la
coal+.
-ach oate 'i 'olo!it i ca ronume4 0e tal.ed 2ith eac %# us. 0%2 much are
these peaches < :ive pens eac.
i cu re'erire la dou+ er!oane4 Dac of these "t2%# children is right8
Diter. -ither J 'iecare "din doi#4 !here is n% light at eiter end %# the street. <u
e!te lumin+ la nici unul din caetele !tr+&ii.
-ither oate 'i 'olo!it att ca determinant, ct i ca ronume ne*ot+r+t.
-ither e!te 'olo!it curent cu !ub!tantivul side4 !here are trees %n eiter side %#
the r%ad. Sunt coaci e ambele +r-i ale drumului.
En ace!t conte3t, either e!te aroiat ca !en! de b%th, di'eren-a 'iind urm+toarea4
b%th J amndoi ")mreun+#C either J 'iecare din doi "!earat#.
6hatever 2as ridicul%us in eiter character increased the aversi%n the reader
had #%r bot. @ot ceea ce era ridicol )n 'iecare dintre cele dou+ er!ona.e m+rea
aver!iunea cititorului entru amndou+.
3.1?.4. 4d-ectivul ne)ativ (!he ?egative *d7ective$. Ad.ectivele ne(ative !unt
ad.ective ne*ot+rte 'olo!ite )n roo&i-ii cu !en! ne(ativ i verbul la 'orma
a'irmativ+. Ele !unt o !ubdivi&iune a ad.ectivelor ne*ot+rte, care indic+ ab!en-a
obiectelor !au a calit+-ilor ace!tora4
!o J nici un"ul#, nici una "din mai multe#. ?% letter J nici o !cri!oare. 0e has
made no mista.es. <u a '+cut nici o (reeal+.
?either J nici unul din, nici un "din doi#4 + as.ed him t2% 5uesti%ns but he
ans2ered neiter of them.
?either oate 'i 'olo!it ca determinant !au ca ronume4
!eiter s%luti%n is acceptable.
!eiter "%# these s%luti%ns# is acceptable.
?% e!te 'olo!it numai ca determinant, cu !en!ul de n%t an$ !au n%t a4
!here are no letters t%da$.
!here arenKt an8 letters t%da$.
0e 2as no #%%l.
0e 2as not a #%%l.
Iorma n% e!te re'erat+ lui n%t an$/n%t a )n vorbirea curent+.
pag: 118
Gru%ul no2inal
Fredetremina
n-i
9eterminan
-i
"roriu7
&ii#
Fo!tdeterminan-i Ad.ectiv Sub!tantiv
6rdinal
e
Cuanti'icatori
bot* m, c*ildren
all t*e ne$ uil!
t*e 'ir!t t*ree a(e!
double t*e amount
a lot o' Romanian !tudent!
one t*ird t*e time
t*e ne3t 'our c*ater!
E`ERCI_II
I. Iormula-i roo&i-ii cu cuvintele din arante&e entru a e3er!a 'unc-ia
ana'oric+ a articolului *ot+rt.
-=emplu4
a# I *ave a letter and a o!tcard. "#r%m m$ #amil$#.
!he letter is #r%m m$ #amil$.
b# S*e *a! !ome noteboo%! and te3tboo%. &%n the table'8
!he n%teb%%.s are %n the table.
1. ;e *a! a motorbi%e and a bic,cle. "in the car3par.#. 8. S*e *a! a tent and a
!leein( ba(. "in the car#. 0. I *ave a camera and !ome 'ilm!. "in m$ bag#. D.
Auntie *a! !ome ba(! and !ome arcel!. "at the stati%n#.
II. :%rmula(i pr%p%4i(ii cu cuvintele din parante4e pentru a e=ersa #unc(ia
cata#%ric a artic%lului h%tr1t cu substantive nenumrabile >i substantive
numrabile la plural:
-=emplu4
a# ;i!tor, can be intere!tin( "%# @%mania#.
!he hist%r$ %# @%mania is interesting8
b# Some coin! are valuable. "he has#
!he c%ins he has are valuable8
1. 1u!ic ma, be beauti'ul. "c%mp%sed b$ Ae%rge -nescu#. 8. Some road! are
dan(erou!. "in the m%untains#. 0. Stam! ma, be valuable. "in m$ c%llecti%n#. D.
Some 'ilm! are intere!tin(. "ab%ut animals#. B. Foem! can be beauti'ul "he has
2ritten#. 6. Some c*ildren are intelli(ent "+ .n%2#. H. ;one, i! delicio! "+ b%ught
$esterda$# O. >ine can be vre, (ood "made in @%mania#. 9. Pe(etable are u!uall,
're!* &the$ sell here#. 1M. Arc*itecure ma, be imre!ive "%# Bran Castle#.
III. !rece(i urmt%arele pr%p%4i(ii la plural, pentru a e=ersa #unc(ia generic a
artic%lului 4er%8
-=emplu4
@*e *or!e i! a u!e'ul animal.
0%rses are use#ul animals.
1. @*e ti(er i! a $ild animal. 8. @*e 'l, i! an in!ect. 0. A c*air i! a iece o'
'urniture. D. A c*ild li%e! !$eet!. B. @*e ele*ant i! a !tron( animal. 6. A 'i!* can
!$im. H. A cit, i! a bi( to$n. O. A tuli i! a beauti'ul 'lo$er.
I#. C%mpleta(i spa(iile libere cu artic%le, ac%l% unde este ca4ul:
1. Feter ;ill, $*o i!..... Fro'e!!or o' ;i!tor, at..... :niver!it, o' C*ica(o, !i(ned......
article. 8. @*e, (enerall, *ave...... brea%'a!t at O oAcloc%. 0. It i! not vi!ible at
........ ni(*t. D. ...... beaut, i! !%in dee.B. ... mil% !*e bou(*t $a! !our. 6. ...
Romania lie! in... ea!t o' ... Euroe. H. ;e tran!lated t*e boo% 'rom ... En(li!* into
... Romanian. O. I! ... German lan(ua(e di''icult to learn? (3 3333Ta+,ington IC i+ 333
#a%ital o/ 333 Unite" State+ o/ A2eri#a3 '93 4%en 333 1oo= at 333 %age ten an" rea" 333 Zue+tion3''3 333 /o0e+
are not 333 "o2e+ti# ani2al+3 '*3 S,e goe+ to +#,ool in333 2orning3 '63 I+ Hour /at,er 333 Uor=erX ':3 333
"og i+ 333 "o2e+ti# ani2al3 ';3 3333 Mi++i++i%%i i+ 333large+t ri.er in 333 Nort, A2eri#a3 '73 Io Hou =noU
U,ere333 Li"o ,otel i+[ '83 It ta=e+ 2e 333 ,our to get to Floie$ti3 ')3 <oU 2anH ti2e+ 333 Uee= "o Hou
,a.e F,H+i#+[ '(3 Io Hou li=e 333 2u+i#[ *93 Se+ an" I #an %laH 1ot, 333 %iano an" 333 .iolin3 *'3 BHron 333
Engli+, %oet> Ua+ 333 i2%ortant re%re+entati.e o/ 333 Ro22anti#i+23
P. @spunde(i la urmt%arele Dntrebri #%l%sdind artic%lul h%tr1t, neh%tr1t sau
4er% dup cum este ca4ul:
'3 >*at %ind o' !tate i! Romania? 8. >*ere doe! Romania lie? 0. >*at !tate!
doe! Romania border on? D. >*at !tate! doe! R6mania border on? B. >*at i!
Buc*are!t? 6. >*at i! Romania_! oulation? H. ;o$ man, eole live in
Buc*are!t? O. ;o$ man, countie! i! Romania divided into? 9. >*ic* i! t*e
lon(e!t river in Romania? 1M. >*ic* i! t*e *i(*e!t mountain in Romania? 11.
>*at !ea i! R6mania bordered b, to t*e !out*7ea!t? 18. >*at la%e or river i!
near ,our to$n/villa(e? 10. >*at i! t*e name o' t*e mo!t imortant mountain
ran(e in Romania? 1D. >*at are t*e Caratian! divided into? 1B. >*ere doe!
t*e @ran!ilvanian @ableland lie? 16. >*ere i! t*e 9anube Flain? 1H. >*at
to$n/villa(edo ,ou live in? 1O. >*at !treet do ,ou live in? 19. >*at imortant
buildin(! are t*ere in ,our to$n/villa(e?
PI. R+!unde-i la urm+toarele )ntreb+ri de!re i!toria Romniei, 'olo!ind articolul
*ot+rt, ne*ot+rt !au ,ero, du+ cum e!te nece!ar4
1. >*o are t*e ance!tor! o' t*e Romanian!? 8. >*o $a! t*e mo!t imortant
9acian %in(? 0. >*en did 9acia become a Roman rovince? D. >*ic* $ere t*e
mo!t imortant rince! in medieval Romania? B. >*at do $e celebrate on
Sanuar, 8Dt*? 6. >*en did Romania $in it! indeendence 'rom t*e @ur%!? H.>*en
did caitali!m be(in to develo in Romania? O. >*en did Romania enter t*e Iir!t
>orld >ar? 9. >*en $a! t*e Romanian Communi!t Fart, !et u? 1M. >*at can
,ou !a, about Romania]+ %arti#i%ation in t,e Se#on" Torl" Tar[
VII3 Tra"u#e!i @n li21a engle?:
A3 '3 Ce ?i /ru2oa+! *3 4 "u?in "e a#e #o+t un %ennH3 63 Tre1uie + .or1e$ti #u .o#e 2ai tare3 :3 Ai
.enit #u auto1u?ul[ ;3 Ie #Bte ori %e +%t2Bn ai /i?i#a [ 73 Iunrea tra.er+ea? 2ai 2ulte !ri
euro%ene3 83 Co%iilor le %la# /oarte 2ult Ao#urile3
B3 '3 La %a%etrie +e .Bn" +tilouri> #reioane> gu2e> %a+te "e li%it $i #erneal3 *3 Un"e e+te +tiloul %e #are
l-a2 #u2%rat ieri[ 63 E2i %la#e 2u?i#a +i2/oni#3 :3 E2i %la#e 2u?i#a #o2%u+ %entru %ian3 ;3 La
$#oal +tu"ie2 i+toria %o%orului ro2Bn3 73 Stu"ie2 "e a+e2enea i+toria uni.er+al3 83 En Cana"a +unt
"ou li21i o/i#iale: engle?a $i /ran#e?a3
C3 '3 Un"e +unt ai ti[ Buni#ul e @n %at> 1uni#a e @n 1u#trie> 2a2a e la $#oal $i tata e la +er.i#iu3 *3 Ie
o1i#ei 2erg a#a+ #u auto1u?ul> "ar uneori 2erg #u tra2.aiul3 63 Ni#io"at nu %ot + "or2 @n 2a$in
+au @n tren3 :3 Ma2a +e tre?e$te "e+eori noa%tea +-i "ea "e 2Bn#are #o%ilului3
VIII3 Enlo#ui!i +u1+tanti.ele la geniti. #u a"Ae#ti.ele %o+e+i.e #ore+%un?toare:
E0e2%lu:
T,e 2ana+ ,air i+ U,ite3
<i+ ,air i+ U,ite3
'3 T,e 1oHa+ +,oe+ are "irtH3 *3 T,e Uo2ena+ ,at i+ %rettH3 63 T,e Uo2ena+ ,at+ are %rettH3 :3 T,ere i+
t,e 1ir"a+ ne+t [ ;3 T,e girla+ "re++ i+ neU3 73 T,e 2ana+ eHe+ are 1lue3 83 T,e %u%il+a 1oo=+ are on t,e
"e+=+3
I`3 R+%un"e!i la @ntre1ri #on/or2 2o"elului:
'3 A: T,i#, an+Uer i+ rig,t CUrongD[
B: T,i+ one i+3 T,at onea+ Urong3
*3 A: T,i#, le++on+ are ea+H C"i//i#ultD[
B: T,e+e are3 T,o+e are "i//i#ult3
'3 T,i#, +#,ool1ag i+ ,ea.H[ Clig,tD *3 T,i#, %a%er+ are i2%ortant[ Cuni2%ortantD 63 T,i#, egg+ are
/re+,[ C1a"D :3 T,i#, gla++ i+ #lean[ C"irtHD ;3 T,i#, +torH i+ intere+ting[ C1oringD 73 T,i#, "re++ i+
neU[ Col"D 83 T,i#, a%%le+ are goo"[ C1a"D
`3 Co2%leta!i +%a!iile li1ere #u e.erH> ea#, +au eit,er:
'3 33333 o/ t,e t,ree le#ture+ ,a+ a "e/inite +u1Ae#t3 *3 It i+ i2%o++i1le to %re"i#t t,e i++ue Uit, t,e+e tUo
#an"i"ate+: 333 #an"i"ate 2aH Uin3 63 333 /eU Uee=+ +,e +aU +o2et,ing neU to 1uH3 :3 Iall 1e 1a#= in a
2inute> 2H "ear aunt an" un#le5 ,e +ai" no""e" #oollH to 333 3 ;3 T,eH Uere all 2en o/ a1ilitH> 333 in ,i+
oUn UaH3 73 333 Zue+t ,a" a +e%arate roo23 83 4 go to Uor= 333 "aH3 )3 T,i+ 2u+t 1e "e#i"e" 1H t,e
in"i.i"ual Au"ge2ent o/ 333 rea"er3
`I3 Tra"u#e!i @n li21a engle?:
- Ie #e "or2 oa2enii noa%tea[
- Iar tu #Bn" "or2i Iarie[
- Tot noa%tea3 En+> .ara 2ai ale+> n-a$ "or2i "elo#3
- Iar #e-ai /a#e[
- M-a$ #ul#a %e iar13 En+ #u /a!a @n +u+ 2-a$ #ul#a3 A$ !ine o#,ii "e+#,i$i3 Ia# +-ar %utea + nu #li%e+#>
n-a$ #li%i3 A$ %ri.i +telele3 Gi %ri.in"u-le> 2i-a$ @n#,i%ui # +unt li1er3
pag: 121
4. !umeralul (Te !umeral$
4.1. 3efini.ie
<umeralul e!te artea de vorbire care4
a# e3rim+ un num+r, determinarea numeric+ a obiectelor "numeralul cardinal#
!au ordinea obiectelor rin num+rare "numeralul ordinal#C
b# )ndelinete mai multe 'unc-ii !intactice, )n 'unc-ie de 'olo!irea lui
!ub!tantival+, ad.ectival+ !au adverbial+C
c# nu are cate(orii (ramaticale dect )n 'olo!irea !ub!tantival+ "mili%n 3 milli%ns#.
pag: 122
4.2. Clasificare
4.2.1. Con'orm (ramaticii !tructurali!te, numeralul )ntr+ )n cla!a determinan-ilor.
,%uble, t2ice, three times etc. la 'el ca i 'rac-iile %ne third, t2% #i#ths etc. !unt
con!iderate redeterminan-i, 'iind ae&ate )naintea determinan-ilor t*e/t*i!/m, )n
cadrul (ruului nominal4 double the am%unt, one tird "of# the time.
<umeralul cardinal4 %ne, t2%, three etc. i numeralul ordinal4 the #irst, the sec%nd
etc. !unt con!iderate o!tdeterminan-i, ele urmnd determinan-ii the/this/m$ )n
cadrul (ruului nominal )n ordinea numeral ordinal 7 numeral cardinal4 te first
tree c*ildren, te last t:o er!on!.
4.2.2. En cadrul (ramaticii tradi-ionale, e3i!t+ controver!e cu rivire la numeral,
numeralul ne'iind o arte de vorbire omo(en+. 1a.oritatea (ramaticilor
tradi-ionale di!tin( urm+toarele cate(orii de numerale4 numeralul cardinal,
numeralul ordinal, numeralul 'rac-ionar, numeralul colectiv, numeralul
multilicativ, numeralul di!tributiv i numeralul adverbial.
4.3. !umeralul cardinal (Te Cardinal !umeral$
<umeralul cardinal e3rim+ num+rul "%ne, t2%, three# !au determinarea
numeric+ a obiectelor "#%ur b%%.s, %ne hundred $ears#.
4.3.1. Forma numeralului cardinal. <umeralele cardinale de la 1 la 18 )n
limba en(le&+ !unt urm+toarele4
1 %ne
8 t2%
0 three
D #%ur
B #ive
6 si=
H seven
O eight
9 nine
1M ten
11 eleven
18 t2elve
Ci'ra 0 "4er%# ocu+ un loc !ecial )n cadrul numeralelor cardinale.
Ea !e oate citi &ero XW&i[Xr XuW, %h XXXuW, nil, nithing !au l%ve.
Eer% e!te 'olo!it entru M )n matematic+ i entru indicarea temeraturii4 + is tem
degrees bel%2 +ero.
=a numerele de tele'on, M !e ronun-+ X[+[uY4 ,ial 6070 XW!i%! W[Xu Y+e.n YXXuW and
as. #%r e=tensi%n 90 XWnain W[XuW.
?il XnilY !au n%thing !unt 'olo!ite )n e3rimarea !corului la 'ootbal4 ;eeds Fnited
2%n 4808 &#%ur nil / #%r t% nothing#.
;%ve Xl[a[vY e!te 'olo!it )n teni!4 ?stase leads 3080 "!hirt$ 7 love#.
<umeralele cardinale )ntre 10 i 19 !e 'ormea&+ cu a.utorul !u'i3ului 7teen
ad+u(at la numetele 0 7 94
10 thirteen
1D #%urteen
1B #i#teen
16 si=teen etc.
<umeralele 10 i 1B re&int+ deo!ebiri orto(ra'ice i de ronun-ie 'a-+ de
numeralele 0 i B de la care !7au 'ormat4
10 thirteen XW[t![ X:Pti:nW
1B #i#teen XW'i'Ati4nY
pag: 123
@oate numeralele )n 7teen au dou+ accente4 eighteen XWeiAti4nY, dar cnd !unt
'olo!ite ca ad.ective +!trea&+ numai rimul accent4 seventeen $ears XW!evnti4n .
XX:?W.
<umele &ecilor !e 'ormea&+ de la unit+-ile 8 7 9, la care !e adau(+ !u'i3ul 7t$4
8M t2ent$
0M thirt$
DM #%rt$
BM #i#t$ etc.
<umeralele 8M, 0M, DM i BM re&int+ articularit+-i orto(ra'ice i de ronun-are
'a-+ de numele unit+-ilor de la care !7au 'ormat4
8 t2% 7 8M t2ent$
0 three 7 0M thirt$
D #%ur 7 DM #%rt$
B #ive 7 BM #i#t$
Not1: Nu2ele ?e#ilor la %lural: tUentie+> t,irtie+> /ortie+> /i/tie+ et#3> %re#e"ate "e arti#olul t,e +au alt
"eter2inant> +unt /olo+ite %entru a e0%ri2a o %erioa" +au .Br+t:
T,e literature o/ t,e t,irtie+3 Literatura anilor a693 S,e Ua+ a goo"-loo=ing Uo2an in ,er /ortie+3 Era o
/e2eie /ru2oa+ @ntre :9 $i ;9 "e ani3
En li21a engle?> nu2ele ?e#ilor +e leag "e unit!i "ire#t> #u aAutorul unei liniu!e "e unire:
7) +i0tH-eig,t
8( +e.entH-nine
Not1: En li21a engle? +#ri+> nu2eralele +#urte +e re"au "e o1i#ei #u litere> iar #ele 2ai lungi #u #i/re: I
,a.e ten lei in 2H %o#=et3 T,ere are *;9 %eo%le in t,e #on/eren#e ,all3 Bu#,are+t ,a+ a %o%ulation o/
tUo 2illion in,a1itant+3 Ro2ania ,a+ a %o%ulation o/ a1out **>999>999 %eo%le3
<umeralele care denume!c !ute, mii !au milioane !unt le(ate rin and de cele
care denume!c &eci i unit+-i4 11B J a/one *undred and 'i'teenC 0,MMB J t*ree
t*ou!and and 'ive.
Entre cla!ele unui num+r )ntre( !e une vir(ul+ ca )n limba en(le&+ i nu unct ca
)n limba romn+4 D,MMMC 0,1DM. "Functul indic+ &ecimale4 0.MB#.
<ot: En e0%ri2area #urent> 2iile +e tran+/or2 @n +ute: <oU 2u#, 2oneH ,a.e Hou got[ Si0teen
,un"ret lei CO'>799D
Cnd !unt 'olo!ite la !in(ular, numeralele *undred, t*ou!and i million !unt
)ntotdeauna recedate de articolul ne*ot+rt !au de un numeral4 1MM one/a
*undred boo%!, 1D1 a *undred an 'ort,7oneC 1,8MM a t*ou!and and t$o *undred.
Cnd !unt recedate de num+rul unit+-ilor i ace!ta e!te mai mare dect 1,
numeralele *undred i t*ou!and nu rime!c ! la lural4 0MM t*ree *undredC B,MMM
'ive t*ou!and.
4ten.ie5 Ace!te numerale rime!c termina-ia ! cnd !unt 'olo!ite4
a# ca !ub!tantive4 @*ou!and! *ave read t*i! boo%
b# cnd !unt urmate de reo&i-ia o'4 @*e number o' ,oun( eole !tud,in( in
our !c*ool amount! to *undred o' t*oun!and!
pag : /01
4.3.2. Entrebuin-area numeralului cardinal. En limba en(le&+, numeralul cardinal
e!te 'olo!it4
a# entru e3rimarea numelor numerelor ab!tracte4 one, t$o, t*ree, 'our etc. !au
a determin+rii numerice a obiectelor4 t*re ale!, one *undred uil!.
b# entru e3rimarea datei "anilor#. Anii !e cite!c4 19OM 7 one t*ou!and nine
*undred and ei(*t !au nineteen *undred and ei(*t, 7 )n !tilul o'icialC 19OM 7
nineteen ei(*t, 7 )n en(le&a vorbit+.
c# entru indicarea num+rului unui anumit obiect "a(in+, lec-ie, caitol, ca!+,
autobu&#4 =e!!on 1M, C*ater 0, Ilat 11, bu! no. 01 etc.
d# )n e3rimarea timului cronolo(ic. En ace!t ca&, roo&i-ia )ncee de obicei cu
ronumele it4 It i! t$o oAcloc%. It i! 'ive oAcloc% !*ar. E!te ora cinci 'i3. 6Acloc% !e
'olo!ete numai cu ora 'i3+ i !e oate omite4 >*atA! t*e time ? Iive.
Fentru a indica 'rac-iunile de ore n+ la Qi .um+tateR !e men-ionea&+ num+rul
minutelor urmat de reo&i-ia a!t i de ora re!ectiv+4 It i! ten "minute!# a!t
nine. E!te "ora# 9 i 1M "minute#.
Irac-iunile )ntre .um+tate i ora urm+toare !e redau )n limba en(le&+ !unnnd
num+rul minutelor, reo&i-ia to i aoi ora4 It i! t$ent, "minute!# to !i3. E!te
a!e '+r+ 8M "de minute#. It i! a Kuarter to ei(*t. E!te ot '+r+ un !'ert. It i! 'ive
to eleven. E!te 11 '+r+ cinci.
pag: 125
0. En en(le&a american+ !e 'olo!e!c i reo&i-iile a'ter i be'ore )n loc de a!t i
to4 O4 1M It i! ten "minute!# a'ter O.O4DM It i! t$ent, "minute!# be'ore 9. iar entru
Qi .um+tateR !e men-ionea&+ ora i t*irt,4 O40M ItA! ei(*t t*irt,.
e# entru a indica un num+r de tele'on
<umerele de tele'on !e cite!c ci'r+ cu ci'r+4 B9H816 J 'ive nine !even t$o one
!i3C
9ac+ rimele !au ultimele dou+ ci're !unt la 'el, !e 'olo!ete cuvntul double4
880O 7 double t$o t*ree ei(*tC
<u !e 'olo!ete cuvntul double dac+ ci'rele din mi.loc !unt aceleai4 0MM8 7 t*ree
o* o* one.
'# )n e3rimarea oera-iilor artimetice
En ace!t ca& verbul oate 'i 'olo!it la !in(ular !au lural4
8 2 B J H @$o lu! 'ive i!/are !even.
H 7 0 J D Seven minu! t*ree ma%e!/ma%e 'our.
(# entru e3rimarea vr!tei4 ;o$ old are ,ou ? C-i ani ai ? I am ten ,ear! old.
Am &ece ani.
4.4. !umeralul ordinal (Te Ardinal !umeral$
<umeral ordinal indic+ ordinea )n tim !au )n !a-iu a obiectelor !au a ac-iunilor4
;e $a! t*e 'ir!t to come. @*e !econd *ou!e roud t*e corner i! mine.
4.4.1. Forma numeralului ordinal. <umeralele ordinale !unt alc+tuite din
urm+toarele elemente4 numeralul cardinal, care oate 'i con!iderat radicalul,
articolul *ot+rt t*e, care recede radicalul, i !u'i3ul 7t*, care !e adau(+ la
radical4 D 7 'our 7 t*e 'out*C H 7 !even 7 t*e !event*.
<umeralele ordinale de la 1 la 0 au 'orme care !e abat ar-ial de la acea!t+
re(ul+C t*e 'ir!t, t*e !econd, t*e t*ird.
Cteva numerale ordinale re&int+ di'icult+-i orto(ra'ice.
B 7 t*e 'i't*
O 7 t*e ei(*t*
9 7 t*e nint* etc.
=a numeralele comu!e, numai ultimul num+r rimete 7t*4 8H 7 t*e t$ent,7
!event*C 806 7 t*e t$o *undred and t*irt,7!i3t*.
<umeralele ordinale curin&nd cuvintele *undred, t*ou!and, million ot 'i
recedate numai de one, nu i de a, iar articolul *ot+rt oate 'i omi!4 t*e one
*undred and t*irt,7!econd.
Abrevierea numeralelor ordinale !e 'ace rin ad+u(area ultimelor dou+ litere la
ci'r+4 1!tC 8ndC 0rdC Dt*C 81!t etc.
pag: 126
1 t*e 'ir!t t*e 1!t 1B t*e 'i'teent* t*e 1Bt*
8 t*e !econd t*e 8nd 16 t*e
!i3teent*
t*e 16t*
0 t*e t*ird t*e 0rd 1H t*e
!eventeent*
t*e 1Ht*
D t*e 'ourt* t*e Dt* 1O t*e
ei(*teent*
t*e 1Ot*
B t*e 'i't* t*e Bt* 19 t*e
nineteent*
t*e 19t*
6 t*e !i3t* t*e 6t* 8M t*e
t$entiet*
t*e 8Mt*
H t*e !event* t*e Ht* 81 t*e t$ent,7
'ir!t
t*e 81!t
O t*e ei(*t* t*e Ot* 0M t*e t*irtiet* t*e 0Mt*
9 t*e nint* t*e 9t* 01 t*e t*irt,7
'ir!t
t*e 01!t
1M t*e tent* t*e 1Mt* 08 t*e t*irt,7
!econd
t*e 08nd
11 t*e
elevent*
t*e 11t* DM t*e 'ortiet* t*e DMt*
18 t*e t$el't* t*e 18t* 1MM t*e
*undret*
t*e 1MMt*
10 t*e
t*irteent*
t*e 10t* 1M1 t*e
*undred and
'ir!t
t*e 1M1!t
1D t*e
'ourteent*
t*e 1Dt* 1MMM t*e one
t*ou!andt*
t*e 1MMMt*
4.4.2. Jntrebuin.area numeralului ordinal. En limba en(le&+, numeralul
ordinal e!te 'olo!it4
a# la e3rimarea datei4 Aril 8Bt*, t*e 8Bt* o' Aril.
En e3rimarea datei, numeralul ordinal oate 'i ae&at )nainte !au du+ numele
lunii.
9ac+ numeralul ordinal recede denumirea lunii, ace!ta e!te urmat de o'4 I $a!
born on t*e 8Ot* o' Aril 196B.
9ac+ numeralul ordinal e!te ae&at du+ denumirea lunii, o' e!te omi!4 Ann $a!
born on Aril "t*e# 8Ot*.
En en(le&a american+ ordinea e!te luna 7 data 7 anul.4 MB.M8.19O1 7 1a, t*e
8nd19O1.
b# entru a indica ordinea )ntr7o !erie4
t*e Second >orld >a!
t*e t*ird act
t*e tent* 'loor
c# entru a e3rima reetarea la intervale re(ulate4 ever, !econd da, J don
dou+ )n dou+ &ile/la 'iecare dou+ &ileC ever, t*ird mont* J din 0 )n 0 luni, o dat+
la 0 luni.
En ace!te e3re!ii articolul t*e e!te omi!.
4.&. !umeralul frac.ionar (Te Fractional !umeral$
<umeralul 'rac-ionar arat+ una !au mai multe +r-i ale )ntre(ului4 one, t*ird,
t*ree tent*!.
4.&.1. Forma numeralului frac.ionar. <umeralele 'rac-ionare !unt redate !ub
'orma unor 'rac-ii.
<um+rul 'rac-iei e!te e3rimat rintr7un numeral cardinal, iar numitorul rintr7un
numeral ordinal4 1/8 J a/one *al' J o .um+tate, o doimeC 1/0/ J a/one t*ird J o
treime.
pag: 127
<umitorul !e citete la lural cnd num+r+torul e3rim+ o unitate mai mare de 14
8/0 t$o7t*ird!C 0/D t*ree Kuarter!/t*ree7'ourt!.
Sub!tantivul determinat de o 'rac-ie ordinar+ e!te la !in(ular4
1/8 *our J *al' an *ourC 0/D ton J t*ree Kuarter! ton.
Sub!tantivul determinat de numeralul 1 "one# )mreun+ cu o 'rac-ie ordinar+ e!te
'olo!it la lural )n !cri!, dar !e citete la !in(ular du+ )ntre( i la lural du+
'rac-ie4 1 0/D mile! 7 one mile and t*ree Kuarter! !au one and t*ree Kuarter
mile!.
Sub!tantivul determinat de un numeral mai mare dect 1, )mreun+ cu o 'rac-ie
ordinar+, !e a'l+ )ntotdeauna la lural4 D 1/8 ton! J 'our and one *al' ton! !au
'our and a *al' ton!.
En ca&ul 'rac-iilor &ecimale, )ntre(ul !e de!arte de &ecimale rintr7un unct4 0.8B
J t*ree oint t$o 'ive.
<umeralele )nainte de unct !e cite!c ca un !in(ur num+r, iar cele care urmea&+
unctului, ci'r+ cu ci'r+4 1O.HB J ei(*teen oint !even 'ive.
En ca&ul 'rac-iilor &ecimale, &ero !e citete nou(*t )n An(lia i &ero )n S:A 4 1.MB J
one oint nou(*t 'ive ")n ronun-area britanic+#C 1.MB J one oint &ero 'ive ")n
ronun-area american+#.
Sub!tantivul determinat de o 'rac-ie &ecimal+ !e a'l+ la !in(ular cnd artea
)ntrea(+ e!te &ero i la lural )n toate celelalte ca&uri4 M.HB metre J nou(*t oint
!even 'ive o' a metreC D.8B metre! J 'our oint t$o 'ive metre!.
4.'. !umeralul colectiv (Te Collective !umeral$
<umeralul colectiv arat+ c+ obiectele !unt con!iderate )n (ru i nu i&olat.
4.'.1. Forma numeralului colectiv. <umeralele colective !unt4 coule, air,
team, do&en, !core, ,o%e.
<umeralele coule, air, team, ,o%e nume!c (rue de doi4 a coule o' !econd! J
dou+ !ecundeC a air o' !*oe! J o erec*e de anto'iC t$o team o' cattle J dou+
erec*i de viteC 'our ,o%e o' o3en J atru erec*i de boiC t$o air"!# o' *or!e! J
dou+ erec*i de cai.
<umeralele do&en, !core nume!c (rue mai mari de doi4 do&en J du&in+ t$o
do&en e((!C !core J 8MC *al' a !core J 1MC a !core o' eole J dou+&eci de
oameni.
4.'.2. Jntrebuin.area numeralului colectiv. 1a.oritatea numeralelor colective
!unt 'olo!ite ca !ub!tantive4 I bou(*t a ne$ air o' !*oe! ,e!terda,.
<umeralel colective !e 'olo!e!c la !in(ular cnd !unt recedate de un numeral
cardinal !au ne*ot+rt4 t$o do&en o' e((!, !everal air"!# o' !*oe!.
pag: 128
Cnd numeralele colective nu !unt recedate de un numeral, indi'erent dac+ !tau
!in(ure !au !unt urmate de reo&i-ia o', ele !e 'olo!e!c la lural4 @*e uil!
entered t*e cla!!room in coule!. I *ave a!%ed *im about it do&en! o' time!.
4./. !umeralul multiplicativ (Te @ultiplicative !umeral$
<umeralul multilicativ arat+ m+!ura )n care crete o cantitate "double t*e
amount# !au o ac-iune "A(ricultural outut *a! increa!ed 'ive time!#.
4./.1 Forma numeralului multiplicativ. <umeralul multilicativ are 'orme
di'erite, )n 'unc-ie de !tilul 'amiliar, te*nic, o'icial etc. )n care el e!te 'olo!it.
En vorbirea curent+, numeralele multilicative de la 1 la 0 au urm+toarele 'orme4
once 7 odat+C t$ice 7 de dou+ oriC t*rice 7 de trei ori. "Iorma t*rice e!te )nvec*it+#.
9e la num+rul D )n continuare, numeralele multilicative con-in )n !tructura lor un
numeral cardinal urmat de !ub!tantivul time! "ori, d+-i#4 'our time!, 'ive time!,
!i3 time! etc.
Iorma cu time! e!te 'olo!it+ i )n locul lui t*rice4 t*ree time!.
En !tilul literar, te*nic !au o'icial, !e 'olo!ete numeralul multilicativ 'ormat din
numeralul cardinal i !u'i3ul 7'old4 t$o'old, t*ree'old, a *undred'old4 a t*ree'old
Kuantit, J o cantitate tril+.
Fentru unitatea 1, 'orma numeralului multilicativ e!te !in(le, iar entru 8 !e
'olo!ete le ln(+ t$o'old i 'orma double.
4./.2. Jntrebuin.area numeralului multiplicativ. <umeralul multilicativ !e
'olo!ete ca redeterminant4 double t*e amount.
!au ca adverb4 @*e rate o' indu!trial develoment *a! ri!en t*ree time!. Ritmul
de&volt+rii indu!triale a cre!cut de trei ori.
4.2. !umeralul distributiv (Te 3istributive !umeral$
<umeralul di!tributiv e3rim+ (ruarea numeric+ a obiectelor. 6b!erva-i cteva
modalit+-i de a e3rima aceeai idee4 t$o at a timeC t$o b, t$oC b, t$o!C t$o
and t$oC in to$! "in air!#4
@*e uil! le't t*e cla!!room t$o b, t$o/in t$o!. Elevii au +r+!it cla!a cte doi.
;e ran do$n t*ree !te! at time. A cobort !c+rile cte trei odat+.
4.6. !umeralul adverbial (Te 4dverbial !umeral$
<umeralul adverbial arat+4
a# de cte ori are loc o ac-iune4 once, t$ice, t*ree time! "t*rice#C ten time!, a
*undred time!C bi!C once moreC once a(ainC t$ice a! 'a!t etc.
@*e, *ave En(li!* t$ice a $ee%. Au en(le&a de dou+ ori e !+t+mn+. I told ,ou
a *undred time! not to lie to me. Zi7am !u! de o !ut+ de ori !+ nu m+ min-i.
E`ERCI_II
I. Citi-i )n limba en(le&+ urm+toarele4
a# ci're4 19BC8DOC0B8C890DC6OBB.
b# ani4 1O81C 1ODOC 1DB0C 1M66C 191O
c# ore4 11.BC 18.1MC 1.0MC 8.DBC 0.8B.
d# numere de tele'on4 91.9B.61C DH.1O.M0C 66.16.DDC 09.OO.B1.
e# numerale ordinale i 'rac-ionare4 0 rdC Ot*C 8Mt*C 0Ht*C DMt*C B9t*C
II. Scrie-i urm+toarele date4
8M.T.19D9C 1M.II.19BOC 1.P.19B0C 80.PIII.19DD
III. @raduce-i )n limba en(le&+4
1. 8D Ianuarie i 1 9ecembrie !unt !+rb+tori na-ionale ale oorului no!tru.
8. 9e!c*ide-i cartea la a(ina DO i citi-i caitolul 1B )nc+ o dat+.
0. =ocuie!c e !trada Siru ;aret nr. DM.
:3 C-i ani ai? A2 '* ani3
;3 La ora "ou $i Au2tate iau auto1u?ul 66' $i 2 "u# + .i?ite? e0%o?i!ia3
73 CBt #o+t o %ere#,e "e %anto/i[
83 A2 #u2%rat unt> o "u?in "e ou $i ' =g3 "e /in3
)3 Entre ?e#e /r ?e#e $i ?e#e $i ?e#e a.e2 %au?a 2are3
(3 Te a$te%t "e 2ai 2ult "e o Au2tate "e or3
'93 A2 /or2at ;;38(38(3*; $i a%oi a2 a$te%tat3
''3 Cre" # a %le#at #u trenul "e 7369
%ag: '*(
9' Pronumele #T$e Pronoun&
9'*' 5e+ini2ie
Fronu2ele:
aD re%re?int o #la+ eterogen> unele %ronu2e %ot @nlo#ui +u1+tanti.e @n #o2uni#are T,e 2an i+ ,ere5
<e i+ ,ere5 alte %ronu2e "e+e2nea? "ire#t .or1itorul $i a+#ulttorul CI> HouD +au "e+e2nea? glo1al +au
%ar!ial o1ie#te +au /eno2ene Call> ea#,D5
1D are #ategoriile gra2ati#ale "e %er+oan> gen> nu2r $i #a?5
#D @n"e%line$te /un#!iile +inta#ti#e "e +u1ie#t> nu2e %re"i#ati.> atri1ut a%o?i!ie> #o2%le2ent3
%ag: '69
9'.'olul /e ,ub,titut al pronumelui
En gra2ati#a tra"i!ional> %ronu2ele e+te %artea "e .or1ire #are !ine lo#ul unui +u1+tanti. +au gru%
no2inal:
Fo$n is a stu#ent3
Ge is a stu#ent.
Peter an/ Mar% are stu#ents3
T$o,e %oung people are stu#ents.
T$e% are stu#ents.
Fronu2ele re%re?int @n+ o #la+ eterogen3 Unele %ronu2e #on+tituie un +u+titut al +u1+tanti.ului Che,
she, it, theyD> altele "e+e2nea? "ire#t .or1itorul $i interlo#utorul C%, youD5 iar %ronu2e #a all, e!ery,
each "e+e2nea? glo1al +au %ar!ial o1ie#te $i /eno2ene3
En gra2ati#a +tru#turali+t> +e /olo+e$te ter2enul "e substitut %entru #u.intele #are %ot a%rea @n lo#ul @n
#are a%ar +u1+tanti.ele +au ter2enul "e pro:+orm %entru toate a#ele #u.inte #are @nlo#uie+# alte %r!i "e
.or1ire3
9'4' Categoriile gramaticale ale pronumelui
Unele %ronu2e au #ategoriile gra2ati#ale "e %er+oan> gen> nu2r $i #a?3
Categoria "e %er+oan e+te +%e#i/i# %ronu2elui $i .er1ului: %er+oana I> a II-a> aIII-a: % am " &ou are "
e is3
Categoriile "e gen> nu2r $i #a? +e @ntBlne+# $i la +u1+tanti.> "ar la %ronu2e ele %re?int anu2ite
%arti#ularit!i3
S%re "eo+e1ire "e +u1+tanti.> %ronu2ele are:
aD genul 2ar#at "oar la %er+oana a III-a +ingular: 2a+#ulin//e2inin/neutru: he"she"it.
1D nu2rul 2ar#at %rin +u%leti.i+2 C#u.inte "i/eriteD: %"we, he"they.
#D #ontra+tul @ntre #a?ul no2inati. $i a#u?ati./"ati.: %"me, he"him, who"whom.
Per,oana i num1rul3 Fronu2ele %er+onale> re/le0i.e $i %o+e+i.e au /or2e "i+tin#te %entru %er+oan $i
nu2r:
Fer+oana I +ingular: % myself mine
%lural: we oursel!es ours
Fer+oana a II-a +ingular: you yourself yours
%lural: you yoursel!es yours
Fer+oana a III-a +ingular: he himself his
she herself hers
it itself +
%lural they themself theirs
Genul3 Fronu2ele %er+onale> re/le0i.e $i %o+e+i.e +unt 2ar#ate /or2al %entru gen la %er+oana a III-a
+ingular:
Ma+#ulin: e"him himself his
Re2inin: she"her herself hers
Neutru: it itself -
pag: /3/
La %ronu2ele relati.e e0i+t o "i+tin#!ie @ntre %ronu2ele %entru nu2e "e %er+oana Cwho> whomD $i
%entru nu2e "e o1ie#te +au ani2ale CwhichD3
Cazul3 Su1+tanti.ele $i 2aAoritatea %ronu2elor @n li21a engle? au "ou #a?uri 2ar#ate /or2al: #a?ul
#o2un Cno2inati.> a#u?ati./"ati.D $i #a?ul geniti.:
2a-ul comun: T$e po,tman is at the #oor3
6omebo/% is at the #oor3
% can see t$e po,tman at the #oor3
% can see ,omebo/% at the #oor3
2a-ul geniti!: T$e po,tmanH, bag
6omebo/%H, bag
Fronu2ele %er+onal $i %ronu2ele U,o au trei #a?uri 2ar#ate /or2al:
no2inati.ul> "ati./a#u?ati. $i geniti.ul:
No2inati.: % we he she they who
Iati./a#u?ati.: me us him her them who3m$
Geniti.: my our his her their whose
Con/or2 tra"i!iei gra2ati#ale> %ronu2ele %er+onal la #a?ul geniti. e+te #uno+#ut +u1 nu2ele "e a"Ae#ti.
%o+e+i.3
9'8' Cla,i+icarea pronumelui
Fronu2ele /or2ea? o #la+ eterogen> "eoare#e nu toate %ronu2ele au /or2e /le0ionare %entru a#elea$i
#ategorii gra2ati#ale3
Fronu2ele %er+onale> re/le0i.e $i %o+e+i.e +unt #on+i"erate #entrale #la+ei "e %ronu2e> ele a.Bn" /or2e
"i+tin#te %entru %er+oan> gen> nu2r $i #a?3
Cla,i+icarea pronumelor<&
Fronu2ele #entrale -%er+onal
-re/le0i.
-%o+e+i.
Fronu2ele relati.
Fronu2ele interogati.
Fronu2ele "e2on+trati.
Fronu2ele ne,otrBt %o?iti. uni.er+al +each
+all
-+eria e!ery
a/ir2ati. +many, much
-few, little
-se!eral, enough
-one
-+eria some
nea/ir2ati. -+eria any
-either
negati. -+eria no
-neither
pag: /30
9'9' !unc2iile ,intactice ale pronumelor
Ie regul %ronu2ele @nlo#uie+# +u1+tanti.ele3 Uneori ele @n+ "eter2in +u1+tanti.ele3
CBn" %ronu2ele @nlo#uie$te un +u1+tanti.> +e .or1e$te "e .aloarea +u1+tanti.al C+au %rono2inalD a
%ronu2elui> iar #Bn" a#e+ta "eter2in un +u1+tanti.> +e .or1e$te "e+%re .aloarea "eter2inant C+au
a"Ae#ti.alD a %ronu2elui3
Iin %un#t "e .e"ere al .alorii +u1+tanti.ale +au "e "eter2inant> %ronu2ele @n li21a engle? %ot a.ea:
aD nu2ai .aloare +u1+tanti.al: %, you, he4 mine, yours4 somebo#y, something et#3
1D nu2ai .aloare "e "eter2inant: e!ery, my, no, et#3
#D .aloare +u1+tanti.al $i "e "eter2inant: this"that, these"those, some"any et#3
Valoarea +u1+tanti.al $i #ea "eter2inati. #on+i!ionea? /un#!iile +inta#ti#e ale %ronu2elui3 %ronu2ele
/olo+ite #a "eter2inan!i nu %ot @n"e%lini "e#Bt /un#!ia +inta#ti# "e atri1ut:
M% book is new3
T$i, book is new3
E3er% book is new3
%e #Bn" %ronu2ele /olo+ite #u .aloare +u1+tanti.al C%ronu2ele %ro%riu-?i+eD %ot @n"e%lini "i.er+e
/un#!ii +inta#ti#e:
+u1ie#t: I am a member of the committee3
nu2e %re"i#ati.: e is always $im,el+3
#o2%le2ent in"ire#t: 5how me your stamp collection, please3
#o2%le2ent "ire#t: he taught u, a lesson3
#o2%le2ent %re%o?i!ional: e will talk about $im,el+3
et#3
Fronu2ele relati.e $i interogati.e @n"e%line+# $i /un#!ia "e 2ar# a unor ra%orturi +inta#ti#e> intro"u#Bn"
%ro%o?i!ii +e#un"are @n /ra?: The man 7$o is speaking is our teacher. % won#ere# 7$at he meant3
9';' Pronumele per,onal #T$e Per,onal Pronoun&
Fronu2ele %er+onal "e+e2nea? %er+oanele #e %ot a%rea @ntr-un "ialog C.or1itorul> interlo#utorulD +au
@nlo#uie$te o1ie#tul "e+%re #are +e .or1e$te> are #ategoriile gra2ati#ale "e %er+oan> gen> nu2r $i #a? $i
%oate @n"e%lini /un#!iile +inta#ti#e "e +u1ie#t> nu2e %re"i#ati.> atri1ut> a%o?i!ie $i #o2%le2ent3
Fronu2ele %er+onal are /or2e +u%leti.e %entru #ategoriile gra2ati#ale "e %er+oan> gen> nu2r $i #a?3
A#e+te #ategorii gra2ati#ale nu a%ar @n+ la toate /or2ele %ronu2elui %er+onal3
9';'*' Categoria per,oanei la pronumele per,onal' En li21a engle? %ronu2ele $i .er1ul +unt
+ingurele %r!i "e .or1ire #are au #ategoria gra2ati#al a %er+oanei: I am a teacher3 Eu +unt %ro/e+or3
Ge i, a chemist3 El e+te #,i2i+t3
Ieoare#e .er1ul e+te 2ar#at "e regul %entru %er+oan nu2ai la %er+oana a III-a +ingular> %ronu2ele
r2Bne +ingurul in"i#ator al #elorlalte %er+oane3
pag: /33
Ie a#eea %ronu2ele %er+onal e+te "e o1i#ei 2en!ionat la #o2uni#are @n li21a engle?> +%re "eo+e1ire "e
li21a ro2Bn: I speak 6nglish3 CEuD .or1e+# engle?e$te3
Not1: En li21a engle?> %ronu2ele I +e +#rie @ntot"eauna #u liter 2are: <e +%ea=+ Engli+, 1etter t,an I
"o3
Con/or2 "e/ini!iei tra"i!ionale> %er+oana I "e+e2nea? %er+oana #are .or1e$te> %er+oana a II-a >
%er+oana #u #are +e .or1e$te> iar %er+ona a III-a in"i# %e #el "e+%re #are +e .or1e$te3
Not1: A#ea+t "e/ini!ie e+te in#o2%let3 Fronu2ele I "e+e2nea? %e #el #are .or1e$te $i #are /a#e a#tul
"e .or1ire %o+i1il3
Fronu2ele "e %er+oana a II-a you e+te %er+oana #are re#e%tea? "i+#ur+ul3
Fronu2ele "e %er+oana a III-a he"they re%re?int 2e21rul ne2ar#at al #orela!iei3 A#e+t %ronu2e nu /a#e
%o+i1il @n#e%erea a#tului "e .or1ire> #i "e+/$urarea lui logi#3 e"they @n"e%line$te o /un#!ie ana/ori#
@n "i+#ur+> #ea "e re/erire la ele2ente "eAa intro"u+e @n "i+#ur+: Peter was !ery tire# as $e ha# worke#
har# all #ay3
En a#e+t /el> %ronu2ele he"they nu +e re/er la o %er+oan @n a#ela$i 2o" #a $i %ronu2ele % $i you3
Fronu2ele %er+onale @n li21a engle? +unt /olo+ite $i #u .aloare generi# Cgeneric personD 3
Fronu2ele he"she e+te /olo+it #u .aloare generi# @n %ro%o?i!ii #are e0%ri2 un a"e.r uni.er+al: Ge
who laughs last laughs best3 Cine rB"e la ur2 rB"e 2ai 1ine3
En a+e2enea #onte0te> .aloarea lui ,e e+te #ea a unui "eter2inant "e2on+trati.: T$at one who333
Fronu2ele Hou e+te /olo+it $i #u +en+ul ne"e/init "e one: Iou can ne!er tell3 Nu +e $tie ni#io"at3
iar they> #u +en+ul "e \oa2eni @n general]: T$e% make bicycles in this factory3
9';'.' Categoria genului la pronumele per,onale' Fronu2ele %er+onal are #ategoria gra2ati#al a
genului nu2ai la %er+oana a III-a +ingular:
e e+te /olo+it %entru a @nlo#ui nu2e "e %er+oane "e +e0 1r1te+#:
Tom Cro7n A Ge is the centre forwar#.
6$e e+te @ntre1uin!at %entru nu2e "e %er+oane "e +e0 /e2eie+#: Carbara A 6$e is my sister3
%t @nlo#uie$te nu2e "e o1ie#te +au "e ani2ale: T$e /og A It barke# when the 7uests came3
Not:
e"she +unt /olo+ite %entru a @nlo#ui $i unele +u1+tanti.e ani2ate +au inani2ate> #are +unt "e o1i#ei
neutre: T$e ,$ip/6$e ,a+ alrea"H arri.e"3
En li21a engle?> %ronu2ele %entru %er+oana a III-a %lural they nu are /or2e "i+tin#te %entru gen> #a @n
li21a ro2Bn:
T$e girl, are here3
Retele +unt ai#i3
T$e% are here3
Ele +unt ai#i3
T$e bo%, ha!en8t come yet3
Bie!ii nu au .enit @n#3
T$e% ha!en8t come yet3
Ei nu au .enit @n#3
T$e,e bir#s are !ery pretty3
A#e+te %+ri +unt /oarte /ru2oa+e3
T$e% are !ery pretty.
Ele +unt /oarte /ru2oa+e3
pag: /31
9';'4' Categoria num1rului la pronumele per,onal Fronu2ele %entru %er+oana I %lural we nu
re%re?int 2ai 2ul!i "e % #i % 9 he:
2an 7e come at eight [
2an $e an/ I come at eight [
A#ea+t @ntre1uin!are a lui we e+te #uno+#ut +u1 "enu2irea "e e:clusi!e \Ue]3
4 alt /un#!ie a %ronu2elui we e+te "e a in#lu"e $i %e a+#ulttor Cinclusi!e \Ue] O % 9 youD:
;ell, how are 7e feeling to#ay [
Ei> #u2 ne 2ai +i2!i2 a+t?i [
Not1: ;e %oate /i /olo+it a+t/el "e #tre un "o#tor> o %ro/e+oar +au o +or 2e"i#al #are +e a"re+ea?
unui #o%il> %entru a #rea un +enti2ent "e +oli"aritate @ntre .or1itor $i a+#ulttor3
Ror2a you e+te /olo+it atBt %entru %er+oana a II-a +ingular> #Bt $i %entru %er+oana a II-a %lural: % tol#
%ou to sit #own3 V-a2 / !i-a2 +%u+ + +tai Ao+3
Fluralul %er+oanei a II-a e+te "e a+e2enea un %lural in#lu+i. #a $i la %er+oana I: .or1itorul re%re?entat
%rin % +au interlo#utorul> re%re?entat %rin you @$i a+o#ia? #elelalte %er+oane ale "ialogului: we < % 9 he
39 you$ you < you 9 39 you$.
Ioar %luralul %er+oanei a III-a re%re?int un %lural %ro%riu-?i+: they < he 9 he 9 he.
Not1: En li21a engle? nu e0i+t %ronu2e "e %olite!e #a @n li21a ro2Bn3 &ou %oate @n+e2na atBt tu, !oi
#Bt $i #umneata, #umnea!oastr=> @n /un#!ie "e #onte0t3 La /el he, she %ot @n+e2na el, ea +au #umnealui,
#umneaei3
9';'8' Categoria cazului la pronumele per,onal' Fronu2ele %er+onal are /or2e %entru #a?ul
no2inati. $i %entru "ati./a#u?ati. C#u e0#e%!ia lui you $i itD:
No2inati.: Iati./A#u?ati.
Fer+oana I +ingular: % me
Fer+oana I %lural: we us
Fer+oana a II-a +ingular/%lural: you you
Fer+oana a III-a +ingular: he him
she her
it it
Fer+oana a III-a %lural: they them
;373;3 Run#!iile +inta#ti#e ale %ronu2elui %er+onal3 Fronu2ele %er+onal e+te /olo+it @ntot"eauna #u
.aloare +u1+tanti.al3 %ronu2ele %er+onal @n"e%line$te 2ai 2ulte /un#!ii +inta#ti#e> "u% #a?ul @n #are +e
a/l:
aD no2inati.: - +u1ie#t - <e is a stu#ent.
- nu2e %re"i#ati. - %t is $e who #i# it.
1D "ati.: #o2%le2ent in"ire#t - 2an you tell me a story >
#D a#u?ati.: - #o2%le2ent "ire#t - % like $er'
- #o2%le2ent %re%o?i!ional - ?ook at t$em J
pag: /35
9'=' Pronume re+le-i3 #T$e e+le-i3e Pronoun&
Fronu2ele re/le0i. @nlo#uie$te o1ie#tul a+u%ra #ruia +e e0e#it a#!iunea .er1ului $i #are e+te i"enti# #u
+u1ie#tul .er1ului5 are #ategoriile gra2ati#ale "e %er+oan> gen> nu2r $i #a? $i @n"e%line$te /un#!ia "e
#o2%le2ent> nu2e %re"i#ati. +au a%o?i!ie3
;383'3 Categoriile gra2ati#ale ale %ronu2elui re/le0i.3 Fronu2ele re/le0i. %re?int ur2toarele
%arti#ularit!i @n #eea #e %ri.e$te #ategoriile gra2ati#ale "e %er+oan> gen> nu2r $i #a?:
aD are %er+oana I> a II-a> aIII-a> #a $i %ronu2ele %er+onal $i #el %o+e+i.5
1D are /or2e "i+tin#te "e gen nu2ai la %er+oana a III-a +ingular:
2a+#ulin: ,i2+el/
/e2inin: ,er+el/
neutru: it+el/
#D are ter2ina!ia -+el/ la +ingular $i -+el.e+ la %lural3
Fer+oana Singular Flural
Fer+oana I myself ourself
Fer+oana a II-a yourself yourself
Fer+oana aIII-a:
2a+#ulin himself
/e2inin herself themsel!es
neutru itself
9'='.' ntrebuin2area pronumelui re+le-i3' Fronu2ele re/le0i. e+te /olo+it 2ai ale+ @n %ro%o?i!ii @n #are
#o2%le2entul "ire#t +au %re%o?i!ional e+te i"enti# #u +u1ie#tul3
AD A+t/el> %ronu2ele re/le0i. @n"e%line$te @n %rin#i%al /un#!ia "e #o2%le2ent "ire#t al unor .er1e
tran?iti.e3 Iin %un#t "e .e"ere al re/le0i.it!ii> .er1ele @n li21a engle? +e @2%art @n:
aD .er1e ur2ate @n 2o" o1ligatoriu "e %ronu2e re/le0i.e #a: absent oneself 3from$, a!ail oneself 3of$,
beha!e oneself, busy oneself 3with$, pri#e oneself 3on$:
<e 1u+ie" ,i2+el/ Uit, ,i+ %a%er+3 I %ri"e 2H+el/ on 2H #oo=ing3 Be,a.e Hour+el/ !
1D .er1e #are %ot /i ur2ate +au nu "e un %ronu2e re/le0i.> @ntre #ele "ou @ntre1uin!ri e0i+tBn" "i/eren!e
"e +en+: apply 3oneself$, a!ail 3oneself$ con#uct 3oneself$, #epart 3oneself$:
<e a%%lie" ,i2+el/ to t,e ta+=3 A "e%u+ toate e/orturile %entru @n"e%linirea +ar#inii3 <e a%%lie" /or a Ao13
A /#ut o #erere "e +er.i#iu3
#D .er1e "u% #are %ronu2ele re/le0i. +e %oate o2ute /r a %ro"u#e 2o"i/i#ri /r +en+: a#@ust, comb,
#ress, 7ualify, sha!e, wash:
S,e Uent into t,e 1at,roo2 an" Ua+,e" ,er+el/3
S,e Uent into t,e 1at,roo2 an" Ua+,e"3
pag: /36
BD Fronu2ele re/le0i. e+te /olo+it #a %arte a unui #o2%le2ent %re%o?i!ional> #Bn" #o2%le2entul
%re%o?i!inal e+te a#eea$i %er+oan #u +u1+tnati.ul: Loo= a/ter Hour+el/> Uill Hou3 Ta=e #are o/ Hour+el/3
S,e loo=e" at ,er+el/ in t,e 2irror3 I "onPt =noU U,at to "o Uit, 2H+el/3
Aten2ieJ '3 En #on+tru#!iile %re%o?i!ionale #are e0%ri2 rela!ii +%a!iale @ntre ele2nte #on#rete> +e
/olo+e$te %ronu2ele %er+onal @n #a?ul a#u?ati.> #,iar "a# #o2%le2entul %re%o?i!ional e+te a#eea$i
%er+oan #u +u1ie#tul: I ,a.e no 1oo=+ on 2e3 Te ,a.e t,e U,ole Uee= 1e/ore u+3 S,e loo=e" a1out
,er3
*3 Fronu2ele re/le0i. e+te /olo+it @n a+e2enea #a?uri "oar #u .aloare e2o!ional: S,e Ua+ 1e+i"e ,er+el/
Uit, rage3
63 E0i+t $i +itua!ii @n #are u?aAul o+#ilea? @ntre %ronu2ele re/le0i. $i #el %er+onal: <e #lo+e" t,e "oor
1e,in" ,i2C+el/D3 S,e gat,ere" t,e #,il"ren aroun" ,erC+el/D3
Fronu2ele re/le0i. are nu2ai .aloare +u1+tanti.al3 El %oate @n"e%lini ur2toarele /un#!ii +inta#ti#e:
- #o2%le2ent "ire#t: S,e ,el%e" $er,el+ to anot,er %ie#e+ o/ #a=e3
- #o2%le2ent in"ire#t: <e alloUe" $im,el+ a 1rea=3
- #o2%le2ent %re%o?i!ional: I loo=e" at m%,el+ in t,e 2irror3
- nu2e %re"i#ati.: S,e i+ alUaH+ $er,el+'
9'='4' Pronumele /e 0nt1rire #T$e Emp$atic Pronoun&' Fronu2ele re/le0i.e +e /olo+e+#:
aD #a %ronu2e re/le0i.e Cnon-e2%,ati# u+eD: <el% Hour+el/ ! Ser.e$te-te3
1D #a %ronu2e "e @ntrire Ce2%,ati# u+eD: <el% ,er Hour+el/3 AAut-o tu @n+u!i3
Fronu2ele "e @ntrire +u1linia? %arti#i%area la a#!iune a .or1itorului> a interlo#utorului +au a o1ie#tului
"e+%re #are +e .or1e$te> are #ategoriile gra2ati#ale "e %er+oan> gen> nu2r $i #a? $i @n"e%line$te /un#!ia
+inta#ti# "e a%o?i!ie3
Fronu2ele "e @ntrire +e +u1or"onea? "ire#t unui %ronu2e %er+onal +au unui +u1+tanti.:
<e ,i2+el/ an+Uere" t,e %u%il+P Zue+tion+3
T,e +#ienti+t ,i2+el/ an+Uere" t,e %u%il+P Zue+tion+3
Fo?i!ia ne2ar#at a %ronu2elor "e @ntrire e+te i2e"iat "u% %roCnu2eleD %e #are-l +u1linia?: T,e
%u%il+ t,e2+el.e+ Uor=e" in t,e +#,ool gar"en3
CBn" C%roDnu2ele @n+o!it "e %ronu2e "e @ntrire e+te +u1ie#tul %re%o?i!iei> %ronu2ele "e @ntrire +e
%oate a$e?a:
- la @n#e%utul %ro%o?i!iei: T,e 1oH ,i2+el/ "reU t,e 2a%3
- la +/Br$itul %ro%o?i!iei: T,e 1oH "reU t,e 2a% ,i2+el/3
Fronu2ele "e @ntrire e+te a##entuat @n .or1ire3
Ra%tul # %ronu2ele "e @ntrire "e%in"e @ntot"eauna "e un +u1+tanti. +au %ronu2e @i #on/er a#e+tuia
.aloare a"Ae#ti.al3
Fronu2ele "e @ntrire @n"e%line$te /un#!ia +inta#ti# "e a%o?i!ie: T,e ,ea"2a+ter ,i2+el/ ,el%e" t,e
%u%il+3
CBn" e+te %re#e"at "e %re%o?i!ia 1H> o/ +au /or> %ronu2ele "e @ntrire are +en+ul "e +ingur> +ingur>
+inguri> +ingure:
I 2a"e t,e "re++ 1H 2H+el/3 T,e gla++ #ra#=e" o/ it+el/3 I Uant to +ee /or 2H+el/3
pag: /37
9'>' Pronumele po,e,i3 #T$e Po,,e,,i3e Pronoun&
Fronu2ele %o+e+i. @nlo#uie$te atBt nu2ele o1ie#tului %o+e"at #Bt $i al %o+e+orului> are #ategoriile
gra2ati#ale "e %er+oan> gen> nu2r $i #a? $i %oate @n"e%lini /un#!iile +inta#ti#e "e +u1ie#t> nu2e
%re"i#ati.> atri1ut> a%o?i!ie> #o2%le2ent3
Ror2ele %ronu2elui %o+e+i. +unt:
Fer+oana I +ingular 2ine
%lural our+
Fer+oana aII-a +ingular/%lural Hour+
Fer+oana aIII-a 2a+#ulin +ingular ,i+ %lural t,eir+
/e2inin+ingular ,er+ %lural t,eir+
I+ t,i+ Hour %en#il [ No> itP+ no 2ine3 A+= MarH i/ i+ ,er+3 I+ it Hour+> MarH [
Aten!ie! Fronu2ele %o+e+i.e C.e?i e0e2%lele "e 2ai +u+D nu "eter2in +u1+tanti.e #a a"Ae#ti.ele
%o+e+i.e> #i le @nlo#uie+#3 41+er.a!i 2ai Ao+ "i/eren!a "intre a"Ae#ti.ul $i %ronu2ele %o+e+i. $i %ronu2ele
%er+onal @n #a?ul "ati./a#u?ati.
A"Ae#ti.e %o+e+i.e Fronu2e %o+e+i.e Fronu2e %er+onal
ItM+ 2H #ar ItM+ 2ine It 1elong+ to 2e
ItM+ Hour #ar ItM+ Hour+ It 1elong+ to Hou
ItM+ ,i+ #ar ItM+ ,i+ It 1elong+ to ,i2
ItM+ ,er #ar ItM+ ,er+ It 1elong+ to ,er
ItM+ it+ #ar -- It 1elong+ to it
ItM+ our #ar ItM+ our+ It 1elong+ to u+
ItM+ Hour #ar ItM+ Hour+ It 1elong+ to Hou
ItM+ t,eir #ar ItM+ t,eir+ It 1elong+ to t,e2
9'?' Pronumele interogati3 #T$e Interrogati3e Pronoun&
Fronu2ele interogati. !ine lo#ul> @n %ro%o?i!ii interogati.e> #u.intelor a$te%tate #a r+%un+ la @ntre1are>
%oate a.ea #ategoria gra2ati#al "e #a? $i @n"e%line$te /un#!ia +inta#ti# "e +u1ie#t> #o2%le2ent +au
/un#!ia "e 2ar#> intro"u#Bn" %ro%o?i!ii +u1or"onate @n /ra?3 Fronu2ele interogati.e %ot /i /olo+ite:
aD nu2ai #a %ronu2e: T,o i+ ,e [
1D nu2ai #a "eter2inan!i: T,at =in" o/ 2an i+ ,e [
#D #a %ronu2e +au #a "eter2inan!i: T,at "o Hou Uant [ T,at 1oo=+ "o Hou Uant [
Fronu2ele interogati.e +unt +%e#iali?ate:
U,o e+te /olo+it %entru /iin!e>
U,at %entru lu#ruri
U,i#, %entru /iin!e $i lu#ruri>
,oU 2u#, %entru #antit!i>
,oU 2anH %entru nu2r>
U,at =in" o/ %entru #alit!i et#3
pag: /3'
Iin %un#t "e .e"ere al /le0iunii> U,o are /or2e "eo+e1ite %entru /ie#are #a?3 Celelalte %ronu2e
interogati.e +unt in.aria1ile3
T<4 are ur2toarele /or2e: N3: ;ho > #ine5 I: 3to$ whom O #ui [
T,o +e re/er nu2ai la %er+oan: T,o "i" Hou 2eet [
Ror2a U,o+e +e %oate re/eri $i la lu#ruri $i ani2ale:
A: T,o+e /oo" i+ t,i+ [
B: ItP+ t,e "ogP+ /oo"3
T,o2 e+te /olo+it 2ai ale+ "u% %re%o?i!ii: BH U,o2 Ua+ t,e %oe2 Uritten [ En .or1irea #urent> U,o
e+te /olo+it @n lo#ul lui U,o2> iar %re%o?i!ia +e a$? la +/Br$itul %ro%o?i!iei:
T,o Ua+ t,e %oe2 Uritten 1H [
Not1: Atun#i #Bn" U,o @n"e%line$te /un#!ia "e +u1ie#t> el e+te ur2at "e un .er1 la +ingular: B$o is
speaking[ "ar atun#i #Bn" @n"e%line$te /un#!ia "e #o2%le2ent a#or"ul #u .er1ul +e /a#e @n nu2r: B$o
is waiting +or[ B$o are they waiting +or[
;AT #a %ronu2e interogati. +e re/er la +u1+tanti.e +au @nlo#uitori ai a#e+tora "e ori#e gen> %re#u2 $i
la %ro%o?i!ii @ntregi:
B$at is she [ B$at is the meaning of this wor# [
B$at #i# he tell you [
Not: Atun#i #Bn" U,at @n"e%line$te /un#!ia +inta#ti# "e +u1ie#t> .er1ul e+te la +ingular: B$at is
happening here[ CCe +e @ntB2%l ai#i[D "ar #Bn" @n"e%line$te /un#!ia "e #o2%le2ent> a#or"ul #u .er1ul
+e /a#e @n nu2r: B$at are they #oing[ CCe /a#e ei[D
;hat +e tra"u#e @n li21a ro2Bn %rin:
aD CE> atun#i #Bn" +e %re+u%une un r+%un+ %rin #are +e arat %ro/e+iunea +au /un#!ia: B$at is your
father [ B$at are you [
1D CARE: B$at are the #ays of the week [ B$at is your fa!ourite game [
#D CbT: B$at time is it [
;hat i2%li# o +ele#!ie "intr-un nu2r ne"e/init "e o1ie#te: B$at books #o you like best[
T<IC< #a %ronu2e interogati. e+te un no2inati.: B$ic$ is shorter, Betty or Cane [ +au un a#u?ati.:
B$ic$ of these books #o you prefer [
;hich i2%li# +ele#!ia "intr-un nu2r li2itat "e o1ie#te: B$ic$ of the two #resses will you take [
B$ic$ of the girls #o you like [
CBn" %ronu2ele +au a"Ae#ti.ul interogati. e+te @n+o!it "e o %re%o?i!ie a#ea+ta @l %re#e"e @n li21a +#ri+:
!rom 7$at country #oes she come [
En .or1irea #urent> %re%o?i!ia +e a$ea? la +/Br$itul %ro%o?i!iei:
B$at country #oes she come +rom [
9'*(' Pronumele relati3 #T$e elati3e Pronoun&
;3'93'3 Fronu2ele relati. +e re/er la un +u1+tanti. +au @nlo#uitor al a#e+tuia #are a /o+t "eAa 2en!ionat $i
el /a#e legtura @ntre %ro%o?i!ia @n #are +e a/l $i #ea %e #are o @n+o!ea$te: % know people 7$o #on8t like
this writer3
% know people t$at #on8t like this writer3
pag: /3.
Fronu2ele relati.e +unt: who, which Di that3
;ho> I/A#3 who3m$, G3 whose +e re/er la un +u1+tanti. +au @nlo#uitor "e gen 2a+#ulin +au /e2inin:
The girl 7$o sang is my cousin3 A carpenter is a man 7$o makes chairs an# tables3 e is a writer
7$o,e works are !ery well+known3
;hich> whose +e re/er la +u1+tanti.e "e genul neutru: Tom is wearing a coat 7$ic$ is too large for
him3
The trees> 7$o,e lea!es are yellow an# re#333 Co%a#ii> ale #ror /run?e +unt gal1ene $i ro!ii333
That +e re/er la +u1+tanti.e> in"i/erent "e gen $i #a?:
The #og t$at ran across the street is mine3
The #og 7$ic$ ran across the street is mine3
The man t$at showe# you the way is !ery ol#3
The man 7$o showe# you the way is !ery ol#3
Not1: Fronu2ele relati.e $i %ronu2ele interogati.e U,o> U,i#, $i U,at +e %ot a+o#ia #u a".er1ele e.er
$i +oe.er %entru a /or2a %ronu2e relati.e> re+%e#ti. %ronu2e interogati.e #o2%u+e:
whoe!er & %e ori#ine3 B$oe3er comes must wait here3 4ri#ine .ine tre1uie + a$te%te ai#i3
whiche!er- %e ori#are3 e will take 7$ic$e3er is his3 4/El .a lua %e ori#are e+te a/al lui3
9'*('.' ntrebuin2area pronumelui relati3' ;ho, whom, whose intro"u# @n"eo+e1i %ro%o?i!ii relati.e
"e+#ri%ti.e C%ro%o?i!ii #are a"u# in/or2a!ii +u%li2entare> nee+en!iale> "e+%re ante#e"entD: Ey wife> to
7$om you were speaking @ust now, wants you to come to #inner3 So!ia 2ea> #reia @i .or1eai a#u2>
"ore$te + .ii la noi la 2a+3
A#e+te %ronu2e relati.e %ot intro"u#e $i %ro%o?i!ii relati.e re+tri#ti.e C%ro%o?i!ii #are a"u# in/or2a!ii
a1+olut ne#e+are %entru #lari/i#area +en+uluiD: The boy 7$o threw the stone will be punishe#3
;hich intro"u#e atBt %ro%o?i!ii relati.e "e+#ri%ti.e CaD #Bt $i re+tri#ti.e C1D:
aD 5wimming> 7$ic$ is an en@oyable sport, makes people strong an# healthy3
1D The glass 7$ic$ you are #rinking out of has @ust been washe#3
That +e /olo+e$te nu2ai @n %ro%o?i!ii re+tri#ti.e: The chair t$at was broken yester#ay has been men#e#.
Fronu2ele relati.e who, which, th +e o2it @n %ro%o?i!iile re+tri#ti.e #Bn" +e g+e+# @n #a?ul a#u?ati.:
The girl C7$o#m&& you ha!e @ust met is my niece. The maga-ine Ct$atD you lent me is !ery interesting.
9'*('4' "ocul pronumelui relati33 Fronu2ele relati. tre1uie a$e?at> %e #Bt %o+i1il> lBng ante#e"entul
+u3 Nere+%e#tarea a#e+tei reguli %oate "a na$tere la #on/u?ii: e met the girl in the street t$at you
know3 A @ntBlnit /ata %e +tra"a %e #are o #uno$ti3 %n the street, he met the girl t$at you know3 A @ntBlnit
/ata %e #are o #uno$ti %e +tra"3
CBn" %ronu2ele relati. @n a#u?ati. e+te @n+o!it "e o %re%o?i!ie> a#ea+ta e+te a$e?at @naintea %ronu2elui
relati. @n li21a +#ri+3 En e0%ri2area /a2iliar> %ronu2ele relati. +e o2ite "e o1ie#ei> iar %re%o?i!ia +e
a$ea? "u% .er1 +au #o2%le2entul "ire#t: This is the man to 7$om % ga!e the parcel C+#ri+D3 This is
the man C7$omD % ga!e the parcel to C/a2iliarD3
pag: /10
9'**' Pronumele ne$ot1rEt #T$e In/e+inite Pronoun&
9'**'*' Fronu2ele ne,otrBt "e+e2nea? glo1al CallD +au %ar!ial Ceach, eitherD o1ie#te +au /eno2ene3
Fronu2ele ne,otrBte +unt /olo+ite:
aD nu2ai #a %ronu2e:
There is ,omebo/% here.
There is ,omet$ing here3
None of them was in time3
1D #a "eter2inan!i +au %ronu2e:
%8!e got ,ome3
%8!e got ,ome 6nglish books3
The teacher talke# with eac$ parent3
The teacher talke# with eac$ of them.
#N&eit$er boy can #o it3
#N&eit$er of you can #o it3
All chil#ren are here3
All of them are here3
9'**'.' ntrebuin2area pronumelor ne$ot1rEte' 6ome O #e.a> ni$te> %u!in> %u!in> unii> unele> #B!i.a>
#Bte.a> .reun> .reo> +e @ntre1uin!ea? @n %ro%o?i!ii a/or2ati.e $i in"i# e0i+ten!a unui nu2r re+trB+ "e
lu#ruri> /iin!e> a unei #antit!i re+trBn+e3 E+te /olo+it #u +u1+tanti.e nu2ra1ile la %lural $i #u +u1+tanti.e
nenu2ra1ile la +ingular: There are ,ome on his #esk. 5he bought ,ome3
5ome %oate /i /olo+it @n %ro%o?i!ii interogati.e:
aD #Bn" +Ue %une a##entul %e o %arte "in o1ie#tul +au o1ie#tele 2en!ionate: Fi# you rea# ,ome of the
books the teacher recommen#e# [
1D @n %ro%%o?i!iile @n #are +e o/er #e.a: ;ill you ha!e ,ome [
#D #Bn" @ntre1area nu +e re/er la +o2e: Fi# you ask father to gi!e me ,ome [
An% O .reun> .reo> ni#i unCulD> ni#i o> ni#i una +e @ntre1uin!ea?:
aD @n %ro%o?i!ii a/ir2ati.e #u +en+ul: ori#are> ori#e: An% of you coul# answer this 7uestion.
1D @n %ro%o?i!ii interogati.e $i negati.e: a!e you got an% [ % ha!en8t got an%3 Co2%u$ii lui some, any
Di no Cno e+te /olo+it "oar #a "eter2inant +unt %ronu2e ne,otrBte:
somebo#y"someone + anybo#y"anyone + nobo#y"no one none
something + anything + nothing
A#e+tea +unt /olo+ite nu2ai #a %ronu2e3 Nu %ot /i /olo+ite $i #a "eter2inan!i:
% saw ,omebo/% in your room3
% saw ,omet$ing in your room3
% saw nobo/% in your room3
% saw not$ing in your room.
Fentru @ntre1uin!area #o2%u$ilor lui some, any, no> @n %ro%o?i!ii a/ir2ati.e> interogati.e $i negati.e3
Eac$ +e re/er la 2e21rii unui gru% lua!i in"i.i"ual: Eac$ of them wante# to try3 Rie#are C"intre eiD
"orea + @n#er#e3
pag: /1/
Eit$er C/or2a negati. neit$erD O /ie#are Cni#i unulD "in "oi e+te /olo+it 2ai ale @n %ro%o?i!ii
interogati.e $i negati.e: a!e you seen eit$er of them [ L-ai .?ut %e .reunul "intre ei C"oiD [
En %ro%o?i!ii a/ir2ati.e> eit,er are +en+ul "e ori#ine> ori#are: Eit$er of you can #o it3 4ri#are "intre .oi
C"oiD %oate /a#e a#e+t lu#ru3
E3er% e+te /olo+it "oar #a "eter2inant: E3er% pupil must #o his homework3 Co2%u$ii lui e.erH @n+ +unt
/olo+i!i "oar #a %ronu2e ne,otrBte: E3er%bo/% is present3 To!i +unt %re?en!i3 % ha!e e3er%t$ing %
nee#3 A2 tot #e-2i tre1uie3
All O tot> toat> to!i> toate> e0%ri2 totalitatea lu#rurilor +au /iin!elor $i @nlo#uie$te +u1+tanti.ele
nu2ra1ile la %lural: %8!e rea# them all3 Le-a2 #itit %e toate3
+au +u1+tanti.e nenu2ra1ile la +ingular: %8!e rea# all about this sub@ect3 A2 #itit tot @n1 legtur #u
a#e+t +u1ie#t3
All %oate /i /olo+it $i #a %re"eter2inant: ,i!e me all the books % nee#3
En .or1irea #urent> all e+te @nlo#uit "e o1i#ei "e e!erybo#y +au e!erything> @n /un#!ie "e +en+: All are
here O E3er%bo/% is here3 Tell me all about it O Tell me e3er%t$ing about it.
One O un> unul> una #ine.a> are o +ingur /or2> in"i/erent "e gen> nu2r $i #a?: There were two women
in the room: one was young an# one was ol#3
Gne #u .aloare i2%er+onal +e @ntre1uin!ea? @n +en+ /oarte general: One shoul# always perform his
#uty3 Tre1uie @ntot"eauna +-!i /a#i "atoria3
Gne +e a#or" #u he, she, it $i #u /or2ele #ore+%un?toare: his, him, her et#3: One of the boys sai# $e
woul# stay at home3
9'*.' Pronumele negati3 #Negati3e Pronoun,&
Fronu2ele ne,otrBte #u +en+ negati. +unt #on+i"erate "e unii autori o #la+ a%arte "e %ronu2e -
%ronu2ele negati.e3
Fronu2ele negati.e "e+e2nea? li%+a o1ie#telor +au a /eno2enelor3 Rolo+irea lor e0#lu"e e0i+ten!a altor
nega!ii @n %ro%o?i!ie3 Fronu2ele negati.e +unt: nobo#y, no one Cni2eniD> none Cni#i unulD> neither Cni#i
unul "in "oiD> nothing Cni2i#D: Neit$er of the is right3 Ni#i unul "intre ei C"oiD nu are "re%tate3 ;hat
ha!e you bought [ Not$ing3 Ce-ai #u2%rat [ Ni2i#3
E`ERCISES
I3 2ompletaHi punctele cu a#@ecti!ul sau pronumele posesi! necesar:
'3 BettH #anPt eat333331irt,"aH #a=e alone3 *3 T,i+ i+ not 2H 1oo=5 itP+3333363 Feter>33333roo2 i+ on t,e
le/t>333333 i+ on t,e rig,t3 :3 Jane> Hou 2u+t go an" Ua+,333/a#e3 ;3 c #la++roo2 i+ +unnH5 Ue li=e it3 73
Ja#= i+ .erH 1rig,t /or c age3 83 <e 2aH ta=e t,e 1all> itP+ c )3 T,e+e re#or"+ 1elong to t,e23 T,eH
arec (3 T,at i+ 2H 1oo=> 1ut t,i+ i+ notc '93 I nee"e" an u21rella an" I a+=e" Ali#e i/ I #oul"
1orroUc
pag: /10
II3 I=spun#eHi la urm=toarele Jntreb=ri. (olosiHi pronumele % ca subiect, JnlocuiHi substnati!ele cu
pronumele:
Eo#el: T,o lent t,e 1oo= to t,at +tu"ent [ % lent it to him3
'3 T,o tol" t,e +torH to t,e #,il"ren[ *3 T,o Urote t,e letter to Mr+ T,ite[ 63 T,o +ent t,e %re+ent to
Bo1[ :3 T,o 1oug,t t,e 1oo=+ /or Jane [ ;3 T,o ga.e t,e a%%le+ to t,e 1oH[ 73 T,o e0%laine" t,e
le++on to t,e neU +tu"ent[ 83 T,o +,oUe" t,e toUn to t,e touri+te+[
%%%. (olosiHi forma corect= a pronumelui:
'3 Loo=> t,ereP+ george3 T,o in.ite"33333[
*3 T,e Til+on+ an" I "e#i"e" to a+= ,i233333t,oug,t ,e Uoul" enAoH it3
63 IP2 loo=ing /or 2H trou+er+3 <a.e Hou +een3333[
:3 Ioe+ Hour 1oH /rien" +%ea= Engli+,[33333+,oul" +tu"H it i/ ,e "oe+nPt3
;3 T,e Ueat,er i+ getting #ol"er3 c UonPt i2%ro.e /or t,e ne0t tUo or t,ree "aH+
73 <a.e Hou rea" t,i+ 1oo=[ c i+ .erH intere+ting3
83 S,e i+ a ni#e girl3 Io Hou =noU c[
)3 Te o//ere" Ann +o2e /loUer+3
(3 S,e in.ite" c to ,er 1irt,"aH %artH3
IV3 2ompletaHi spaHiile punctate cu pronume relati!e acolo un#e este ca-ul:
'3 T,e girl3333 i+ +itting at t,e "e+= i+ our tH%i+t3
*3 T,e 1oo=33333 +,e i+ rea"ing ,a+ 1een %u1li+,e" re#entlH3
63 T,at i+ t,e 2an333333 ,el%e" t,e #,il" #ro++ t,e +treet3
:3 I+ t,i+ t,e Uo2an3333 +ol" Hou t,e Engli+, "i#tionarH[
;3 I "onPt re2e21er t,e Ao=ec ,e tol" u+3
73 T,at i+ a +tu"entcalUaH+ get+ e0#ellent 2ar=+3
83 <e i+ t,e /oot1all %laHerc+#ore" t,ree goal+3
)3 I+ t,i+ t,e ,ou+ec Ua+ 1uilt 1H Hour 1rot,er[
V3 Tra#uceHi Jn limba engle-=:
Biri# $i Folina r2a+er3 E$i luar +e#erile %e u2r $i %ornir a2Bn"oi +%re lo#urile lui Tu"or Blo+u3 Fe
"ru2> Folina @i +%u+e "in nou # nu +e %oate aAunge la o @n!elegere #u tatl ei "a# au + +tea $i +-l
a$te%te %e el + +e @2%a#e3 Ea @l #unoa$te 2ai 1ine3 F2Bntul tre1uie luat #u /or!a3 Biri# @i r+%un+e #
ori#e lu#ru +e %oate lua #u /or!a #u2 ar /i + ?i#e2 un #al> o #ru!> o .it5 @l iai #u /or!a $i @l "u#i #u tine3
Iar %2Bntul n-ai #u2 +-l iai3 Fentru %2Bnt tre1uie /or2e la notariat $i nu2ai atun#i %o!i + ?i#i # e
al tu3 S%unBn"u-I a#e+t lu#ru> Biri# @ii atra+e luarea a2inte #Bt e ea "e %roa+t #Bn" @$i @n#,i%uie # nu
+-a gBn"it la toate /elurile la +itua!ia lor3 Folina r+%un+e # $tie ea "e /or2e> #,iar 2ai 2ult "e#Bt #re"e
el3 Gi anu2e # "a# te /olo+e$ti "e un lu#ru 2ai 2ul!i ani $i a"u#i 2artori # atB!ia ani lu#rul a#ela a /o+t
al tu> %o!i +-I /a#i /or2e # e al tu> #,iar "a# la nu .rea3 Biri# @$i "e+#re!i /runtea $i +%u+e #u 2ult
2irare $i a"2ira!ie # ?u> a "ra#ului na!ie "e 2uiere 2ai e+te ea3 Folina +e /#u ro$ie au?in"u-l #u2 o
lau" $i @i r+%un+e # #u al"e tat-+u ea $i-a luat gBn"ul "e la o2enie3 Nu tre1uie + 2ai +tri#e o2enia
%e ei3 CBt a /o+t /at 2are nu i-a #u2%rat ni#i o a!> ni#i un %eti#> a u21lat "e+#ul! la ,or5 el> Biri#>
#unoa$te $i el 1ine %o.e+tea a+ta33 Ar tre1ui + @n!eleag # alt#e.a nu 2ai e "e /#u3 Mer+er 2ult @n
t#ere $i el nu-i r+%un+e "e#Bt tBr?iu3 Ei atra+e luarea a2inte # tatl ei @l %oate "a @n Au"e#at3 El " @n
Au"e#at $i ie+e ru3 Folina @l @ntreru%+e +%unBn" # a+ta n-are + @n"r?nea+# el +-o /a#3 Ea +-a 2ritat
$i are "re%tul la %2Bntul %e #are l-a 2un#it3 Gi "a# tatl ei are + /a# %ro#e+ are + ai1 ea griA +-i
+#oat %ro#e+ul %e na+3
CEarin Pre#a + EoromeHiiD
pag: /13
;' A/@ecti3ul #T$e A/@ecti3e&
;'*' 5e+ini2ie
A"Ae#ti.ul e+te %artea "e .or1ire #are:
aD e0%ri2 o #alitate a unui o1ie#t Can intere,ting lecture, on ol/ manD5
1D are #ategoria gra2ati#al a #o2%ara!iei: e is taller than his brother3
#D @n"e%line$te /un#!iile +inta#ti#e "e atri1ut> a%o?i!ie> nu2e %re"i#ati.> ele2ent %re"i#ati. +u%li2entar3
;'.' Compara2ia a/@ecti3elor #T$e Comrari,on o+ A/@ecti3e,&
S%re "eo+e1ire "e li21a ro2Bn> un"e a"Ae#ti.ul are /le0iune "e gen> nu2r $i #a? $i #o2%ara!ie>
a"Ae#ti.ul "in li21a engle? nu +e +#,i21 "u% gen> nu2r $i #a?3 Singurul 2o" "e 2ar#are /or2al
e+te #o2%ara!ia:
un ele. inteligent-a cle3er schoolboy
o ele. inteligent - a cle3er schoolgirl
ele.i inteligen!i - cle3er schoolchil#ren
Le#!ia a "oua e+te 2ai grea "e#Bt %ri2a le#!ie3 - ?esson 0 is more /i++icult than ?esson /.
Con!inul #ategoriei gra2ati#ale a #o2%ara!iei #on+t @n /a%tul # la o1ie#tele "in lu2ea @n#onAurtoare
#alit!ile %ot a%rea @n 2+ur egal: The Eaths teacher is a, ol/ a, the Psysics teacher3
+au @n 2+ur inegal: The maths teacher is ol/er t$an the Pasysics teacher3
Categoria gra2ati#al a #o2%ara!iei e+te #on#reti?aZt @n li21a engle? #a $i @n li21a ro2Bn> @n trei
gra"e "e #o2%ara!ie:
Gra"ul %o?iti. ne2ar#at arat %re?en!a nor2al a unei #alit!i a o1ie#telor> /r a +e /a#e .reo
#o2%ara!ie:
e is tall3 5he is beauti+ul3
Gra"ul #o2%arati. #o2%ar "ou o1ie#te> in"i#Bn" %re?en!a #alit!ii la o1ie#tele #o2%arate @n 2+ur
egal C#o2%arati.ul "e egalitate: e is a, tall a, his sisterD +au @n 2+ur inegal C% am %ounger t$an
$erD +au "e in/erioritate: This lesson is le,, intere,ting than the pre!ious oneD3
La gra"ul #o2%arati.> ter2enul #o2%ara!iei %oate /i e0%ri2at: e is more punctual than the others3
+au nee0%ri2at: e is more punctual3
Gra"ul +u%erlati. arat # un 2e21ru al unui gru% %o+e" #alitatea #o2%arat @n #el 2ai @nalt gra"> %rin
inter2e"iul unei #o2%ara!ii "ire#te C#o2%arati.ul relati.: 5he is t$e cle3ere,t of allD +au /r #o2%ara!ie
"ire#t C+u%erlati.ul a1+olut : 5he is 3er% cle3erD3
Aten2ie! Atun#i #Bn" +e #o2%ar nu2ai "ou no!iuni +e /olo+e$te gra"ul #o2%arati. %re#e"at "e
arti#olul t,e @n lo#ul +u%erlati.ului: 5he is t$e %ounger an# t$e more beauti+ul of the two sisters.
pag: /11
;'4' !ormarea comparati3ului i a ,uperlati3ului
;'4'*' Compara2ia ,intetic1' AD A"Ae#ti.ele 2ono+ila1i#e /or2ea? #o2%arati.ul $i +u%erlati.ul @n 2o"
+inteti#3 Ele %ri2e+# -3e$r la #o2%arati. $i the +3e$+t la +u%erlati.:
small + smaller + the smallest
short + shorter + the shortest
Ortogra+ieK
'D A"Ae#ti.ele ter2inate @ntr-o #on+oan %re#e"at "e o .o#al +#urt "u1lea? #on+oan:
big + bigger + the biggest hot + hotter + the hottest
fat + fatter + the fattest thin + thinner + the thinnest
*D A"Ae#ti.ele ter2inate @n +y %re#e"at "e o #on+oan tran+/or2 %e % @n i: #ry + #rier + the #riest
6D A"Ae#ti.ele ter2inate @n +e +au +ee> %ier" %e +e /inal @naintea lui +er +au +est: nice + nicer + the nicest4
free + freer + the freest4
BD En 2o" +inteti# +e #o2%ar $i a"Ae#ti.ele 1i+ila1i#e ter2inate @n +y, +le, +er, +ow $i -some:
happy + happier + the happiest4
cle!er + cle!erer + the cle!erest
narrow + narrower + the narrowest
E-cep2ii: eager, proper, fertile, hostile, fragile +e #o2%ar nu2ai #u more $i the most3
Unele a"Ae#ti.e %ot a.ea 2a1ele /or2e "e #o2%arati. $i +u%erlati.:
- #u %re/erin! %entru /or2e +inteti#e:
aD a"Ae#ti.e 2ono+ila1i#e: calm, fot, huge, @ust, keen
calm + calmer + the calmest
1D a"Ae#ti.e 1i+ila1i#e ter2inate @n +y +au +ly: angry, clumsy, sleepy, musty4
angry + angrier + the angriest
- #u %re/erin! %entru /or2ele analiti#e:
aD a"Ae#ti.e 1i+ila1i#e #u a##entul %e %ri2a +ila1: acti!e, ci!il, common, fertile, hostile, constant,
pru#ent, pleasant, stupi#, su##en4 acti!e + more acti!e + the most acti!e4
1D a"Ae#ti.e 1i+ila1i#e #u a##entul %e ulti2a +ila1: concise, remote, precise, se!ere, profoun#, polite.
E-cep2ie: a"Ae#ti.e 1i+ila1i#e ter2inate @n "ou #on+oane: correct, #istinct, e:act, intact et#3 /or2ea?
#o2%arati.ul $i +u%erlati.ul nu2ai #u more $i the most: a more #istinct pronunciation O o %ronun!ie 2ai
#lar5
#D a"Ae#ti.ele /or2ate "in trei +ila1e #u un %re/i0 negati.: unhappy, unlucky, unpleasant, insecure4
unpleasant + more unpleasant + the most unpleasant3
Rolo+irea /or2ei +inta#ti#e +au analiti#e +au toate a#e+te a"Ae#ti.e "e%in"e "e+eori "e rit2ul %ro%o?i!iei>
"e ne.oia "e e0%re+i.itate3
En li21a .or1it +unt %re/erate /or2ele +inteti#e> @n ti2% #e @n +#ri+ +e /olo+e+# 2ai ale+ /or2ele analiti#e3
pag: /15
;'4'.' Compara2ia analitic1' AD A"Ae#ti.ele /or2ate "in "ou +au 2ai 2ulte +ila1e /or2ea?
#o2%arati.ul $i +u%erlati.ul analiti# #u aAutorul lui more $i the most:
careful + more careful + the most careful
#ifficul + more #ifficult + the most #ifficult
BD A"Ae#t.ele #o2%u+e /or2ea? gra"ele "e #o2%ara!ie @n /elul ur2tor:
aD #Bn" %ri2ul ele2ent e+te un a"Ae#ti. #are @$i %+trea? +en+ul> a#e+ta +e +#,i21 la #o2%arati. $i
+u%erlati.:
well+known + better<known + the best+known
ill+pai# + worse+pai# + tyhe worst+pai#
intelligent+looking, + more intelligent+looking + the most intelligent+looking
1D #Bn" #ele "ou ele2ente /or2ea? un tot "in %un#t "e .e"ere al +en+ului #o2%ara!ia +e reali?ea? #u
aAutorul lui more $i t,e most:
heart+broken + more heart+broken + the heart+broken
far+fetche# + more far+fetche# + the most far+fetche#
;'4'4' !ormarea comparati3ului /e egalitate i in+erioaritate' Co2%arati.ul "e egalitate +e e0%ri2
%rin a"Ae#ti.ul la gra"ul %o?iti. %re#e"at $i ur2at "e #onAun#!ia a,: Ey room is a, large as hers3 Ca2era
2ea e+te la /el "e 2are #a a ei3
Co2%arati.ul "e in/erioritate +e e0%ri2 %rin a"Ae#ti.ul la gra"ul %o?iti. %re#e"at "e not so"as $i ur2at
"e as +au %rin less333than: Ey homework is not a, ea,% a, yours3 Te2a 2ea nu e la /el "e u$oar #a a ta3
This lecture is le,, intere,ting than the pre!ious one3 A#e+t #ur+ e 2ai %u!in intere+ant "e#Bt #ur+ul
anterior3
;'4'8' !ormarea ,uperlati3ului ab,olut' Su%erlati.ul a1+olut +e #on+truie$te #u aAutorul a".er1elor
!ery, too, highly, e:tremely, utterly:
The story he tol# us was 3er% amu,ing3 %t is e-tremell% /i++icult to reach the top3
;'8' Compara2ia neregulat1 a a/@ecti3elor
Unele a"Ae#ti.e /or2ea? #o2%arati.ul $i +u%erlati.ul @n 2o" neregulat:
goo# < bun + better + the best
6ight is a goo/ mark3
*ine is better than eight3 Ten is t$e be,t mark3
ba# O ru worse - the worst
ill O 1olna. worse - the worst
They are both ba/ bo%,> but Peter is 7or,e than Tom. Gf all the ba# boys % know Peter is t$e 7or,t3
much O 2ult more - the most
many O 2ul!i more - the most
pag: /16
;e ha!en8t muc$ butter left3 % nee# more help3 This plate has t$e mo,t
meat on it late O tBr?iu - later O 2ai tBr?iu O the lastest O #el 2ai tBr?iu
re#ent 2ai re#ent #el 2ai re#ent
+ the latter O #el "e-al "oilea
C"intre "ou ele2enteD a#e+ta "in ur2
Co%u+ lui the formerD
- the last O ulti2ul C"intre 2ai 2ulte ele2enteD
Co%u+ lui the firstD
The late e#ition of this paper appears at 3 p.m. There is a later one at 5 p.m. Cohn an# Tom are tall
boys: t$e +ormer is the catain of the basketball team an# t$e later is a goo# footballer3 ;hat8s t$e
la,te,t news [ Care +unt ulti2ile $tiri [ is la,t no!el is still unpublishe#3 Ulti2ul +u ro2an e+te @n#
ne%u1li#at3 Cnu a 2ai +#ri+ alte ro2aneD3
ol# O 1trBn 0
.e#,i
- ol#er O 2ai 1trBn
2ai .e#,i
- el#er O 2ai @n .Br+t C"e+%re 2e21rii a#elea$i /a2ilii /olo+it atri1uti.D Co%u+ lui youngerD
- the ol#est O #el 2ai 1trBn5 #el 2ai .e#,i
- the el#est O #el 2ai @n .Br+t C"e+%re 2e21rii a#elela$i /a2ilii> /olo+it atri1uti.D
Ey brother is ol/er than me. Rratele 2eu e+te 2ai 2are "e#Bt 2ine3 Ey elder brother is a #octor.
Rratele 2eu 2ai 2are e+te "o#tor3 5he is my eldest sister3 Ea e+te +ora 2ea #ea 2ai 2are3
Not: '3 Ror2ele el"er $i t,e el"e+t +e /olo+e+# uneori $i %entru %er+oane "in a/ara /a2iliei: The elder
girls in our school sing in the chorus. An elder officer
*3 El"er %oate /i /olo+it $i #a +u1+tanti. nenu2ra1il la %lural: 5he followe# the a#!ice of her elders.
near O a%roa%e
- nearer O 2ai a%ro%iat C@n +%a!iu> ru"enieD
- t,e neare+t O #el 2ai a%ro%iat C@n +%a!iu> ru"enieD
- t,e ne0t O ur2torul C@n ti2%> or"ineD
Peter is a near relation of mine. Feter e+te o ru" a%ro%iat "e-a 2ea3
2an you show me the nearest tabacoconist8s > E2i %ute!i arta tutungeria #ea 2ai a%ro%iat [
Ers ,reen was the next person to arri!e. Ioa2na Green a /o+t ur2toarea %er+oan #are a +o+it3
little O %u!in
le++ - t,e lea+t
% ha!e little time. Ey frien# has less time than % ha!e. Tom has the least of all.
/ar O "e%rtat
/art,er O 2ai "e%rtat C"i+tan!D - t,e /art,e+t
/urt,er O 2ai "e%rtat C"i+tan!D +u%li2entar> a"i!ional> @n %lu+ - t,e /urt,e+t
;'9' nt1rirea compara2iei a/@ecti3elor
A".er1ele 2u#, $i /ar a$e?ate @naintea #o2%arati.ului $i 1H /ar a$e?at "u% #o2%arati. @ntre+# i"eea
e0%ri2at "e a"Ae#ti.ul re+%e#ti.: T,i+ 1oo= i+ 2u#, 2ore intere+ting//ar 2ore intere+ting 1H /ar t,an
t,e ot,er 1oo=+ ,e ,a+ Ueritten3 Cartea a#ea+ta e+te 2ult 2ai intere+ant "e#Bt #elelalte #r!i %e #are le-a
+#ri+3
pag: /17
Con+tru#!ia #u cKt ... ^ #o2%arati. 333 cu atKt... ^ #o2%arati. +e re" %rin "ou #o2%arati.e %re#e"ate
"e the:
The longer the #ays, the shorter the nights. Cu #Bt +unt ?ilele 2ai lungi #u atBt +unt no%!ile 2ai +#urte3
Con+tru#!a #in ce Jn ce mai ... tot mai... +e re" @n li21a engle? .or1it %rin re%etarea #o2%arati.ului $i
inter#alarea #onAun#!iei an#: It i+ #ol"er an" #ol"er3 E+te "in #e @n #e 2ai /rig> T,e ol" 2an /elt Uor+e
an" Uor+e3 BtrBnul +e +i2!ea "in #e @n #e 2ai ru3
Ia# a"Ae#ti.ul e+te %luri+ila1i#> +e re%et a".er1ul more"less $i +e inter#alea? #onAun#!ia an#:
<i+ le#ture+ are 2ore an" 2ore intere+ting3 Sour +torie+ are le++ an" le++ #re"i1le3
A#ela$i +en+ +e re" @n +tilul o/i#ial $i @n +#ri+ %rin /olo+irea a".er1ului e!er @n /a!a #o2%arati.ului: T,e
%u1li+,e" in t,i+ #ountrH are e.er 2ore intere+ting3
;';' !unc2iile ,intactice ale a/@ecti3ului
Iin %un#t "e .e"ere +inta#ti#> a"Ae#ti.ele %ot /i:
aD atri1uti.e> @n"e%linin" /un#!ia "e atri1ut +au a%o?i!ie @n %ro%o?i!ie: To2 ,a+ a neU 1i=e3
1D %re"i#ati.e> @n"e%linin" /un#!ia "e nu2e %re"i#ati. @n %ro%o?i!ie: To2P+ 1i=e i+ neU3
Aten2ieJ Ver1ele #o%ulati.e: be, stan#, seem, appear, look, become, grow, get, turn, keep, remain,
continue +unt ur2ate "e a"Ae#ti.e C$i nu "e a".er1eD #u .aloare "e nu2e %re"i#ati.e: <e i+ #le.er3 S,e i+
getting ol"3 T,eH are =ee%ing +ilent3
Ver1ele e0%ri2Bn" %er#e%!ia +en?orial: look, smell, soun#, taste, feel +unt "e a+e2enea ur2ate "e
a"Ae#ti.e: Sou loo= 1eauti/ul3 T,e +ou% ta+te+ goo"3
Iin %un#t "e .e"ere al /olo+irii atri1uti.e +au %re"i#ati.e> a"Ae#ti.ele @n li21a engle? +e @2%art @n trei
2ari gru%e:
aD a"Ae#ti.e #are %ot /i @ntre1uin!ate atBt atri1uti. #Bt $i %re"i#ati.: T,e ol" 2an ,a+ #o2e again3 <e i+
.erH ol"3
1D a"Ae#ti.e #are nu %oit /i /olo+ite "e#Bt atri1uti.3 En a#ea+t gru% intr:
- a"Ae#ti.e ter2inate @n +en> %ro.enite "e la +u1+tanti.e #on#rete:
S,e ,a+ a Uoollen "re++3
- a"Ae#ti.e in"i#Bn" %un#tele #ar"inale: Ro2ania lie+ in Ea+tern Euro%e3
- a"Ae#ti.ele "eri.ate "in +u1+tanti.e: a 2e"i#al +#,ool5 ato2i# energH5 a #ri2inal atta#=3
- unele a"Ae#ti.e "in #are %ot /i "eri.ate a".er1e: 2H /or2er /rien"5 ,er late ,u+1an"5 un utter /ool3
#D a"Ae#ti.e #are +unt @ntre1uin!ate nu2ai %re"i#ati.:
- a"Ae#ti.ele: ill> Uell> "run=: <e i+ ill3
- a"Ae#ti.ele "eri.ate #u %re/i0ul a-:
abla-e O a%rin+> @n /l#ri
afrai# O +%eriat
alone O +ingur
ashame# O ru$inat
pag: /1'
aghast O @n/ri#o$at
alert O atent> .igilent
alike O la /el> i"enti#
ali!e O .iu> @n .ia!
asleep O a"or2it
a!erse O %otri.ni#> o%u+
aUa=e O trea?
aware O #on$tient
T,e little 1oH Ua+ +till un+lee%> 1ut ,i+ 2ot,er i+ aUa=e3
Not: '3 Unele "in a#e+te a"Ae#ti.e %ot /i /olo+ite atri1uti. #Bn" +unt %re#e"ate "e un a".er1: a fully
awake person5 a very ashamed chil#5 the half asleep girl
*3 CBte.a a"Ae#ti.e %re"i#ati.e au un +inoni2 #u .aloare atri1uti.: afrai# + frightene#4 alike + similar4
ali!e + li!ing4 alone + lonely
T,e #,il" Ua+ a/rai" to a+= /or ,el%/ T,e /rig,tene" #,il" "i"nMt a+= /or ,el%3 T,e+e tUo "re++e+ are .erH
2u#, ali=e/ T,e+e are +i2ilar "re++e+3
;'=' "ocul a/@ecti3elor 0n propozi2ie
a$ A#@ecti!ul folosit atributi! %re#e" +u1+tanti.ul %e #are @l "eter2in5 a high mountain4 a difficult
problem.
1D @n #Bte.a #a?uri a"Ae#ti.ul> atri1uti. e+te @n 2o" o1ligatoriu a$e?at "u% +u1+tanti.:
- @n gru%uri "e #u.inte: Ambassa#or 6:traor#inary, secretary general, postmaster general, attorney
general, court martial, heir apparent, knight errant, poet laureate, from time immemorial4
- %ronu2ele ne,otrBte #are +e ter2in @n +bo#y4 +one4 +thing +unt "e o1i#ei ur2ate "e a"Ae#ti.e: S,e
1oug,t +o2et,ing ni#e3 <e +ai" not,ing intere+ting3
#D CBn" 2ai 2ulte a"Ae#ti.e "eter2in un +u1+tnati.> a"Ae#ti.ul al #rui @n!ele+ e+te #el 2ai legat "e
+u1+tanti. +e a$ea? @n i2e"iata lui a%ro%iare> iar #elelalte @l %re#e" @n or"inea gra"ului "e a%ro%iere al
@n!ele+ului lor "e #el al +u1+tanti.ului3 Nu e0i+t reguli +tri#te %ri.in" or"inea a"Ae#ti.elor> ele +e +u##e"
@n or"inea ur2toare: @n+u$ire> "i2en+iune> /or2> .Br+t #uloare> na!ionalitate> origine> a"Ae#ti. .er1al:
S,e 1oug,t a /eU large re" a%%le+3 I 2et t,ree tall Houng Rren#, girl +tun"ent+3 T,e +2all roun" an#ient
C,ine+e 1o0 Ua+ in t,e ta1le3
"D CBn" un +u1+tanti. e+te "eter2inat "e "ou a"Ae#ti.e la #o2%arati.> unul 2ai +#urt $i #ellalt 2ai
lung> #el +#urt @l %re#e"e %e #el lung: S,e Ua+ taller an" 2ore 1eauti/ul3
eD A"Ae#ti.ul #u "eter2inare ur2ea? +u1+tanti.ul: It Ua+ a ,ou+e uglH Uit, "e#aH3 Era o #a+ urBt "in
#au?a "egra"rii3
/D A"Ae#ti.ul /olo+it %re"i#ati. ur2ea? .er1ul #o%ulati.: <e i+ ill3 S,e +ee2+ tire"3 Sou loo= %ale3
ELECI6E6
I3 Fune!i a"Ae#ti.ele "in %arante? la /or2a #ore#t:
'3 Su22er i+ 3goo#$ +ea+on o/ t,e Hear3 *3 In +u22er t,e "aH+ are 3long$ an" t,e nig,t+ are 3short$ t,an
in +%ring3 63 T,e **n" o/ June i+ 3long$ "aH o/ t,e Hear3 :3 In JulH t,e "aH+ 1e#o2e 3warm$ an" 3warm$3
;3 3Eany$ %eo%le %laH /oot1all in +u22er3 73 Root1all i+ 3popular$ ga2e in Ro2ania3 83 I t,in= autu2n i+
a+ 3beautiful$ a+ +u22er3 )3 T,eU Ueat,er i+nMt a+ 3warm$ a+ in +u22er> 1ut t,e tree+ are 3beautiful$
t,an in +u22er3 (3 Tinter i+ 3ba#$ +ea+on o/ t,e Hear3 It i+ #ol" an" Uet3 '93 So2e %eo%le t,in= it i+
3interesting$ +ea+on o/ t,e Hear> 1e#au+e t,eH #an +=H> +=ate or %laH Uit, +noU
II3 Alege!i /or2a #ore#t a a"Ae#ti.elor "in %arante?:
'3 Rro2 t,e+e tUo "re++e+ t,e #,ea%er i+ 3the best, the better$3 *3 Sin#e +,e ,a+ retire"> 3less an# less,
fewer an# fewer$ /rien"+ ,a.e .i+ite" ,er3 63 Mi=e an" Bo1 are +tu"ent+3 T,e /or2er +tu"ie+ 2e"i#ine>
3the secon#, the latter$ +tu"ie+ ar#,ite#ture3 :3 <er 3ol#er, el#er$ +i+ter "i" nt #o2e to t,e %artH3 ;3 T,e
"o#tor a+=e" 3the nearest, the ne:t$ %er+on to #o2e in3
III3 Tra"u#e!i @n li21a engle?:
'3 Ai #itit ulti2ul ro2an al lui Marin Fre"a[ *3 _i +-a %rut 2ai intere+ant "e#Bt #elelalte ro2ane ale lui[
63 A /o+t %e "e%arte #ea 2ai %l#ut .a#an! %e #are a2 %etre#ut-o .reo"at %e 2are3 :3 Ei +tu"ia? "in
#e @n #e 2ai 2ult $i o1!in re?ultate "in #e @n #e 2ai 1une3 ;3 Cu #Bt era 2ai atent #u atBt 2ai %u!ine
gre$eli /#ea3 73 El #uno$ti %e /ratele ei 2ai 2are[ 83 Ro#,ia ta e+te 2ai 2o"ern "e#Bt a 2ea3 )3 Care
e+te %laneta #ea 2ai @n"e%rtat[
=' A/3erbul #T$e A/3erb&
='*' 5e+ini2ie
A".er1ul e+te %artea "e .or1ire #are:
aD arat o #ara#teri+ti# a unei a#!iuni> a unei +tri +au a unei #alit!i5
1D %oate a.ea #ategoria gra2ati#al a #o2%ara!iei5
#D @n"e%line$te /un#!ia +inta#ti# "e #o2%le2ent #ir#u2+tan!ial3
Not: '3 A".er1ul 2ai %oate a%rea %e lBng un +u1+tanti. C"e o1i#ei %re#e"at "e arti#olul ne,otrBtD:
<e i+ Zuite a 2an noU3 It Ua+ onlH a #at> +au un %ronu2e: I+ t,i+ 1oo= reallH 2ine[
*3 Unele a".er1e %ot /or2a +ingure %ro%o?i!ii: Ieally> FownL (asterL ,la#ly. Almost. &es. *o. Eaybe.
*ow. *e!er.
='.' "ocu2iuni i con,truc2ii a/3erbiale
='.'*' "ocu2iunile #peri+razele& a/3erbiale +unt e0%re+ii /i0e #u .aloare "e a".er1e: at present O @n
%re?ent5 as a rule O "e o1i#ei5 by the way O a%ro%o5 as a matter+of+fact O "e /a%t5 at once O i2e"iat5
once in while, now an# then O "in #Bn" @n #Bn"5 to+an# fro O @n#oa#e $i @n#olo et#3
='.'.' Con,truc2iile a/3erbiale +unt #on+tru#!ii %re%o?i!ionale #are %ot /i /olo+ite #a a".er1e: <e
Uat#,e+ TV in t,e e.ening3 S,e Uent out t,e roo23
pag: /50
Unele #on+tru#!ii a".er1iale +e /olo+e+#:
aD #Bn" nu +e %ot /or2a a".er1e "e la a"Ae#ti.: S,e +%o=e Uit, "i//i#ultH3
1D #Bn" #on+tru#!ia a".er1ial e+te 2ai /irea+# "e#Bt a".er1ul: S,e a""re++e" t,e "o#tor in a 1ro=en
.oi#e3
#D #Bn" a"ugarea +u/i0ului-lH ar +#,i21a @n!ele+ul: S,e +%o=e in a ,ig, .oi#e3 CS,e +%o=e ,ig,lH o/ ,i23
='4' !orma a/3erbelor
CBn" 2ai 2ulte a".er1e "e 2o" +e /or2ea? %rin a"ugarea +u/i0ului +ly la /or2a a"Ae#ti.ului: <e i+ a
+loU Ual=er3 <e Ual=+ +loUlH3
La /el +e /or2ea? $i unele a".er1e "e ti2%> +u/i0ul +ly /iin" a"ugat unui +u1+tanti.: T,i+ 2aga?ine i+
%u1li+,e" e.erH Uee=3
T,i+ 2aga?ine i+ %u1li+,e" Uee=lH3
Aten2ieJ Nu toate #u.intele ter2inate @n -lH +unt a".er1e3 Unele +unt nu2ai a"Ae#ti.e: /rien"lH> lo.elH>
li=elH> ti2elH> $i +unt /olo+ite #a %r!i ale unor #on+tru#!ii a".er1iale: <e #a2e at a ti2elH 2o2ent3 S,e
+%o=e to u+ in a /rien"lH UaH3
A".er1ele "e ti2% ter2inate @n lH %ot /i /olo+ite atBt #a a"Ae#ti.e> #Bt $i #a a".er1e: T,i+ i+ a "ailH
%a%aer3 It #o2e+ out "ailH3
Ortogra+ieK
En general> a"ugarea +u/i0ului -lH nu 2o"i/i# /or2a ini!ial a #u.Bntului:
<e i+ a carele,, "ri.er3 <e "ri.e+ carele,,l%'
Ia# a"Ae#ti.ul +e ter2in @n -e> a#e+ta +e %+trea? @naintea +u/i0ului -lH: entire + entirely4 e:treme +
e:tremely.
E0#e%!ii: true - truly; due - duly; whole - wholly.
Ia# a"Ae#ti.ul +e ter2in @n -l> a".er1ul .a a.ea -ll> %rin a"ugarea ter2ina!iei -lH: 1eati/ul ^ lH O
1eauti/ullH3
='8' Mo/i+ic1ri /e ortogra+ie
- A"Ae#ti.ele ter2inate @n -H @l tran+/or2 @n -i @naintea +u/i0ului -lH ,a%%H - ,a%%ilH5 "aH - "ailH3
- A"Ae#ti.ele ter2inate @n -ll %ier" un -l: /ull - /ullH5
- A"Ae#ti.ele ter2inate @n -le +ila1i# %ier" -e $i a"aug -H: +i2%le - +i2%lH5 %ro1a1le - %ro1a1lH5
- A"Ae#ti.ele ter2inate @n -i# a"aug un -allH %entru a "e.eni a".er1e:
ent,u+ia+ti# - ent,u+ia+ti#allH5
Iar %u1li# - %u1li#lH5
- A"Ae#ti.ul goo" "e.ine a".er1ul Uell: S,e i+ a goo" %u%il3 S,e +%ea=+ Engli+, Uell3
- Unele a".er1e au /or2e +%e#iale ConlH> o/ten> e.er et#3D> %e #Bn" altele +unt o2oni2e #u alte %r!i "e
.or1ire> @n +%e#ial #u a"Ae#ti.e: S,e arri.e" earlH//a+t/late to"aH3
pag: /5/
En alte #a?uri a".er1ele %ot a.ea "ou /or2e #u "i/eren!ieri "e +en+:
Ror2 /r -lH Sen+ Ror2 #u -lH Sen+
S,e #a2e #lo+e an"
loo=e" at 2e3
a%roa%e I /olloUe" t,e
in+tru#tion+ #lo+elH3
@n"ea%roa%e
<e "ug "ee% in t,e
groun"3
a"Bn#> @n a"Bn#i2e <e Ua+ "ee%lH
#on#erne"3
/oarte tare> %ro/un"
T,eH Uent "ire#t
,o2e3
- "ire#t> "re%t> "e-a
"re%tul ^ go> #o2e>
+en"
- /r inter2e"iar
%er+onal
T,e #ar Ua+
#o2ing "ire#tlH
toUar"+ 2e3
S,e Ua+ "ire#tlH
a//e#te"3
T,eH #a2e "ire#tlH
a/ter lun#,3
I got u% "ire#tlH t,e
1ell rang3
- "ire#t> "re%t
- @n 2o" "ire#t
- @n"at Ci2e"iatD
- "e @n"at #e
Ta=e it ea+H!
Ju+t go ea+H!
Ea+H #o2e> ea+H
go!
e0%re+ii @n engle?a
.or1it: u$or> #al2>
@n#et5
I +ol.e" t,e
%ro1le2 ea+ilH3
#u u$urin!> u$or
%laH /air
/ig,t /air
@n anu2ite
#olo#a!ii: #ore#t>
#in+tit5
<e Ua+ treate"
/airlH3
<i+ %a%er i+ /airlH
goo"3
- "re%t> #ore#t> #u2
+e #u.ine
- "e+tul "e
All 2e21er+ are
a"2itte" /ree3
gratuit T,eH #riti#i?e" ,i2
/reelH3
li1er> ne#on+trBn+
Uor=/+tu"H/"rin=/
rain ,ar"
/oarte 2ult> "in
greu> tare
I #oul" ,ar"lH
un"er+tan" ,er3
<e re#o.ere"
,ar"lH U,at ,e ,a"
lo+t 1e/ore3
"e-a1ia> #u greu> #u
greutate> "in greu
T,He %lane /leU
,ig, in t,e air3
+u+ <e Ua+ ,ig,lH
a%%re#iate"3
/oarte> e0tre2 "e
S,e ,a+ Au+t
arri.e"3
to#2ai <e Ua+ Au+tlH
/orgi.en3
%e "re%t
S,e arri.e" late3 tBr?iu I ,a.enPt +een t,e2
latelH3
@n ulti2a .re2e
<e alUaH+ tra.el+
lig,t3
/r 1agaAe <e treat+
e.erHt,ing lig,tlH3
+u%er/i#ial> #u
u$urin!
S,e Uor=+ 2o+t3 #el 2ai 2ult T,e .illage i+
2o+tlH o/ Uoo"en
,ou+e+3
- @n #ea 2ai 2are
%arte5 @n general
T,eH li.e Zuite
near3
a%roa%e> lBng <e Uor=e" nearlH
ten ,our+3
T,eH Uere nearlH
,o2e3
a%roa%e C"eD
It i+ %rettH late3 "e+tul "e S,e "re++e+
%retttilH3
"rgu!
Co2e a+ Zui#= a+
Hou #an3
@n engle?a /a2iliar:
re%e"e
<e +%o=e Zui#=lH
an" #on/i"entlH3
@n engle?a @ngriAit:
re%e"e
S,e i+ ,ere rig,t
noU3
#,iar <e Au"ge" rig,tlH3 1ine> #ore#t
Go rig,t to t,e en"
o/ t,e +treet3
"re%t> "ire#t S,e i+ rig,tlH
#on+i"ere" t,e
1rig,te+t %u%il in
t,e #la++3
%e "re%t
<e gue++e" t,e
an+Uer rig,t3
1ine> @nto#2ai <e rig,tlH gue++e"
,er age3
1ine #ore#t
T,e "oor Ua+ Ui"e
o%en3
T,eH are Ui"e
aUa=e3
"e tot> @n @ntregi2e <e ,a+ tra.elle"
Ui"elH3
T,eH are Ui"elH
"i//erent3
- 2ult> %e o
+u%ra/a! 2are
- @ntr-o 2are
2+ur> /oarte
an+Uer/gue++/Au"ge
/note Urong3
go/treat Urong3
gre$it> ru> %ro+t T,e Uor"+ Uere
UronglH +%elle"3 <e
Ua+ UronglH
in/or2e"3
@n 2o" gre$it
pag: /50
La a#e+te a".er1e> /or2a @n +ly are "e o1i#ei un +en+ 2ai a1+tra#t +au /igurat3 Alte a".er1e #u "ou
/or2e +unt: cheap + cheaply4 #ear + #early.
En alte #a?uri +e %oate /olo+i /ie /or2a a"Ae#ti.al> /ie #ea a".er1ial> /r ni#i o +#,i21are "e +en+: 5he
talke# loud an# clear/loudly an# clearly.
Fentru o 2ai 2are /luen! @n e0%ri2are> /or2a a".er1ial i"enti# #u #ea a a"Ae#ti.ului e+te a"e+ea
@ntre1uin!at @n #o2%ara!ia a".er1elor> #,giar "a# la %o?iti. a%are /or2a @n -lH: <e run+ Zui=er / +loUer
t,an 2e3 <e +,oute" lou"e+t3
='9' Cla,i+icarea a/3erbelor
Iu% +en+ul lor le0i#al> a".er1ele +e @2%art @n %atru 2ari #ategorii: a".er1e "e 2o"> a".er1e "e lo#>
a".er1e "e ti2% $i %arti#ule a".er1iale3
='9'*' A/3erbele /e mo/ #A/3erb, o+ manner&' A".er1ele "e 2o" in"i# 2o"alitatea %ro%riu-?i+:
well, ba#ly, 7uickly, slowly etc.
Ele 2ai %ot /i a".er1e:
- "e @ntrire: acctually, certainly, ob!iously, really4
- "e a2%li/i#are: absolutely, completely, greatly, barely, har#ly4
- "e a/ir2a!ie +au nega!ie: yes, no, of course, not at all4
- "e %ro1a1ilitate: maybe, perhaps, probally.
='9'.' A/3erbele /e loc #A/3erb, o+ Place&
Unele a".er1e "e lo# in"i# lo#ul %ro%riu-?i+: here, there, somewhere.
Altele in"i# "ire#!ia: asi#e, fowar#3s$, backwar#3s$, righ, left.
MaAoritatea a".er1elor "e lo# %ot /i /olo+ite %entru a e0%ri2a atBt lo#ul #Bt $i "ire#!ia:
Lo#: e #oesn8t li!e far CNu lo#uie$te "e%arteD3
Iire#!ie: e #i#n8t go far CNu +-a "u+ "e%arteD3
='9'4' A/3erbele /e timp #A/3erb, o+ Time&' A".er1ele "e ti2% in"i#:
- 2o2entul a#!iunii: now, nowa#ays, to#ay, then4
- +u##e+iunea @n ti2%: afterwar#s, before, e!entually, formerly, pre!iosly, soon4
- "urata: lately, recently, since, still, yet4
- /re#.en!a: "e/init: weekly, three times a #ay4
ne"e/init: often, usually, sel#om, once in a while.
pag: /53
=';' Compara2ia a/3erbelor #Compari,on o+ A/3erb,&
Co2%ara!ia a".er1elor a%are nu2ai la unele a".er1e "e 2o"> lo# $i ti2%3
Ea are a#elela$i #ara#teri+ti#i #a $i #o2%ara!ia a"Ae#ti.ului3
Co2%arati.ul e+te /olo+it %entru #o2%ararea a "ou %er+oane +au o1ie#te> iar +u%erlati.ul %entru
#o2%ararea 2ai 2ultor %er+oane +au o1ie#te3
=';'*' Gra/ul comparati3' Co2%arati.ul "e +u%erioritate +e /or2ea? #u aAutorul +u/i0ului -er @n #a?ul5
a".er1elor 2ono+ila1i#e $i a a".er1ului earlH: fast + faster4 early + earlier $i #u aAutorul #u.Bntului 2ore
@n #a?ul a".er1elor 1i- $i %luri+ila1i#e: 7uickly + more 7uickly4 carefully + more carefully.
En engle?a /a2iliar> /or2a "e #o2%arati. a a"Ae#ti.elor e+te uneori /olo+it @n lo# "e #ea a a".er1elor:
S,e laug,er" lou"er t,an anHone el+e3 Ea rB"ea 2ai tare "e#Bt to!i #eilal!i3
Comparati3ul /e egalitate +e /or2ea? #u aAutorul lui a+333a+:
S,e +%ea=+ Engli+, a+ /luentlH a+ ,er 1rot,er>
iar comparati3ul /e in+erioritate, #u aAutorul lui not +o / a+333a+:
5he #oesn8t learn as fast as her classmates,
+au less... than:
e #ri!es less carefully than his wife.
Co2%arati.ul a".er1elor +e reali?ea? @n "oi ter2eni> #a $i la a"Ae#ti.: Faul Uor=+ a+ ra%i"lH a+ t,e
ot,er+ C"oD3 4/ t,e tUo 1oH+> Ian Uor=+ t,e 2ore t,oroug,lH3
=';'.' Gra/ul ,uperlati3' 6uperlati3ul ab,olut +e /or2ea? #u aAutorul unor a".er1e #a .erH> Zuite>
2o+t #are %re#e" a".er1u=l re+%e#ti.:
S,e +ing+ .erH 1eauti/ullH3
S,e +ing+ 2o+t 1eauti/ullH3
A,e +ing+ Zuite 1eauti/ullH3
S%re "eo+e1ire "e gra"ul= #o2%arati.> +u%erlati.ul a1+olut +e reali?ea? @ntr-un +ingur ter2en: 4ur
tea#,er e0%lain+ t,ing+ 2o+t #learlH3
6uperlati3ul relati3 e+te "e "ou /eluri:
a) Superlativul relativ de superioritate e0%ri2at %rin Ct,eD333-e+t @n #a?ul a".er1elor 2ono+ila1i#e $i a
a".er1ului earlH:
<e run+ Ct,eD /a+te" Co/ allD3
$i %rin Ct,eD 2o+t ^ a".er1 @n #a?ul a".er1elor 1i- $i %luri+ila1i#e: <e an+Uer+ Ct,eD 2o+t intelligentlH Co/
allD3
!) Superlativul relativ de inferioritate e0%ri2at %rin Ct,eD lea+t ^ a".er1: S,e +%ell+ Uor"+ Ct,eD lea+t
#orre#tlH Co/ allD3
Arti#olul t,e "in /or2a +u%erlati.ului %oate /i o2i+> 2ai ale+ @n li21a .or1it: <e run+ /a+te" o/ all3
pag: /51
En #a?ul +u%erlati.ului relati.> al "oilea ter2en %oate /i 2en!ionat +au o2i+: Co/ t,e t,ree #,il"ren> MarH
%laH+ t,e %iano t,e 1e+t3
A".er1ele #are au /or2e i"enti#e #u a"Ae#ti.ele +e +u%un a#elora!i reguli /oneti#e $i ortogra/i#e la
gra"ele "e #o2%ara!ie: early + earlier + earliest4 late + later + latest.
=';'4' Compara2ia neregulat1 a a/3erbelor' Unele a".er1e /or2ea? gra"ele "e #o2%ara!ie @n 2o"
neregulat:
Gra"ul %o?iti. Gra"ul #o2%arati. Gra"ul +u%erlati.
well C1ineD better C2ai 1ineD 3the$ best C#el 2ai 1ineD
ba#ly CruD worse C2ai ruD 3the$ worst C#el 2ai ruD
much C2ultD more C2ai 2ultD 3the$ most C#el 2ai 2ultD
='=' CEte3a a/3erbe ,peciale #6ome 6pecial A/3erb,&
Enoug, C"e+tul "eD +e a$ea? "u% a"Ae#ti.e $i a".er1e: T,e %u%il+ "i"nPt Uor= <ARI enoug,3 <e i+
4LI enoug, to un"er+tan" t,i+3
Not: CBn" enoug, e+te /olo+it a"Ae#ti.al> "eter2inBn" un +u1+tanti.> el %oate /i a$e?at @nainte +au "u%
a#e+ta:
&ou ha!e enough time to write your composition.
&ou ha!e time enough to write your composition.
Ai "e+tul ti2% + +#rii #o2%o?i!ia3
Ai ti2% "e+tul + +#rii #o2%o?i!ia3
!ar C"e%arteD +e /olo+e$te "e o1i#ei @n %ro%o?i!ii negati.e +au interogati.e3
En %ro%o?i!ii a/ir2ati.e> el e+te /ie @n+o!it "e alte a".er1e +au %re%o?i!ii> /ie @nlo#uit "e a333UaH: <e "i"nPt
go /ar3 <e Uent onlH a +,ort UaH3 <e li.e+ /ar aUaH / not /ar /ro2 ,ere3
!ir,t #0ntEi&K at +ir,t #la 0nceput&'
At first e /olo+it #u +en+ul "e at t,e 1eginning / to 1egin Uit, $i e+te a"e+ea ur2at "e 1ut3 En alte +itua!ii
+e /olo+e$te first: "irst % went for a walk an# then % went to be#. At first % #i#n8t like the town, !ut then
% began to lo!e it.
Gar/l%, barel%, ,carcel%
A#e+te trei a".er1e au un +en+ a%roa%e negati.3
<ar"lH +e /olo+e$te "e o1i#ei @n%reun #u any, e!er +au #u .er1ul can> #u +en+ul:
- #u greu> "e-a1ia: <e #an ,ar"lH +%ea=3
+au:
- /oarte rar> a%roa%e ni#io"at: <e ,ar"lH e.er #o2e+ to +ee 2e3
#arely @n+ea2n \ a1ia> "oar> nu2ai] $i e+te "e+ /olo+it #u a"Ae#ti.e #a enoug, +au +u//i#ient: <e ,a"
1arelH enoug, ti2e to #at#, t,e train3 <e i+ 1arelH eig,teen3 Are nu2ai ') ani3
Scarcely #o21in +en+urile lui ,ar"lH $i 1arelH:
- #u greu> a1ia: I +#ar#elH ,ear" U,at ,e +ai"3
- a%roa%e "e lo#: <e +#ar#elH ate anHt,ing3
In $ere #aici&M out t$ere #acolo&'
pag: /55
A".er1ele here Di there a%ar a"e+ea @n+o!ite "e #u.inte #a:
in, out, up, #own, o!er:
ItP+ ,ot in ,ere3 IonPt +taH "oUn t,ere3 ItP+ #ooler u% ,ere3 Can Hou +ee t,e #at running out t,ere [ T,e
tea#,er i+ tan"ing o.er t,ere3
$ust now3 A".er1ul Au+t noU are "ou +en+uri:
- #,iar a#u2> to#2ai> @n a#e+t 2o2ent: Fu%il+ are going on ,oli"aH Au+t noU3
- a"ineauri: <e #a2e in Au+t noe3
%ong. A".er1ul long e+te @nlo#uit @n %ro%o?i!ii a/ir2ati.e "e a long ti2e: Ii" Hou +taH t,ere long [ Se+3
I +taHe" t,ere a long ti2e3 Ai +tat 2ult a#olo [ Ia> a2 +tat 2ult Cti2%D a#olo3
&uch C2ultD> .erH 2u#, C/oarte 2ultD3
Mu#, a%are +ingur @n %ro%o?i!ii negati.e $i interogati.e3
En %ro%o?i!ii a/ir2ati.e> el e+te %re#e"at "e .erH: Io Hou li=e +Ui22ing 2u#, [ Se+3 I li=e it .erH 2u#,3
Mu#, %oate /i /olo+it $i @naintea #o2%arati.ului: It i+ 2u#, 1etter to #o2e in ti2e3 E+te 2ult 2ai 1ine +
.ii la ti2%3
'nly Cnu2ai> "oarD +e %oate a$e?a:
- @naintea #u.Bntului %e #are @l "eter2in: 4nlH <E #a2e to +ee 2e3 <e #a2e to +ee 2e onlH
SESTERIAS3
- @naintea .er1ului C@n li21a .or1itD: <e onlH CAME to +ee 2e He+ter"aH3
En a#e+t #a? #u.Bntul la #are +e re/er onlH .a /i a##entuat: <e onlH #a2e to +ee 2e He+ter"aH3
(resently C@n %re?ent> @n #urBn"D3
Rolo+it #a un .er1 la %re?ent> a".er1ul %re+entlH e+te +inoni2 #u at %re+ent> 2ai ale+ @n engle?a
a2eri#an: S,e i+ %re+entlH +taHing Uit, u+3
Fre+entlH e+te +inoni2 #u +oon #Bn" e+te /olo+it #u un .er1 la .iitor: IPll %re+entlH 1e Uit, Hou:
Still yet.
A".er1ul +till C@n#D e0%ri2 "urata> #ontinuarea3
5till e+te /olo+it @n %ro%or!ii a/ir2ati.e $i interogati.e: I+ MarH +till at t,e +ea+i"e [ Se+> +,e i+ +till t,ere3
Still %oate a%rea $i @n %ro%o?i!ii negati.e %entru a +u1linia #ontinuarea unei a#!iuni negati.e: I +till "onPt
un"er+tan" U,at t,i+ i+ a1out3 Tot / En# nu @n!eleg "e+%re #e e+te .or1a3
&et C@n#> %Bn a#u2> %Bn atun#iD +e re/er la un 2o2ent $i +e @ntre1uin!ea? @n %ro%o?i!ii negati.e $i
interogati.e: <a+ it +to%%e" raining Het [ <e ,a+nPt Het arri.e"3
CBn" a".er1ul Het are +en+ul \"eAa]> el o#u% %o?i!ia /inal: <a.e t,eH +een t,at /il2 Het [ Au .?ut "eAa
/il2ul [
A$e?ate la @n#e%utul %ro%o?i!iei> ori "u% #onAun#!iile 1ut> an"> a".er1ele +till $i Het +unt +inoni2e #u all
t,e +a2e Ctotu$i> #u toate a#e+teaD $i au .aloare "e #onAu#!ii:
Still I "onPt un"er+tan" ,i23
Set I "onPt un"er+tan" ,i23
All t,e +a2e I "onPt un"er+tan" ,i23
pag: /56
Cu toate a#e+tea nu-l @n!eleg3
)ery C/oarteD %oate 2o"i/i#a:
- a"Ae#ti.e: S,e i+ .erH TALL3
- %arti#i%ii tre#ute @ntre1uin!ate atri1uti.: S,e ,a" a .erH SURFRISEI loo=3
- a".er1e: <e +%o=e .erH L4UILS3
Ia# a"Ae#ti.ul e+te la gra"ul #o2%arati.> +au "a# %arti#i%iul tre#ut e+te /olo+it %re"i#ati.> .erH tre1uie
@n+o!it +au @nlo#uit "e 2u#, +au "e alte a".er1e "e a2%li/i#are: greatlH> ,ig,lH> 1H /ar et#3:
S,e Ua+ 1H /ar / 2u#, TALLER t,an ,i23 S,e Ua+ .erH 2u#, SURFRISEI at ,i+ 1e,a.iour3
ELECI6E6
%. 6:primaHi+!= acor#ul cu afirmaHiile #e mai @os, folosin# a#!erbe #e mo#.
E0e2%lu:
A3 MarH i+ an e//i#ient Uor=er3
B3 Se+> +,e Uor=+ e//i#ientlH3
A3 Ali#e i+ a goo" +inger
B3 Se+> +,e +ing+ Uell3

'3 Feter i+ a +loU Uor=er3 *3 Ann i+ a goo" "an#er3 63 4ur tea#,er i+ a /luent Engli+, +%ea=er3 :3 <e i+ a
1a" a#tor3 ;3 Iori+ i+ a ,ar" Uor=er3 73 Ni#= i+ a /a+t +Ui22er3 83 Mot,er i+ a #are/ul tH%i+t3 )3 Rat,er i+
a #arele++ "ri.er3 (3 <e i+ an intelligent tea#,er3 '93 <e i+ an o%ti2i+ti# +%ea=er3 ''3 <e i+ a noi+H eater3
'*3 Faul i+ an attenti.e li+tener3 '63 <e i+ a +en+i1le +%ea=er3 ':3 Iiana i+ a Zui#= runner3
%%. Tra#uceHi Jn limba engle-=:
'3 Ea 2un#e$te /oarte 2ult la $#oal3 *3 A +%at a"Bn# @n %2Bnt3 63 Era %e "re%t #on+i"erat #el 2ai 1un
ele. "in #la+3 :3 Cu greu %ot +-!i ." /a!a @n @ntuneri#3 ;3 Trenul a +o+it #u @ntBr?iere3 73 A /o+t a"Bn#
2i$#at "e 1untatea ei3 83 A g+it r+%un+ul #ore#t3 )3 F+rile ?1oar la @nl!i2e3 (3 Nu l-a2 .?ut @n
ulti2a .re2e3 '9 E+te /oarte a%re#iat %entru 2un#a +a3 ''3 Se @nru"e$te "e a%roa%e #u 2ine3 '*3 Ia-o
@n#eti$or! '63 En general +unte2 %le#a!i "u2ini#a3 ':3 E a%roa%e 2ie?ul no%!ii3 ';3 Ce te "eranAea? #el
2ai tare[ '73 El e #,iar @n .Br/3 '83 Ie+#,i"e 2are gura3
>' Prepozi2ia #T$e Prepo,ition&
>'*' 5e+ini2ie'
Fre%o?i!ia e+te %artea "e .or1ire ne/le0i1il #are:
aD e0%ri2 ra%orturi +inta#ti#e "e "e%en"en! @ntre %r!ile unei %ro%o?i!ii3 Ea leag %r!i "e .or1ire
"i/erite: +u1+tanti.e> a"Ae#ti.e> .er1e +au a".er1e "e +u1+tanti.e +au +u1+titute ale a#e+tora: I Ua+
%lea+e" at t,e t,oug,t o/ going Hto t,e t,eatre3 A2 /o+t @n#Bntat "e i"eea "e a 2erge la teatru3
pag: /57
1D e+te ne/le0i1il "in %un#t "e .e"ere 2or/ologi#5
#D %re%o?i!ia nu @n"e%line$te o /un#!ie +inta#ti# @n %ro%o?i!ie #i 2ar#,ea? /un#!ii +inta#ti#e: I ga.e t,e
1oo= to MarH C#o2%le2ent in"ire#tD3 T,e roo/ o/ t,e ,ou+e Catri1utD i+ re"3
>'.' Caracteri,tici ale prepozi2iilor englezeti
>'.'*' Fre%o?i!iile engle?e$ti #er #a?ul a#u?ati.: Loo= AT ,i23 I a2 BER4RE ,er3
Fre%o?i!iile o/> to $i /or %re?int o +itua!ie +%e#ial3 Con+tru#!ia #u %re%o?i!ia o/ e+te /olo+it #a
e#,i.alent al unei #on+tru#!ii geniti.ale:
T,e 1oHP+ #oat i+ neU3
T,e #oat o/ t,e 1oH i+ neU3
iar %re%o?i!ia to $i /or 2ar#,ea? #a?ul "ati.: I ga.e it to ,i23 I 1oug,t it /or ,er3
>'.'.' MaAoritatea %re%o?i!iilor engle?e$ti +unt ur2ate "e +u1+tanti.e arti#ulate> +%re "eo+e1ire "e li21a
ro2Bn: T,e #,il"ren are %laHing IN t,e gar"en3 Co%iii +e Aoa# EN gr"in3
>'.'4' CBte.a %re%o?i!ii a%ar @n #on+tru#!ii @n #are +u1+tanti.ul nu e+te arti#ulat:
at home4 at breakfast"lunch"#inner4
at play4 at war4 at sea4
at/in/to school, college, church.
!y car, bus, train, plane, boat4
in/to be#, class, town4
Rolo+irea arti#olului #u unul "intre a#e+te +u1+tanti.e a"u#e +#,i21ri "e +en+> "e e03: re/erirea la o
anu2it #a+> $#oal et#3: e is AT home3 CElD e+te a#a+3 She is AT the home of her firiends. CEaD e+te
@n #a+a %rietenilor ei3 +au e is AT sea *on a ship). CElD e+te %e 2are C%e un .a%orD3
>'.'8' Ver1e %re#e"ate "e %re%o?i!ii iau /or2a @n +ing 3,erun#$: I a2 goo" AT re2e21ering %eo%leP+
na2e+3 E2i a2inte+# #u u$urin! nu2ele oa2enilor3
E-cep2ii: But $i e:cept +unt ur2ate "e in/initi.ul +#urt: T,eH "i" not,ing BUT laug,3 N-au /#ut ni2i#
Calt#e.aD "e#Bt + rB"3
>'.'9' Unele #u.inte +unt ur2ate @n 2o" o1ligatoriu "e anu2ite %re%o?i!ii:
aD Su1+tanti.e:
+ interest, progress, satisfaction 9 in4
+ cause, chance, opportunity 9 of4
+ e:ception, in!itation, kin#ness 9 to4
1D A"Ae#ti.e:
+ an:ious, enthusiastic 9 a!out;
+ alarme#, ama-e#, astonishe#, cle!er, goo# 9 at;
+ boun#, eager, famous, fit, sorry 9 for4
+ #isappointe#, rich, successful 9 in;
+ afrai#, ashame#, aware, characteristic, fon#, full, @ealous, prou#, sure, tire#, typical, worthy 9 of4
+ affectionate, appropiate, attenti!e, contrary, cruel, #eaf, in#ifferent, kin#, parallel, polite, ru#e,
thankful 9 to4
+ angry, busy, charme#, consistent, #elighte#, #i--y, faint, i#entical, pale, satisfie#, stiff, wet 9 with;
pag: /5'
#D Ver1e:
+ aim, arri!e, fire, ga-e, glance, look 9 at4
+ account, ask, blame, care, lea!e long 9 for4
+ conceal, #ie, #iffer, escape, hi#e, pre!ent, protect 9 from;
+ aboun#, belie!e, en#, fail, originate, succee# 39+ing$, 9 in;
+ accuse, boast, cure, #epri!e, #ie, remin# take care 9 of;
+ agree, comment, concentrate, congratulate, me#iate 9 on;
+ a#apt, a#@ust, apply, attribute, belong, cling, conform, consent, link, listen, prefer, re#uce, refer,
report, sell, sail, subscribe, turn 9 to;
+ complete, flush, glow, shake, shi!er, si#e, subscribe, supply, threaten, tremble 9 with.
Aten!ie !
agree with smb. on a thing4 to a proposal4
complain to smb. a!out smth4 complain of an illness4
consist of < a consta #in4 in < a consta Jn4
lie to smb. a!out smth.4
part from smb.4 with smth.
suffer for a cause4 from/with a #isease, in@ury4
think of smth.4 a!out 3<me#iate$4
translate from a language into another language4
wait for smb"smth.4 on smb 3ser!e$4
warn of 3the #anger$4 against 3the enemy$4
bite, kick, point, throw 9 to 3scopul acHiunii este atins$4
get on / off a bus, boat4
get in*to) / out of a car, plane.
Not: ,mbO+o2e1o"H5 ,mt$O+o2et,ing3
>'4' Pozi2ie
Fre%o?i!ia a%oare @n general @naintea #u.Bntului la #are +e re/er: T,e %u%il+ are IN t,e #la++roo23 Ele.ii
+unt @n #la+3
Ea e+te /olo+it "u% a#e+ta:
aD @n @ntre1ri +%e#iale CB$-Zue+tion+D: +hat is he writing A#',T > 3About what is he writting > O
/or2alD: Ie+%re #e +#rie [
1D @n %ro%o?i!ii relati.e: The flat % li!e -. is on the /0th floor 3The flat in which % li!e is on the /0th
floor O /or2alD3 A%arta2entul @n #are lo#uie+# e+te la etaAul '93
pag: /5.
#D @n e0#la2a!ii: ;hat photos they are looking AT L 3At what photos they are looking L O /or2alD La #e
/otogra/ii +e uit !
"D @n #on+tru#!ii %a+i.e: The chil#ren were looke# A"T/0 by their gran#morher. Buni#a a.ea griA "e
#o%ii3
eD @n #on+tru#!ii in/initi.ale: This is a goo# firm to work +-T1.
A#ea+ta e+te o /ir2 1un #u #are + lu#re?i3
>'8' ela2ii e-primate /e prepozi2ii
En #o21ina!ie #u alte %r!i "e .or1ire> %re%o?i!iile e0%ri2 rela!ii .ariate:
L4C: at in within.
-n C@nD in"i# +%a!iul @n general +au @n interiorul #ruia are lo# a#!iunea: in a continent + country + town +
!illage4 in a s7uare + street + room4 in a forest + woo# + fiel#4
At C@n laD in"i# un %un#t anu2it "in +%a!iu +au un lo# 2ai 2i#: at a small !illage + a##ress + certain
point4 at home4 at work4 at play4
+ithin C@n> @ntreD C/or2alD in"i# %o?i!ia @ntr-un +%a!iu li2itat +au "i+tan!a li2it Cla "i+tan! "e > @nD:
Eany important #ocuments are kept within the walls of this museum. Multe "o#u2ente i2%ortante +unt
%+trate @ntre %ere!ii a#e+tui 2u?eu3 There is nobo#y within these four walls " within hearing " within a
mile.
Aten2ie J at a bui#ing 3<instituHia$4 in a buil#ing 3cl=#irea$: e is at school. E ele.3 e is in school. E
@n $#oal3 e li!es in *ew &ork 3oraD mare$. They stoppe# at Brussels on their way to *ey &ork C%un#t
%e ,art> tra+euD3
C%, be,i/e, ne-t to, near, clo,e to, again,t
#y ClBng> laD in"i# .e#intatea i2e"iat: Eary is stan#ing !y the win#ow.
#eside next to ClBng> la> alturi/a%roa%e "eD in"i# a%ro%ierea i2e"iat: There is a night table !eside
my be#. The post office is !eside / next to the hotel. *ear, close to ClBng> a%roa%e "eD in"i# a%ro%ierea
@n general: e li!es near / close to his office.
Against Cli%it / re?e2at "eD e0%ri2 i"eea "e #onta#t $i +%riAin3 The bookcase is against the wall. Tom
leant against the bookcase.
O3er, abo3e, on, top o+M un/er, beneat$, belo7, un/erneat$
'ver C"ea+u%raD $i under C+u1> "e"e+u1%D in"i# o "ire#!ie .erti#al +au a%ro%ierea: There8s a picture
over the fireplace. The #og is under the chair.
A!ove C"ea+u%raD $i !elow C+u1> "e"e+u1tD arat "oar # un o1ie#t +e a/l 2ai +u+ +au 2ai Ao+ "e#Bt altul:
Their flat is a!ove ours. 5ome part of ollan# is !elow sea le!el.
'n top of C%eD $i underneath C+u1D arat # un o1ie#t @l atinge %e #ellalt: The T) serial is on top of the
house. The book you nee# is underneath those papers.
#eneath C+u1> %e +u1D arat o "i+tan! 2ai 2i# "e#Bt 1eloU +au e+te un e#,i.alent /or2al al lui un"er:
The FKmbo!iHa ri!er passes !eneath se!eral bri#ges.
In +ront o+, be+oreM be$in/, a+ter
-n front of C@n /a!aD e+te /olo+it @n engle?a .or1it> #u re/erire la o1ie#te: There is a tree in front of our
house. 3Far: They were outside the cinema$.
#efore C@n /a!a> @nainteaD e0%ri2 or"inea a$e?rii %er+oanelor> @n li21a literar: e was !efore me.
pag: /60
#ehind C@n +%atele> @na%oiaD in"i# %o?i!ia: The cat was !ehind the tree.
After C"u%> @n +%ateleD in"i# or"inea> @n +%a!iu +au @n ti2%: e walke# #own the stairs after his wife.
Cet7een, amoung
#etween C@ntreD O un o1ie#t +e a/l @ntre altele "ou +au @ntre 2ai 2ulte "a# nu2rul a#e+tora e+te
"e/init: Gur school is !etween the hotel an# the hospital. (rance lies !etween the hotel an# the
hospital. (rance lies !etween Belgium, ;est ,ermany, 5wit-erlan# an# 5pain.
Amoung C@ntre> %rintreD O un o1ie#t +e a/l @ntre 2ai 2ulte o1ie#te: There8s a #ictionary amoung these
books.
IIREC_IE: to, into, onto, to7ar/,'
A#e+te %ro%o?i!ii +unt /olo+ite #u .er1e "e 2i$#are> %entru a in"i#a "ire#!ia:
To ClaD - 2i$#area %Bn la un %un#t: e came to school early.
-nto C@nD - %trun"erea: They went into the house.
'nto C%eD - 2i$#area %e o +u%ra/a!: The actor walke# onto the stage.
Towards C#tre> +%reD - "ire#!ia #tree un %un#t> "ar nu $i atingerea "e+tina!iei C#a toD: They slowly
towards the ri!er.
Aten2ie J
aD En .or1ire in $i on +unt a"e+ea /olo+ite @n lo# "e into $i onto> "u% .er1e #a put, place, lay etc.: 5he
put her money in her bag"on the table.
1D Ver1ul arri!e e+te ur2at "e %re%o?i!ia at: They arri!e# at home early.
T$roug$, acro,,, o3er
Through C%rin in"i# tra.er+area $i %trun"erea: Fon8t walk through the park, walk aroun# it.
Across/over C%e+teD in"i# nu2ai tra.er+area: The train went over/across the bri#ge. They saile# across
the ocean.
Up, /o7n, along
,p and down C@n +u+ul $i @n Ao+ulD e0%ri2 o 2i$#are %e .erti#al: The chil#ren ran up and down the
stairs " hill.
+au %e ori?ontal C"e-a lungulD: They walke# up and down the street"platform. C+inoni2 #u alongD
Pa,t, b%
(ast C%e lBngD in"i# 2i$#area %e lBng $i "in#olo "e: ;alk past the hitel, turn righ an# you8ll get to
thepost+office.
#y C%e lBngD in"i# o 2i$#are /r o%rire +au #u o @ntreru%ere +#urt: They #ro!e !y the lake without
stopping.
About, aroun/
Around C@n AurulD in"i# o %o?i!ie +ai 2i$#are #ir#ular: e has a muffler around his neck.
A!out/around3 C@n Aurul> @n %reaA2> %rinD in"i# o %o?i!ie/2i$#are ne"e/init: There aren8t many
cinemas a!out/around here. They walke# a!out/around town all #ay.
O++, out o+, +rom
'ff C"e %e> "e la> "inD e0%ri2 +e%ararea> "e+%rin"erea "e o +u%ra/a!: The !ase fell off the table.
'ut of C"inD e0%ri2 ie$irea> +#oaterea "intr-un .olu2: 5he came out of the house.
"rom C"e> "e laD in"i# "e+%r!irea> "i+tan!a> lo#ul "e un"e a %ornit a#!iunea: 5he came straight home
from school.
TIMF: At, on, in
At a time: at the"that time, at ' o8clock, at noon, at night, at #inner 3time$, at the weeken#.
pag: /6/
'n a day: on 5un#ay, on Eon#ay morning, on *ew &ear8s #ay, on the /st of Earch, on the following
#ay.
-n a period2 in the 3late$ afternoon, in Culy, in summer, /..0, in the following months, in the 00th
century.
C%, be+ore, a+ter
#y O nu 2ai tBr?iu "e: &ou will ha!e my answer !y the en# of the week.
#efore O @nainte "e: % talke# to him !efore noon.
After O 2ai tBr?iu "e> "u%: Iing me up after the meeting.
!rom''' to, tillAuntil
To %oate e0%ri2a rela!ii "e ti2% +au "ire#!ie> till/until nu2ai "e ti2%3
"rom C"in> "e laD in"i# 2o2entul @n#e%erii a#!iunii> to/till C%Bn @n> %Bn laD +/Br$itul ei: 5he staye# with
us from Canuary to/till April last year.
Till/until C$i nu toD tre1uie /olo+it "a# li%+e$te /ro2: e waite# for you until . o8clock.
,ntil in"i# +/Br$itul unei a#!iuni %o?iti.e +au @n#e%utul unei a#!iuni negati.e: ;e worke# until noon
3anmm# stoppe# then$. ;e #i#n8t work until noon 3;e began then$.
IURATA: 5uring, +or, #all& t$roug$At$roug$out, o3er
3uring C@n ti2%ulD> e0%ri2 %erioa" @n ti2%ul #reia a a.ut lo# o a#!iune C@n 2o" inter2itentD: ;e were
in Bucharest during summer. ;e !isit the Art ,alleries during our stay in Bucharest.
"or C"e> ti2% "eD> in"i# "urata unei a#!iuni ne@ntreru%te: ;e staye# in Bucharest for three weeks.
*All) through/throughout Cto> tot ti2%ulD O "e la @n#e%ut %Bn la +/Br$itul %erioa"ei: ;e worke# har# all
through the year. %t raine# throughout the summer.
'ver C"e> laD - in"i# o %erioa" li2itat C+r1tori> .a#an!D : ;e went to the mountains over the
weeken#.
Aten2ieJ Fre%o?i!iile "e ti2%/"urat +e o2it:
aD @n e0%re+ii #u la,t : ne-t, t$i, : t$at, ,ome :e3er%
% saw a film last night.Ca+earD e came this morningC@n a#ea+t "i2inea!D3 % go to school every day
C@n /ie#are ?iD
1D @n e0%re+ii @n#e%Bn" #u all: e staye# there all #ay"week Cnu /or all "aH/Uee=D
MO5, IN6TUMENT, CANTITATEK
+ith C#uD> without C/rD> in... manner/way C@n 2o"ulD e0%ri2 2o"ul @n #are are lo# a#!iunea: 5he
spoke with confi#ence " without hesitation " in the usual way.
%ike C#aD /olo+it #a %re%o?i!ie e+te ur2at "e un +u1+tanti.> %ronu2e +au Gerun"3
%ike e0%ri2 2o"ul: o a+e2nare / #o2%ara!ie @ntre "oi ter2eni: 5he walks like a #ancer. e is !ery
much like his mother.
#y C#u> %rin> "eD $i on C%e> laD in"i# 2iAlo#ul #u #are e +.Br$it a#!iunea:
5he entere# !y the back #oor. This #ress is ma#e !y han#. e goes to work !y bus " on foot. % listen to
the news on the ra#io. e watches the news on tele!ision.
+ith C#uD %re#e"e in+tru2entul: The little chil# has learne# to write with a pen. 5he opene# the #oor
with a key.
-n C#uD e0%ri2 2o"ul +au 2aterialul /olo+it: 5he wrote the letter in ink.
#y Cla> #uD e0%ri2 #antitatea: 2loth is sol# !y the yar#. 6ggs are sol# !y the #o-en.
pag: /60
E!EIN)NK
As to as for regarding in regard to concerning C/or2alD O #u %ri.ire la> C#BtD "e+%re: As to our
gran#mother, e!erybo#y lo!es her. 5ome interesting #ocuments concerning our ancient history ha!e
@ust been foun#.
A!out on C"e+%reD:
A1out e+te /olo+it #u .er1e #a: chat, 7uarrel, talk:
They talke# a!out their school #ays.
Gn e+te /olo+it %entru a#ti.it!i organi?ate> "u% .er1e #a lecture, write speak: e lecture# on 5cottish
literature3
2AMNO: Cecau,e o+, on account o+ C/or2alD> +rom, out o+, +or, t$roug$ C"in #au? "eD:
;e put off our trip becau,e o+ the weather3 5he was late on account o+ the hea!y trafffic. e coun#n8t
speak +or shame3 e #i# it +rom pity / out o+ curiosity3 5he lost her glo!es t$roug$ her carelessness3
52GP: +or C%entruD % went to the chemist8s +or some aspirin3
5MI5O/GI%,%*6: +rom C"inD e comes +rom (rance3
A,6*T: b% C"e> "e #treD: 5he was e:amine# b% a specialist3
2G*265%6: in ,pite, /e,pite C/or2alD> +or all, 7it$ all C/a2iliarD O @n #iu"a> #u toat / toate: They
en@oye# the trip> in ,pite of the ba# weather3 5e,pite her ill4ness, she still goes skiing. e was a goo#
man> +or all his #efects3
6:cepHie: e-cept +or, but C#u e0#e%!iaD: 6!erybo#y left but the hea#master.
>'9' 5i+eren2a 0ntre propozi2ii 0n limba romEn1 i 0n limba englez1
Entre /olo+irea %re%o?i!iilor @n li21a engle? $i li21a ro2Bn e0i+t nu2eroa+e "i/eren!e> #are %re?int
"i/i#ult!i %entru ele.ii ro2Bni3 Unele "intre a#e+tea +unt:
in the street CEngl3 a2eri#3 - on the stretD - pe +tra"
in the playgroun# - pe terenul "e +%ort
in the sky - pe #er
in the sun - la +oare
in the open air - la aer #urat
on the way to - Jn "ru2 +%re
on the /st floor - la etaAul '
roun/ the corner - #up= #ol!
at present - 0n %re?ent
at the some time - 0n a#ela$i ti2%
at this moment - 0n a#e+t 2o2ent
at last - 0n +/Br$it
in a yearPs time - peste un an
in my opinion - #up= %rerea 2ea
be%on/ control - in#epen#ent "e .oin!a333
in all probability - #up= toate %ro1a1ilit!ile
b% my watch - #up= #ea+ul 2eu
b% heart - pe "ina/ar
b% mistake - #in gre$eal
to go on a trip" on holi#ay - a 2erge Jn #ltorie Jn .a#an!
to go CoutD +or a walk - a 2erge la %li2are
lo look out o+ the win#ow - a %ri.i pe /erea+tr
to get in t$roug$ the win#ow - a intra pe /erea+tr
hePs the tallest in the class - e #el 2ai @nalt #in #la+
out,i/e the cinema - Jn faHa #ine2atogra/ului
pag: /63
>';' 5i+eren2e 0ntre prepozi2ii 0n limba engleza britanic1 i prepozi2ii 0n engleza american1
E0i+t unele "i/eren!e $i @n /olo+irea %re%o?i!iilor @n .arianta 1ritani# $i a2eri#an a li21ii engle?e:
Engle?a 1ritani# Engle?a a2eri#an
towar#s
in the street
at the back of...
at the weeken#
it8s ten minutes pa,t si:
it8s a 7urter to one
towar#
on the street
in back of...
on the weeken#
it8s ten minutes a+ter si:
it8s a 7uarter be+ore one
%8ll see you on 5un#ay %8ll see you 5un#ay
>'=' Particule a/3erbiale #A/3erbial Particle,&
Farti#ulele a".er1iale +unt a+e2ntoare #a /or2 #u unele %re%o?i!ii +au a".er1e3 Ele +e "eo+e1e+# @n+
"e a#e+tea %rin /un#!ia lor3
Farti#ulele a".er1iale 2o"i/i# +en+ul .er1elor %e #are le @n+o!e+#> tran+/or2Bn"u-le @n .er1e #u %arti#ule
a".er1iale: They ha!e put o++ the meeting again < They ha!e po,tpone/ the meeting again3 Au a2Bnat
"in nou $e"in!a3
Farti#ulele a".er1iale #el 2ai /re#.ent /olo+ite +unt: about, across, along, aroun#, away, back, by, #own,
in, of, on, out, o!er, past, rou#, through, up3
Not: Multe "intre a#e+te %arti#ule a".er1iale %ot /i /olo+ite $i #a a".er1e %ro%riu-?i+e: e is in3 E+te
@nuntru3 / E+te @n #a+3
+au #a %re%o?i!ii: e is in the kitchen3 E+te @n 1u#trie3
>'='*' ntrebuin2area particulelor a/3erbiale
aD @n 2aAoritatea #a?urilor> %arti#ulele a".er1iale 2o"i/i# total +en+ul .er1elor la #are +unt ata$ate: e
came roun/ after the acci#ent3 Gi-a re#%tat #uno$tin!a / Gi-a re.enit "u% a##i"ent3
1D En alte #a?uri> +en+ul .er1ului #u %arti#ul a".er1ial %oate /i "e"u+ "in anali?a ele2entelor
#o2%onente: go in, come, bring back, take away3
#D Rolo+irea unor %arti#ule a".er1iale %e lBng anu2ite .er1e @ntre$te "oar i"eea e0%ri2at "e a#e+tea:
#rink up C1ea tot/%Bn la /un"D> stan# up, lie #own3
>'='.' "ocul particulelor a/3erbiale 0n propozi2ie' Farti#ulele a".er1iale +e a$ea? i2e"iat "u% un
.er1 intran?iti.: e turne# roun/ an# looke# at me3 S-a @ntor+ $i +-a uitat la 2ine3
Ia# .er1ul e+te tran?iti. $i e+te ur2at "e un #o2%le2ent "ire#t e0%ri2at %rintr-un %ronu2e +au alt
"eter2inant> %arti#ula a".er1ial e+te a$e?at "u% #o2%le2entul "ire#t: ;e saw TGEM o++ to the
station3 I-a2 #on"u+ la gar3 Pick TGE6E up> please3 Ri"i# a+tea> te rog3
Not: Frin a#ea+t #ara#teri+ti#> .er1ele #u %arti#ole a".er1iale +e "eo+e1e+# "e .er1ele ur2ate "e
%re%o?i!ii o1ligatorii> "eoare#e %re%o?i!iile nu %ot /i +e%arate "e .er13 Co2%ara!i: Please look ME up
when you come to Bucharest3 CupO%arti#ola a".er1ialD
5he was looking at GIM Cat O %re%o?i!ieD
pag: /61
Ia# #o2%le2entul "ire#t e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un +u1+tanti.> %arti#ula a".er1ial %oate /i a$e?at @nainte
+au "u% a#e+ta C2ai ale+ @n .or1irea /a2iliarD: e ga!e bacO TGE COOP3 e ga!e TGE COOP
bacO3 A @na%oiat #artea3
Ia# #o2%le2entul "ire#t e+te lung> +au e+te e0%ri2at %rinHtr-o %ro%o?i!ie +u1or"onat> %arti#ula
a".er1ial e+te a$e?at i2e"iat "u% .er1: e ga!e back t$e booO $e $a/ borro7e/3 A @na%oiat #artea
%e #are o @2%ru2uta+e3
ELECI6E6
I3 Co2%leta!i +%a!iile li1ere #u %re%o?i!ii "e lo# +au "ire#!ie:
'3 I li.e33333 ;6> Rran=lin +treet3 MH /lat i+3333 t,e '9t, /loor3 *3 T,e talle+t 1uil"ing3333 t,e Uorl" i+3333 NeU
Sor=3 63 Rat,er "ro.e3333 t,e #orner +loUlH> U,ile I Uent3333 t,e +,o%3 :3 TePll lea.e33333 Bra$o. to2orroU3
;3 T,eHMll +to%333Fari+333t,eir UaH333Lon"on3 73 T,eH ran333 +#,ool333t,e 1u+ +to%3 83 Te Uent3334ra"ea333 a
1u+ine++ tri% la+t Uee=3 )3 Feter i+nMt333,o2e3 <e 2u+t 1e 333 +#,ool3 (3 T,eH arri.e" 333 #ine2a earlH3 '93
MH un#le "ro.e 333 2e 333 ,i+ #ar> 1ut ,e "i"nMt +ee 2e3 ''3 T,e #oin+ /ell333 ,i+ %o#=et3 '*3 S,e #arrie" t,e
1o0333t,e +tair+333,er roo23 '63 LetM+ +it333 t,e +un3 ':3 <e leant333 t,e Uall3 ';3 IonMt go 333 t,e +treet on a
re" lig,t3
II3 Co2%leta!i +%a!iile li1ere #u %re%o?i!ii "e ti2% +au "urat:
'3 IPll 1e in t,e #ountrH3333 JulH33333 Se%te21er3 *3 T,eH tra.elle"3333333t,e "aH an" +le%t333333nig,t3 63
E2ine+#u Ua+ 1orn33333333 JanuarH ';> ');93 :3 <e #a2e3333'9 oP#lo#=3333t,e +a2e ti2e Uit, ,i+ /rien"3 ;3
It i+ .erH ,ot ,ere 333 +u22er3 73 I %,one" all 2H /rien"+333 NeU SearM+ IaH3 83 Te go to +#,ool 333 t,e
2orning3 )3 I ,o%e IMll ,a.e /ini+,e" 2H ,o2eUor=333( oM#lo#=3 (3 Te +taHe" at ,o2e333t,e Uee=en"+3 '93
IM.e 1een li.ing in Bu#,are+t333 ten Hear+3 ''3 T,eHMll 1e ,ere333ten 2inute+3 '*3 T,e 2anager UonMt 1e
1a#=333later t,i+ a/ternoon3 '63 S#,ool 1egin+333 Se%te21er an" en"+333 JulH3 ':3 I "i"nMt un"er+tan"
,i2333/ir+t3
%%%. Tra#uceHi Jn limba engle-=:
'3 La #e te ui!i[ *3 El +e uit %e /erea+tr3 63 Fe #ine a$te%!i[ :3 CBt e ora "u% #ea+ul tu[ ;3 <ai +
2erge2 la %li21are3 73 E @n +%ital "e "ou +%t2Bni3 83 Ie #e !i-e tea2[ El e @ntot"eauna a2a1il #u
%a#ien!ii3 )3 Ei +unt re#uno+#tor %entru +er.i#iul %e #are 2il-a /#ut3 (3 L-a2 /eli#itat %entru +u##e+ul
+u3 '93 Tre2ura "e /rig3 ''3 Nu 2 2in!i! '*3 Ii2inea!a +-au %li21at %rin ora$> "u%-a2ia?a au +tat
a#a+3 '63 Cur+ul a "urat o lun @ntreag3 ':3 Au %ornit-o +%re rBu3 ';3 Ge"in!a a @n#e%ut la ora ''
"i2inea!a $i a "urat %Bn la ora * "u%-a2ia?3 '73 A /o+t %le#at @n ti2%ul .a#an!ei3 '83 Au #ltorit #a
"e o1i#ei3 ')3 _ine o #on/erin! "e+%re arta #onte2%oran3 '(3 Ta1loul a /o+t %i#tat @n ulei> nu @n
a#uarel3 *93 E un %rogra2 1un la tele.i?or "i+ear3
pag: /65
?' Con@unc2ia #T$e Con@unction&
?'*' 5e+ini2ie
aD e0%ri2 ra%orturi "e #oor"onare +au "e +u1or"onare @ntre "ou %ro%o?i!ii> ra%orturi "e #oor"onare
@ntre "ou %r!i "e %ro%o?i!ie +au @ntre o %arte "e %ro%o?i!ie $i o %ro%o?i!ie5
1D e+te ne/le0i1il "in %un#t "e .e"ere 2or/ologi#5
#D nu @n"e%line$te ni#i o /un#!ie +inta#ti# @n %ro%o?i!ie "ar 2ar#,ea? ra%orturile "e #oor"onare $i
+u1or"onare @n #a"rul %ro%o?i!iei $i al /ra?ei3
?'.' Con@unc2iile coor/onatoare #Co:or/inating Con@unction,&
ConAun#!iile #oor"onatoare leag %r!i "e %ro%o?i!ie #u a#eea$i /un#!ie +inta#!i# +au %ro%o?i!ii "e
a#ela$i /el: % !isite# the )illage Euseum and the Art ,alleries yester#ay. %t starte# to rain !ut the game
continue#.
?'.'*' Cla,i+icare' Iu% rela!iile %e #are le +ta1ile+#> #onAun#!iile #oor"onatoare %ot /i:
aD #o%ulati.e: an# - $i5 as well as - %re#u25 both... an# - atBt333 #Bt $i5 not only... but also - nu nu2ai333
"ar $i5
1D "i+Aun#ti.e: or - +au5 ori5 either...or - +au333 +au5 neither...nor - ni#i333ni#i5
#D a".er+ati.e: but - "ar> #i5
?'.'.' ntrebuin2area con@unc2iilor coor/onatoare' 6ither... or in"i# "ou alternati.e "in #are nu2ai
una e+te %o+i1il> @n %ro%o?i!ii %o?iti.e +au interogati.e: ;e can either ha!e a snack now, or we can
ha!e lunch at noon. 2an you #rink either milk or tea >
Fentru a e0%ri2a o nega!ie +e /olo+e$te either... or ^ .er1 negati. +au neither...nor ^ .er1 %o?iti.: % can8t
tra!el either by air or by sea. % can tra!el neither by air nor by sea.
?'.'4' Pozi2ie' ConAun#!iile #oor"onatoare +e a$ea? @ntre unit!ile +inta#ti#e %e #are le une+#: e
opene# the #oor AS +/%% AS the win#ow.
ConAun#!iile #oor"onatoare nuA %ot /i a$e?ate la @n#e%utul /ra?ei: Fan finishe# his homework and went
out for a walk3 Ian $i-a ter2inat le#!iile $i a ie$it la %li21are3
?'4' Con@unc2iile ,ubor/onatoare #6ubor/inating Con@unction,&
ConAun#!iile +uor"onatoare leag %ro%o?i!iile +e#un"are "in /ra? "e ele2entele lor regente: % went to
the post office, +1/0/ - bought a #o-en postcar#s3 M-a2 "u+ la %o$t> un"e a2 #u2%rat
"ou+%re?e#e .e"eri3
pag: /66
?'4'*' Cla,i+icare' Iu% /elul %ro%o?i!iilor %e #are le intro"u#> #onAun#!iile +u1or"onatoare %ot /i:
*& uni3er,aleK that - #5 if, whether - "a#5 #are %ot intro"u#e 2ai 2ulte /eluri "e %ro%o?i!ii
"u1or"onate: +1/T1/0 he will !e punctual remains to be seen. C%ro%o?i!ie +u1ie#ti.D3 The best
way is -" you go there yourself. C%ro%o?i!ie %re"i#ati.D Iemember T1AT we must get there in time.
C#o2%leti. "ire#tD3
.& ,pecializateK
aD "e lo#: where + un"e4 where!er + oriun"e4
1D "e ti2%: when - #Bn"5 since - "e #Bn"5 till"until - %Bn #Bn"5 while"as - @n ti2% #e5 before - @nainte #a5
after - "u% #e5
#D "e 2o": 3e:actly$ as4 3@ust$ as - Ca$aD #u25 3e:act$ #u25
"D "e #au?: as, since, because - "eaore#e> /iin"#5
eD "e +#o%: so that, in or#er that"so 3that$ C2ai /or2alD - C%entruD #a> #u +#o%ul #a3
S#o%ul negati. e+te e0%ri2at "e: for fear 3that$ - "e tea2 +5 in case4 lest C/or2alD - #a + nu5
/D #on"i!ionale: if - "a#5 pro!i#e# 3that$ " on con#ition 3that$ as long as"so longs as - #u #on"i!ia5
unless - a/ar "a#> nu2ai "a# nu5
gD #on+e#uti.e: so that - @n#Bt5 so C/a2iliarD - @n#Bt5 so"such... 3that$ - a$a/a+t/el333 @n#Bt5
,D #on#e+i.e: though, although C2ai /or2alD> while, whereas C/or2alD> e!en if.though - "e$i> #u toate #>
#,iar "a#5
iD #o2%arati.e: as...as - 2ai C2ultD333 "e#Bt5 as if"as though + #a $i #u2> "e %ar#3
?'4'.' ntrebuin2area con@unc2iilor ,ubor/onatoare' +hen as Cte2%oraleD
+hen in"i# +i2ultaneitatea a "ou a#!iuni: +hen % am tire# % go for a walk. CBn" +unt o1o+it /a# o
%li21are3 Ca##entul e+te %e 2o2entul a#!iuniiD +au +u##e+iunea lor i2e"iat @n ti2%: +hen she rang the
bell, he came to the #oor. CBn" ea a +unat la +onerie> el a .enit la u$3
As e+te /olo+it %entru a#!iuni %aralele: 5he wept as she spoke. FlBngea @n ti2% #e .or1ea3 Ca##entul e+te
%e a#!iunea @n+$iD5
+au #a +inoni2 al lui U,ile: As % was crossing the street, % hear# somebo#y call my name. En ti2% #e / Fe
#Bn" tra.er+a2 +tra"a> a2 au?it %e #ine.a +trigBn"u-2i nu2ele3
As since !ecause C#au?aleD
As e0%ri2 #au?a> 2oti.ul %entru a#!iunea "in %ro%o?i!ia regent: As like# the #ress, she bought it.
Riin"# i-a %l#ut ro#,ia> a #u2%rat-o3
Since %re+u%une un argu2ent a"2i+ "e interlo#utor: Since you nee# this book, %8ll get for you.
Ieoare#e ai ne.oie "e #arte> a2 + !i-o iau3
-f not unless C#on"i!ionaleD
-f not e+te o%u+ul lui if C"a# nuD: -f you get sick, you8ll nee# a #octor. -f you #on8t get sick, you won8t
nee# a #octor.
,nless e+te o%u+ul lui %ro.i"e" / %ro.i"ing t,at C"oar "a#> #u #on"i!ia #aD> iar #Bn" e+te /olo+it unless
.er1ul "in %ro%o?i!ia #on"i!ional e+te la /or2a %o?iti.: &ou may see the #octor provided you ha!e an
appointment. Fo!i + intri la "o#tor #u #on"i!ia + /ii %rogra2at3 &ou can8t see the #octor unless you
ha!e an appointment. Nu %o!i + intri la "o#tor "e#Bt "a# e$ti %rogra2at3
pag: /67
,nless nu e+te /olo+it %entru a intro"u#e %ro%o?i!ii #on"i!ionale ireale: e coul#n8t ha!e seen the #octor
if he ha#n8t ha# an appointment. N-ar /i %utut + intre la "o#tor "a# n-ar /i /o+t %rogra2at3
?'4'4' Pozi2ie' ConAun#!iile +u1or"onatoare +e a$ea? la @n#e%utul %ro%o?i!iei +e#un"are> #are %oate
%re#e"e +au ur2a %ro%o?i!ia regent: AS the wether was ba#, we staye# home all #ay. A%T1',41
she spoke !ery slowly, % coul#n8t un#erstan# her. % can8t help you with your homework #/5A,S/ %8m
busy right now. ?y#ia like# the book S' much T1AT she rea# it three times.
S%re "eo+e1ire "e #onAun#!iile #oor"onatoare> #onAun#!iile +u1or"onatoare %ot /i %re#e"ate "e alte
#onAun#!ii: e left early because he wasn8t feeling !ery well A.3 because the party was boring. A
%le#at "e.re2e %entru # nu +e +i2!ea /oarte 1ine $i %entru # %etre#erea era %li#ti#oa+3
ELECI6E6
%. (ormaHi fra-e #in propo-iHiile urm=toare cu a@utorul con@uncHiilor #in parante-e:
'3 Ali#e ,a" too 2u#, to eat3 Cat,H "i"nPt3 C1utD3 *3 I ,a.enPt /ini+,e" t,e 1oo=3 I #anPt return it to t,e
li1rarH Het3 C+oD 63 I +,all 1uH t,at Uat#,3 It i+ not e0%en+i.e3 Ci/D3
:3 Sou UonPt un"er+tan"3 Sou li+ten #are/ullH3 Cunle++D3 ;3 MarH 1oug,t a neU "re++3 S,e "i"nMt reallH
nee" one Calt,oug,D3 73 Feter got goo" 2ar=+ in ,i+ ter2 %a%aer+3 <e Uor=e" .erH ,ar"3 C1e#au+eD3 83
Rat,er ,a+ 1oug,t a .iolin3 Alan #an learn ,oU to %laH C+o t,atD3 )3 Sou 2u+t "o3 Sou are tol" Ce0a#tlH
a+D3 IM2 +tu"Hing3 I li=e to li+ten to ra"io3 CU,ileD3 '93 Bo1 i+ ,a.ing an e0a2 to2orroU3 <e #anMt #o2e
to our %artH3 C+in#eD3 ''3 <e ,a" +tu"ie" Engli+, /or +e.en Hear+3 <e #oul"Mt +%ea= i+ /luentlH3 Ce.en
t,oug,D3 '*3 Faul i+ =eenon tenni+3 <e %laH+ e.erH "aH C+o333t,atD3 '63 It Ua+ a .erH "i//i#ult e0er#i+e3
MarH #oul"nMt "o it3 C+u#,333t,atD
%%. 2ompletaHi spaHiile libere cu con@uncHiile potri!ite ca sens #in parante-e:
'3 Faul Ua+ not333331rig,t3333,i+ 1rot,er+ Uere3 Calt,oug,> a+3333a+> %ro.i"e" t,atD3 *3 But ,e ,a" alUaH+
Uor=e" ,ar"er33333 t,eH e.er ,a"3 Ct,an> U,erea+> 1e/oreD 63 <e Uoul" get a +#,olar+,i%33333 ,e %a++e" t,e
e0a2 to"aH C+o> %ro.i"e"> untilD3 :3 In a UaH ,e "i" not reallH #are333 ,e Uon t,e +#,olar+,i% or not
CU,et,er> i/> unle++D3 ;3 But ,e Uante" to "o ,i+ e0a2 333 ,e Ua+nMt /eeling .erH Uell3 Cin #a+e> le+t>
t,oug,D3 83 <e li+tene" to t,e in.igilator #are/ullH333,e 2ig,t /ail to #at#, all t,e in+tru#tion+3 C+u%%o+ing>
/or /ear> U,et,erD3 )3 T,e in.igilator %ronoun#e" all t,e na2e +loUlH333 ea#, o/ t,e2 2ig,t ,ear ,i+ na2e
#learlH3 C+o t,at> +u#,333t,at> %ro.i"e" t,atD
pag: /6'
%%%. Tra#uceHi Jn limba engle-=:
Au aAun+ +ara la ,anul lui Io2nu Va+iliu3 Vitoria $tia # a#olo are + g+ea+# #e.a3 Entr-a"e.r> a g+it3
En +at la Su,a> +e +tBrni+e oare#are ?.oan3 S%uneau unii $i al!ii # ar /i ne.oie + .ie .reun Au"e#tor "e
la tBrg> + #er#ete?e #u2 a /o+t #u .Bn?area oilor3 S .a" "a# +e a/l ,Brtia lor "e #u2%rtur "e la
Iorna> $i "a# go+%o"arii "in Su,a au #,itan! "e %aralele %e #are le-au "at lui Li%an3 Nu +%une ni2enee
# a+e2enea go+%o"ari #u .a? ar /i @n +tare a +.Br$i o /a%t rea - "ar e 1ine +-$i arate @n"re%trile3
A/ar "e a+ta a 2ai +%u+ nu $tiu #ine # nu2ai "e#Bt #in+ti!ii go+%o"ari tre1uie + arate 2artorul ori
artorii #are +-au g+it /a! la .Bn?are +au la nu2rtoarea 1anilor3 E la @n!elegerea ori$i#ui # nu2ai
a+e2enea +trin +au +trini> #are +-au a/lat "e /a!> au %utut + ur2rea+# %e Li%an> $i +-i r%ea+# 1anii
oilor3 S-ar %utea #a a#e$ti 2artori + /ie #u totul ne#uno+#u!i3 Ni#i Cali+trat> ni#i Ilie Cu!ui nu i-au .?ut
%Bn atun#i> ni#i "e atun#i3 C,iar "a# ar /i a$a> + arate #e @n/!i$are a.eau> #e #ai $i #e +traie3 Iin %u!in>
+e %ot a/la 2ulte $i /%ta$ii ie+ la i.eal3
CMi,ail Sa"o.eanu - BaltagulD
*(' Inter@ec2ia #T$e Inter@ection&
*('*' 5e+ini2ie
aD Frin interAe#!ie +e e0teriori?ea? +en?a!ii> +enti2ente> 2ani/e+tri "e .oin! +au +e re%ro"u# +unete $i
?go2ote "in natur5
1D interAe#!ia e+te o %arte "e .or1ire ne/le0i1il> ne/iin" 2ar#at "e #ategorii gra2ati#ale5
#D interAe#!ia %oate #on+titui /ie un ele2ent "e @ntrire %e lBng o %ro%o?i!ie> /ie o %ro%o?i!ie
in"e%en"ent +au o %arte "e %ro%o?i!ie3
*('.' Cla,i+icare
Cu aAutorul interAe#!iilor +e e0teriori?ea?:
*& ,enza2ii i ,entimenteK
aD 1u#urie: Ah L Goh L Cippee L urray L 3a, ah, uraL$.
1D +ur%ri?: Gh L ;ow L 3a, ah, ohL$. 'h, what a nice #ress L
#D 2irare: Gh, #ear L Fear me L %n#ee# L C.ai "rag> .ai "e 2ine> @ntr-a"e.rD 'h dear %can8t fin# my
purse. 3ear me 6 ;hat are you #oing o!er there >
"D a"2ira!ie: ;hew LCa,> "oa2neD: +hew, how beautiful she is L
eD @n!elegere: Aha L Ca> a,a!D: Aha, these glo!es are e:actly what % was looking for.
/D "i+%re!: (ie L Pshaw L ;hat a shameL CFtiu> %a,> #e ru$ine!D: "ie upon you L &ou ought to be ashame#
at what you ha!e #one.
gD "e?gu+t: MghL 3JhL$: ,gh how #irty your han#s are L
,D a%ro1are: ;ell #one L 2ongratulations L CRoarte 1ine! Reli#itri!D Tell "one> Feter ! SouP.e %a++e" all
Hour e0a2+ 1rilliantlH3
iD "e?a%ro1are: Non+en+e! T,at a nui+an#e! CFro+tii ! Ce %a#o+te!D: T,at a nui+an#e! NoU IPll ,a.e to
"o it all o.er again!
AD regret: A,! 4,! T,at a %itH! Ca!> o,! #e %#at!D: T,at a %itH Hou #oul"nPt #o2e! It Ua+ a goo" %laH3
=D "urere: 4u#,! 4U! C.ai> a,> aoleu!D: ou#,> it ,ur+t!
.& mani+e,t1ri /e 3oin21K
aD o rug2inte> un @n"e2n: GhL elpL Co,! AAutor!D5 5shL ushL 5ilanceL CS+t> lini$te!D: 1ush6 The
baby8s sleepingL
1D o @n#uraAare: 2heer upL 2ome onL CCuraA! <ai"e!D: 5ome on #on8t be afrai#L &ou8ll manage.
#D o a.erti?are: ?ook GutL (ireL CAten!ie! Ro#!D: "ire 6 The house is on fireL
6D +e re%ro"u# +unete $i ?go2ote "in 2e"iul @n#onAurtor: Bow + wow L
EiaowL BaaL Bu--L C<a2 - ,a2 ! Miau! Be,! B??!D: BangL 2lickL 2rashL
*('4' ntrebuin2area inter@ec2iilor
Una $i a#eea$i interAe#!ie %oate a.ea +e2ni/i#a!ii "i/erite> @n /un#!ie "e #onte0t: Ah, here you are at last L
C1u#urieD> "ar $i: Ah, it8s painful L 3#urere$.
Unele interAe#!ii +unt /olo+ite #u %re#"ere "e 1r1a!i: *o fear L
,oo# lor# L Colly goo# L
%e #Bn" altele +unt +%e#i/i#e li21aAului /e2inin: ;owL Gh, #earL Gh, my L Fear meL Ey goo#nessL
ELECI6E6
%. Tra#uceHi urm=toarele propo-iHii Jn limba romKn=:
'3 4u#,> 2H leg! *3 4o,> t,i+ i#e#rea2P+ "eli#iou+! 63 Ji%%ee> UeP.e Uon t,e 2at#,! :3 ToU> i+nPt +,e
#le.er[ ;3 Tell "o2e> Feter3 73 S+,! Gran"2a i+ +lee%ing3 83 MH goo"ne++! T,at "rea"/ul Ueat,er! )3
Grr! I+n!t it #ol"! (3 Loo=out! A #ar i+ #o2ing3 '93 M2! T,i+ #rea2 #a=eM+ .erH goo"3 ''3 LTell> I 2u+t
1e goingL3 L4,> I +eeL3 '*3 LTell> goo" lu#=!L L4,> t,an= HouL3 '63 LA,> t,ere Hou are!L ':3 Iear 2e!
Sou "o loo= ill!3 ';3 T,at a %itH Ue "i"nMt go on a %i#ni# He+ter"aH3 NoU itM+ raining3 '73 Tut> tut! Sou
are naug,tH 1oH! '83 Tel#o2e ,oe> 2H "ear!
%%. 2ompletaHi spaHiile libere cu inter@ecHii potri!ite ca sens:
'3 333! TePre ,a.ing a ,oli"aH to2orroU! TePre going on a tri%! *3 33333 T,at Ua+ a Uon"er/ul +,oU! I
,a"nPt t,oug,t I Uoul" enAoH it +o 2u#,! 63 3333 IP.e +%ilt 2H tea! :3 33333 T,at a 2e++! ;3 333 itM+ %aint/ul!
73 333 t,atM+ e0a#tlH U,at I nee"e"3 83 333 ,oU Uon"er/ullH +,e +ing+! )3 333 Rat,er i+ Uor=ing3 (3 333T,ereM+
a 1u+ #o2ing! '93 333Hou "o loo= %ale! ''3 333 Feter ,a+ 1ro=en t,at Uin"oU again! '*3 333! Sou #an #o2e
Uit, u+ e.en i/ Hou are tire"3 SouMll ,a.e a goo" re+t t,ere3
pag: /70
Fartea a II-a
6INTALA POPOQI2IEI
#T$e 6imple 6entence&
II'(' Generalit12i
II'('*' 5e+ini2ie
Fro%o?i!ia e+te unitatea "e 1a? a +inta0ei3 Ea re%re?int #ea 2ai 2i# unitate a +inta0ei #are %oate
a%rea "e +ine +tttoare $i #are #o2uni# o Au"e#at logi# +au o i"ee #u #ara#ter a/e#ti. +au .oli!ional3
II'('.' Cla,i+icare
'D Iin %un#t "e .e"ere al +#o%ului #o2uni#rii> %ro%o?i!iile +e @2%art @n:
a& propozi2ii enun2iati3e, #are tran+2it o in/or2a!ie: Colu21u+ "i+#o.ere" A2eri#a in ':(*3 Colu21 a
"e+#o%erit A2eri#a @n ':(*3 <e "i"nPt noti#e ,er3 Nu a o1+er.at-o3
b& propozi2ii interogati3e, %rin #are +e +oli#it o in/or2a!ie: Toul" Hou li=e to #o2e to our %artH [ Vrei
+ .ii la %etre#erea noa+tr [
c& propozi2ii imperati3e, #are e0%ri2 o %orun#> o rug2inte> @n"e2n: 4%en t,e 1oo=! Ie+#,i"e
#artea3 SUit#, on t,e ra"io> %lea+e3 Ie+#,i"e ra"ioul> te rog3
/& propozi2ii e-clamati3e, #are e0%ri2 o +tare a/e#ti. C+ur%rin"ere> ne2ul!u2ire> +ati+/a#!ie et#3D: 4,>
,oU attra#ti.e +,e i+ ! 4,> #e /ru2oa+ e+te!
*3 Iin %un#t "e .e"ere al +tru#turii> %ro%o?i!iile +e @2%art @n:
a& propozi2ii ,imple CUne0ten"e" Si2%le Senten#e+D> al#tuite nu2ai "in +u1ie#t $i %re"i#at: T,e
#,il"ren are +lee%ing3 Co%ii "or23 Iog+ 1ar=3 CBinii latr3
b& propozi2ii /ez3oltate CE0ten"e" Si2%le Senten#e+D> #are #u%rin"> %e lBng +u1ie#t $i %re"i#at> $i alte
%r!i "e %ro%o?i!ie: Se+ter"aH ,e Uent to +#,ool 1H 1i#H#le3 Ieri +-a "u+ la $#oal #u 1i#i#leta3
c& propozi2ii eliptice CElli%ti#al Si2%le Senten#e+D> "in #are li%+e+# anu2ite %r!i "e %ro%o?i!ie> ele
%utBn" /i #o2%letate #u u$urin!: CIP.eD ne.er ,ear" a1out ,i23 T,o i+ 2i++ing [ Jo,n Ci+ 2i++ingD3
pag: /7/
II'('4' Tipuri /e propozi2ii
Stru#tura %ro%o?i!iilor +i2%le $i "e?.oltate %oate /i "etaliat @n /un#!ie "e %r!ile "e %ro%o?i!ie #are
ur2ea? @n 2o" o1ligatoriu anu2ite .er1e3
Ver1ele +e @2%art @n trei #la+e 2ari: #o%ulati.e> intran?iti.e $i tran?iti.e> "in %un#t "e .e"ere al
#o2%linirii .er1ale> al %r!ilor "e %ro%o?i!ie #are %ot /i /olo+ite "u% ele3
a& Verbul copulati3 %rin e0#elen! e+te .er1ul 1e3 A#e+ta nu %oate /i ur2at "e#Bt "e un nu2e %re"i#ati.
+au "e un #o2%le2ent #ir#u2+tan!ial "e lo#:
They are workers.
They are in the factory.
b& Verbele intranziti3e nu %ot /i ur2ate "e #o2%le2ente "ire#te3
c& Verbele tranziti3e +unt .er1ele ur2ate "e #o2%le2ente "ire#te3
II'('8' LuBn" @n #on+i"erare %o?i1ilit!ile "e #o2%linire .er1al> +e o1!in ur2toarele +u1ti%uri "e
%ro%o?i!ii:
Propozi2ia ,impl1K
aD +u1ie#t ^ .er1 intran?iti.: e swims. El @noat3
1D +u1ie#t ^ .er1 #o%ulati. ^ nu2e %re"i#ati.:
e is a treacher. El e+te %ro/e+or3
e is competent. El e+te #o2%etent3
Propozi2ia /ez3oltat1K
aD +u1ie#t ^ .er1 intran?iti. ^ #o2%le2ent #ir#u2+tan!ial: e swims in the sea3 El @noat @n 2are3
1D +u1ie#t ^ .er1 #o%ulati. ^ #o2%le2ent #ir#u2+tan!ial: The teacher is here"in classroom. Fro/e+orul
e+te ai#i /@n #la+
#D +u1ie#t ^ .er1 tran?iti. ^ #o2%le2ent "ire#t: 5he has foun# the book. CEaD a g+it #artea3
"D +u1ie#t ^ .er1 tran?iti. ^ #o2%le2ent "ire#t ^ #o2%le2ent "ire#t:
The man aske# the boy se!eral 7uestions. 42ul i-a %u+ 1iatului 2ai 2ulte @ntre1ri3
eD +u1ie#t ^ .er1 tran?iti. ^ #o2%le2ent "ire#t ^ #o2%le2ent in"ire#t: (ather ga!e the toy to the little
boy. Tatl i-a "at Au#ria 1iatului3
/D +u1ie#t ^ .er1 tran?iti. ^ #o2%le2ent "ire#t ^ ele2ent %re"i#ati. +u%li2entar: They appointe# him
chairman. L-au nu2it %re$e"inte3
gD +u1ie#t ^ .er1 tran?iti. ^ #o2%le2ent "ire#t ^ #o2%le2ent %re%o?i!ional: % helpe# him with
homework. L-a2 aAutat +-$i /a# te2ele3
II'('9' P1r2ile /e propozi2ie #T$e Part, o+ t$e 6entence&
Fr!ile "e %ro%o?i!ie +e #la+i/i# @n:
*& p1r2i principale /e propozi2ieK +u1ie#tul $i %re"i#atul5
.& p1r2i ,ecun/are /e propozi2ieM #o2%le2entul "ire#t> in"ire#t> %re%o?i!ional> ele2entul %re"i#ati.
+u%li2entar> #o2%le2ente #ir#u2+tan!iale C"e ti2%> lo#> 2o"> #au? et#3D $i atri1utul3
En li21a engle?> a#e+te %r!i "e %ro%o?i!ie %ot /i i"enti/i#ate #u aAutorul ur2toarelor #ara#teri+ti#i:
aD %rin #e %r!i "e .or1ire +unt e0%ri2ate5
pag: /70
1D lo#ul %e #are-l o#u% @n %ro%o?i!ie5
#D tr+turi +%e#i/i#e: a#or"> tre#erea la "iate?a %a+i. et#35
6ubiectul 3The 5ub@ect$:
aD e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un gru% no2inal C%rintr-un +u1+tanti. +au +u1+titut al a#e+tuia> @n+o!it +au nu "e
"eter2inan!iD +au %rintr-o %ro%o?i!ie +u1or"onat #u /un#!ie "e +u1ie#t5
1D +e a$ea? @naintea %re"i#atului @n %ro%o?i!iile enun!iati.e $i "u% .er1ul au0iliar / 2o"al @n %ro%o?i!iile
interogati.e5
#D +e a#or" @n nu2r $i %er+oan #u %re"i#atul3
Pre/icatul 3The Pre#icate$:
aD e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un .er1 tran?iti. +au intran?iti. la un 2o" %er+onal +au %rintr-un .er1 #o%ulati.
#u o #o2%linire no2inal5
1D +e a$ea? "e regul "u% +u1ie#t5
#D are a#or" "eter2inat "e +u1ie#t3
Complementul /irect 3The Firect Gb@ect$:
aD e+te e0%ri2at> #a $i +u1ie#tul> %rintr-un gru% no2inal +au %rintr-o %ro%o?i!ie +u1or"onat #u /un#!ie
no2inal5
1D ur2ea? "e regul gru%ul +u1ie#t - %re"i#at5
#D "e.ine +u1ie#tul %ro%o?i!iei @n tran+/or2area %a+i.3
Complementul in/irect 3The %n#irect Gb@ect$:
aD e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un gru% no2inal5
1D ur2ea? #o2%le2entul "ire#t $i are %re%o?i!ia e0%ri2at Cto +au /orD5
I ga.e t,e 1oo= to MarH3
#D nu %oate /i /olo+it /r un #o2%le2ent "ire#t3
Numele pre/icati3 3The Pre#icati!e Part of a *ominal Pre#icate$.
aD e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un gru% no2inal> un a"Ae#ti. +au %rintr-o %ro%o?i!ie +u1or"onat #u /un#!ie
no2inal5
1D ur2ea? .er1ul #o%ulati. 1e +au alte #o%ulati.e: 1e#o2e> turn et#3:
#D nu "e.ine +u1ie#t al %ro%o?i!iei @n tran+/or2area %a+i.3
Elementul pre/icati3 ,uplimentar 3The Pre#icati!e A#@unct$:
aD e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un gru% no2inal> un a"Ae#ti. +au %rintr-o %ro%o?i!ie +u1or"onat #u /un#!ie
no2inal5
1D ur2ea? gru%ul +u1ie#t - %re"i#at: T,e 1oat +Ue%t #lo+e T,eH a%%inte" ,i2 #,air2an3 I le/t t,e
2eeting a little %ertur1e"3
#D nu "e.ine +u1ie#t al %ro%o?i!iei @n tran+/or2area %a+i.: <e Ua+ a%%ointe" #,air2an3
Complementul circum,tan2ial 3The A#!erbial$:
aD e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un a".er1> #on+tru#!ie a".er1ial +au %ro%o?i!ie +u1or"onat #ir#u2+tan!ial>
%rintr-un gru% no2inal +au o #on+tru#!ie %re%o?i!ional5
1D e+te "e o1ie#ei 2o1il> a"i# %oate o#u%a 2ai 2ulte lo#uri @n %ro%o?i!ie5
#D e+te "e o1i#ei o%!ional> a"i# %oate /i a"ugat +au eli2inat "intr-o %ro%o?i!ie /r #a ea + "e.in
negra2ati#al3
pag: /73
**' 6ubiectul #T$e 6ub@ect&
**'*' 5e+ini2ie
Su1ie#tul e+te %artea %rin#i%al "e %ro%o?i!ie "e+%re #are +e +%une #e.a #u aAutorul %re"i#atului3
**'.' E-primarea ,ubiectului
En li21a engle?> +u1ie#tul e+te "e o1i#ei e0%ri2at> #,iar atun#i #Bn" e+te i2%er+onal +au generi#> .er1ul
engle? a.Bn" %u!ine "e+inen!e #are + 2ar#,e?e /or2al %er+oana $i nu2rul C+%re "eo+e1ire "e li21a
ro2BnD: I rea" t,e %a%er e.erH 2orning3 Cite+# ?iarul @n /ie#are "i2inea!3 ItP+ raining3 Flou3 Sou 2u+t
"o Hour "utH3 Tre1uie +-!i /a#i "atoria3
Su1ie#tul %oate /i e0%ri2at:
aD %rintr-un gru% no2inal #on!inBn" un +u1+tanti.> #u +au /r "eter2inant> +au un +u1+titut al a#e+tuia:
Sut"ent+ Uor= ,ar" to %a++ t,eir e0a2+3 Stu"en!ii +e %regte+# +erio+ #a + %ro2o.e?e e0a2enele3
E.erH1o"H Ua+ %re+ent3 To!i erau %re?en!i3 T,ree are 2i+ing3 Trei li%+e+#3 T,e Uoin"e" Uere ta=en to
,o%ital3 Rni!ii au /o+t "u$i la +%ital3
1D %rintr-o #on+tru#!ie #u in/initi.ul> %arti#u%iul C%re?ent +au tre#utD +au /or2a Gerun"> #on+tru#!ie
/olo+it "e o1ie#ei %entru re"u#erea unei %ro%o?i!ii +u1or"onate +u1ie#ti.e $i nu2it +u1ie#t #o2%le0:
Ie e0e2%lu:
: nominati3ul cu in+initi3K S,e i+ +ai" to 1e a goo" "o#tor3 Se +%une # ea e+te o "o#tori! 1un3
: in+initi3ul cu +or:toK It i+ unu+ual /or ,er to 1e a Zuiet3 E+te neo1i$nuit #a ea + /ie atBt "e t#ut3
: o con,truc2ie gerun/ial1K Jo,nP+ / <i+ #o2ing late Uorrie" u+3 EntBr?ierea lui Jo,n ne-a @ngriAorat3
#D %rintr-o %ro%o?i!ie +u1or"onat +u1ie#ti.: T,at not,ing #a2e out o/ it irritate" ,i23 Ra%tul # nu a
ie$it ni2i# "in a+ta @l ener.a3
"D %rintr-un ele2ent #are nu are +en+ "e +ine +tttor - a$a nu2itul +u1ie#t intro"u#ti. ir +au t,ere - #are
anti#i%ea? +u1ie#/tul real> logi# al %ro%o?i!iei: It ia ea+H to "o t,i+ e0er#i+e3 A#e+t e0er#i!iu e+te u$or "e
/#ut3 T,ere are t,ree %u%il+ in t,e #la++roo23 Sunt trei ele.i @n #la+3
**'4' 6itua2ii ,peciale
''363' Su1ie#tul generi# %oate /i e0%ri2at %rin %ronu2ele one, you, he, they, +au %rin +u1+tanti.ul
people.
Fronu2ele one, you, he, they $i +u1+tanti.ul people +e /olo+e+# #a +u1ie#te %entru a "e+e2na o %er+oan
@n general +au un gru% ne"e/init "e %er+oane:
&ou can8t #o two #ifferent things at a time. Nu +e %ot /a#e "ou lu#ruri "i/erite @n a#ela$i ti2%3 'ne can
fin# this phone number in the telephone #iectory. A#e+t nu2r "e tele/on +e %oate g+i @n #artea "e
tele/on3 (eople #rink a lot of coffee in this country3 En !ara noa+tr +e 1ea 2ult #a/ea3
pag: /71
**'4'.' Pronumele it e,te ,ubiect imper,onalK
aD al .er1elor i2%er+onale: -t often rains in autumn. Ie+eori %lou toa2na3 -t snows a lot in the
mountains. Ninge 2ult la 2unte3
1D al %ro%o?i!iilor %rin #are +e e0%ri2 ti2%ul> .re2ea> "i+tan!a: %t8s nearly si: o8clock. E+te a%roa%e ora
$a+e3 %t8s col#. E+te /rig3 %t8s 7uite far from here. E+te "e+tul "e "e%arte "e ai#i3
**'4'4' 6ubiectul intro/ucti3
Unele %ro%o?i!ii #on!in un +u1ie#t gra2ati#al C/or2alD $i unul logi# CrealD> a"e.ratul +u1ie#t al
%ro%o?i!iei3
Ie o1ie#ei +u1ie#tul real e+te anti#i%at %rin %ronu2ele it +au ele2entul t,ere C#are nu e+te i"enti# #u
a".er1ul t,ereD3
'D It intro"u#ti. e+te /olo+it #Bn" +u1ie#tul %ro%o?i!iei e+te:
aD un in/initi.: -t is necessary to start at once. E+te ne#e+ar + %orne$ti i2e"iat3 It ta=e+ 2e ,al/ an ,our
to get to 2H o//i#e3 E2i tre1uie o Au2tate "e or + aAung la +er.i#iu3
1D un gerun": It Ua+ no u+e Hour #rHing3 Ai %lBn+ "egea1a3
#D o %ro%o?i!ie +u1ie#ti.: It i+ +trange t,at +,e ,a+nPt a##e%te" our in.itation3 E+te #iu"at # ea nu a
a##e%tat in.ita!ia noa+tr3 It +ee2+ ,e i+ rig,t3 Se %are # are "re%tate3
*D Su1ie#tul intro"u#ti. t,ere e+te /olo+it @n %ro%o?i!iile @n #are +u1ie#tul real nu e+te "e/init: T,ere are
+o2e 1oo=+ on t,e ta1le3 Sunt #Bte.a #r!i %e 2a+3
En +tilul literar> there e+te ur2at $i "e alte .er1e> 2ai ale+ happen $i occur:
There happene# that an ol# man remembere# something about her. S-a @ntB2%lat #a un 1trBn +-$i
a2intea+# #e.a "e+%re ea3
4 %ro%o?i!ie intro"u+ %rin there e+te ur2at "e o1i#ei "e alta %rin #are +e /a# %re#i?ri: There is a man
at the #oor. e wants to speak to you. E+te un o2 la u$3 Vrea + .or1ea+# #u tine3
**'8' "ocul ,ubiectului 0n propozi2ie
Su1ie#tul e+te a$e?at:
aD @naintea .er1ului @n %ro%o?i!iile enun!iati.e Ca/ir2ati.e $i negati.eD:
&ary is a goo# swimmer. She #oesn8t swim e!ery #ay.
1D "u% .er1ul au0iliar +au 2o"al> @n %ro%o?i!iile integorati.e: 2an you swim > Foes she want to rea#
this book >
#D "u% .er1> #Bn" el e+te anti#i%at "e un it +au t,ere intro"u#ti.: There is a teacher in the room. %t
seems she has left.
%ag: '8;
*.' Pre/icatul #T$e Pre/icate&
*.'*' 5e+ini2ie
Fre"i#atul e+te %artea %rin#i%al "e %ro%o?i!ie #are atri1uie +u1ie#tului o a#!iune> o +tare +au o @n+u$ire3
*.'.' Cla,i+icare
Run#!ia "e %re"i#at %oate /i @n"e%linit "e .er1e tran?iti.e $i intran?iti.e la un 2o" %er+onal> %re#u2 $i
"e .er1e #o%ulati.e> atun#i #Bn" au #o2%liniri no2inale3
*.'.'*' Ver1ele tran?iti.e $i #ele intran?iti.e /or2ea? %re"i#atul .er1al #la+i#: Bir"+ /lH3 F+rile ?1oar3
<e Urote an intere+ting e++aH3 A +#ri+ o #o2%o?i!ie intere+ant3
*.'.'.' Pre/icatul nominal #t$e Nominal Pre/icate& e+te al#tuit "in:
AD un .er1 #o%ulati. ^
BD un nu2e %re"i#ati.3
A& Verbele copulati3e +unt .er1e #are $i-au %ier"ut total +au %ar!ial +en+ul le0i#al $i @n"e%line+# /un#!ia
gra2ati#al "e 2ar# a ra%ortului %re"i#ati. "intre "ou nu2e> @n #a"rul %re"i#atului no2inal3
Gra2ati#a tra"i!ional "i+tinge 2ai 2ulte #la+e "e .er1e #o%ulati.e:
'D .er1ul be 3)erb of Being$, total golit "e +e+n lo0i#al: <e i+ #le.er3 El e+te "e$te%t3
Not: CBn" .er1ul 1e e+te /olo+it #u +en+ul La e0i+ta> a +e a/la> a +e g+i> a a.ea lo#L> et#3 el /or2ea?
+ingur %re"i#atul %ro%o?i!iei: ;here is my pen> The school festi!al is on 5atur#ay
*D Ver1e %ar!ial golite "e +en+ le0i#al:
a& 3erbe ale /e3eniriiK become, get, grow, turn: er hair has turned grey. A @n#run!it3 5he is getting
old. E21trBne$te3
b& Verbe ale continu1rii 0n aceeai ,tare : continue, keep, remain, hol#, stay.
e kept silent. T#ea3
c& 3erbe ale aparen2eiK appear, look, seem: 5he seemed ill. Frea 1olna.> e looks pale. E+te %ali"3
Iintre .er1ele #o%ulati.e> .er1ul be %re?int #ele 2ai 2ulte %o?i1ilit!i #o21inatorii C#u ori#are %arte "e
.or1ire #are %oate @n"e%lini o /un#!ie no2inalD> "atorit golirii +ale totale "e +en+ le0i#al:
e is a teacher.
e is !ery competent.
e is a#mire# by his frien#s.
%ag: '87
Celelalte .er1e #o%ulati.e +e @21in "oar #u #Bte.a %r!i "e .or1ire:
- toate #u a"Ae#ti.e:
The chil# fell ill.
The chil# felt ill.
The chil# got ill.
The chil# looked ill.
- unele $i #u %arti#i%ii tre#ute:
e seemed impressee#.
e appeared impresse#.
e looked impresse#.
- iar altele $i #u +u1+tanti.e:
5he may turn an e:cellent teacher.
5he may !ecome an e:cellent teacher.
BD Nu2ele %re"i#ati. /or2ea? @2%reun #u .er1ul #o%ulati. %re"i#atul %ro%o?i!iei3 Nu2ele %re"i#ati.
e+te e0%ri2at:
aD %rintr-un +u1+tanti. +au e#,i.alent al a#e+tuia:
Ey nephew has become a doctor.
1D %rintr-un a"Ae#ti.> +ingur +au #u o #o2%linire: 5he was happy. 5he was eager to come.
#D %rintr-un %arti#i%iu tre#ut: The !illage seeme# deserted.
Lo#ul nu2elui %re"i#ati. @n %ro%o?i!ie e+te "u% .er1ul #o%ulati.: Those boys are students.
*.'4' "ocul pre/icatului 0n propozi2ie
Ie o1i#ei %re"i#atul e+te a$e?at "u% +u1ie#t $i @naintea #o2%le2entului: The sun was shining brightly3
Soarele +trlu#ea %uterni#3
En unele #a?uri a#ea+t or"ine e+te in.er+at:
aD @n %ro%o?i!iile interogati.e: -s Eary in the library >
1D @n %ro%o?i!ii #on"i!ionale @n #are #onAun#!ia i/ e+te o2i+> iar %re"i#atul #on!ine un .er1 au0iliar +au
2o"al: 1ad % time, % shoul# take a walk. Ia# a$ a.ea ti2% 2-a$ %li21a3
#D %entru a a###entua o anu2it %arte "in %ro%o?i!ie: ./)/0 shall % forget what he #i# for me. N-a2
+ uit ni#io"at #e a /#ut %entru 2ine3
*4' Acor/ul ,ubiectului cu pre/icatul #6ub@ect : Verb Concor/&
En li21a engle?> #a $i @n li21a ro2Bn> .er1ul %re"i#at +e a#or" #u +u1ie#tul @n %er+oan $i nu2r3
pag: /77
*4'*' Acor/ul 0n per,oan1
aD CBn" +u1ie#tul %ro%o?i!iei e+te un %ronu2e %er+onal> .er1ul %re"i#at +au .er1ul au0iliar +e a#or" #u
%ronu2ele %er+onal la %er+oana re+%e#ti.:
- A& Iomanian. She -S my best frien#. 1e 3'/S.7T remember a wor#.
1D En %ro%o?i!iile relati.e> .er1ul +e a#or" @n %er+oan #u +u1+tanti.ul +au #u %ronu2ele %er+onal la #are
+e /a#e re/erirea: %t is he who 3/S/0)/S all the praise. - say it, who A& his sister.
#D Ia# @n+ +u1ie#tul e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un alt %ronu2e +au %rintr-un +u1+tanti.> .er1ul %re"i#ati. e+te
la %er+oana a III-a +ingular $i %lural: ;ho -S that man > These lessons A0/ #ifficult.
"D CBn" +u1ie#tul %ro%o?i!iei e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un +u1+tanti. +au %ronu2e %er+onal> #oor"onat #u un
alt %ronu2e %er+onal %rin inter2e"iul #onAun#!iei an"> .er1ul +e %une la %er+oana a III-a %lural #,iar
"a# ulti2ul %ronu2e> #on/or2 regulilor "e %olite!e> e+te I:
8ou and - A0/ going to the theatre tonight.
8ou and - A0/ going to the theatre tonight.
8ou and - A0/ going to the theatre tonight.
eD CBn" +u1ie#tul #oor"onat %rin either + or re%re?int %er+oane "i/erite> .er1ul +e a#or" #u %ronu2ele
%er+onal #el 2ai a%ro%iat: /ither my mother or - A& at home in the e!ening.
Not: En .or1irea #urent> #on+tru#!iile #a #ea "e +u+ +unt e.itate> %rin /olo+irea unui .er1 au0iliar +au
2o"al #are e+te in.araia1il %entru %er+oan: Eit,er 2H 2ot,er or I TILL 1e at ,o2e in t,e e.ening3
+au %rin /olo+irea a "ou %re%o?i!ii #oor"onate: MH 2ot,er IS at ,o2e in t,e e.ening an" +o a2 I3
*4'.' Acor/ul 0n num1r
A#or"ul @n nu2r +e /a#e:
'D "u% /or2 Ca#or"ul gra2ati#alD5
*D "u% @n!ele+5
6D %rin atra#!ie5
*4'.'*' Acor/ul gramatical #Gramatical Concor/&
A' Acor/ul ,ub,tanti3elor 3ariabile
Regula general a a#or"ului @n nu2r @ntre +u1ie#t $i %re"i#at @n li21a engle? e+te ur2toarea: un
,ubiect la num1rul ,ingular ,e acor/1 cu un 3erb la num1rul ,ingular, iar un ,ubiect la num1rul
plural ,e acor/1 cu un 3erb la num1rul plural' A#e+ta e+te nu2it @n gra2ati# a#or"ul "u% /or2
+au a#or"ul gra2ati#al $i +e a%li# la +u1+tanti.ele nu2ra1ile "in li21a engle?> #are +unt .aria1ile #a
/or2> a.Bn" atBt nu2rul +ingular #Bt $i nu2rul %lural: T,e no.el IP2 rea"ing IS .erH intere+ting3
Ro2anul %e #are-l #ite+# e+te /oarte intere+ant3 T,e+e "i#tionarie+ ARE .erH u+e/ul3 A#e+te "i#!ionare
+unt /oarte /olo+itoare3
%ag: '8)
C' Acor/ul ,ub,tanti3elor in3ariabile la ,ingular
En #a?ul +u1+tanti.elor in.aria1ile> %re"i#atul e+te /ie nu2ai la +ingular> "u% +u1+tanti.e in.aria1ile la
+ingular> /ie nu2ai la %lural> "u% +u1+tanti.e in.aria1ile la %lural> #u #Bte.a +itua!ii +%e#iale @n a21ele
#a?uri3
Su1+tanti.ele in.aria1ile la +ingular +e a#or" #u .er1ul %re"i#at la +ingular3 Iin a#ea+t #la+ "e
+u1+tanti.e /a# %arte:
'D +u1+tanti.e nenu2ra1ile #on#rete: #utter 5'.TA-.S animal fat3 Untul #on!ine gr+i2e ani2al3
*D +u1+tanti.e nenu2ra1ile a1+tra#te: is knowledge of 6nglish -S goo#. Cuno$tin!ele lui "e engle?
+unt 1une3 Ey homework for to#ay -S #ifficult. Te2ele %entru a?i +unt grele3
6D +u1+tanti.ul neU+: The news -S goo#. Ve$tile +unt 1une3
:D nu2ele "e 1oli: &umps -S infectious. 4reionul e+te o 1oal in/e#!ioa+3
;D nu2e "e $tiin!e $i o1ie#te "e +tu"iu: &athematics -S more #ifficult than ,eography3 Mate2ati#a e+te
2ai grea "e#Bt geogra/ia3
7D nu2e "e Ao#uri: #illiards -S a game for a#ults. Biliar"ul e+te un Ao# %entru a"ul!i3
8D unele +u1+tanti.e %ro%rii: Athens is the capital of ,reece. Atena e+te #a%itala Gre#iei3
)D a"Ae#ti.e $i %arti#i%ii a1+tra#te +u1+tanti.i?ate: %n most fairy+stories the good "-41TS against the
e!il. En 2aAoritatea 1a+2elor> 1inele lu%t @2%otri.a rului3
E-cep2ii3 Unele "intre +u1+tanti.ele in.aria1ile la +ingular +e a#or" #u .er1ul la %lural @n anu2ite
+itua!ii:
'D +u1+tanti.e nu2ra1ile #on#rete +e a#or" #u .er1ul la %lural #Bn" "enu2e+# .ariet!i: Iomanian
wines A0/ famous. Vinurile ro2Bne$ti +unt .e+tite3
*D Unele nu2e "e 1oli #a 2u2%+ +e a#or" #u .er1ul la +ingular +au la %lural> /r "eo+e1ire "e +en+:
&umps -S/A0/ infectious.
6D Nu2ele "e $tiin!e +e a#or" #u .er1ul la %lural #Bn" +e re/er la anu2ite %ro%riet!i +au la o +itua!ie
anu2e: The acoustics of the Palace all A0/ !ery goo#. Calitatea a#u+ti# a / A#u+ti#a +lii Falatului
e+te /oarte 1un3
C' Acor/ul ,ub,tanti3elor in3ariabile la plural
Su1+tanti.ele in.aria1ile la %lural +e a#or" #u .er1ul %re"i#at la %lural3 Iin a#ea+t #la+ "e +u1+tanti.e
/a# %arte:
'D +u1+tanti.e #are "enu2e+# o1ie#te /or2ate "in "ou %r!i egale - unelte +au arti#ole "e @21r#2inte
- Csummation pluralsD: ;here A0/ my glasses > Un"e-2i +unt o#,elarii [ These tights A0/ too long.
A#e$ti #iora%i %antalon +unt %rea lungi3
*D alte +u1+tanti.e /olo+ite nu2ai la %lural> ter2inate "e regul @n -+:Cpluralia tantumD All the valua!les
1A)/ been locke# in the safe. Toate o1ie#tele "e .aloare au /o+t @n#uiate @n +ei/3
%ag: '8(
6D +u1+tanti.e ne2ar#ate la %lural: The cattle A0/ gra-ing. Vitele %a+#3 (eople walk in this park on
5un#ays. Lu2ea +e %li21 @n a#e+t %ar# "u2ini#a3
:D a"Ae#ti.ele +au %arti#i%iile %er+onale +u1+tanti.i?ate: The handicapped ATT/.3 special schools.
<an"i#a%a!ii /re#.entea? $#oli +%e#iale3
;D unele +u1+tanti.e %ro%rii: The Alps A0/ the highest mountains in 6urope. Al%ii +unt #ei 2ai @nal!i
2un!i "in Euro%a3
E0#e%!ii3 Su1+tanti.ul %ro%riu the Mnite# 5tates +e a#or" #u .er1ul la +ingular #Bn" e+te %ri.it #a o
unitate: The ,nited States lies in *orth America.
5' Acor/ul ,ubiectelor prece/ate /e cuanti+icatori
Su1ie#tul e0%ri2at %rintr-un +u1+tanti. "eter2inat "e 2anH a +e a#or" #u .er1ul %re"i#at la +ingular:
&any a young girl 30/A&S to become a teacher.
Su1ie#tul e0%ri2at %rin +u1+tanti. "eter2inat "e a great 3a goo#$ #eal, +e a#or" #u .er1ul la +ingular>
"eoare#e @n+o!e$te un +u1+tanti. nenu2ra1il: A great 3a goo#$ #eal of the flour +AS of the best
7uality. A great 3goo#$ many +e re/er la un +u1+tanti. nu2ra1il la %lural $i +e a#or" #u %luralul: A
great many of the stu#ents +/0/ present.
Su1+tanti.ele "eter2inate "e a lot, plenty +e a#or" #u +ingularul #Bn" +unt ur2ate "e +u1+tanti.e
nenu2ra1ile $i #u %luralul #Bn" +unt ur2ate "e +u1+tanti.e nu2ra1ile: There -S a lot of / plenty of
!read on the table. There A0/ a lot of / plenty of children in the schoolyar#.
E' Alte ,itua2ii
All "eter2in a#or"ul la +ingular #Bn" /olo+e$te un +u1+tanti. nenu2ra1il: All the !utter -S on the
table. $i a#or"ul la %lural #Bn" "eter2in un +u1+tanti. nu2ra1il: All the pupils 1A)/ left.
A#or"ul gra2ati#al +e /a#e #u %ronu2ele %er+onale $i "e2on+trati.e: 1e -S !ery goo# at maths. They
A0/ listening to the ra#io. These A0/ his chil#ren.
Cu %ronu2ele ne,otrBt one> #o2%u$ii lui e!ery, some, any Di no, each one, 3n$either, much Di little,
a#or"ul +e /a#e la +ingular: Some!ody 1AS tol# me about his arri!al. %ittle -S knoun about
5hakespeare8s life. /very one 1AS his hobby. 'ne 3'/S.7t like ha!e one8s wor# #oubte#. .either of
them -S right.
Not: '3 Fronu2ele none +e %oate a#or"a $i #u un .er1 la %lural @n engle?a #onte2%orana #Bn" +e re/era
la un +u1+tanti. #u +en+ "e %lural: .one of the pupils A)6 #one their homework for to#ay.
*3 Ie$i %ronu2ele ne,otrBte #on!inBn" bo#y +au one +unt ur2ate "e .er1e la +ingular> %ronu2ele
%er+onale> re/le0i.e +au %o+e+i.e #are +e re/er la ele +unt a"e+ea la nu2rul %lural: /very!ody was
writing as fast as they coul#. .o one ha# faile# in their #uty.
*4'.'.' Acor/ul /up1 0n2ele, #Notional concor/&
A#or"ul "u% @n!ele+ e+te a#or"ul @ntre +u1ie#t $i %re"i#at @n #on/or2itate #u i"eea "e nu2r e0%ri2at
"e +u1ie#t> #are uneori e+te "i/erit "e nu2rul 2ar#at /or2at: All his family A0/ at home.
CSu1+tanti.ul family are /or2 "e +ingular @n a#ea+t %ro%o?i!ie> "ar +en+ "e %lural: To!i 2e21rii /a2iliei
+unt a#a+D3
A#or"ul "u% @n!ele+ are lo# la ur2toarele #la+e "e +u1+tanti.e:
- +u1+tanti.e nu2ra1ile #are %ri2e+# "e+inen!a ?ero la %lural: #eer, 2hinese, works4
- +u1+tanti.ele #ole#ti.e: au#ience, committee, crew, crow#, family etc.4
- +u1+tanti.ele #are e0%ri2 #antitatea +au /elul: !ariety, number, sort. kin#4
- +u1ie#tele #o2%u+e5
- unele %ronu2e3
pag: /'0
A' Acor/ul ,ub,tanti3elor num1rabile cu pluralul zero
Unele gra2ati#i #on+i"er # +u1+tanti.ele nu2ra1ile #u "e+inen!a ?ero la %lural: sheep, 2hinese,
species et#3> +e a#or" #u .er1ul %re"i#at "u% @n!ele+ $i nu "u% /or2> "eoare#e nu %ot /i i"enti/i#ate
#a /iin" la nu2rul +ingular +au %lural "e#Bt #u aAutorul #onte0tului: This sheep is !ery ol#3 4aia a#ea+ta
e /oarte 1trBn3 These sheep give !ery goo# wool. A#e+te oi +au lBn /oarte 1un3
Not: Alte gra2ati#i 2en!ionea? a#e+te +u1+tanti.e @n #a"rul a#or"ului gra2ati#al> ele /iin" ur2ate "e
.er1e la +ingular +au %lural la /el #a $i #elelalte +u1+tanti.e nu2ra1ile:
There I6 a German in the managerQs office3
There I6 a Fapane,e in the managerQs office.
There AE some German, in the managerQs office.
There AE some Fapane,e in the managerQs office.
La +u1+tanti.e nu2ra1ile #are au /or2a "e %lural i"enti# #u +ingularul C%lural ?eroD: sheep, Capanese,
species et#3> nu2rul +u1+tanti.ului +e re#unoa$te "u% /or2a .er1ului %re"i#at3
A#e+ta e+te la +ingular #Bn" +u1+tanti.ul e+te /olo+it #u +en+ "e +ingular: There I6 a /eer at the -oo3 E
un #er1 la gr"ina ?oologi#3
$i la %lural #Bn" +u1+tanti.ul e+te /olo+it #u +en+ %lural: There AE some /eer at the -oo3 Sunt #B!i.a
#er1i la gr"ina ?oologi#3 CFentru +u1+tanti.ele #are /a# %arte "in a#ea+t #la+> .e?i: Q*363*3D3
C' Acor/ul ,ub,tanti3elor colecti3e
Su1+tanti.ele #ole#ti.e - #u /or2 "e +ingular - +e a#or" #u .er1ul la %lural #Bn" re/erirea e+te la
2e21rii #ole#ti.it!ii: All the cre7 AE on #eck3 Tot e#,i%aAul e+te / To!i 2e21rii e#,i%aAului +unt %e
%unte3 The committee GAVE finally agree# on the agen#a of the ne:t meeting3 Me21rii #o2itetului au
#?ut @n +/Br$it "e a#or" a+u%ra or"inii "e ?i a ur2toarei $e"in!e3
Su1+tanti.ele #ole#ti.e iau @n+ /or2 "e +ingular +au "e %lural $i +e a#or" #u .er1ul %re"i#at la +ingular
$i la %lural re+%e#ti.> #Bn" +int /olo+ite #a +u1+tanti.e nu2ra1ile> "enu2in" #ole#ti.itatea #a un @ntreg:
The committee I6 ma#e up of twenty people3 Co2itetul e+te /or2at "in "ou?e#i "e %er+oane3
C' Acor/ul ,ub,tanti3elor e-primEn/ cantitatea ,au 3arietatea
Su1+tanti.e #a: !ariety, number, kin#, sort +e a#or" #u .er1ul la +ingular +au la %lural @n /un#!ie "e +en+:
The number of foreign tourists !isiting Iomania INCEA6E6 e!ery year3 A great number of foreign
touristis GAVE !isite# this country this year3 The !ariety of goo#s in #isplay at the *ational
6:hibition I6 impressi!e3 A great !ariety of goo#s AE on sale at the 6:hibition.
Not: Su1+tanti.ele =in" $i +ort +e a#or" #u .er1ul la %lural @n engleHa /a2iliar: These Oin/ of tools
AE !ery useful.
%ag: ')'
5' Acor/ul ,ubiectelor compu,e
Su1ie#tele al#tuite "in "ou +au 2ai 2ulte ele2ente #are /or2ea? o unitate +e nu2e+# "e o1i#ei
+u1ie#te #o2%u+e $i +e a#or" #u .er1ul %re"i#at la nu2rul +ingular3 Ele %ot /i e0%ri2ate %rin:
'D "ou +u1+tanti.e legate %rin an": The poet an/ mu,ician BA6 in!ite# to talk about his work3 Foetul
2u?i#ian a /o+t in.itat + .or1ea+# "e+%re #rea!ia +a3
*D un +u1+tanti. %re#e"at "e "ou a"Ae#ti.e #oo"onate: A blue an# white cloth BA6 for sale3 Vin"eau
un 2aterial al1 #u al1a+tru3
6D "ou +au 2ai 2ulte in/initi.e #oor"onate %rin an": To take care of the chil#ren, to #o the shopping
an# cook the meals I6 !ery e:hausting3 S ai griA "e #o%ii> + /a#i #u2%rturile $i + gte$ti 2Bn#area
e+te /oarte o1o+itor3
:D e0%re+ii nu2eri#e: T$ree an/ t$ree MAPE6 si:3 T7o Oilo, o+ apple, I6 all % nee#3 !ort% pupil,
MEAN6 a lage class3 !i3e Oilometre, I6 a short #istance3
Not1: En unele #al#ule arit2eti#e +e %oate /olo+i $i %luralului:
T$eree an/ t$ree I6 si:3 !our time, +i3e MAPE twenty.
T$eree an/ t$ree AE si:3 !our time, +i3e MAPE6 twenty.
;D %ro%o?i!ii +u1ie#ti.e: T$at t$e% are lea3ing ,o earl% ANNOI6 me3
E' Acor/ul pronumelor interogati3e
Fronu2ele which $i what +unt ur2ate "e .er1ul %re"i#ati. la +ingular +au %lural @n /un#!ie "e nu2rul
+u1+tanti.ului %e #are @l @nlo#uie+#: B$at MAPE6 him beha!e like that [ Ce-l /a#e + +e #o2%orte
a+t/el [ B$ic$ AE yours [ Care +unt ale tale [
Fronu2ele interogati. who e+te #on+truit "e o1i#ei #u +ingularul: B$o I6 coming to #inner [ Cine .ine
la #in [
En li21a .or1it> +e @ntBlne$te uneori $i un .er1 la %lural "u% who: B$o AE at the table [ Cine e+te la
2a+ [
*4'.'4' Acor/ul prin atrac2ie #Concor/ b% Attraction&
Con/or2 a#or"ului %rin atra#!ie> .er1ul %re"i#at +e a#or" #u +u1+tanti.ul +au %ronu2ele #el 2ai
a%ro%iat3 En li21a engle? e0i+t 2ai 2ulte +itua!ii "e a#or" %rin atra#!ie:
A' Acor/ul ,ubiectelor coor/onate
Con/or2 regulii "e a#or" gra2ati#al> "ou +au 2ai 2ulte +u1ie#te @n ra%ort "e #oor"onare C+u1ie#t
#oo"onatD +e a#or" #u un .er1 %re"i#at la %lural: !at$er an/ Mot$er AE going to the theatre
tonight3 omanian an/ Czec$ beer AE lighter than British beer3 ea/ing an/ 7riting AE taught
in the first form3 Cot$ $er Oin/ne,, an/ $er competence GAVE been appreciate#3
La +u1ie#tele #oor"onate %rin either - or, not only + but also> a#or"ul #u %re"i#atul +e /a#e @n+ %rin
atra#!ie: Eit$er %our +rien/, or %our neig$bour I6 at the #oor3 Eit$er %our neg$bour or %our
+rien/, AE at the #oor3 Not onl% Paul but al,o $i, parent, AE sen#ing you their best regar#s3
La /el +e @ntB2%l #u +u1ie#tele #oor"onate %rin neither + nor:
Neit$er $e nor $i, ,i,ter GA6 phone#3
"e$i @n .or1irea #urent e0i+t ten"in!a "e a#or" #u .er1ul la %lural> @n 2o" +i2ilar #u +u1ie#tele
#oor"onate %rin both + an#:
Neit$er $e nor $i, ,i,ter GAVE phone#3
Aten2ie! CBn" +u1ie#tele +unt legate #u aAutorul unor #u.inte #a with, together with, as well as, no less
than, like, but, e:cept> a#or"ul +e /a#e #u %ri2ul ele2ent3
%ag: ')*
M% ,i,ter, a, 7ell a, m% brot$er, GA6 learne# to #ri!e3 M% +rien/,, togeter 7it$ t$eir teac$er, AE
going fishing3
C' Alte ,itua2ii
A#or"ul @ntre +u1ie#t $i %re"i#at +e /a#e %rin atra#!ie $i @n ur2toarele #a?uri:
'D @n %ro%o?i!iile #u +u1ie#t intro"u#ti. there: TGEE I6 a pen, a rubler an/ ,ome pencil, in the
pencil+case3
*D @n %ro%o?i!ii intro"u+e "e here: GEE AE %our booO, an/ bag3
Not: CBn" +u1+tanti.ele "in enu2era!ie /or2ea? @n+ un an+a21lu> .er1ul e+te "e o1i#ei la %lural> #,iar
"a# %ri2ul +u1+tanti. e+te la +ingular: ere AE %our coat an/ glo3e,3 There AE a table, +our
c$air, an/ a ,o+a in this room.
6D @n %ro%o?i!ii interogati.e: ;here I6 m% coat an/ $at [
:D a#or"ul %rin atra#!ie are lo# $i "u%: more than one, one or two:
More t$an one pupil GA6 e:presse# his satisfaction with the new teacher3 One or t7o c$il/ren AE
still playing in the park3
ELECI6E6
I3 ,=siHi subiectele propo-iHiilor #e mai @os Di spuneHi prin ce sunt e:primate:
'3 S,e +tarte" loo=ing /or ,er gla++e+3 *3 To2> <u#= an" Joe "e#i"e" to run aUaH at "aH1rea=3 63 T,e
1eginning o/ t,e +torH i+ not intere+ting3 :3 E.erH1o"H +aH+ ,e i+ inno#ent3 ;3 T,o a+=e" Hou t,at
Zue+tion[ 73 To lo+e all H%our 1oo=+ loo=+ li=e #arele++ne++3 83 T,e /uture o/ A/ri#a i+ in t,e ,an"+ o/ it+
oUn %eo%le+3 )3 T,ere are no +an"Ui#,e+ le/t3 (3 T,et,er +,e =neU a1out it or not Ua+ U,at trou1le"
,i23 '93 S,e i+ =noUn to 1e a great o%era +inger3 ''3 It i+ e++ential /or u+ to get 1etter re+ult+ in our
Uor=3
II3 Tra#uceHi urm=toarele propo-iHii. IemarcaHi mo#ul #e e:primare al subiectului impersonal sau
generic:
'3 Se +%une # .o2 a.ea o toa2n lung3 *3 Tre1uie + /ii /oarte atent #Bn" #on"u#i %e o +tra" a$a "e
aglo2erat3 63 En a#ea+t !ar +e 1ea 2ult 1ere3 :3 Nu +e $tie ni#io"at3
;3 E+te 2ai u$or + 2ergi #u 1i#i#leta #Bn" .Bntul 1ate "in +%ate3 73 Nu lua @n +ea2 #e ?i#e lu2ea3 83 Se
#re"e # re#olta "e anul a#e+ta .a /i /oarte 1una3
III3 AlegeHi forma corect= a !erbelor #in parante-=, HinKn# seama #e acor#ul #intre subiect Di pre#icat:
'3 T,e lo#al %oli#e C,a+/,a.eD ,el%e" t,e /ire2en to %ut out t,e /ire3 *3 CTa+/TereD t,e neU+ goo"[ 63
CI+/AreD 2at,e2ati#+ Hour /a.ourite +u1Ae#t[ :3 RortunatelH all t,e #reU CUa+/UereD +a.e"3 :3
RortunatelH all t,e #reU CUa+/UereD+a.e"3 ;3 I Uant to =noU i/ t,i+ +%e#ie++ C,a+/,a.eD +ur.i.e"3 73 T,e
%oultrH Ci+/areD /e" t,ree ti2e+ a "aH3 83 Se.eral C,ine+e C,a.e/,a+D #ontri1ute" neU "ata to an
i2%ortant %ie#e o/ re+ear#,3 )3 T,e ro2anian ar2H C,a.e/,a+D alUaH+ /oug,t /or t,e #ountrHM+
in"e%en"en#e3 (3 T,e 2oneH Ci+/areD on t,e ta1le3 '93 A great nu21er o/ %u%il+ C,a.e/,a+D +%ent t,eir
,oli"aH+ in %ioneer+M #a2%3 ''3 T,e .arietH o/ /ruit on "i+%laH Cattra#t/attra#t+D t,e #u+to2er+3
%ag: ')6
IV3 Tra#uceHi urm=toarele propo-iHii Jn limba engle-=. fiin# atenHi la acor#ul subiectelor e:primate
prin substanti!e colecti!e sau substanti!e in!ariabile la singular sau plural:
'3 Ra2ilia 2ea #on+t "in tata> 2a2a> /ratele 2eu $i 2ine3 *3 Ele.ii "in #la+ au /o+t ne"u2eri!i "e
@ntre1rile %ro/e+orului3 63 In/or2a!iile %ri2ite +unt /a.ora1ile3 :3 E#ono2iile ei au /o+t %u+e la 1an#3 ;3
Frul ei e+te "e #uloare #a+tanie3 73 Statele Unite +e @n.e#inea? #u Me0i# $i Cana"a3 83 4a2enii +unt
@ntot"eauna #urio$i3 )3 Se " "e 2Bn#are la %+ri a#u23 (3 Sunt 2ulte /a2ilii tinere @n a#e+t 1lo#3 '93 S-
au #,eltuit o 2ul!i2e "e 1ani %entru utilarea a#e+tui la1orator3 ''3 Gi2na+ti#a e+te @n"rgit @n Ro2Bnia3
'*3 4lan"a +e a/l @n Euro%a "e Ve+t3
V3 2ompletaHi spaHiile libere cu forma potri!it= a !erbului be:
'3 Latin gra22ar333.erH "i//i.ult3 *3 S,a=e+%eareM+ %laH+ 333%er/or2e" all o.er t,e Uorl"3 63 T,o333t,o+e
girl+[ :3 333e.erH1o"H%re+ent[ ;3 Neit,er o/ t,e2333eager to 1egin3 73 Eit,er Hou or I 333 Urong3 83 T,ere333
a lot o/ /oo" +till le/t3 )3 T,ere333 a lot o/ %eo%le on t,e %lat/or23
VI3 Tra#uceHi urm=toarele propo-iHii Jn limba engle-=, fiin# atenHi la acor#ul subiectelor e:primate
prin pronume sau prece#ate #e all cu !erbul pre#icati! #in propo-iHie:
'3 Cine.a 2i-a luat u21rela "in gre$eal3 *3 To!i ele.ii +unt @n #la+3 63 Ni#i unul "intre #ei "oi nu 2ai
e+te tBnr3 :3 Toat 2Bn#area e+te @n /rigi"er3 ;3 Toat lu2ea a +o+it $i toat lu2ea +e +i2te 1ine3 73 Sau
ei +au el a /#ut a+ta3 83 Ni#i unul "in ei nu are "re%ate3 )3 Cine a /#ut a#e+t lu#ru[ (3 Care #r!i +unt ale
tale[ '93 El e+te "e .in> nu ea3
VII3 2ompletaHi spaHiile libere cu forma corect= a !erbelor #in parante-e:
'3 T,e #at> toget,er Uit, =itten+> C1eD %laHing in t,e +un3 *3 MH /at,er> a+ a Uell a+ 2H 2ot,er> C1e9
eager to =noU Hou3 63 Jo,n> along Uit, ,i+ /rien"> ne.er C 2i++D a 1a+=et1all 2at#,3 :3 T,e %ri#i%le+ on
U,i#, ,e Uor=e"> a+ Uell a+ t,e UaH ,e a#t+> C1e a%%re#iate"D 1H ,i+ /elloU +tu"ent+3 Eit,er 2H %arent+
or 2H el"er 1rot,er Ca##o2%anHD 2H Hounger +i+ter to +#,ool3 73 Eit,er Jane or ,er +i+ter+ CUa+,D t,e
"i+,e+ a/ter lun#,3 83 Cri2e an" Funi+,2ent Cran=D a2ong t,e 1e+t no.el+ o/ Uorl" literature3 )3 To treat
t,e2 t,i+ UaH C1eD un/air3 (3 T,ere C1eD t,e +#i++or+[3 '93 T,e+e +ort o/ 2u+,roo2+ C1eD not goo+ to
eat3
VIII3 Tra#uceHi urm=toarele propo-iHii Jn limba engle-=, fiin# atenHi la acor#ul #intre subiect Di
pre#icat:
'3 ;9 "e 2inute e un ti2% +#urt %entru o te?3 *3 MaAoritatea arti#olelor +ale +unt "e #riti# literar3 63
Nu2rul turi$tilor ro2Bni #are @$i %etre# #on#e"iul la 2are #re$te @n /ie#are an3 :3 Ie 1lBn"e!e $i
@n!elegere e+te ne.oie a#u23 ;3 Cine e+te[ E tata $i 2a2a3 73 Fo/ti2 +#ri+oarea $i o#,elarii> 1uni#ule3 83
Iu2ini#a> Il BroUn $i +o!ia 2erg "e o1i#ei la !ar3 )3 Il3 BroUn> @2%reun #u /a2ilia @$i %etre# .a#an!a
la 2are3 (3 En Su1#ar%a!i +e a/l #r1une> /ier $i %etrol3 '93 Ei +unt #ei #are aranAea? totul3 ''3 Fatru ori
?e#e /a# %atru?e#i3 '63 Vinul al1 $i #el ro$u "in Ro2Bnia e+te .e+tit3
%ag: '):
*8' COMP"EMENTU" 5IECT #T$e 5irect Ob@ect&
*8'*' 5e+ini2ie
Co2%le2entul "ire#t e+te %artea +e#un"ar "e %ro%o?i!ie #are "eter2in un .er1 tran?iti. #u /un#!ia "e
%re"i#at @n %ro%o?i!ie3
*8'.' In/icii +ormali ai complementului /irect
In"i#ii /or2ali ai #o2%le2entului "ire#t +unt:
aD #a?ul a#u?ati. #Bn" #o2%le2entul "ire#t e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un %ronu2e %er+onal C#u e0#e%!ia lui itD
+au %rin %ronu2ele interogati.-relati. who: % ha!en8t seen $im for a long time3 Nu l-a2 .?ut "e 2ult3
Tell me 7$om you met there3 S%une-2i %e #ine ai @ntBlnit a#olo3
1D lo#ul @n %ro%o?i!ie> "u% %re"i#atul e0%ri2at %rintr-un .er1 tran?iti.: % #rink milO e!ery #ay3 Beau
la%te @n /ie#are ?i3
#D tran+/or2area la "iate?a %a+i.> @n #are #o2%le2entul "ire#t "e.ine +u1ie#tul /or2al al %ro%o?i!iei:
The ol# woman recogni-e# t$e /ri3er3 BtrBna l-a re#uno+#ut %e $o/er3 T$e /ri3er was recogni-e# by
the ol# woman3 Go/erul a /o+t re#uno+#ut "e 1trBn3
*8'4' E-primarea complementului /irect
Co2%le2entul "ire#t %oate /i e0%ri2at %rin:
aD un +u1+tanti. +au un e#,i.alent al a#e+tuia: e is writing a letter3 El +#rie o +#ri+oare3 % saw t$em
yester#ay3 I-a2 .?ut ieri3 Gf all the books they showe# us we bought t$ree3 Iintre toate #r!ile %e #are
ni le-a artat a2 #u2%rat trei3
1D o #ontru#!ie #o2%le0 - a#u?ati.ul #u in/initi.ul +au #u %arti#i%iul %re?ent> #are e+te "e o1i#ei utili?at
%entru re"u#erea unei %ro%o?i!ii +u1or"onate #o2%leti.e "ire#te: ;e know $im to be our best tennis
player + ;e know t$at $e i, our best tennis player3 Gti2 # el e+te #el 2ai 1un Au#tor "e teni+ al no+tru3
% saw $im cro,,ing the street O % saw t$at $e 7a, cro,,ing the street3
L-a2 .?ut tra.er+Bn" +tra"a3
#D o %ro%o?i!ie +u1or"onat #o2%leti. "ire#t: % suggest t$at %ou ,$oul/' p$one $im at once3 Eu ?i#
+-i tele/one?i i2e"iat3
*8'4'*' Complementul /irect e-primat prin pronume per,onal' E0%ri2area #o2%le2entului "ire#t
%rin %ronu2ele %er+onal it> %rin %ronu2ele re/le0i. $i %rin %ronu2ele re#i%roi# %re?int unele
%arti#ularit!i3
CBn" e+te e0%ri2at %rin %ronu2ele %er+onal it> #o2%le2entul "ire#t %oate /i: 'D anti#i%ati.5 *D
ne+e2ni/i#ati.3
%ag: ');
'D It e+te /olo+it anti#i%ati.> %entru a intro"u#e o %ro%o?i!ie #o2%leti. "ire#t> o #on+tru#!ie #u
in/initi.ul +au /or2a ,erun# "u% .er1e #a think, consi#er, fin#, belie!e4
% consi#er IT important t$at %ou ,$oul/ tell t$em t$e trut$3 Con+i"er i2%ortant #a tu + le +%ui
a"e.rul3 % foun# IT #ifficult to breaO the news3 Mi-a /o+t greu + le +%un .e$tile3 % think IT most
#angerous %our climbing the mountain alone3 Cre" # e+te /oarte %eri#ulo+ + ur#i 2untele +ingur3
*D It ne+e2ni/i#ati.3 Anu2ite .er1e intran?iti.e au "e?.oltat un it> #are +t %e lo#ul unui #o2%le2ent
"ire#t> /iin" un #o2%le2ent "ire#t> /iin" un #o2%le2ent "ire#t /or2al: to lor# it O a o /a#e %e +t%Bnul5
to carry it O a @n.inge5 to catch it O a o %!i5 a o @n#a+a5 to fool it O a 2erge %e Ao+5 to rough it O a /a#e
/a!> a +e "e+#ur#a3
The e:ploresrs ha# to roug$ it when they got into the @ungle3 E0%loratorii au tre1uit + +e "e+#ur#e #Bn"
au aAun+ @n Aungl3
*8'4'.' Complementul /irect e-primat prin pronume re+le-i3' Iin %un#t "e .e"ere al /elului @n #are
.er1ele tran?iti.e @n li21a engle? %ot /i ur2ate +au nu "e un #o2%le2ent "ire#t e0%ri2at %rin %ronu2e
re/le0i.> ele +e @2%art @n:
aD .er1e ur2ate @n 2o" o1ligatoriu "e %ronu2e re/le0i.e5 beha!e oneself, calm oneself, en@oy oneself,
e:cuse oneself, help oneself:
;e en@o%e/ our,el3e, at the cinema3 Ne-a2 "i+trat la #ine2atogra/3
Gelp %our,el+ ! Ser.e$te-te3
1D .er1e ur2ate "e %ronu2e re/le0i.e +au %er+onale @n /un#!ie "e %er+oana a+u%ra #reia +e r+/rBnge
a#!iunea .er1ului: 5he washe# $er,el+3 CEaD +-a +%lat C%e +ineD3 5he washe# $im3 CEaD l-a +%lat C%e elD3
e hurt $er3 CElD a lo.it-o3 e hurt $im,el+3 CElD +-a lo.it3
Alte .er1e "e a#ela$i /el +unt: #ress, comb, sha!e, hi#e3
Not: En li21a .or1it +e tin"e +%re o2iterea %ronu2elui re/le0i.: 5he washe# an# #resse# in a hurry3
S-a +%lat $i @21r#at @n gra13
#D .er1e #are %ot /i ur2ate +au nu "e %ronu2e re/le0i.e> #u "i/eren!iere "e +en+: e applie/ $im,el+ to
the task3 S-a a%u#at "e trea13 e applie/ for a @ob3 A /#ut #erere "e +er.i#iu3
*8'4'4' Complementul /irect e-primat prin pronume reciproce
Co2%le2entul "ire#t e+te e0%ri2at:
aD %rin %ronu2ele re#i%ro#e each other O unul %e altul / #ellalt> #Bn" e+te .or1a "e "ou %er+oane: The
two boys helpe# eac$ ot$er to #o the translation3 Cei "oi 1ie!i +-au aAutat Cunul %e altulD + /a#
tra"u#erea3
1D %rin: one another O unul %e altul / #ellalt> #Bn" e+te .or1a "e 2ai 2ulte %er+oane: The chil#ren
helpe# one anot$er in cleaning the classroom3 Co%ii +-au aAutat unul %e altul + /a# #ur!enie a#a+3
*8'8' ntrebuin2area complementelor /irecte
Co2%le2entele "ire#te +unt @ntre1uin!ate "u% ur2toarele #la+e "e .er1e:
aD Ver1e tran?iti.e ur2ate "e un #o2%le2ent "ire#t: seat, #rink, lo!e, meet, nee#, rea#, seek, write:
I nee/ your a#!ice3 A2 ne.oie "e +/atul tu3
%ag: ')7
1D Ver1e tran?iti.e ur2ate "e "ou #o2%le2ente "ire#te: ask, en!y, sa!e, strike, teach:
e taug$ the chil#ren arithmetic3 Le-a %re"at #o%iilor arit2eti#a3 ;e a,Oe/ him se!eral 7uestions3 I-a2
%u+ 2ai 2ulte @ntre1ri3
#D Ver1e tran?iti.e ur2ate "e un #o2%le2ent "ire#t $i un #o2%le2ent in"ire#t:
bring, gi!e, han#, len#, offer, rea# et#3:
e ga3e sweets to the chil#ren3 Le-a "at #o%iilor "ul#iuri3 e $an/e/ her the letter3 I-a @n2Bnat
+#ri+oarea3
"D Ver1e tran?iti.e ur2ate "e un #o2%le2ent "ire#t $i un #o2%le2ent %re%o?i!ional: accuse of, compare
with, congratulate on, pre!ent from:
;e congratulate/ him on his promotion3 L-a2 /eli#itat %entru %ro2o.are3
Complementul /irect intern CThe 2ognate Gb@ectD
E0i+t $i unele .er1e intan?ii.e #are %ot a.ea un #o2%le2ent "ire#t3 A#e+ta e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un
+u1+tanti. #are %ro.ine "in a#eea$i r"#in #u .er1ul "eter2inat +au e+te @nru"it +e2nati# #u el: smile a
smile, sing a song, laugh a laugh, fight a fight " a battle, #ance a #ance.
En a#e+t #a?> .er1ul +e #o2%ort #a un .er1 tran?iti.: e li3e/ a long an# happy life3 A trit o .ia!
lung $i /eri#it3 ?ast night I /reamt a strange /ream3 Noa%tea tre#ut a2 .i+at un .i+ #iu"at3
Not1: Con+tru#!iile #u #o2%le2ente interne +unt #ara#teri+ti#e li21ii literare $i "u% #u2 +e .e"e $i "in
e0e2%lele "e 2ai +u+> #o2%le2entele +unt "e o1i#ei @n+o!ite "e atri1ute3
*8'9' Verbe tranziti3e cu un complement /irect
A#e+te .er1e re%re?int 2aAoritatea .er1elor tran?iti.e "in li21a engle?3 E0e2%lele +unt nu2eroa+e:
#rink, eat, lo!e, meet, nee#R, rea# et#3
"ocul a#e+tor #o2%le2ente "ire#te @n %ro%o?i!ie e+te i2e"iat "u% .er1ul tran?iti.> @naintea
#o2%le2entelor #ir#u2+tan!iale: 5he speaks Engli,$ well3 Vor1e$te 1ine engle?e$te3 % nee# t$e booO
tomorrow3 A2 ne.oie "e #arte 2Bine3
Tran,+ormarea pa,i313 CBn" o %ro%o?i!ie #on!inBn" un %re"i#at e0%ri2at %rintr-un .er1 tran?iti. $i un
#o2%le2ent "ire#t e+te tran+/or2at la "iate?a %a+i.> #o2%le2entul "ire#t "e.ine +u1ie#tul "iate?ei
%a+i.e> iar +u1ie#tul +e tran+/or2 @n #o2%le2entul "e agent: The pupils lo!e# t$eir teac$er' T$e
teac$er was lo!e# by his pupils3 Fro/e+orul era iu1it "e ele.ii lui3
*8';' Verbele tranziti3e cu /ou1 complemente /irecte
A#e+te .er1e +unt %u!ine la nu2r: ask, en!y, sa!e, strike, teach:
Fi# she a,O you any 7uestions [ !i-a %u+ .reo @ntre1are [
Iintre #ele "ou #o2%le2ente "ire#te> %ri2ul "e+e2nea? o %er+oan iar al "oilea un o1ie#t: e taught
TGE CGI"5EN a ne7 le,,on3 Le-a %re"at ele.ilor o nou le#!ie3 They en!ie# U6 our ,ucce,,3 Ne
in.i"iau %entru +u##e+ul no+tru3
Not1: En li21a ro2Bn> #o2%le2entul %er+oanei e+te "e regul in"ire#t3 CVe?i tra"u#erile e0e2%lelor "e
2ai +u+D
%ag: ')8
Tran,+ormarea pa,i313 Con+tru#!iile #u "ou #o2%le2ente "ire#te au "ou tran+/or2ri %a+i.e:
e taught us a lesson.
"e.ine:
'D ;e were talught a lesson3
+au:
*D A lesson was taught to us3
Varianta /re#.ent e+te C'D #u #o2%le2entul %er+onal /olo+it #a +u1ie#t @n #on+tru#!ia %a+i.>
#o2%le2entul o1ie#tului /iin" re!inut3
En .arianta C*D> #o2%le2entul o1ie#tului "e.ine +u1ie#tul %ro%o?i!iei> iar #o2%le2entul %er+oanei e+te
intro"u+ "e %re%o?i!ia to3
*8'=' Verbele tranziti3e cu un complement /irect i un complement in/irect
A#e+te .er1e +unt ur2ate "e #ele "ou #o2%le2ente @n or"inea #o2%le2ent "ire#t - #o2%le2ent
in"ire#t: % bought the blouse for mother3 A2 #u2%rat 1lu?a %entru 2a2a3 % ga!e the notebook to
Eary3 I-a2 "at #aietul "e noti!e Mariei3
Not: '3 4r"inea #o2%le2ent "ire#t - #o2%le2ent in"ire#t e+te /olo+it "e+eori %entru a##entuare: &ou
must pay the money to $er #not to $im&3 Tre1uie +-i %lte$ti ei 1anii Cnu luiD3
*3 En alte #a?uri a#ea+t or"ine e+te o1ligatorie:
aD #Bn" #o2%le2entul in"ire#t e+te ur2at "e o %ro%o?i!ie +u1or"onat: e ga!e a book to his frien#
who is !isiting him. I-a "at o #arte %rietenului %e #are @l .i?ita3
1D #Bn" #ele "ou #o2%le2ente +unt e0%ri2ate %rin %ronu2e %er+onale: % ga!e it to her3 I-a2 "at-o ei3
#D "u% .er1ele #a: a##ress, announce, comunicate etc.: % communicate# the result of the e:periment to
e!erybo#y concerne#. A2 #o2uni#at re?ultatul e0%eri2entului tuturor #elor intere+a!i3
4r"inea #elor "ou #o2%le2ente %oate /i $i: .er1 tran?iti. ^ #o2%le2ent in"ire#t^#o2%le2ent "ire#t3
En a#e+t #a?> %re%o?i!ia to +au for e+te o2i+: % bought mother a blouse. % ga!e Eary the notebook.
Tran,+ormarea pa,i313 CBn" %ro%o?i!ia #u un #o2%le2ent "ire#t $i unul in"ire#t e+te tran+/or2at la
"iate?a %a+i.> a21ele #o2%le2ente %ot "e.eni +u1ie#te:
A#ti.: They showe# u, t$e $ou,e'
aD Fa+i.: BE were shown t$e U63
Co2%le2entul "ire#t "e.ine +u1ie#t> iar #el in"ire#t @$i %+trea? /un#!ia> e+te #o2%le2entul in"ire#t
re!inut Cretaine" in"ire#t o1Ae#tD3
1D T$e $ou,e was shown to U63
Co2%le2entul "ire#t "e.ine +u1ie#t> iar #el in"ire#t @$i %+trea? /un#!ia> e+te #o2%le2ent in"ire#t
re!inut Cretaine# in#irect ob@ect$.
Iire#!ia "intre #ele "ou .ariante #on+t @n /a%tul # %ri2a a##entuea? %er+oana iar #ea "e a "oua
o1ie#tul> 2ai /re#.ent @n .or1irea #urent /iin" %ri2a3
%ag: '))
*8'>' Verbele tranziti3e urmate /e un complement /irect i unul prepozi2ional
Iin a#ea+t #la+ /a# %arte .er1e #a: blame smb. for smth3 O a "a .ina %e #ine.a %entru #e.a> charge
smb. with smth3O a a#u?a %e #ine.a "e #e.a5 cure smb. of smth. O a .in"e#a %e #ine.a "e #e.a> #epri!e
smb.of smth3O a li%+i "e #ine.a "e #e.a> help smb.with smth. O a aAuta %e #ine.a #u #e.a> et#3:
Fi# the #octor manage to cure the chil# of the chil# that #isease [ A reu$it "o#torul + .in"e#e #o%ilul
"e 1oala a#eea [ They charge# him with an important mission3 I +-a "at o 2i+iune i2%ortant3
4r"inea a#e+tor #o2%le2ente @n %ro%o?i!ie e+te: .er1 tran?iti. ^ #o2%le2ent "ire#t ^ #o2%le2ent
%re%o?i!ional: % helpe# him with his homework3
CBn" #o2%le2entul "ire#t are o #o2%linire +au e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-o %ro%o?i!ie +u1or"onat>
#o2%le2entul %re%o?i!ional e+te a$e?at i2e"iat "u% .er1: They accepte# with great pleasure the
in!itation sent by our foreign tra#e company3 Au a##e%tat #u 2are %l#ere in.ita!ia tri2i+ "e
@ntre%rin"erea noa+tr "e #o2er! e0terior3
En tran,+ormarea pa,i31 a unui .er1 tran?iti. ur2at "e un #o2%le2ent "ire#t $i unul %re%o?i!ional>
#o2%le2entul "ire#t "e.ine +u1ie#tul /or2al al %ro%o?i!iei> iar #el %re%o?i!ional e+te re!inut: ;e
congratulate# him on his success. e was congratulate# on his success.
*9' COMP"EMENTU" IN5IECT #T$e In/irect Ob@ect&
*9'*' 5e+ini2ie
Co2%le2entul in"ire#t e+te %artea +e#un"ar "e %ro%o?i!ie #are in"i# %er+oana Crareori lu#rulD a+u%ra
#reia +e re+/rBnge @n 2o" in"ire#t a#!iunea .er1ului3
*9'.' In/icii +ormali ai complementului in/irect
In"i#ii /or2ali ai #o2%le2entului in"ire#t +unt:
aD #a?ul "ati.> #Bn" #o2%le2entul in"ire#t e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un %ronu2e %er+onal C#u e0#e%!ia lui itD
+au %rin %ronu2ele interogati.-relati. who> %re#e"at "e %re%o?i!ia to +au for: Please, sen# a postcar# to
me3 Te rog tri2ite-2i o ilu+trat3 To 7$om #i# you len# the tape recor#er [ Cui i-ai @2%ru2utat
2agneto/onul [
1D lo#ul @n %ro%o?i!ie:
- "u% #o2%le2entul "ire#t ^ %re%o?i!ia to +au for: e sol# his car to $i, neig$bour3 Gi-a .Bn"ut
2a$ina .e#inului3 5he bought a new shirt +or $er brot$er3 A #u2%rat o #2a$ nou %entru /ratele ei3-
@naintea #o2%le2entului "ire#t> /r %re%o?i!ie: Tom sol# u, his car3 5he bought $er brot$er a new
shirt3
%ag: ')(
#D tran+/or2area la "iate?a %a+i.> @n #are #o2%le2entul in"ire#t al %er+oanei:
- poate "e.eni +u1ie#tul /or2al al %ro%o?i!iei: Peter promise# the tickets to u,3 Be were promise# the
tickets C1H FeterD3
- %oate /i #o2%le2ent in"ire#t re!inut: They showe# the town to u,3 The town was shown to u,3
*9'4' E-primarea complementului in/irect
Co2%le2entul in"ire#t e+te e0%ri2at "e regul %rintr-un +u1+tanti. +au e#,i.alent al a#e+tuia> %re#e"at
"e %re%o?i!ia to +au for:
;e offere# flowers to our teac$er3
;e offere# flowers to $er3
5he bought books +or $er c$il/ren3
5he bought books +or t$em3
Fre%o?i!ia to +au for +e o2ite:
aD #Bn" #o2%le2entul in"ire#t +e a/l i2e"iat "u% .er1: Eother ga!e t$e c$il/ren some san#wiches3
Ma2a le-a "at #o%iilor ni$te +an".i$uri3 ;e sent $er a message. I-a2 tri2i+ un 2e+aA3
1D "u% .er1e #a: affor#, allow, forgi!e, refuse, spare:
2an you spare me a few minutes [ E2i %ute!i a#or"a #Bte.a 2inute [ Allow me to ask a 7uestion3
Fer2ite!i-2i + %un o @ntre1are3
*9'8' ntrebuin2area complementului in/irect
Co2%le2entul in"ire#t e+te @ntre1uin!at:
aD "u% .er1e tran?iti.e ur2ate "e un #o2%le2ent "ire#t $i unul in"ire#t> a #ror or"ine %oate /i
+#,i21at> @2%reun #u o2iterea %re%o?i!iei for: buy, choose, #o, lea!e, make, or#er, reser!e, sa!e:
5he GIF6I6F a new #ress +or $er,el+3 5he GIF6I6F $er,el+ a new #ress3 Gi-a #o2an"at o ro#,ie
nou3
1D "u% .er1e tran?iti.e ur2ate "e un #o2%le2ent "ire#t $i unul in"ire#t> a #ror or"ine %oate /i
+#,i21at> @2%reun #u o2iterea %re%o?i!iei to: bring, gi!e, han#, offer, owe, promise, re#, show et#3
e showe# the stamp book. to the !isitors3 e showe# t$e 3i,itor, t$e ,tamp booO3 Le-a artat
.i?itatorilor #la+orul3
#D "u% .er1e tran?iti.e ur2ate "e un #o2%le2ent "ire#t $i "e un #o2%le2ent in"ire#t ^ %re%o?i!ia to @n
a#ea+t or"ine: a##ress, announce, communicate, #escribe, e:plain, intro#uce, mention, relate, repeat,
say, translate> et#3:
The boy e:plaine# e3er%t$ing to $i, +at$er3 Biatul a e0%li#at totul tatlui +u3
%ag: '(9
*9'9' "ocul complementului in/irect
Co2%le2entul in"ire#t @n %ro%o?i!ie e+te a$e?at "e regul:
aD "u% #o2%le2entul "ire#t C^%re%o?i!ia to +au forD: e sai# goo#bye to t$em3 Le-a +%u+ la re.e"ere3
5he ma#e coffee +or all o+ u,3 A /#ut #a/ea %entru to!i3
1D @naintea #o2%le2entului "ire#t3 #Bn" #o2%le2entul "ire#t e+te 2ai lung +au ur2at "e o %ro%o?i!ie
+u1or"onat> %re%o?i!ia to +au /or /iin" o2i+: % bought Gellen all the 6nglish books % saw in the
bookshop3 I-a2 #u2%rat Elenei toate #r!ile engle?e$ti %e #are le-a2 .?ut @n li1rrie3
Not: Co2%le2entele in"ire#te "u% .er1ele ur2ate o1ligatoriu "u% %re%o?i!ia to nu %ot /i a$e?ate "e
regul @naintea #o2%le2entelor "ire#te> iar %re%o?i!ia to nu %oate /i o2i+: 5he intro/uce/ her husban#
to the people present. Gi-a %re?entat +o!ul #elor "e /a!3
Iar $i: 5he e:plaine# to him the new regulations " how she ha# the information3 I-a e0%li#at noul
regula2ent / #u2 a o1!inut in/or2a!ia3
#D la @n#e%utul %ro%o?i!iei> %entru +u1liniere: To her> % ga!e the #ictionary, not to him. Ei i-a2 "at
"i#!ionarul $i nu lui3 !or $er chil#ren she #oes her best3 Fentru #o%iii ei ea /a#e totul3
*9';' Tran,+ormarea pa,i31
Ver1ele tran?iti.e ur2ate "e #o2%le2ente "ire#te $i in"ire#te +e @2%art @n "ou 2ari gru%e> "u% /elul @n
#are +e tran+/or2 la "iate?a %a+i.:
aD Unele .er1e au o +ingur tran+/or2are> @n #are #o2%le2entul "ire#t "e.ine +u1ie#tul %ro%o?i!iei
%a+i.e> iar #el in"ire#t e+te re!inut3 A+e2enea .er1e +unt #ele "e la %un#tul C#D #a%3';3:3 ur2ate
o1ligatoriu "e %re%o?i!ia to: e con!eye# the 2e++age to t$em3 T,e 2e++age was con!eye# to t$em3
$i "e la %un#tul aD ur2ate "e %re%o?i!ia for: a!e you left anH/oo" +or t$e ot$er,[ as anH/oo" been
left +or t$e ot$er,[
1D alte .er1e #a: gi!e, tell, show, promise au "ou tran+/or2ri %a+i.e3
Tran+/or2area 2ai /re#.ent e+te #ea @n #are #o2%le2entul in"ire#t al %er+oanei "e.ine +u1ie#t> iar
#o2%le2entul "ire#t e+te re!inut:
A#ti.: The teacher ga!e the pri-e to Mar%3
Fa+i.: Mar% was gi!en the pri-e3
E+te %o+i1il $i tran+/or2area:
T,e %ri?e was gi!en to Mar%> @n #are #o2%le2entul "ire#t "e.ine +u1ie#t> iar #o2%le2entul in"ire#t e+te
re!inut3 A#ea+t tran+/or2are e+te /olo+it 2ai rar3
*;' Complementul prepozi2ional #T$e Prepo,itional Ob@ect&
*;'*' 5e+ini2ie'
Co2%le2entul %re%o?i!ional e+te %artea +e#un"ar "e %ro%o?i!ie #are "eter2in %re"i#atul %ro%o?i!iei
e0%ri2at %rintr-un .er1 tran?iti. +au intran?iti.3
%ag: '('
*;'.' In/icii +ormali ai complementului prepozi2ional'
In"i#ii /or2ali ai #o2%le2entului %re%o?i!ional +unt:
aD #a?ul a#u?ati.> #Bn" #o2%le2entul %re%o?i!ional e+te e0%ri2at %rin %re%o?i!ie %lu+ %ronu2e %er+onal
C#u e0#e%!ia lui itD> %ronu2e re/le0i. +au %ronu2e interogati. relati. who: 5he looke# at $im3 S-a uitat
la el3 5he looke# at $er,el+ in the mirror3 S-a %ri.it @n oglin"3
1D lo#ul @n %ro%o?i!ie:
- "u% %re"i#at #Bn" a#e+ta e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un .er1 intran?iti.: e was talking 7it$ $i, +rien/,3
Vor1ea #u %rietenii lui3
- "u% #o2%le2entul "ire#t #Bn" %re"i#atul e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un .er1 tran?iti.: as anyone
compare# the translation 7it$ t$e original[ A #o2%arat #ine.a tra"u#erea #u originalul[
#D tran+/or2area la "iate? %a+i. @n #are unele .er1e intran?iti.e #u %re%o?i!ie o1ligatorie +e #o2%ort #a
.er1e tran?iti.e> %re%o?i!ia r2BnBn" ata$at "e .er1> iar ele2entul no2inal "in #o2%le2entul
%re%o?i!ional "e.enin" +u1ie#tul /or2al al %ro%o?i!iei: ,ran#mother looke# A!TE t$e c$il/ren' T$e
c$il/ren were looke# A!TE by their gran#mother3
*;'4' E-primarea complementului prepozi2ional'
Co2%le2entul %re%o?i!ional e+te e0%ri2at %rin:
aD un +u1+tanti. +au e#,i.alent al a#e+tuia %re#e"at "e o %re%o?i!ie: e is looking +or $i, tie3 E$i #aut
#ra.ata3 % ran a+ter t$em3 A2 /ugit "u% ei3
1D o #on"tru#!ie in/initi.al +au gerun"ial> %re#e"at "e o %re%o?i!ie: ;oul# they agree to ,tart at
once[ Ar /i "e a#or" + @n#e%e2 i2e"iat[ e boasts o+ being the best football player in the school3 Se
lau" # e+te #el 2ai 1un Au#tor "e /ot1al "in $#oal3
#D o %ro%o?i!ie +u1or"onat: e boasts t$at $e i, t$e be,t +ootball pla%er in t$e ,c$ool'
*;'8' ntrebuin2area complementului prepozi2ional
Co2%le2entul %re%o?i!ional e+te @ntre1uin!at "u%:
aD .er1e intran?iti.e #u %re%o?i!ie o1ligatorie: care for, complain of, #epen# on, hint at, insist on, long
for, look at, pass for, warn of, won#er at, worry about: The success of the picnic will 5EPEN5 on t$e
7eat$er3 Su##e+ul %i#ni#ului .a "e%in"e "e .re2e3 ;oul# you CAE +or one o+ t$e,e painting, [ _i-
ar %la#e unul +intre a#e+te ta1louri[ 5he COMP"AINE5 o+ t$e $eat3 Se %lBngea "e #l"ur3
1D .er1e intran?iti.e #u "ou %re%o?i!ii: agree with smb about smth, argue with smb about smth3
#D .er1e tran?iti.e #u %re%o?i!ie o1ligatorie: ac7uaint smb with smth, a#!ise smb. about smth, assure
smb of smth, blame smb for smth, bother smb. with smth, con!ince smb, of smth, entrust smb with smth,
mistake smb. for smth, warn smb about smth:
%ag: '(*
% warne# him about t$e /anger3 L-a2 a.erti?at "e %eri#ol3
"D a"Ae#ti.e +au %arti#i%ii #are @n"e%line+# /un#!ia "e nu2e %re"i#ati# @ntr-un %re"i#at no2inal> ur2ate "e
o %re%o?i!ie o1ligatorie:
about: e was EA6ONAC"E about $er /eci,ion3
at: 5he is GOO5 at c$emi,tr%3
in: e is INTEE6TE5 in a,tronom%'
of: Iomania8s foreign tra#e is CA6E5 on co:operation an/ eRual rig$t,3
with: Ge i, ANGI 7it$ %our be$a3iour3
Alte a"Ae#ti.e $i %arti#i%ii ur2ate "e a#e+te %re%o?i!ii +unt:
- angry, gla#, happy, ma#, annoye#, please# worrie# ^ ACOUT5
- angry, ba#, cle!er, hopeless, terrible, alarme#, amuse#, annoye#, #elighte#, please# ^ AT5
- efficient, fortunate, lucky, persistent, 3un$successful ^ IN5
- afrai#, certain, conscious, fon#, gla#, con!ince#, scare# ^ O!5
- #epen#ent, insistent, keen, lent, set ^ ON5
- busy, 3un$comfortable, 3in$compatible, content, furious, 3un$happy, impatient, sick, uneasy, annoye#,
bore#, concerne#, #elighte#, #isaplointe#, e:cite#, e:hauste#, horrifie#, obsesse#, occupie#, o!ercome,
please#, satisfie#, upset ^ BITG3
*;'9' "ocul complementului prepozi2ional 0n propozi2ie
Lo#ul #o2%le2entului %re%o?i!ional @n %ro%o?i!ie e+te "e o1ie#ei:
aD "u% nu2ele %re"i#ati. e0%ri2at %rintr-un a"Ae#ti. +au %arti#i%iu: 5he was con!ince# o+ $i, lo%alt%3
Era #on.in+ "e loialitatea lui3
1D "u% #o2%le2entul "ire#t> @n #a?ul unui .er1 tran?iti.: *obo#y pre!ents your frien# +rom a,Oing
t$at Rue,tion3 Ni2eni nu-l @2%ie"i# %e %rietenul tu + %un a#ea+t @ntre1area3
*;';' Tran,+ormarea pa,i31
Unele .er1e intran?iti.e #u %re%o?i!ie o1ligatorie: agree about " on"to, aim, at, argue about, arrange
for, ask for, belie!e in, call for, call on, concei!e of, laugh at, look at, look for, look afeter, look into,
run o!er, sleep in, speek of " about, talk of, think of, write about et#3> +e #o2%ort #a .er1e tran?iti.e @n
tran+/or2area %a+i.3
Ele2entul no2inal "in #o2%le2entul %re%o?i!ional "e.ine +u1ie#tul %ro%o?i!iei %a+i.e> iar %re%o?i!ia
r2Bne "u% .er1: A bus ran OVE t$e neig$bourH, a /og' T%$e neig$bourH, /og was run OVE
by a bus3
En tran+/or2area %a+i. a .er1elor tran?iti.e ur2ate "e un #o2%le2ent "ire#t $i "e unul %re%o?i!ional>
#o2%le2entul "ire#t "e.ine +u1ie#tul %ro%o?i!iei %a+i.e> iar #el %re%o?i!ional e+te re!inut: They bothere#
GIM 7it$ ,ill% Rue,tion,' GE was bethere# 7it$ ,ill% Rue,tion,3
%ag: '(6
*=' Elementul pre/icati3 ,uplimentar #T$e Pre/icati3e A/@unct&
*='*' 5e+ini2ie
Ele2entul %re"i#ati. +u%li2entar e+te %artea +e#un"ar "e %ro%o?i!ie #are "eter2in atBt %re"i#atul>
e0%ri2at %rintr-un .er1 tran?iti.> #Bt $i un +u1+tanti. +au @nlo#uitor al a#e+tuia #are are /un#!ia "e
#o2%le2ent "ire#t al %re"i#atului: 5he COI"E5 t,e egg har# O 5he COI"E5 t,e egg3 T,e egg was
$ar/3
*='.' E-primarea elementului pre/icati3 ,uplimentar
Ele2entul %re"i#ati. +u%li2entar e+te e0%ri2at "e regul %rin:
aD +u1+tanti.> "u% .er1e #a appoint, choose, elect, proclaim, call, name:
The elect Er Brown 3as$ c$airman3 L-au ale+ %e "l3BroUn %re$e"inte3 They nominate# him Pre,i/ent 3
L-au "e+e2nat %re$e"inte3 They ha!e name# the baby5an3 L-au nu2it %e #o%il Ian3
1D un a"Ae#ti. C#are e0%ri2 +tarea +au #on"i!ia #a re?ultat al a#!iunii .er1uluiD> "u% .er1e #a: boil
C,ar"D> bake C,ar"D> open CUi"eD> #ri!e C#ra?H> 2a"D> break Co%enD> wash C#leanD> push Co%en> +,utD>
paint CU,ite> greenD> et#3:
2an you push the gate open [ Fo!i + "e+#,i?i %oarta [ They8!e painte# the fence 7$ite3 Au .o%+it
gar"ul al13
*='4' "ocul elementului pre/icati3 ,uplimentar
Lo#ul ele2entului %re"i#ati. +u%li2entar e+te "u% #o2%le2entul "ire#t e0%ri2at %rintr-un +u1+tanti.
+au %ronu2e @n a#u?ati.D #are ur2ea? %re"i#atul Ce0%ri2at %rintr-un .er1 tran?iti.D: They electe# him
pre,i/ent3 Push the #oor open3
*>' Con,truc2iile comple-e #Comple- Con,truction,&
*>'*' 5e+ini2ie
Ter2enul "e #on+tru#!ii #o2%le0e +e re/er la #on+tu#!iile in/initi.ale> %arti#i%iale $i gerun"iale> #are +unt
/olo+ite "e o1i#ei %entru re"u#erea unor %ro%o?i!ii +u1or"onate la %r!i +e#un"are "e %ro%o?i!ie3 A#e+te
#on+tru#!ii +unt:
%ag: '(:
A#u?ati. #u - in/initi.
- %arti#i%iu %re?ent
- %arti#i%iu tre#ut
No2inati. #u - in/initi.
- %arti#i%iu %re?ent
In/initi. #u for - to
No2inati.ul a1+olut #u -in/initi
- %arti#i%iu %re?ent
- %arti#i%iu tre#ut
Con+tru#!iile gerun"iale
*>'.' Caracteri,ticile con,truc2iilor comple-e
*>'.'*' Con+tru#!iile #o2%le0e au caracter pre/icati3> "eoare#e @ntre #ei "oi 2e21ri ai #on+tru#!iei:
ele2entul no2inal Cre%re?entat "e regul %rintr-un a#u?ati. +au no2inati.D $i ele2entul .er1al
Cre%re?entat %rintr-un in/initi.> /or2 @n -ing +au %arti#i%iu tre#utD> e0i+t un ra%ort %re"i#ati. i2%li#it3
Ror2a ne%er+onal a .er1ului /un#!ionea? #a %re"i#at al ele2entului no2inal> "ar a#ea+t /un#!ie e+te
#on+i"erat i2%li#it $i nu e0%ri2at> "eoare#e /or2ele ne%er+onale nu +unt 2ar#ate /or2al %entru
re"area #ategoriei "e %er+oan3 Cara#terul %re"i#ati. al ra%ortului "intre #ele "ou ele2ente reie+e "in
/un#!ia a#e+tor #on+tru#!ii> "e @nlo#uire +au re"u#ere a unor %ro%o?i!ii +u1or"onate> "e#i a unor ele2ente
+inta#ti#e #on!inBn" %re"i#at: Te =noU ,er to 1e a gi/te" a#tre++ O ;e know t$at ,$e is a gifte# actress3
Gti2 # ea e+te o a#tri! /oarte 1un3
')3*3*3 En/initi.ul> %arti#i%iul %re?ent $i %arti#i%iul tre#ut /or2ea? @2%reun #u ele2entul no2inal
#on+tru#!ii +i2ilare:
Con+tru#!ii #o2%le0e
#u a#u?ati.ul #u no2inati.ul no2inati.ul a1+olut
A#u?ati. #u in/initi.:
They warne# me not to be late'
No2inati. #u in/initi.:
I was warne# not to be late3
No2inati. a1+olut #u in/initi.:
e sent the books first> t$e
,tationer% to come later3
A#u?ati. #u %arti#i%iu %re?ent:
5he coul# feel $er $eart
beating'
No2inati. #u %arti#i%iu
%re?ent:
Ge was notice# ,tan/ing near
the #oor3
No2inati. a1+olut #u %arti#i%iu
%re?ent:
T$e 3alue o+ S-T being Ono7n>
the !alue of SyT can be foun#.
A#u?ati. #u %arti#i%iu tre#ut:
% want t$i, 7orO +ini,$e/
RuicOl%3
-
-
No2inati. a1+olut #u %arti#i%iu
tre#ut:
Gi, ta,O per+orme/> he left the
office3
*>'.'4' Ieo+e1irile "intre #ele trei /eluri "e #on+tru#!ii reie+ "in 2o"ul @n #are e+te %ri.it a#!iunea:
%ag: '(;
aD En #on+tru#!iile in/initi.ale ne intere+ea? a#!iunea @n +ine> /a%tul %etre#ut> #are e+te .?ut #a @n#,eiat:
;e saw him come COthat he cameD3 A2 .?ut #-a .enit3
1D @n #on+tru#!iile #u %arti#i%iul @n -ing> a#!iunea e+te .?ut @n "e+/$urare: ;e saw him coming COthat
he was comingD3 L-a2 .?ut .enin"3
#D @n #on+tru#!iile #u %arti#i%iul tre#ut> a#!iunea e+te %ri.it #a un re?ultat: ;e foun# the log cabin
#eserte#3 A2 g+it #a1ana %r+it3
')3*3:3 Run#!iile +inta#ti#e ale a#e+tor #on+tru#!ii +unt ur2toarele:
'D #o2%le2entul "ire#t #o2%le0 C#on+tru#!iile #u a#u?ati.ulD: % saw t$e ambulance coming3 A2 .?ut
+o+in" 2a$ina +al.rii3 ;e ha# our $ou,e repaire/ an/ painte/3 Ne-au re%arat $i .o%+it #a+a3
*D +u1ie#t #o2%le0 C#on+tru#!iile #u no2inati.ulD: T$i, part o+ t$e lan/ is belie!e# to $a3e been un#er
the sea3 Se #re"e # a#e+t #ol! "e %2Bnt a /o+t +u1 a%3 Ge happene# to gi3e the best solution3 S-a
@ntB2%lat #a el + "ea #ea 2ai 1un +olu!ie3 Ge was seen pa,,ing the shop3 A /o+t .?ut tre#Bn" %rin /a!a
2aga?inului3
6D #o2%le2ent #ir#un+tan!ial Cno2inati.ul a1+olutD: E3er%bo/% being pre,ent> the lesson can begin3
Toat lu2ea /iin" %re?ent> le#!ia %oate @n#e%e3 T$e ,$opping /one> they returne# home3 Iu% #e $i-au
/#ut #u2%rturile> +-au @ntor+ a#a+3
*>'4' Con,truc2iile cu acuzati3ul
Con+tru#!iile #u a#u?ati.ul +unt /or2ate "intr-un +u1+tanti. +au %ronu2e @n #a?ul a#u?ati. $i un .er1 la
in/initi. +au %arti#i%iu: #are +e a/l /a! "e %ri2ul ele2ent @ntr-un ra%ort %re"i#ati.: % notice# t$em
,$aOe han#s3 A2 o1+er.at # $i-au "at 2Bna3
*>'4'*' Acuzati3ul cu in+initi3
Ver1ele trna?iti.e ur2ate "e o1i#ei "e un a#u?ati. #u un in/initi. +unt #ele #are e0%ri2:
aD %er#e%!ia +en?orial: see, hear, watch, feel, notice: Fi# anyone see Mar% lea3e the house [ A .?ut-o
#ine.a %e MarH %le#Bn" "e a#a+ [
1D a#ti.it!i 2intale: think, know, consi#er, e:pect, suppose, belie!e, imagine:
They knew t$e man to $a3e been !ery ill3 Gtiau # o2ul a /o+t /oarte 1olna.3 A lot of people suppose#
$er to be right3 Mult lu2e #re"ea # ea are "re%tate3
#D "orin!a +au inten!ia: want, wish, #esire, mean:
5he wante# me to e-plain the rule. A .rut #a eu + e0%li# regula3 Fi# she mean me to go there in her
place [ A inten!ionat #a eu + 2erg @n lo#ul ei [
"D +enti2ente: liOe, /i,liOe, lo3e, $ate, pre+er:
% shoul# like t$em to Oeep their promise3 A$ .rea #a ei +-$i re+%e#te %ro2i+iunea3 I ,ate %ou to be
trouble/3 Nu-2i %la#e + /ii "eranAat3
%ag: '(7
eD un or"in +au o %er2i+iune: comman#, or#er, re7uest, allow:
Gur form teacher allo7e/ u, to go to the conference3 Iiriginta ne-a %er2i+ + 2erge2 la #on/erin!3
The officer or#ere# $i, ,ol/ier, to a/3ance3 4/i!erul le-a or"onat +ol"a!ilor + @nainte?e3
/D .er1e #au?ati.e: cause, make, ha!e, get, in#uce, let:
;hat maOe, %ou t$inO so [ Ce te /a#e + gBn"e$ti a+t/el [ ,et t$em come as early as possible3
Ieter2in-i + .ine #Bt 2ai "e.re2e %o+i1il3
gD .er1e "e#larati.e: #eclare, pronounce, report> "e o1i#ei #Bn" +u1ie#tul e+te ani2at: 6!eryone
reporte# $im to be goo# for this @ob3 To!i au +%u+ # el e+te 1un %entru a#ea+t trea13 They #eclare#
t$e c$ie+ engineer to be a member of their committee3 L-au "el#arat %e inginerul $e/ 2e21ru al
#o2itetului3
,D unele .er1e %re%o?i!ionale: count on, #epen# on, wait for, hape for et#3:
;e cannot wait +or t$e 7eat$er to c$ange3 Nu %ute2 a$te%ta + +e +#,i21e .re2ea3
Not1: '3 Ver1ele "e %er#e%!ie C#u e0#e%!ia lui percei!eD> .er1ele let $i make $i .er1ul #au?ati. ha!e +unt
ur2ate "e in/initi.ul /r to: e ma#e me loug$3 M-a /#ut + rB"3
*3 Ver1ul help e+te ur2at "e o1i#ei "e in/initi.ul #u to @n .arianta 1ritani#> $i "e in/initi.ul /r to @n
.arianta a2eri#an a li21ii engle?e: % helpe# $er #to& la% the table3 A2 aAutat-o + %un 2a+a3
63 Unele .er1e C#u e0#e%!ia lui want "e la %#t3 #D %ot /i ur2ate $i "e %ro%o?i!ii +u1or"onate intro"u+e "e
that> @ntre /olo+irea a#e+tora $i a #on+tru#!iei in/initi.ale e0i+tBn" anu2ite "eo+e1iri:
aD e re7ueste# u, to come in time Cu, - un +u1+tanti. ani2atD
e re7ueste# t$at t$e meeting ,$oul/ begin on time3 Cmeeting : +u1+tanti. inani2atD
1D I Ui+, Hou to 1e #are/ul C@n generalD
% wish %ou 7oul/ be careful C"ar nu #re" # ai + /iiD
#D ;e think $im to be !ery loyal C@n engle?a literarD
;e think t$at $e i, !ery loyal3 C@n .or1irea #urentD
"D % hear $im come Ca#u2D
% hear t$at t$e% are a7a%3 C"uratD
:3 A#u?ati.ul #u in/initi. e+te /olo+it "u% .er1ele #are e0%ri2 o a#ti.itate 2intal 2ai ale+ @n li21a
literar> iar in/initi.ul e+te #el al .er1ului be3 % belie!e him to be honest3 Cre" # e+te #in+tit3 % suppose it
to $a3e been a mistake3 Fre+u%un # a /o+t o gre$eal3
En .or1irea #urent> a#e+te .er1e +unt "e o1i#ei ur2ate "e o %ro%o?i!ie #o2%leti. "ire#t intro"u+ "e
that: % belie!e Ct$atD $e i, $one,t3 % suppose Ct$at& it 7a, a mi,taOe3
*>'4'.' In+initi3ul cu S+or : toT #The "or - To -nfinitive&
Con+tru#!ia A#u?ati.ul #u in/initi. e+te /olo+it "u% anu2ite #la+e "e .er1e3 Un a#u?ati. #u in/init.
%oate a%rea $i "u% un a"Ae#ti. +au +u1+tanti.> +itua!ie @n #are el e+te %re#e"at "e %re%o?i!ia for: %t was
UNU6UA" +or $im to 7rite such a long letter3 Ie o1i#ei el nu +#ria o +#ri+oare a$a "e lung3 %t was
MA5NE66 +or t$em to lea3e in such weather3 Era o ne1unie #a ei + %le#e %e o a+e2enea .re2e3
Not1: E0i+t $i #Bte.a .er1e ur2ate "e %re%o?i!ia /or> #are %ot /i /olo+ite #u in/initi.ul #u /or - to3 Frintre
ele +e nu2r: arrange, ask, hope, long, plan, pray, pro!i#e, ring, sen#, telephone, wait> et#3
They arrange# +or $er to come3
They planne# +or $er to come3
They sent +or $er to come3
%ag: '(8
In/initi.ul #u for - to /or2at "in %re%o?i!ia /or> ur2at "e un +u1+tanti. +au %ronu2e @n a#u?ati. $i "e un
in/initi. #u to> #are +e a/l @ntr-un ra%ort %re"i#ati. /a! "e C%roDnu2e: %t was #ifficult +or $im to belie3e
such a thing3 Ei .enea greu + #rea" un a+e2enea lu#ru:
A#ea+t #on+tru#!ie e+te @ntBlnit:
aD "u% a"Ae#ti.e: Cit is"was$ necessary, a#!isable, imperati!e, impossible, easy, #ifficult et#3
1D "u% +u1+tanti.e: problem, sub@ect, i#ea et#3
#D "u% unele .er1e intran?iti.e3
In/initi.ul #u for - to e+te utili?at %entru re"u#erea unor %ro%o?i!ii +u1or"onate la %r!i %rin#i%ale +au
+e#un"are "e %ro%o?i!ie:
'D +u1ie#t real intro"u+ "e it anti#i%ati.: It is a#!isable +or $im to learn foreign languages3 E+te
re#o2an"a1il #a el + @n.e!e li21i +trine3 It is /i++icult +or t$em to come3 E+te "i/i#il #a ei + .in3
*D nu2e %re"i#ati.: The best thing is +or $im tio agree with me3 Cel 2ai 1un lu#ru e+te #a el + /ie "e
a#or" #u 2ine3
6D #o2%le2ent "ire#t: <e Ui+,e" /or t,e %ar#el to 1e +ent at on#e3 A "orit #a %a#,etul + /ie tri2i+
i2e"iat3
:D #o2%le2ent %re%o?i!ional: I Uoul" 1e "elig,te" /or Hou to 2eet ,er3 A$ /i @n#Bntat + o #uno$ti3
;D #o2%le2ent #ir#u2+tan!ial "e +#o%: IP.e 1roug,t +o2e 2aga?ine+ /or Hou to rea" on t,e train3 A2
a"u+ #Bte.a re.i+te + le #ite$ti @n tren3
7D #o2%le2ent #ir#u2+tan!ial #on+e#uti.: T,i+ 1oo= i+ too "i//i#ult /or 2e to rea"3 A#ea+t #arte e+te
%rea grea #a +-o #ite+#3
*>'4'4' Acuzati3ul cu participiul prezent #T$e Accu,ati3e 7it$ t$e Pre,ent Participle&
A#ea+ta e+te o #on+tru#!ie a+e2ntoare #u a#u?ati.ul #u in/initi.> "i/eren!a /iin" "e a+%e#t al a#!iunii
.er1ale: /olo+irea in/initi.ului re" a#!iunea #a @n#,eiat> +au 2en!ionea? "oar a#!iunea> %e #Bn"
%arti#i%iul %re?ent %re?int a#!iunea @n "e+/$urare: % hear# them come3 CO T,at 2ean+ t,eH ,a.e
arri.e"D3 I-a2 au?it .enin" CAu .enitD3 % hear# them coming. CO I ,ear" t,e2 2a=ing noi+e U,ile t,eH
Uere #o2ingD3 I-a2 au?it .enin" C@n ti2% #e .eneauD3
A#u?ati.ul #u %arti#i%iul %re?ent +e /olo+e$te "u%:
aD .er1e #are e0%ri2 %er#e%!ia +en?orial: see, hear, feel, watch, notice.
% hear# the children talking about their holi#ays. I-a2 au?it %e #o%ii .or1in" "e+%re !acanH=. ;e
watche# the sun rising from behin# the hills. A2 %ri.it +oarele r+rin" "e "u% "ealuri3
1D fin#, lea!e, set, catch, sen#:
% foun# him mending the ra#io. L-a2 g+it re%arBn" ra"ioul3
*>'4'8' Acuzati3ul cu participiul trecut #T$e Acu,ati3e 7it$ t$e Pa,t Participle&
A#ea+t #on+tru#!ie e+te @ntre1uin!at "u%:
aD .er1e #are e0%ri2 %er#e%!ia +en?orial: e hear# his name mentioned. Gi-a au?it nu2ele 2en!ionat3
1D .er1e #are e0%ri2 un or"in: e or#ere# if finished. A or"onat + /ie ter2inat3
#D .er1e #au?ati.e ,a.e $i get: % must ha!e these shoes repaired. Tre1uie +-2i "au %anto/ii la re%arat3
pag: /.'
*>'8' Con,truc2iile cu nominati3ul
Con+tru#!iile #u no2inati.ul +unt al#tuite "intr-un +u1+tanti. +au %ronu2e @n #a?ul no2inati. $i un .er1
la in/initi. +au %arti#i%iu %re?ent @ntre #are +e a/l un .er1 la o /or2 %er+onal: 1e happene# to !e a
har#+working pupil. She was seen crossing the street.
*>'8'*' Nominati3ul cu in+initi3 ,e +olo,ete /up1 urm1toarele 3erbeK
'D "u% .er1e intran?iti.e: seem, appear, happen, change4 pro!e, turn, out #are +unt %ere#,i +inoni2i#e:
1e appeare# to !e please# with the arrangement.
1e seeme# to !e please# with the arrangement.
El %rea + /ie 2ul!u2it "e aranAa2ent3 er brother chance# to !e there. er brother happene# to !e
there. S-a @ntB2%lat #a /ratele ei + /ie a#olo3
*D "u% .er1e "e#larati.e la "iate?a %a+i.: say, #eclare, report, annmounce: The old man was reporte#
to have disappeared. S-a anun!at # 1trBnul a "i+%rut3
6D "u% .er1ul #o%ulati. 1e $i unul "intre a"Ae#ti.ele: likely, unlikely, sure, certain:
1e is sure to think of e!ery possible a#!antage. Cu +iguran! # +e .a gBn"i la toate a.antaAele %o+i1ile3
The train is likely to !e late. E+te %o+i1il #a trenul + @ntBr?ie3
Not1K '3 Frin tre#erea %re"i#atului "e la "iate?a a#ti. la #ea %a+i. C%a+i.i?are O %a++i.i?ationD> unele
#on+tru#!ii #u a#u?ati.ul +e tran+/or2 @n #on+tru#!ii #u no2inati.ul3 A+t/el> no2inati.ul #u in/initi.
a%are "u% .er1e tran?iti.e #are %ot /i ur2ate "e a#u?ati. #u in/initi. la "iate?a a#ti. #u e0#e%!ia
.er1elor e0%ri2Bn" "orin!a +au inten!ia $i #are e0%ri2:
aD %er#e%!ia +en?orial: see, hear, feel etc. : She was seen to leave the office. A /o+t .?ut %le#Bn" "in
1irou3 CNo2inati.^in/initi. lungD
1D a#ti.it!i 2intale: think, know, consi#er, e:pect, un#erstan#, belie!e, suppose etc.
Space flights are consi#ere# to provide important scientific #ata. Se #on+i"er # ?1orurile #o+2i#e
a"u# i2%ortante "ate $tiin!i/i#e3
#D un or"in +au o %er2i+iune: comman#, or#er, allow, let, etc.: The !oy was allowe# to go out. Biatului
i +-a %er2i+ + ia+ a/ar3
"D "eter2inarea : cause, make, ha!e, force, compel, etc.: 1e was compelle# to start all o!er again. El a
/o+t o1ligat + ia totul "e la @n#e%ut3
*3 Con+tru#!ia *ominati!ul cu infiniti! "u% .er1e "e a#ti.itate 2intal nu e+te li2itat la engle?a
literar C#u2 e+te A#u?ati.ul #u in/initi.D> ea %utBn" /i @ntBlnit @n .or1irea #urent C$i #u alte .er1e "e#Bt
1eD: Are we suppose# to do this9 Tre1uie + /a#e2 a+ta3
*>'8'.' Nominati3ul cu participiul prezent #T$e Nominati3e 7it$ t$e Pre,ent Participle&
A#ea+t #on+tru#!ie e+te +i2ilar #u No2inati.ul #u in/initi.> #u a#eea$i "i/eren! "e a+%e#t C+u1linierea
i"eei "e "urat> "e "e+/$urare a a#!iuniiD5 The old man was seen leaving the house. BtrBnul a /o+t
.?ut %le#Bn" "e a#a+3
A#ea+t #on+tru#!ie +e /olo+e$te "u% .er1ele ur2ate la "iate?a a#ti. #u a#u?ati.ul #u %arti#i%iul
%re?ent 3see, hear, lea!e, catch, fin#$4
The !a!y was hear# crying. Co%ilul a /o+t au?it %lBngBn"3
%ag: '((
*>'9' Nominati3ul ab,olut #T$e Ab,olute Nominati3e Con,truction&
No2inati.ul a1+olut e+te @ntre1uin!at #Bn" +u1ie#tul #on+tru#!iei %re"i#ati.e #u in/initi. +au %arti#i%iu
C%re?ent +au tre#utD e+te "i/erit "e #el al %ro%o?i!iei #are #on!ine un .er1 %re"i#ati.3
Con+tru#!ia #u no2inati.ul a1+olut #on!ine @n +tru#tura +a un +u1+tanti. la no2inati. $i un in/initi.>
%arti#i%iu %re?ent +au tre#ut #are +e a/l @n ra%ort %re"i#ati. /a! "e +u1+tanti.: They forwar#e# the
hea!y e7uipment by sea, the perisha!les to !e sent by air. Au e0%e"iat e#,i%a2entul greu #u .a%orul>
ur2Bn" #a 2r/urile %eri+a1ile + /ie tri2i+e #u a.ionul3 The original text !eing too #ifficult, he aske#
for a translation. Te0tul original /iin" %rea greu> a #erut o tra"u#ere3 1is hopes attained he was
perfectly happy. S%eran!ele lui /iin" @2%linite> era /oarte /eri#it3
Not: Su1ie#tul #on+tru#!iei No2inati.ul a1+olut #u %arti#i%iul %re?ent%oate /i anti#i%at "e it +au t,ere:
There being nothing to say, they sat looking at each other. Nea.Bn" ni2i# "e +%u+> +tteau $i +e uitau
unul la altul3
Con+tru#!iile #u no2inati.ul a1+olut +unt /olo+ite %e %lan +inta#ti# %entru re"u#erea unor %ro%o?i!ii
+u1or"onate #ir#u2+tan!iale la #o2%le2ente #ir#u2+tan!iale:
aD "e ti2%: 3inner !eing rea#y, the family sat #own roun# the big, o!al #inner table. 3< ;hen #inner
was rea#y...$4
1D "e #au?: e felt e:hauste#, his self-control having !een straine# to breaking point. 3<as his self+
control ha# been straine#...$4
#D "e #on"i!ie: +eather permitting we shall go to the beach tomorrow. 3< %f the weather permits...$.
Not: Con+tru#!iile #u no2inati.ul a1+olut +e @ntBlne+# rar @n .or1irea #urent3 Ele +unt #ara#teri+ti#e
engle?ei +#ri+e> literare3
*>';' Alte contruc2ii comple-e
Con,truc2ii gerun/iale' CGerun" Con+tru#tion+D3 La /el $i in/initi.ul $i %arti#i%iul> /or2a Gerun" intr @n
#o2%eten!a unor #on+tru#!ii #o2%le0e @n #are Gerun"-ul +e a/l @ntr-un ra%ort %re"i#ati. /a! "e
+u1+tanti. +au %ronu2e: Iour re+u,ing to +ee ,i2 +ur%ri+e" e.erH1o"H3 Re/u?ul tu "e a-l .e"ea a
+ur%rin+ %e toat lu2ea3
Su1+tanti.ul %oaate /i:
aD la #a?ul geniti. +inteti# C#on+tru#!ia #u geniti. e /olo+it %entru +u1+tnati.e nu2e "e %er+oaneD: e
seeme# surprise# at &ary7s expresing ni interest in the sub@ect. A %rut +ur%rin+ "e /a%tul # MarH nu a
artat ni#i un intere+ %entru a#ea+t %ro1le23
1D la #a?ul a#u?ati.: Fi# you min# him/Tom 5peaking so lou# > Te-a "eranAat /a%tul # el / To2a a
.or1it a$a "e tare [
A#u?ati.ul e+te /olo+it:
'D #Bn" +u1+tanti.ul e+te ani2at +au inani2at: % coil# sense the smell spreading. Si2!ea2 #u2 +e
r+%Bn"ea 2iro+ul3
*D #Bn" +u1+tanti.ul e+te ur2at "e o #o2%linire atri1uti.: % remember a friend of mine going on such
a trip. E2i a2inte+# "e un %rieten al 2eu #are a 2er+ @ntr-o a+t/el "e e0#ur+ie3
6D @n .or1ire> %entru +u1+tanti.e nu2e "e %er+oane> +u1+tanti.e ani2ate +au inani2ate3
Ia# %artea ani2at a #on+tru#!iei e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un %ronu2e a#e+ta %oate /i un %ronu2e
%o+e+i.> +au> @n .or1ire> un %ronu2e @n a#u?ati.:
% coul#n8t un#erstan# his acting like that.
% coul#n8t un#erstan# him acting like that.
Nu %utea2 + @n!eleg "e #e %ro#e"a a$a3 % remember their / them saying that. E2i a2inte+# # au +%u+
a+ta3
Con+tru#!ia gerun"ial e+te /olo+it "u% a#elea$i #u.inte #a $i /or2a Gerun" +i2%l3
Con+tru#!ia gerun"ial are rolul "e a @nlo#ui:
aD %ro%o?i!i +u1or"onate +u1ie#ti.e: 8our trying to convince him was 7uite ob!ious < That you tried
to convince him was 7uite ob!ious.
1D #ir#u2+tan!iale: She !eing a!sent, nothing coul# be #one O A+ +,e Ua+ a1+ent> not,ing #oul" 1e
"one3
pag: 000
*?' Complementele circum,tan2iale #A/3erbial,&
*?'*'5e+ini2ie
Co2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial e+te %artea "e %ro%o?i!ie #are "eter2in +au 2o"i/i# un .er1> un a".er1>
un a"Ae#ti. +au o @ntreag %ro%o?i!ie3
Ca "eter2inant al .er1ului> #o2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial in"i# @2%reAurarea @n #are +e %etre#e o a#!iune
Clo#ul> ti2%ul> +#o%ul> #au?a et#3D: A ta0i a%%eare" at t,e #orner o/ t,e +treet3 Clo#D T,eH arri.e" ,al/ an
,our later3 Cti2%D
Atun#i #Bn" "eter2in un a".er1> a"Ae#ti. +au e#,i.alen!i ai a#e+tora> #o2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial arat
#u2 +e %re?int o @n+u$ire: It Ua+ nearlH "ar=3 Era a%roa%e @ntuneri#3 T,eH are nearlH t,ere3 A%roa%e au
aAun+3
*?'.' Cla,i+icare
Co2%le2entele #ir#u2+tan!iale @n li21a engle? +e @2%art> #a @n li21a ro2Bn @n: #o2%le2ente
#ir#u2+tan!iale "e lo#> "e ti2%> "e 2o"> "e #au?> "e #on"i!ie> "e +#o%> #on#e+i.e> #on+e#uti.e et#3
*?'4' Complementul circum,tan2ial /e loc #T$e A/3erbial o+ Place&
*?'4'*' 5e+ini2ie' Co2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial "e lo# in"i# lo#ul> %un#tul "e %le#are> "ire#!ia +au li2ita
unei a#!iuni +au +tri3
Not1K Unele #o2%le2ente #ir#u2+tan!iale "e lo# e0%ri2ate %rin a".er1e "e lo#> in"i# lo#ul %ro%riu-?i+:
here, there, somewhere. Altele in"i# "ire#!ia: asi#e, forwar#, right, left. MaAoritatea a".er1elor "e lo#
@n+ %ot /i /olo+ite %entru a e0%ri2a atBt lo#ul> #Bt $i "ire#!ia:
"oc: <e "oe+nMt li.e /ar3 Nu lo#uie$te "e%arte3
5irec2ie' <e "i"nMt go /ar3 Nu +-a "u+ "e%arte3
pag: 00/
*?'4'.' Co2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial "e lo# e+te e0%ri2at %rin:
aD un a".er1 +au o %eri/ra? a".e1ial "e lo#: 5he is here. e was walking to and fro.
1D un +u1+tanti. #u +au /r %re%o?i!ie: elen is in town for the moment. T,eH Uent ,o2e3
#D un +u1+tanti. @n #a?ul geniti. %re#e"at "e o %re%o?i!ie: ;e buy brea# at the !aker7s.
"D o %ro%o?i!ie #ir#u2+tan!ial "e lo#: ;e #o our shopping where every!ody else does.
*?'4'4' "ocul Co2%le2entului #ir#u2+tan!ial "e lo# e+te "e o1i#ei "u% %re"i#at C^ #o2%le2ent "ire#tD
C^#o2%l3 #ir#3 "e lo#D:
5he has been working 3hard) -. T1/ %-#0A08 all #ay.
5he was been rea#ing 3a !ook) -. T1/ %-#0A08 all #ay.
E-cep2iiK
Co2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial "e lo# %oate /i a$e?at @ntre .er1 $i #o2%le2entul +u "ire#t "a#
#o2%le2entul "ire#t e+te %rea lung +au e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-o %ro%o?i!ie +u1or"onat: T,eH too= into
t,e rea"ing roo2 all t,e "i#tionarie+ t,eH nee"e"3
T,eH /oun" in t,e rea"ing roo2 all t,e "i#tionarie+ t,eH nee"e"3
Co2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial in"i#Bn" lo#ul %ro%riu-?i+ %oate a%rea $i la @n#e%utul %ro%o?i!iei> 2ai ale+
#Bn" e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-o #on+tru#!ie %re%o?i!ional: Somewhere near the river the chil#ren were
playing football.
Co2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial #are in"i# "ire#!ia +e a$ea? uneori "ire#t "u% .er1 C@naintea a".er1ului
"e 2o"D> "a# .er1ul e0%ri2 2i$#area +%re un lo#: e went to school by bus.
CBte.a #o2%le2ente #ir#u2+tan!iale e0%ri2Bn" "ire#!ia %ot a%rea @n %o?i!ia ini!ial:
aD @n li21aAul literar> %entru a "a /or! "ra2ati# e0%ri2rii> #u .er1e la %re?ent +au Fa+t Ten+e +i2%lu:
%n they come L Away they wentL
1D @n e0%ri2area /a2iliar> #u .er1e #a go, come, get la %re?ent +au i2%erati. C^HouD: ere she comes.
There they go. %n 3be#$ you get.
Not1K ere Di there a%ar @n #Bte.a e0%re+ii #u .er1ul 1e: ere"there you are. Fo/ti2333CA+ta-i %entru
tineD3 There she is. Uite-o! A aAun+3 ere we are. A2 aAun+ @n +/Br$it Cun"e tre1uiaD3 There you are. Ve?i
# a2 "re%tate CA+ta @ntre$te #e-a2 +%u+D3
Aten2ieJ Ia# +u1ie#tul @n a#e+te e0%re+ii e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un +u1+tanti. $i nu %rintr-un %ronu2e> are
lo# in.er+iune @ntre +u1ie#t $i %re"i#at3 There he isL There is your fatherL ere they areL ere are your
glassesL

*?'8' Complementul circum,tan2ial /e timp #T$e A/3erbial o+ Time&
*?'8'*' 5e+ini2ie' Co2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial "e ti2% in"i#:
aD 2o2entul a#!iunii: now, nowa#ays, to#ay, then4
1D +u##e+iunea "e ti2%: afterwar#s, before, e!entually, formerly, pre!iously, soon.
pag: 000
#D "urata: lately, recently, since, still, yet4
"D /re#.en!a:
- "e/init: weekly, three times a #ay4
- ne"e/init: often, usually, sel#om, once in a while.
*?'8'.' Co2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial "e ti2% e+te e-primat %rin:
aD un a".er1 "e ti2%: 5he arri!e# yesterday.
1D o %eri/ra? a".er1ial "e ti2%: They !isit their gran#parents from time to time.
#D o #on+tru#!ie a".er1ial C+u1+tanti./nu2eral #u %re%o?i!ie et#3D: Tom was born in :;<=.
*D o #ontru#!ie #o2%le0> utili?at %entru re"u#erea unei %ro%o?i!ii #ir#u2+tan!iale "e ti2% la un
#o2%le2ent #ir#u2+tan!ial "e ti2%5
aD no2inati.ul a1+olut #u %arti#i%iul tre#ut: 1is homework written the boy went out to play.
1D un %arti#i%iu %re?ent +au tre#ut> %re#e"at "e o #onAun#!ie te2%oral:
e #oesn8t feel 7uite well when travelling !y plane.
#D un Gerun" %re#e"at "e o %re%o?i!ie: 'n leaving the house, she aske# me to look after the chil#.
"D un +u1+tanti. #u +au /r %re%o?i!ie intro"u+ @ntr-o #onAun#!ie te2%oral: +hile in Australia he
learne# 6nglish. % playe# this game when a !oy.
6D o %ro%o?i!ie #ir#u2+tan!ial "e ti2%: e is always air sick when he travels !y plane.
*?'8'4' "ocul Complementului circum,tan2ial /e timp 0n propozi2ie
AD MaAoritatea #o2%le2entelor #ir#u2+tan!iale in"i#Bn" 2o2entul a#!iunii +unt a$e?ate la +/Br$itul
%ro%o?i!iei: e went to the cinema yesterday / last night.
*owa#ays Di presently o#u% "e o1i#ei %o?i!ia ini!ial: .owadays all chil#ren of school+age atten#
school in Iomania.
Ia# @ntr-o %ro%o?i!ie a%ar 2ai 2ulte #o2%le2ente #ir#u2+tan!iale in"i#Bn" 2o2entul a#!iunii> a#e+tea
+unt a$e?ate +u##e+i.> "e la %erioa"a "e ti2% 2ai +#urt la #ea 2ai lung: e was born on Eon#ay, the
/.th of (ebruary /.70. %8ll see you at ten o8clock in 5un#ay.
+au: Gn 5un#ay %8ll see you at ten o8clock.
BD Co2%le2entele #ir#u2+tan!iale in"i#Bn" +u##e+iunea a#!iunilor o#u% "e o1i#ei %o?i!ie ini!ial +au
2e"ial @n %ro%o?i!ie: (irst he rang the bell. *e:t he knocke# on the #oor. e then rang again. An#
finnaly he starte# banging on the #oor.
CD Lo#ul #o2%le2entelor #ir#u2+tan!iale "e ti2% e0%ri2ate %rin a".er1e "e /re#.en! C"e/init $i
ne"e/initD:
A".er1e #are e0%ri2 /re#.en!a unei a#!iuni @n 2o" "e/init: #aily C?ilni#D> once Co"atD> again C"in nouD>
twice C"e "ou oriD et#3> +unt "e o1i#ei a$e?ate la +/Br$itul %ro%o?i!iei: The school boar# meets
weekly"three times a week.
4r"inea 2ai 2ultor a".er1e "e /re#.en! "e/init e+te "e la unitatea 2ai 2i# la #ea 2ai 2are: 5he
phone# him hourly each #ay.
+au: 6ach #ay she phone# him hourly.
A".er1ele "e /re#.en! ne"e/init: ussualy C"e o1i#eiD always C@ntot"eaunaD> sometimes Cuneori>
#Bteo"atD> occasionally Cuneori> #Bteo"atD> often Ca"e+eaD> ne!er Cni#io"atD> sel#om CrarD> +unt "e
o1i#ei a$e?ate @ntre +u1ie#t $i %re"i#at: % often go to the theatre.
pag: 003
Ia# %re"i#atul #on!ine un .er1 au0iliar +au un .er" 2o"al> a".er1ul "e /re#.en! e+te a$e?at "u%
a#e+ta: % ha!e ne!er seen her. &ou must always #o your #uty.
A".er1ele "e /re#.en! ne"e/init +e a$ea? "u% .er1ul 1e> @naintea nu2eralului %re"i#ati.: e is often
late.
Ia# .er1ul e+te /olo+it la "iate?a %a+i.> a".er1ul "e /re#.en! ne"e/init e+te a$e?at "u% %ri2ul
au0iliar: e has ne!er been seen like this.
Not1K 5ometimes %oate /i a$e?at $i la @n#e%utul %ro%o?i!iei: % sometimes go for a walk in the woo#s.
+au : 5ometimes % go for a walk in the woo#s.
Unele a".er1e ne"e/inite "e /re#.en! %ot a%rea la @n#e%utul %ro%o?i!iei:
- "a# a#ea+ta e+te negati.: 4enerally / .ormally / ,sually he #oesn8t #rink coffee.
- %entru @ntrire: ,sually % meet her at conferences, but yester#ay % ran into her in a #epartment store.
"ocul a/3erbelor /e +rec3en21 0n propozi2ie
Situa!ia Su1ie#t Ver1
au03/2o"al
A".3"e
/re#.en!
Ver1 no!ional
+au nu2e
%re"i#ati. C"u%
1eD
Alte %r!i "e
%ro%o?i!ie
Ror2a
.er1al
+i2%l
I ne.er/alU
aH+/u+uall
H/rarelH/+
el"o2/+o
2eti2e+
1elie.e t,e23
<e i"e2 #a
2ai +u+
,a+ ti2e enoug, /or
,i+ /rien"+3
Ver1
au0iliar ^
.er1
T,eH ,a.e ne.er/alU
aH+/u+uall
H/+o2eti
+een ,er3
no!ional 2e+/rarel
H/+el"o2
I Uoul" i"e2 #a
2ai +u+
eat t,i+3
Ver1 2o"al
^ Ver1
no!ional
S,e #an i"e2 #a
2ai +u+
/orget +u#, in#i"ent+3
Ver1ul 1e ^
nu2e
%re"i#ati.
<e i+ i"e2 #a
2ai +u+
ill3
S,e ,a+ i"e2 #a
2ai +u+
1een ill3
ID 4r"inea 2ai 2ultor #o2%le2ente #ir#u2+tan!iale "e ti2% @n %ro%o?i!ie e+te ur2toarea: "urat -
/re#.en! - 2o2ent: % went to the country for a month e!ery year #uring my chil#hoo#.
ED 4r"inea 2ai 2ultor #o2%le2ente #ir#u2+tan!iale "i/erite @n %ro%o?i!ie e+te: M4I - lo# - ti2%3 They
playe# !ery well in the match yester#ay.
A#ea+t or"ine %oate /i +#,i21at:
aD %entru a +#oate @n e.i"en! un anu2e #ir#u2+tan!ial: 6ach #ay she phone# him hourly.
1D #on+tru#!iile a".er1iale C2ai lungiD +unt a$e?ate "e o1i#ei "u% a".er1e C2ai +#urteD: % was walking
earlier in the Botanical ,ar#ens.
#D o %ro%o?i!ie +u1or"onat #ir#u2+tan!ial +e a$ea? "u% un #o2%le2ent #ir#u2+tan!ial: ;e walke#
for hours where the 6:hibition ba# been.
pag: 001
*?'9' Complementul circum,tan2ial /e mo/ #T$e A/3erbial o+ Manner&
*?'9'*' 5e+ini2ie' Co2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial "e 2o" in"i# 2o"ul @n #are +e @n"e%line$te o a#!iune
+au a%are o @n+u$ire3
*?'9'.' Cla,i+icare' Co2%le2entele #ir#u2+tan!iale "e 2o" +e @2%art @n:
'D Co2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial "e 2o" %ro%riu-?i+5
*D Co2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial "e 2o" #o2%arati.3
*?'9'4' Complementul circum,tan2ial /e mo/ propriu:zi, in"i# /elul> 2o"alitatea @n #are "e#urge
a#!iunea +au +tarea: well, ba#ly, 7uikly, slowly.
Ele 2ai %ot re"a $i alte +en+uri:
- #antitatea: enough, much, a little4
- @ntrire: actually, certainly, really4
- a2%li/i#are: absolutely, completely, greatly, highly, barely, scarcely4
- "e a/ir2a!ie +au nega!ie: yes, no, of course, not at all4
- %ro1a1ilitate: maybe, perhaps, possibly.
Co2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial "e 2o" %ro%riu-?i+e:
aD 2o"i/i# o %arte "e %ro%o?i!ie5
1D !in lo#ul unei %ro%o?i!ii @ntregi3
aD Co2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial "e 2o" %ro%riu-?i+e 2o"i/i#:
- un .er1: e FI%)65 carefully.
- un a"Ae#ti.: e is a little T%I6F3
- un a".er1: &ou speak too (A5T. % can8t follow you.
1D Cu.intele #are e0%ri2 %ro1a1ilitatea> a/ir2a!ia +au nega!ia !in "e o1i#ei lo#ul unei %ro%o?i!ii @ntregi:
A: 2an you ski > B: &es, % can.
+au +e re/er la o %ro%o?i!ie @ntreag: 5urely you aren8t ill. Sigur nu e$ti 1olna.3
Not1K Nea.Bn" o legtur +trBn+ #u o anu2it %arte "e %re%o?i!ie> unele gra2ati#i C%rintre #are $i #ea
"e /a!D nu anali?ea? a#e+te #o2%le2ente @n #a"rul #a%itolului "e+%re #o2%le2ente #ir#u2+tan!iale> #i
@n #el "e+%re Ele2ente in"e%en"ente @n %ro%o?i!ie3
*?'9'8' Complementul circum,tan2ial /e mo/ propriu:zi, %oate /i e0%ri2at %rin:
aD un a".er1 +au %eri/ra? a".er1ial "e 2o": e #ro!e slowly along the mannow roa#.
1D un +u1+tanti. +au nu2eral @ntro"u+ %rintro %ro%o?i!ie: e #i# this !y mistake. This problem can be
sol!e# in three ways.
#D o #on+tru#!ie gerun"ial intro"u+ %rin %ro%o?i!iile 1H +au Uit,out: e shoul# ha!e finishe# !y
thanking his parents for their help.
"D o %ro%o?i!ie #ir#u2+tan!ial "e 2o": e #ro!e the car as they had toild him to.
*?'9'9' "ocul Complementului circum,tan2ial /e mo/ 0n propozi2ie
AD Co2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial "e 2o" %ro%riu-?i+ +e a$ea? "e o1i#ei "u% .er1: S,e "ro.e +loUlH to
t,e +tation He+ter"aH3
Ia# .er1ul e+te tran?iti. $i ur2at "e #o2%le2entul +u "ire#t> a".er1ul "e 2o" e+te a$e?at:
- "u% #o2%le2entul "ire#t: 5he #ro!e her car slowly to the station sau:
- @naintea .er1ului CrarD: 5he slowly #ro!e car to the station.
pag: 005
Co2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial "e 2o" e+te a$e?at "u% .er1ul 1e #Bn" a#e+ta e+te /olo+it la "iate?a
%a+i.: The car was slowly #ri!en into the garage.
BD Cir#u2+tan!ialele "e 2o" intrin" i"eea e0%ri2at "e .er1 +au "e alt %arte "e .or1ire Cacctually,
certainly, ob!iously, really, surely, honestly, simply, @ustD %re#e" "e regul %artea "e .or1ire la #are +e
re/er:
% simply #on8t un#erstan# her beha!iour. &ou must belie!e me simply on my wor#. e speaks 7uite
rapi#ly. 5he is 7uite ill.
%n#ee# %oate a%rea $i @n %o?i!ie /inal: Thank you !ery much in#ee#. %t was !ery kin# in#ee# of you to
come.
CD Cir#u2+tan!ialele "e 2o" e0%ri2Bn" #antitatea> %re#e" +au ur2ea? %r!ile "e .or1ire la #are +e
re/er> @n /elul ur2tor:
- *)ery) 2u#, %re#e"e "e o1i#ei un %arti#i%iu /olo+it %re"i#ati.: e was !ery much impresse#. Iar
ur2ea? un .er1 %rin#i%al C^#o2%le2entul lui "ire#tD: % like 6nglish !ery much.
- /nough +e a$ea? "u% un a"Ae#ti. +au .er1: This lesson is 6A5& enough.
Ia# @n+ enough e+te /olo+it #a atri1ut %e lBng un +u1+tanti.> el a%are /ie @nainte /ie "u% a#e+ta: e
has T%E6 enough. e has enough T%E6.
ID Cir#u2+tan!ialele "e 2o" #are a2%li/i# i"eea e0%ri2at "e .er1 Ccompletely, fully, 7uite, perfectly,
ba#lyD %ot a%rea @naintea .er1ului %rin#i%al +au @n %o?i!ie /inal: % ba#ly nee# your a#!ice. % can
perfectly un#erstan# her beha!iour. ;e like her !ery much. Fo you agree with us enterely >
A".er1ele 1arelH> little> +#ar#elH> a%ar @naintea .er1ului> a nu2elui %re"i#ati. +au @ntre "ou au0iliare: e
barely AF time to catch the bus. 5he is barely 6%,T66*. 5he 2GM?F har#ly B6 #escribe# as
beautiful.
*?'9';' Complementul circum,tan2ial /e mo/ comparati3 e+te e0%ri2at:
aD %rintr-un +u1+tanti. +au %ronu2e %re#e"at "e %re%o?i!ia li=e: %f fits you like a glo!e.
1D %rintr-un +u1+tanti. #u %re%o?i!ie> un a"Ae#ti.> un .er1 la in/initi. +au %arti#i%iu %re?ent/tre#ut
intro"u+e %rin as if, as though: 5he crie# as if in a terrible #anger. e beha!e# as if #epri!e# of all his
rights.
#D un +u1+tanti.> un a"Ae#ti.> %ronu2e +au nu2eral> o #on+tru#!ie in/initi.al +au gerun"ial intro"u+e
%rin #onAun#!iile as, not so"as, than:
5he is as ol# as my sister. Cohn isn8t as goo# at maths as my ol#er brother. %t is warmer here than
#ownstairs.
"D o %ro%o?i!ie #ir#u2+tan!ial "e 2o" #o2%arati.: 5he crie# as if she were in a terrible #anger. %t is
warmer here than it is #ownstairs.
*?'9'=' "oc' Co2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial "e 2o" #o2%arati. +e a$ea? "e o1i#ei:
aD "u% .er1ul intran?iti.: e swims like a fish.
1D "u% #o2%le2entul "ire#t #are ur2ea? unui .er1 tran?iti.: e speaks 6nglish an 6nglishman.
pag: 006
*?';' Alte complemente circum,tan2iale
Relul #o2%le2entului #ir#u2+tan!ial E0e2%lu
- "e @2%reAurri @n+o!itoare e took farewell tired with waiting.
- "e #au? 5he was punishe# !ecause of you.
- "e +#o% The man starte# crying for help.
e came here to talk to you.
- #on"i!ional % coul#n8t ha!e #one it without his
support.
- #on+e#uti. 5he is too young to speak.
- #on#e+i. Though not a mechanic he can repair
all kin#s of things.
- "e e0#e%!ie They listene# to all the witnesses !ut one.
- "e rela!ie Ey frien# has rea# e!erything a!out the
history of the 'lympic games.
.(' Atributul #T$e Atribute&
.('*' 5e+ini2ie
Atri1utul 2o"i/i# +au "eter2in un +u1+tnati. +au %ronu2e #are @n"e%line$te @n %ro%o?i!ie /un#!ia "e:
'D +u1ie#t: The tall boy is my brother.
*D o %arte +e#un"ar "e %re%o?i!ie:
aD #o2%le2ent "ire#t +au in"ire#t: They ma#e an astonishing #isco!ery.
1D #o2%le2ent #ir#u2+tan!ial C"e lo#> ti2% et#3D: They often go out >uiet e!enings.
.('.' E-primarea atributului
Atri1utul %oate /i e0%ri2at %rintr-un a"Ae#ti. +au %rintr-o alt %arte "e .or1ire /olo+it #a a"Ae#ti.:
aD un a"Ae#ti. %ro%riu-?i+: That8s an extraordinary solution. E+te o +olu!ie e0traor"inar3
1D un +u1+tanti. #u .aloare a"Ae#ti.al: e atten#e# evening classes3 El /re#.enta #ur+ul +eral3
pag: 007
#D un +u1+tanti. @n #a?ul geniti.: &ou shoul# follow your friend7s a#!ice. Ar tre1ui + a+#ul!i +/atul
%rietenului tu3
"D un nu2eral: Twenty persons were waiting for him3 El a$te%tau "ou?e#i "e %er+oane3
eD un in/initi.: There is only one thing to #o3 E+te un +ingur lu#ru "e /#ut3
/D un %arti#i%iu %re?ent +au tre#ut: They watche# the rising ti#e3 Ur2reau #u2 #re$te /lu0ul3 They sell
fro-en foo#s here3 Ai#i +e .Bn" ali2ente #ongelate3
gD un a".er1: Bir#s are chirping in the trees outsi#e. F+rile #Bnt @n %o2ii "e /ar3
,D o %eri/ra? %re%o?i!ional +au a".er1ial: The house on the right was built only a few years ago. Ca+a
"in "rea%ta a /o+t #on+truit nu2ai #u #B!i.a ani @n ur23
iD un gru% "e #u.inte: e was a small an# not+o!er+particulary+taken+care+of boy. Era un 1iat 2i# $i
nu %rea @ngriAit3
AD o %ro%o?i!ie +u1or"onat atri1uti.: The stu#ent who will guese the right answer will be rewar#e#.
Ele.ul #are .a g+i r+%un+ul #ore#t .a /i e.i"en!iat3
.('4' "ocul atributului 0n propozi2ie
Atri1utul %re#e"e "e regul #u.Bntul %e #are @l @n+o!ea$te Catri1utul %re%u+D3 En unele #a?uri @n+>
atri1utul %oate a%rea "u% regentul lui Catri1utul %o+t%u+D3
.('4'*' Atributul prepu,' Atri1utul %re#e"e +u1ie#tul atun#i #Bn" e+te e0%ri2at %rin %r!i "e .or1ire
/olo+ite a"Ae#ti.al:
aD un a"Ae#ti. %ro%riu-?i+: Ey youngest brother became a pioneer a week ago. Rratele 2eu #el 2ai 2i# a
/o+t /#ut %ioner +%t2Bna tre#ut3
1D un "e2on+trati.: This e:ercise is less #ifficult than the last one. E0er#i!iul a#e+ta e+te 2ai %u!in "i/i#il
"e#Bt ulti2ul3
#D un +u1+tanti.: The sil!er coins are kept here. Mone"ele "e argint +unt %+trate ai#i3
"D un +u1+tanti. @n #a?ul geniti.: An elephant8s trunk is so strong it can hol# a log of woo#3 Tro2%a
unui ele/ant e+te a$a "e %uterni# @n#Bt %oate + ri"i#e o 1uturug3
eD un nu2eral: Two men spoke at the conference. Iou %er+oane au .or1it la #on/erin!3
CBn" +u1ie#tul e+te %re#e"at "e "ou a"Ae#ti.e "e a#ela$i /el> #el +#urt e+te a$e?at @naintea #elui lung: a
long tiresome !oyage + o #ltorie lung> o1o+itoare5 the shortest an# most accurate answer - #el 2ai
+#urt $i e0a#t r+%un+3
Atri1utele e0%ri2ate %rin %r!i "e .or1ire "i/erite +e a$ea? @n or"inea:
%re"eter2inant: one, half, both ^ "eter2inant: the, this, my ^ %o+t"eter2inant: the first three ^ a"Ae#ti.:
%8!e rea# all the three historical no!els he has publishe#. A2 #itit toate #ele trei ro2ane i+tori#e %e #are
le-a %u1li#at3
.('4'.' Atributul po,tpu,' Atri1utul e+te a$e?at "u% +u1ie#t +au alt ele2ent no2inal "in %ro%o?i!ie>
#Bn" e+te e0%ri2at:
aD %rin a"Ae#ti.ele: present, proper, e:tant:
The story proper is much longer. Fo.e+tea %ro%riu-?i+ e+te 2ult 2ai lung3
pag: 00'
1D %rin a"Ae#ti.e /olo+ite %re"i#ati.: The firemen got into the house ablase. Fo2%ierii au %trun+ @n #a+a
@n /l#ri3
#D @n #on+tru#!ii /i0e tra"i!ionale: sum total, time immemorial, ambassa#or e:traor#inary.
"D "u% %ronu2e ne,otrBte ter2inate @n + bo#y, + one, +thing:
Fi# you fin# anything new > Ai g+it #e.a nou [
eD %rin #on+tru#!ii %re%o?i!ionale: % like this story about flying saucers3 E2i %la#e %o.e+tea a#ea+ta
"e+%re /ar/uriile ?1urtoare3
/D %rin #on+tru#!ii in/initi.ale: e ha# the intention to help you. Inten!iona + te aAute3
.('4'4' Unele atri1ute +e %ot a$e?a /ie @naintea +u1+tanti.elor> /ie "u% ele:
aD a%o?i!ia "e?.oltat: ,. 2haucer, the author of 2anterbury Tales, li!e# in the /1+th century. G3
C,au#er> autorul Fo.e+tirilor "in Canter1urH a trit @n +e#olul `IV3
1D atri1utele e0%ri2ate %rin a"Ae#ti.e "eri.ate "in .er1e> a"Ae#ti.ele e0%ri2ate %rin %arti#i%ii tre#ute +au
#ele ter2inate @n +able, +ible: !isible stars, stars !isible, na!igable ri!ers, ri!ers na!igable.
.('8' Apozi2ia #T$e Apo,ition&
.('8'*' 5e+ini2ie' A%o?i!ia e+te un atri1ut e0%ri2at %rintr-un +u1+tnati. #are e0%li# +au "e/ine$te
+u1+tanti.ul "e lBng #are +t3 Ea e+te "e "ou /eluri: a%o?i!ia +i2%l $i a%o?i!ia "e?.oltat3
.('8'.' Apozi2ia ,impl1 e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un +u1+tanti. #are +%e#i/i# titluri> %ro/e+iuni> nu2iri
geogra/i#e> et#3: (rofessor 5mith, The 5traits of 3over.
Riin" @n +trBn+ legtur #u +u1+tanti.ul %e lBng #are +t> a%o?i!ia +i2%l nu +e "e+%arte %rin .irgul "e
a#e+ta: Eount /verest.
.('8'4' "ocul apozi2iei ,imple' A%o?i!ia +i2%l %oate + %re#ea" +au + ur2e?e +u1+tanti.ul: 3octor
Co@nson, The 3anu!e Felta, the town of 3u!lin, he ri!er Thames.
.('8'8' Apozi2ia /ez3oltat1 e+te 2ai %u!in legat "e +u1+tanti.ul la #are +e re/er3 En e0%ri2area oral>
ea +e #ite$te #u o intona!ie %ro%rie> iar @n li21a +#ri+ +e +e%ar %rin .irgul "e +u1+tanti.: Er. 5mith, a
friend of hers !isite# us last week. Il3 S2it,> un %rieten "e al ei> ne-a .i?itat +%t2Bna tre#ut3
A%o?i!ia "e?.oltat %oate /i uneori @n+o!it "e un a".er1 #are +u1linia? rela!ia "intre a%o?i!ie $i
+u1+tanti.: Fan an# Eary en@oye# watching the animals at the -oo, particularly the monkeys. Lui Ian
$i Mariei le-a %l#ut + +e uite la ani2alele "e la gr"ina ?oologi#> 2ai ale+ la 2ai2u!e3
.('8'9' A%o?i!ia "e?.oltat e+te a$e?at "u% +u1+tanti.ul +au e#,i.alentul a#e+tuia %e lBng #are +t:
There ha!e been great 6nglish writers, for example Shakespeare. Au e0i+tat 2ari +#riitori engle?i> "e
e0e2%lu S,a=e+%eare3
A%o?i!ia "e?.oltat %oate a%rea $i @naintea +u1+tanti.ului: A man of fifty Er. Brown was still !ery
energetic. Un o2 "e #in#i?e#i "e ani> "l3 BroUn era totu$i /oarte energi#3
pag: 00.
.*' Elementele in/epen/ente #In/epen/ent Element,&
.*'*' 5e+ini2ie
Ele2entele in"e%en"ente +unt #u.inte> gru%uri "e #u.inte +au %ro%o?i!ii +u1or"onate #are nu au legtur
gra2ati#al #u #elelalte %r!i ale %ro%o?i!iei3
.*'.' Cla,i+icare
Ele2entele in"e%en"ente +unt:
aD interAe#!iile5
1D +u1+tanti.ele +au %ronu2ele @n #a?ul .o#ati.> i"enti# #a /or2 #u no2inati.ul5
#D #u.intele $i lo#u!iunile %arenteti#e3
.*'4' Inter@ec2iile
InterAe#!iile nu au rela!ii gra2ati#ale #u #elelalte #u.inte "in %ro%o?i!ie> /un#!ia lor /iin" "e a "a o
anu2it #oloratur #o2uni#rii3 Ele %ot e0%ri2a:
aD +ur%ri?a: GhL
1D +ati+/a#!ia> re#unoa$terea: AhL
#D +ur%ri?a "eo+e1it: ;owL
"D "urerea: GuchL GwL etc.
Gh, what a nice presentL 4,> #e #a"ou grgu!! Ah, that8s @ust what % was looking forL 4! e+te e0a#t #eea
#e #uta23
.*'8' A/re,area /irect1 #Vocati3e&
Nu2ele unor %er+oane +au titlurile> "enu2irile> %ro/e+iunile> et#3> ro+tite la @n#e%utul +au +/Br$itul
#o2uni#rii> /r legtur gra2ati#al #u #elelalte #u.inte "in %ro%o?i!ie> au rolul "e a atrage aten!ia
%er+oanei re+%e#ti.e: Bob, hurry up L ;e are late. Bo1> gr1e$te-te> a2 @ntBr?iat ! a!e you got a
minute, Er. Brown > E2i a#or"a!i un 2o2ent> Il3 BroUn [
Not1: Vo#ati.ul %oate /i /olo+it $i %entru a e0%ri2a rela!ia "intre .or1itor $i a+#ulttor:
+ 5ir Di Ea#am "enot re+%e#tul /a! "e %er+oana #reia i +e /a#e a"re+area3
Titluri $i nu2e "e %ro/e+iuni: Ey ?or#, &our onour, &our 6:cellency> Fri2e Mini+ter> Io#tor +unt
/olo+ite #a /or2e "e a"re+are @n +tilul o/i#ial3
- Iintre .o#ati.ele /olo+ite @n .or1irea /a2iliar 2en!ion2: #a#3#y$, mum 3my$, my #ear, #arling.
pag: 0/0
.*'9' Cu3intele i locu2iunile parentetice
A#e+tea %ot /i:
aD "e a/ir2a!ie +au nega!ie: certainly, surely, really, to be sure, in#ee#, by no means: ;e are !ery happy
in#ee#. They really ha!e en@oye# themsel!es. To be sure, we ha!e hear# such promises before.
1D %ro1a1ilitate: perhaps, maybe, as a matter+of+fact, in fact: Perhaps he has left the town.
#D "e legtur #u #o2uni#area anterioar: howe!er, more!er, therefore, ne!ertheless, to begin with, to
conclu#e4
%n the en#, howe!er, they came to an un#erstan#ing. FBn la ur2 totu$i> au aAun+ la o @n!elegere3
"D #u.inte +au gru%uri "e #u.inte #u #ara#ter e0%li#ati.: in my opinion, personally, after all, to tell the
truth:
Personally, % #on8t belie!e that. Eu %er+onal> nu #re" a#ea+ta3 %n my opinion, you8!e ma#e a mistake.
Iu% %rerea 2ea> ai gre$it3
.*';' "ocul elementelor in/epen/ente 0n propozi2ie
Ele2ente in"e%en"ente %ot o#u%a @n %ro%o?i!ie:
aD %o?i!ia ini!ial: As a matter of fact, % was happy % ha# met him. Ie /a%t> a2 /o+t /eri#it # l-a2
#uno+#ut3
1D %o?i!ia /inal: 2ome on, boysL C,aiC"eD 1ie!i!
#D %o?i!ia 2e"ial: % really like# the show.
..' Or/inea cu3intelor 0n propozi2ie #Bor/ Or/er&
..'(' Generalit12i
4r"inea #u.intelor @n %ro%o?i!ie a /o+t tratat @n #a%itolele anterioare C#a% '' - *'D @n anali?a /#ut la
/ie#are %arte "e %ro%o?i!ie3
En #a%itolul ur2tor +e anali?ea? "in nou or"inea #u.intelor @n %ro%o?i!ie> @n /un#!ie "e +#o%ul
#o2uni#rii: %ro%o?i!ii enun!iati.e> interogati.e> i2%erati.e $i e0#la2ati.e3
En #a%itolul "e /a!> ne intere+ea? %rin#i%iile generale #are gu.ernea? a$e?area #u.intelor @n %ro%o?i!ie
$i unele +itua!ii +%e#iale3
..'('*' Stu"ierea or"inii #u.intelor @n %ro%o?i!ie @n li21a engle? %re?int o i2%ortan! "eo+e1it3 Li21a
engle? e+te o li21 +inteti#> a.Bn" /oarte %u!ine /or2e /le0ionare3
Ie a#eea lo#ul %e #are-l o#u% #u.intele @n %ro%o?i!ie are un rol i2%ortant @n i"enti/i#area /un#!iilor lor
+inta#ti#e3
pag: 0//
En %ro%o?i!iile ur2toare> "e e0e2%lu> +u1+tanti.ul 2an are a#eea$i +tru#tur 2or/ologi#> /un#!ia +a "e
+u1ie#t $i re+%e#ti. "e #o2%le2ent "ire#t @n %ro%o?i!ie /iin" i"enti/i#at "oar #u aAutorul %o?i!iei $i al
tran+/or2rii %o+i.e3
aD A#ti.: T6 EA* kille# the tiger.
Fa+i.: The tiger was kille# B& T6 EA*.
Su1+tanti.ul 2an e+te +u1ie#tul %ro%o?i!iei a#ti.e> @n #are o#u% %o?i!ie ini!ial> $i +u1ie#tul logi# al
%ro%o?i!iei %a+i.e> @n #are are /un#!ia /or2al "e #o2%le2ent #ir#un+tan!ial "e agent3
1D A#ti.: T6 T%,6I kille# the man.
Fa+i.: The man was kille# B& T6 T%,I6I.
Su1+tanti.ul 2an e+te #o2o%le2entul "ire#t al %ro%o?i!iei a#ti.e> /iin" a$e?at i2e"iat "u% .er1ul
tran?iti. $i "e.enin" +u1ie#tul /or2al al tran+/or2rii %a+i.e3
..'('.' Stu"ierea or"inii #u.intelor @n %ro%o?i!ia @n li21a engle? e+te i2%ortant $i "atorit "i/eren!elor
"intre #ele "ou li21i3 En li21a ro2Bn %o?i!ia %r!ilor "e %ro%o?i!ie "i/er "e #ea a #u.intelor engle?e$ti
@n "ou %ri.in!e:
aD li21a ro2Bn are 2ai 2ulte /or2e /le0ionare "e#Bt li21a engle? $i "e#i lo#ul #u.intelor @n %ro%o?i!ie
nu e+te atBt "e i2%ortant> iar +u1ie#tul nu e+te "e o1i#ei e0%ri2at> .er1ul ro2Bne+# /iin" 2ar#at /or2al
%enru %er+oan $i nu2r:
% *6)6I see him there.
Ni#io"at nu-l ." a#olo3
CEuD nu-l ." ni#io"at a#olo3
CEuD Nu-l ." a#olo ni#io"at3
1D unele %r!i "e %ro%o?i!ie @n li21a ro2Bn o#u% "e o1i#ei alte lo#uri "e#Bt %r!ile "e %ro%o?i!ie
#ore+%un?toare "in li21a engle?:
6)6I&BGF& went to see the film.
C+u1ie#t ^ %re"i#at ^ #o2%le2enteD
Au 2er+ to!i + .a" /il2ul3
C%re"i#at ^ +u1ie#t ^ #o2%le2enteD
e speaks 6*,?%5 well.
C+u1ie#t ^ %re"i#at ^ #o2%l3"ire#t ^ #ir#3 "e ti2%D
El .or1e$te 1ine ENGLEZEGTE3
C+u1ie#t ^ %re"i#at ^ #ir#3"e 2o" ^ #o2%l3 "ire#tD
% saw him AT T6 2%*6EA last night.
C+u1ie#t ^ %re"i#at ^ #ir#3"e lo# ^ #ir#3"e ti2%D
L-a2 .?ut a+ear LA CINEMA3
C+u1ie#t ^ %re"i#at ^ #ir#3"e ti2% ^ #ir#3 "e lo#D
..'('4' Or"inea #u.intelor "in li21a engle? %re?int ur2toarele #ara#teri+ti#i generale:
aD 4r"inea %r!ilor %rin#i%ale "e %ro%o?i!ie e+te:
- +u1ie#t - %re"i#at> @n %ro%o?i!iile enun!iati.e $i e0#la2ati.e: P6T6I likes algebra. T6& are not rea#y
yet. ow beatiful 56 isL
- %re"i#at - +u1ie#t> @n %ro%o?i!iile interogati.e: %s 6 an architect >
1D 4r"inea o1i$nuit a #o2%le2entelor @n %ro%o?i!ie e+te:
.er1 tran?iti. ^ #o2%le2ent "ire#t d ^ #o2%le2ente #ir#u2+tan!iale C"e 2o"D
.er1 tran?iti. C"e lo#D C"e ti2%D
% rea# the news 7uickly in the #ining+room after #inner.
% walk 7uickly across the park e!ery morning.
pag: 0/0
#D Atri1utul %re#e"e "e o1i#ei %artea "e .or1ire no2inal %e #are o @n+o!e$te: Gl# Facian implements
were foun# un#er the ruins.
"D S#,i21area or"inii nor2ale a #u.intelor @n %ro%o?i!ie are "ou #au?e 2ari:
- %arte "e %ro%o?i!ie 2ai +#urt tin"e + /ie a$e?at @naintea #elei 2ai lungi C"in 2oti.e "e rit2> e#,ili1ru
al %ro%o?i!ieiD: The hostess offere# 2AU65 to all the 7uests in the room.
- %artea "e %ro%o?i!ie a+u%ra #reia .or1itorul "ore$te + ne atrag aten!ia e+te a$e?at la @n#e%utul
%ro%o?i!iei> %ro"u#Bn" "e o1i#ei in.er+iune @ntre +u1ie#t $i %re"i#at V*G;6I6 was be better recei!e#
than in his nati!e town.
eD In.er+iunea @ntre +u1ie#t $i %re"i#at e+te:
- total> #Bn" %re"i#atul e+te e0%ri2at "oar %rin .er1ul no!ional Co /or2 .er1al +i2%lD: Iarely ha#
6 time to wach T).
- %ar!ial> #Bn" %re"i#atul e+te al#tuit "in 2ai 2ulte #u.inte: .er1 au0iliar / 2o"al ^ .er1 no!ional Co
/or2 .er1al #o2%u+D3
En al "oilea #a?> +u1ie#tul +e a$ea? "e regul "u% %ri2ul #u.Bnt "in /or2a .er1ului au0iliar / 2o"al:
ar#ly ha# T6& finishe# their #inner when somebo#y rang at the #oor. *owhere coul# &GM fin# a
better @ob.
/D A$e?area @n %o?i!ia ini!ial C%o?i!ia 9D a %r!ilor "e %ro%o?i!ie #are nu o#u% "e o1i#ei a#e+t lo#> #u
+#o%ul "e a le +u1linia> nu %ro"u#e @ntot"eauna in.er+iune @ntre +u1ie#t $i %re"i#at3 4r"inea +u1ie#t -
%re"i#at e+te 2en!inut:
- "a# +u1ie#tul e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un %ronu2e: ere 6 comes. 6!erything 6 says is right.
- "a# ele2entul +u1liniat +e re/er la #e.a 2en!ionat anterior: Telephone numbers % can ne!er
remember. Gn 5un#ay the e:hibition ha# been open for a week.
..'('8' Fo?i!ia "i/eritelor ele2ente +inta#ti#e @n #a"rul %ro%o?i!iei @n li21a engle? %oate /i %re?entat
+#,e2ati# a+t/el:
Fo?i!ie 9 ' * 6 : ; 7 8
Fartea
"e
%ro%o?i!i
e
CCo2%le
2ent
#ir#u2+t
an!ial "e
ti2%/Alt
%arte
"e
.or1ire
%entru
+u1linier
e
Su1i#t C^
atri1uteD
Fre"i#at Co2%le
2ent
"ire#t
Co2%le
2ent
in"ire#t/
Co2%le
2ent
%re%o?i!
ional/El
e2ent
%re"i#at
i.
+u%li2e
ntar
Co2%le
2ent
#ir#u2+t
an!ial "e
2o"
Co2%le
2ent
#ir#u2+
tan!ial
"e lo#
CCo2%l
e2ent
#ir#u2+
tan!ial
"e
ti2%D
E0e2%lu CA/ter
"innerD
S,e +ai" goo"-
nig,t
to t,e2 Zui#=lH in t,e
,all
Ca/ter
"innerD
..'*' eguli pri3itoare la or/inea cu3intelor 0n propozi2ie
'D Su1ie#tul C^ atri1utele +aleD o#u% lo#ul ' @n %ro%o?i!iile enun!iati.e> %re#e"Bn" %re"i#atul: The man
has left. Gmul a plecat.
*D Su1ie#tul +au alt ele2ent no2inal "in %ro%o?i!ie Calt nu2eD %oate /i %re#e"at +au ur2at "e unul +au "e
2ai 2ulte atri1ute3
6D Su1ie#tul e+te %re#e"at "e atri1ute e0%ri2ate %rin %r!i "e .or1ire /olo+ite a"Ae#ti.al:
pag: 0/3
aD un a"Ae#ti. %ro%riu-?i+> un +u1+ta1ti.> un "e2on+trati.> un nu2eral> un %arti#i%iu et#3: The tall man
left. These books are interesting. This e!ening #ress is !ery beautiful. Three hun#re# people were
present at the ceremony.
1D %rintr-un +u1+tanti. @n #a?ul geniti.: The profesor8s lectures are !ery interesting.
En #a"rul unui atri1ut #are %re#e"e +u1ie#tul +au alt %arte no2inal "e %ro%o?i!ie> +e %ot #rea
ur2toarele +itua!ii> "a# atri1utul e+te e0%ri2at %rin "ou +au 2ai 2ulte a"Ae#ti.e:
aD Iou a"Ae#ti.e "e a#ela$i /el +e a$ea? @n or"inea a"Ae#ti. 2ai +#urt - a"Ae#ti. 2ai lung: a WM%6T
intelligent boy4 a ?G*, boring chapter4 the TA??65T an# most talkati!e girl.
1D Iou a"Ae#ti.e +unt a"e+ea legate %rin an" %entru +u1liniere: a #ark an# gloomy house, a new an#
useful e:periment.
#D Iou a"Ae#ti.e "i/erite #a +en+ le0i#al +e a$ea? @naintea +u1+tanti.ului @n or"inea general/+u1ie#ti. -
+%e#i/i#/o1ie#ti.: a *%26 new !ase, a (%*6 ol# carpet, a PI6TT& re# flower.
"D Se a$ea? i2e"iat @naintea +u1+tanti.ului a"Ae#ti.ele in"i#Bn":
#uloarea: a #elicate pink !ase
+tilul: a beatiful gothic buil#ing
na!ionalitatea: a cup of #elicious 2hina tea
2aterialul: a useful platic bag.
/D 4r"inea atri1utelor e0%ri2ate %rin %r!i "e .or1ire "i/erite e+te: %re"eter2inant: all, half, both ^
"eter2inant5 the, this, my ^ %o+t"eter2inant: or"inal: the first, the secon# ^ #ar"inal/#uanti/i#ator: two,
se!eral ^ a"Ae#ti. ^ +u1+tanti.: All the three tall men were teachers.
Fo?i!ia "eter2inan!ilor @n #a"rul gru%ului no2inal:
Gru% No2inal Gru%
Ver1al
Fre"eter2
inant
Ieter2ina
nt
Fo+t"eter
2inant
4r"inal
Car"inal
Cuanti/i#a
tor
Cali/i# Su1+tanti.
<al/ 2H
T,e
/ir+t
la+t
tUo Uor=ing
+u22er
"aH
2ont,+
Ua+ gone3
Uere .erH
,ot3
:D Su1ie#tul C+au alt ele2ent no2inal "in %ro%o?i!ieD e+te ur2at "e atri1ute e0%ri2ate:
aD %rin a"Ae#ti.ele: present, proper, e:tant:
They #ro!e from the suburbs to the city proper. The people present listene# to him attenti!ely.
1D @n #on+tru#!iile /i0e tran"i!ionale: sum total, time immemorial
#D %rin a"Ae#ti.e /olo+ite %re"i#ati.: the house abla-e
"D "u% %ronu2e ne,otrBte ter2inate @n +bo#y, +one, +think: There8s nithing unusual in what he says.
eD %rin #on+tru#!ii %re%o?i!ionale C+u1+tanti. ^ FREF4ZI!IED : %8ll show you a picture of my son.
/D %rin #on+tru#!ii in/initi.ale: This is the 7uestion to be settle#.
;D Unele atri1ute %ot a%rea /ie @nainte> /ie "u% +u1+tanti.:
aD a%o?i!ia "e?.oltat: enri 2oan#=, a scientist of worl# renown, was a great lo!er of nature. A
scientist of worl# renown. enri 2oan#= was a great lo!er of nature.
pag: 0/1
1D Atri1utele e0%ri2ate %rin a"Ae#ti.e "eri.ate "in .er1e +au legate "e a#e+tea> #a "e e0e2%lu a"Ae#ti.ele
e0%ri2ate %rin %arti#i%ii +au a"Ae#ti.ele ter2inate @n +able, +ible %re#e"e nu2ele #Bn" +e a##entuea?
#ara#terul lor a"Ae#ti.al Ce0%ri2area unei #alit!iD $i ur2ea? nu2ele #Bn" +e a##entuea? #ara#terul lor
.er1al:
Cara#terul a"Ae#ti.al:
5he is an a#opte# chil#.
Cara#ter .er1al:
The classification a#opte# is !ery simple. 3wich has been a#opte#$
Cara#terul a"Ae#ti.al:
All the a!ailable copies were put at our #isposal.
Cara#ter .er1al:
All the copies a!ilable were put at our #isposal.
#D Ia# un +u1+tanti. e+te @n+o!it "e 2ai 2ulte a"Ae#ti.e > unele "intre ele @l %re#e"> iar altele @l ur2ea?>
%entru reali?area rit2ului %ro%o?i!iei: Before him stretche# the !ast forest, #ark, #ense an# mysterious.
7D Fe lo#ul 9 @n %ro%o?i!ie> @naintea +u1ie#tului C^ atri1utele +aleD +e %ot a/la:
aD #o2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial "e ti2% #are e0%ri2 o %erioa" "e/init "e ti2%: last year, in summer,
on Eon#ay, yester#ay.
Fo?i!ia ini!ial a #ir#u2+tan!ialului "e ti2% e+te 2ai rar /olo+it "e#Bt %o?i!ia /inal> "e o1i#ei @n
%ro%o?i!ii lungi> #u 2ulte #o2%le2ente: &ester#ay she une:pecte#ly left for 5ucea!a by the morning
plane.
+au #Bn" +e /a#e re/erire la #e.a 2en!ionat anterior: At eight she ha# been waiting for you half an hour.
1D Gi alte %r!i "e %ro%o?i!ie %ot o#u%a %o?i!ia 9> %entru +u1liniere: 5lowly an# carefully he wrote his
name.
8D En anu2ite +itua!ii +u1ie#tul o#u% lo#ul * @n %ro%o?i!ie> %rin in.er+iune total #u %re"i#atul Ce0%ri2at
%rin .er1ul 1e +au ,a.e la Fre+ent +au Fa+t Ten+e: %s 6 at home > a!e &GM a #og >
+au %rin in.er+iune %ar!ial #u .er1ul au0iliar +au 2o"al #are intr @n al#tuirea %re"i#atului: a!e &GM
met him > ;hat can % #o >
Su1ie#tul o#u% lo#ul * @n %ro%o?i!ie:
aD @n %ro%o?i!ii interogati.e: 2oul# you get me some fruit >
1D #Bn" +u1ie#tul logi# e+te %re#e"at "e un +u1ie#t intro"u#ti. Cit +au t,ereD: %T is unusual for him to be
so silent. There are beautiful pictures in this book.
#D #Bn" o %arte "e %ro%o?i!ie> @n +%e#ial #o2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial e0%ri2at %rin a".er1e negati.e +au
re+tri#ti.e +ingure: scarcely, har#ly, sel#om, rarely, little, e!en less, nor, neither, at no time, ne!er, etc.,
sau prece#ate #e G*?&: only by chance, only yester#ay, only then, only with #ifficulty, only by luck
e+te a$e?at %e lo#ul 9 %entru +u1liniere: ?ittle #oes he reali-e how foolish he looks. Gnly by chance #i#
% hear that they ha# returne# from their trip.
)D Fre"i#atul o#u% "e o1i#ei lo#ul * @n %ro%o?i!ie> "u% +u1ie#t: e came later.
Fre"i#atul +au o %arte a %re"i#atului %oate o#u%a lo#ul ' @n %ro%o?i!ie> %rin in.er+iune total +au %ar!ial
#u +u1ie#tul> @n +itua!iile enu2erate la %un#tul 83
(D Fre"i#atul %oate /i %re#e"at "e anu2ite #o2%le2ente #ir#u2+tan!iale Cne!er, often, har#lyD $i e+te
ur2at "a# e+te tran?iti.> "e #o2%l"e2entul "ire#t> iar "a# e+te intran?iti.> "e #o2%le2ente
#ir#u2+tan!iale3 @n or"inea: 2o"> lo#> ti2%: ;e often swim in the sea. ;e ha# great fun at the party last
night.
pag: 0/5
'9D Fre"i#atul e+te "e o1i#ei %re#e"at "e #o2%le2ente #ir#u2+tan!iale e0%ri2ate %rin:
- a#!erbe #e frec!enH= ne#efinit=: often, always, usually, ne!er, rarely, sel#om, sometimes.
- a".er1e re+tri#ti.e: har#ly, scarcely, only.
A#e+te a".er1e %re#e" %re"i#atul e0%ri2at %rintr-o /or2 .er1al +i2%l: They rarely ha!e !isitors. +au
.er1ul no!ional #are intr @n al#tuirea %re"i#atului @2%reun #u un .er1 au0iliar +au 2o"al: e has
G(T6* lent me his pen. &ou can AIF?& e:cuse yourself for this reason.
Ver1ul 1e e+te ur2at "e a#e+te a".er1e la /or2ele +i2%le CFre+ent> Fa+tD: e is G(T6* ill3 $i %re#e"at
"e ele la /or2ele #o2%u+e: e has G(T6* been ill.
Fentru +u1liniere> a#e+te a".er1e %ot /i a$e?ate la @n#e%utul +au +/Br$itul %ro%o?i!iei> #u +au /r
in.er+iune @ntre +u1ie#t $i %re"i#at: Gften #i they go for long walks when they were young. They to go
for long walks4 often they walks as far as fi!e miles e!ery #ay. They !isit their frien#s !ery often.
''D Ver1ul tran?iti. e+te ur2at "e gru%ul #o2%le2entelor C"ire#t> in"ire#t> %re%o?i!ionalD> @n 2o"ul
ur2tor:
aD Un +ingur #o2%le2ent "ire#t +e a$ea? i2e"iat "u% .er1: %8!e left my notebook at home.
Aten2ie J Ia# .er1ul tran?iti. e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un .er1 #u %arti#ul a".er1ial> #o2%le2entul "ire#t
+e a$ea?:
'D "u% %arti#ula a".er1ila> "a# el e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un +u1+tanti. +ingur +au #u o #o2%linire
a".er1ial> "a# el e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un +u1+tanti. +ingur +au #u o #o2%linire> +au %rintr-un %ronu2e
2ai lung: Put on your glo!es. Put on the glo!es % bought you yester#ay. Pack up e!erything.
*D @ntre .er1 $i %arti#ula a".er1ial: %o?i!ie o1ligatorie "a# #o2%le2entul "ire#t e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un
%ronu2e: Put it on> +au .ariant la 'D "a# #o2%le2entul "ire#t e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un +u1+tanti.: Put
your glo!es on.
1D Iou #o2%le2ente "ire#te +e a$ea? "u% .er1 @n or"inea: #o2%le2ent "ire#t al %er+oanei>
#o2%le2ent "ire#t al o1ie#tului: e teaches T6 2%?FI6* mathematics.
#D Un #o2%le2ent "ire#t $i unul in"ire#t +e a$ea? @n or"inea:
'D #o2%le2ent "ire#t ^ in"ire#t> a#ea+t or"ine /iin" uneori /olo+it %entru +u1linierea #o2%le2entului
in"ire#t: % ga!e T6 *GT6 to your #eskmate.
Aten2ie J A#ea+t or"ine e+te re#o2an"at:
- #Bn" a21ele #o2%le2ente +unt e0%ri2ate %rin %ronu2e: % ga!e it to him.
- "u% .er1e ur2ate o1ligatoriu "e %re%o?i!ia to: % e:plaine# the lesson to them.
- #Bn" #o2%le2entul in"ire#t e+te 2ai lung "e#Bt #el "ire#t: % ga!e the note to your #eskmate.
*D 4 alt %o+i1ilitate e+te: .er1 tran?iti. ^ #o2%le2ent in"ire#t /r to +au /or ^ #o2%le2ent "ire#t> #are
e+te or"inea nor2al> neutr: % ga!e him &GMI *GT6.
"D Un #o2%le2ent "ire#t $i unul %re%o?i!ional +e a$ea? @n or"ine: They compare# T6 (%?E with the
no!el.
pag: 0/6
eD Co2%le2entul "ire#t e+te "e a+e2enea ur2at "e ele2entul %re"i#ati. +u%li2entar: They foun# T6
P?A26 a prosperous !illage.
'*3 Un .er1 intran?iti. e+te ur2at "e #o2%le2ente #ir#u2+tan!iale @n or"inea: 2o"> lo#> ti2%: e waite#
7uietly in the for an hour.
'6D Co2%le2ente #ir#u2+tan!iale "e 2o" +unt a$e?at i2e"iat "u% .er1ul intran?iti. +au "u% .er1ul
tran?iti. $i #o2%le2entele +ale: e smile# prou#ly. he co!ere# the tube carefully.
E-cep2iiK
aD Cir#u2+tan!ialul "e lo# +e %oate uneori a$ea?a @naintea #elui "e 2o"> "u% un .er1 intran?iti.
e0%rBn"u-$i #alea> %entru a-i #o2%leta +en+ul: 5he walke# to school in a hurry yester#ay. %8ll go to the
cinema by bus.
1D Cir#u2+tantialul "e lo# +e %oate a$e?a @naintea #o2%le2entului "ire#t> "u% un .er1 tran?iti.> #Bn"
#o2%le2entul "ire#t e+te ur2at "e o #on+tr#u!ie %re%o?i!ional +au o %ro%o?i!ie +u1or"onat: % met
there a boy who preten#e# to be a frien# of yours.
#D Co2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial "e lo# +e %oate a$e?a la @n#e%utul %ro%o?i!iei /ie %entru +u1liniere> /ie
%entru e#,ili1rul %ro%o?i!iei3 A#ea+t a$e?are %ro"u#e in.er+iune @ntre +u1ie#t $i %re"i#at> "a# +u1ie#tul
e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un +u1+tanti.: Gff goes your trainL ?ower an# lower ben# the ol# man o!er the sick
chil#.
4r"inea +u1ie#t %re"i#at r2Bne ne+#,i21at "a# +u1ie#tul e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un %ronu2e: Gff he
goes L ?ower an# lowe he ben#.
Iou +au 2ai 2ulte #o2%le2ente #ir#u2+tan!iale "e lo# +e a$ea? "e la #el 2ai +%e#i/i# la #el 2ai
general: e li!es et 55, (ranklin 5treet Bucharest. % met my frien#s in a little !ilage on the Black 5ea
2oast.
Ia# @n %ro%o?i!ie a%ar "ou a".er1e: unul "e lo# $i altul "e "ire#!ie a".er1ul "e lo# +e a$ea? "u% #el
"e "ire#!ie: the hourse @umpe# o!er the fence 3#irecHie$ in the gar#en Clo#D +au la @n#e%utul %ro%o?i!iei:
%n the gar#en the hourse @umpe# o!er the fence.
pag: 0/7

';D Co2%le2entele #ir#u2+tan!iale "e ti2% #are o#u% %o?i!ia /inal @n %ro%o?i!ie +unt #ele #are in"i#:
- 2o2entul a#!iunii: yester#ay, at 5 o8clock, two #ays ago4
- "urata a#e+tuia: three weeks, four ages4
- /re#.en!a "e/init: once in a while, from time to time4
E-cep2iiK
aD un #o2%le2ent #ir#u2+tan!ial "e ti2% +#urt +e a$ea? uneori @naintea %re"i#atului +au a .er1ului
no!ional "in +tru#tura +a: you 3 can$ now see that you were wrong. %8ll soon fin# out the truth.
1D un #o2%le2ent #ir#u2+tan!ial "e ti2% +e %oate a$e?a @naintea unui #ir#u2+tan!ial "e lo#> "a# e+te
2ai +#urt "e#Bt a#e+ta: % saw them yarlier in front of the school.
Sau "a# e0%ri2 "urata: % staye# for two weeks at the seasi#e.
Mai 2ulte #o2%le2ente #ir#u2+tan!iale "e ti2% e0%ri2Bn" 2o2entul a#!iunii +e a$ea? "e la 2o2entul
2ai %re#i+ "e "eter2inat la #el 2ai general: <e Ua+ 1orne at 63'* in t,e a/ternoon on Augu+t *(t,>
'(7)3
Mai 2ulte #o2%le2ente #ir#u2+tan!iale "e ti2% "i/erite +e a$ea? @n or"inea: "urat - /re#.en! -
2o2ent: % went to the seasi#e for two weeks e!ery summer #uring my chil#hoo#.
ELECI6E6
%. 5chimbaHi or#inea complementelor. (olosiHi prepo-iHia to sau for Jnaintea complementului in#irect.
6:emplu: 5how us the album. 5how the album to us.
'3 Flea+e> %a++ 2e t,e +al3 *3 S,e 1oug,t ,er +on +o2e toH+3 63 Tell t,e #,il"ren t,i+ /unnH +torH3 :3 <e
"i"nPt /orget to 1uH ,i+ +i+ter a ti#=et3 ;3 Mot,er ga.e u+ +o2e gra%e+3 73 Flea+e> +en" Hour %arent+ 2H
regar"+3 83 Ret#, 2e a gla++ o/ Uater3 )3 <e o//ere" e.erHone /loUer+3
%%. XnlocuiHi complementele in#irecte #in coloana nr./ cu complemente in#irecte potri!ite ca sens #in
coloana nr.0 .(aceHi schimb=rile necesare.
' *
'3 I %ro2i+e" t,e2 a "i#tionarH3 T,e el"erlH la"H3
*3 Tillia2 ,an"e" ,er +o2e %i#ture+3 all U,o ,a" #o2e3
63 T,eH tol" u+ t,e neU+3 t,e Uo2an +itting ne0t to ,i23
:3 S,e +,oUe" Mi++ Ienter t,e al1u2 e.erH1o"H in t,e 1all3
;3 I ,a.e Uritten Jo,n a letter3 ,er> not to ,i2
73 An"reU oUe+ BettH +o2e 2onaH3 ,i2> not to ,er3
%%%. Tra#uceHi urm=toarele propo-iHii Jn limba engle-=:
'3 Ie+#rie-ne %ei+aAul3 *3 Te rog "i#te?-2i tra"u#erea #u.intelor noi3 63 Co2uni#-le .e+tea gro?a.3 :3
I-a2 #u2%rat +o!ului 2eu o #ra.at /oarte "rgu!3 ;3 Me"alia "e aur a /o+t a#or"at +%orti.ei ro2Bne
%entru %er/or2an!a ei e0traor"inar3 73 Nu e+te ne.oie +-2i @na%oie?i #artea3 _i-o /a# #a"ou3
%). 2ompletaHi spaHiile libere cu prepo-iHiile care lipsesc pentru a forma complemente prepo-iHionale:
'3 S,e ne.er +%ea=+333 t,i+ +u1Ae#t3 *3 S,e Uaite"3333 Hou /or ,al/ an ,our3 63 <e +till "e%en"+3333 ,i+
%arent+3 :3 Io Hou agree3333 2e[ ;3 T,e 1oH in+i+te" 333 "oing it ,i2+el/3 73 Flea+e> loo=333t,e 1oo= IM.e
1oug,t3
). TransformaHi propo-iHiile urm=toare pentru a folosi !erbele #in parante-=, !erbe urmate #e elemete
pre#icati!e suplimentare:
E0e2%lu:
T,e 1e+t +%ea=er Ua+ t,eir re%re+entati.e3 C2a=eD
T,eH 2a"e t,e 1e+t +%ea=er t,eir re%re+entati.e3
'3 T,e Ui+e+t 2an Ua+ t,eir %re+i"ent3 C#,oo+eD *3 T,e 1oH Ua+ gi.en t,e na2e o/ Tillia23 C#allD 63 Mr
T,ite Ua+ t,eir "ire#tor3 Ca%%ointD :3 S,e Ua+ t,e Uinner3 C%ro#lai2D3 ;3 <e Ua+ t,e #o22an"er o/ t,e
ar2H C"e#lareD3 73 Ri#,ar" Ua+ t,eir +e#retarH3 Cele#tD
)%. (olosiHi prepo-iHia to Jnaintea infinti!ului acolo un#e este ca-ul, Jn construcHiile Acu-ati! cu
infiniti! sau *ominati! cu infiniti!:
'3 <e i+ +ai" C1eD t,e 1e+t /oot1all %laHer o/ t,e national tea23 *3 Ii" Hou +ee ,er C%laHD t,i+ %art[ 63
T,eH e0%e#te" u+ C#o2eD on Sun"aH3 :3 I noti#e" ,i2 Clea.eD t,e ,ou+e3 ;3 I #on+i"ere" ,er C1eD 2H 1e+t
/rien"3 73 Te ,a.e o/ten ,ear" ,i2 C+%ea=D li=e t,i+3 83 T,e tea#,er Uante" t,e %u%il+ Cli+tenD to ,i+
e0%lanation3 )3 I /elt ,i2 C2o.eD in t,e roo23 (3 Te +aU ,i2 Clea.eD t,e 1uil"ing3 '93 <e i+ #on+i"ere"
C1eD a great +#ienti#i+t3
)%%. TransferaHi construcHiile Acu-ati! cu infiniti! Jn construcHii *ominati! cu infiniti!.
E0e2%lu: T,eH =neU ,i2 to 1e a goo" "o#tor3
<e Ua+ =noUn to 1e a goo" "o#tor3
'3 Te e0%e#te" ,er to +%ea= /ir+t3 *3 T,eH t,oug,t ,i2 to 1e gi/te" in %ainting3 63 I ,ear" ,i2 U,i+tle3 :3
Te a".i+e" ,i2 to ta=e it ea+H3 ;3 T,eH tol" u+ to Uait3 73 T,e tea#,er a+=e" ,i2 to e0%lain t,e rule3 83
Te +aU ,i2 lea.e t,e roo23 )3 Te #on+i"er ,i+ 2et,o"+ to 1e .erH intere+ting3
)%%%. PuneHi complementele circumstanHiale #in parante-e la locul potri!it Jn propo-iHie:
'3 I a2 Uor=ing on 2H gra"uation %roAe#t CnoUD3 *3 <e ,a+ ,a" ,i+ "inner Calrea"HD3 63 T,e+e /loUer+
groU Cra%i"lH> in "ar= %la#e+3D3 :3 T,e la+t le++on Ua+ "i//i#ult Cunu+uallHD5 t,i+ one i+ ea+H Cenoug,D3 ;3 I
,a.e 1elie.e" t,e2 Cne.erD3 73 <i+ 1e,a.iour #annot 1e e0%laine" CentirelHD3
83 4ur tea#,er +%ea=+ Engli+, C.erH UellD3 <e +%ea=+ Engli+, Cin t,e #la++roo2> alUaH+D3 )3 T,at aut,or
"oe+n!t Urite true +torie+ Ca#tuallHD3 (3 Sou #an e0#u+e Hour+el/ /or t,at rea+on C,ar"lHD3 '93 <e #o2e+
C+o2eti2e+> on Satur"aH> to 2H %la#eD3 ''3 <e goe+ to t,e t,e +ea+i"e Cu+uallH> in JulHD3 '*3 Loo= at
t,o+e +enten#e+ Ctonig,tD3
%Y. PuneHi atributele #in parante-= la locul potri!it Jn propo-iHie:
'3 Te ,a" a long tal= Uit, +o2e1o"H CintelligentD3 * T,at #,il" i+ 2H +on C/air-,aire"D3 63 I #anMt 1elie.e
t,at +torH Clong> o/ Hour /rien"D3 :3 T,ere are %lentH o/ +ig,t+ in toUn C,i+tori#al o/ Bra$o.D3 ;3 <e i+ a
2an C,an"++o2e> Uit, +trong /eature+3D3 73 <a.e Hou +een t,e in+#ri%tion Col"e+t> e0tantD[ 83 Te 1oug,t
+o2e Uine C"rH> re"> ine0%en+i.eD3 )3 S,e Ua+ loo=ing at ValleH CUi"e> 1eauti/ul> greenD
pag: 0/.
Y. 5ubliniaHi apo-iHiile:
'3 Sou loo= tire"> Aunt MarH3 *3 <a.e Hou rea" C,a.H C,a+e> t,e ol"e+t ,i+tori#al Engli+, 1alla"[3 63
Fro/e++or Jone+ Uill le#ture on 2o"ern art3 :3 Se+ter"aH I 2et t,e S2it,e> t,e /rien"+ o/ 2H Hout,3 ;3
Io Hou =noU t,e ol" +aHing LRir+t #o2e> /ir+t +er.e"L[3 73 Te a"2ire" t,e e0,i1it+> e+%e#iallHt,e
national #o+tu2e+83 Lon"on i+ #ro++e" 1H t,e ri.er T,a2e+3 )3 T,ere Ua+ onlH one #arriage in t,e .illage
an" t,at Ua+ ol" To2M+ t,e 1a=er3
Y%. Tra#uceHi Jn limba engle-=:
Ro$u G,eorg,e e+te +ol"atul #el 2ai 2i#> nu nu2ai "in gru%a +au "in %lutonul lui> #i "in @ntreaga
#o2%anie3 Era atBt "e 2i#> @n#Bt a1ia reu$i+e la re#rutare + nu /ie re/or2at3 Ie /a%t la @n#e%ut @l $i
re/or2a+er> "u% #e 2ai @ntBi /u+e+e a2Bnat "e "ou ori @n "oi ani $i "a# @n +atul lui a#e+t lu#ru n-ar /i
/o+t +o#otit "re%t o "ao.a" "e/initi. "e in/ir2itate> Ro$u G,eorg,e ar /i %utut + ia i2e"iat trenul "e la
#entrul "e re#rutare $i + %le#e @n a#eeia$i ?i a#a+3 En a#eea$i ?i @n+> tot +atul ar /i $tiut # nu e 1un "e
ar2at> $i @n %ri2ul rBn" /etele33 Era originar "e %rin Banat3 A$a +e /a#e #> "Bn"u-+e Ao+ "e %e #Bntarul
2e"i#al> Ro$u G,eorg,e nu ie$i+e "in +al> #i +e retr+e+e 2ai @n#olo> t#ut $i tri+t> @ntBr?iin" #Bt %utu+e
"e 2ult @n ti2%ul @21r#atului3 Cu o#,iul lui %Bn"itor "e 1n!ean lini$tit o1+er.a+e @n+ # ni2eni nu era
tent la el3 Gi atun#i +e a2e+te#a+e #u #eilal!i #are .eneau la rBn"> +e "eH1r#a+e $i +e %re?enta$e iar @n /a!a
#o2i+iei3
CMarin Fre"a - Sol"atul #e 2ititelD
.4' !elurile propozi2iilor #Pin/, o+ 6entence&
.4'(' Cla,i+icare
Iin %un#t "e .e"ere al +#o%ului #o2uni#rii> %ro%o?i!iile %ot /i @2%r!ite @n %atru #la+e 2ari: enun!iati.e>
interogati.e> i2%$erati.e $i e0#la2ati.e3 Rie#are #la+ %re?int anu2ite #ara#teri+ti#i @n #eea #e %ri.e$te
intona!ia> %un#tua!ia> to%i#a et#3> ne#e+are %entru e0%ri2area #on!inutului ei +%e#i/i#3
.4'*' Propozi2ia enun2iati31 #5eclarati3e 6entence, 6tatement&
Fro%o?i!ia enun!iati. e+te utili?at %entru tran+2iterea unei in/or2a!ii3 A#ea+ta %oate /i:
aD a/ir2ati.: e speaks 6nglish well. CElD Vor1e$te 1ine engle?e$te3
1D negati.: e #oesn8t speak 6nglish well. El nu .or1e$te 1ine engle?e$te3
Intona!ia %ro%o?i!iilor enun!iati.e e+te "e+#en"ent: % went to two yester#ay. M-a2 "u+ @n ora$ ieri3
pag: 000
Or/inea propozi2iilor 0n propozi2ia enun2iati31
En %ro%o?i!iile enun!iati.e> +u1ie#te e+te "e o1i#ei e0%ri2at $i %re#e"e %re"i#atul3 4r"inea #u.intelor e+te
a+t/el: Catri1ut ^D +u1ie#t ^ %re"i#at C^ #o2%le2ent "ire#tD C^ #o2%le2ente #ir#u2+tan!iale "e 2o"> lo#>
ti2%D: ?ittle Tommy learne# a poem at school yester#ay.
.4'.' Propozi2ia negati31 #T$e Negati3e 6entence&
.4'.'*' E0%ri2area nega!iei @n li21a engle? %re?int unele "eo+e1iri /a! "e li21a ro2Bn> ne#e+itBn"
un +tu"iu atent3
E0%ri2area nega!iei @n li21a engle? +e /a#e "e regul #u aAutorul unui +ingur #u.Bnt "e negare> +%re
"eo+e1ire "e li21a ro2Bn: % #i#n8t say anything to anybo#y. Nu a2 +%u+ ni2i# la ni2eni3
.4'.'.' 4 %ro%o?i!ie %oate #on!ine "ou nega!ii "oar "a# a#e+tea +e re/er la "ou %r!i "i/erite ale
%ro%o?i!ei: % #i#n8t tell him not to phone. Nu i-a2 +%u+ + nu tele/one?e3
Not1K Fro%o?i!ii #a: e ainQt got nothing. El nu are ni2i#> #are +e %ot @ntBlni @n unele o%ere literare>
#Bnte#e +au /il2e +unt /or2e in#ore#te "in %un#t "e .e"ere gra2ati#al> #ara#teri+ti#e .or1irii ne#ulti.ate
+au #Bnte#elor %o%ulare3
.4'.'4' E-primarea ,en,ului negati3 al unei %ro%o?i!ii +e %oate /a#e %rin:
AD negarea .er1ului5 BD negarea altei %r!i "e %ro%o?i!ie3
AD Negarea .er1ului:
aD Ver1ele 1e $i ,a.e #a .er1e no!ionale> .er1ele 2o"ale "e/e#ti.e $i .er1ele no!ionale la ti2%uri
#o2%u+e /or2ea? negati.ul %rin a"ugarea nega!iei not "u% %ri2ul au0iliar / 2o"al: e is *GT an
engineer. % ha!e *GT a new bucycle. e can*GT swim. % ha!e *GT spoken 6nglish to#ay. e shoul#
*GT ha!e #one this.
Not1K Ia# un .er1 e+te ur2at "e un +u1+tanti.> +e %oate /olo+i no> e#,i.alentul lui not anH: % ha!e no
time. Nu a2 ti2%3 There are no chil#ren in playgroun#. Nu e ni#i un #o%il %e terenul "e Ao#3
En .or1ire> nega!ia not e+te #ontra+ @n nPt #are +e +#rie @ntr-un #u.Bnt #u .er1ul: e isn8t an engineer. %
ha!en8t bicycle.
E0%ri2area #on+tra+ a nega!iei +e 2ai %oate /a#e $i %rin #ontragerea .er1ului au0iliar> a#olo un"e e+te
%o+i1il: e isn8t here < e8s not here. They aren8t working < They8re not working. They ha!en8t rea#
the book < They8!e not rea# the book. e won8t come < e8ll not come. 5he woul#n8t speak < 5he8#
not speak.
1D Fentru /or2area negati.ului la ti2%urile Fre+ent Si2%le $i Fa+t Si2%le C#are nu #on!in au0iliare @n
/or2a lorD> +e /olo+e$te .er1ul au0iliar "o %entru %re?ent $i /or2a "e Fa+t Ten+e> "i"> %entru Fa+t Ten+e3
Au0iliarul #o"#i# ^ nega!ia not +e a$ea? @ntre +u1ie#t $i .er1> #are e+te la in/initi.ul +#urt: % #o not know
him. % #i# not see them.
La %er+oana a III-a +ingular %re?ent> au0iliarul %ri2e$te -e+> luBn" /or2a "oe+: e #oes not like
grapefruit.
Aten2ie J '3 Ver1ul au0iliar "o e+te ne#e+ar %entru /or2area negati.ului la %re?ent $i Fa+t Ten+e $i @n
#a?ul .er1ului no!ional "o O a /a#e:
e #i#n8t #o anything yester#ay. N-a /#ut ni2i# ieri3
pag: 00/
*3 Ver1ul ,a.e %oate /or2a negati.ul $i #u aAutorul lui "o: % #on8t ha!e enough money. e #i#n8t ha!e
any frien#s in this town.
En .or1ire> nega!ia not e+te "e o1i#ei #ontra+: % #on8t know him. % #i#n8t see them. e #oesn8t like
grapefruit.
!orma negati31 a 3erbelor
Ver1 4r"inea #u.intelor @n %ro%o?i!ie
Su1ie#t
Ver1 au03/
2o"al
Nu2e Fre"i#ati.
not Ver1 no!ional/
C^alte %r!i "e
%ro%3D
' * 6 : ;
1e> ,a.e la
Fre+ent> Fa+t
Ten+e
I a2
Ua+ N4T
a tea#,er3
<e ,a+ a 1i#H#le3
,a"
Ver1 no!ional
la a+%e#tul Te
are
Uere N4T
rea"ing3
#ontinuu Uill 1e rea"ing3
Ver1 no!ional
<e i+
Ua+
un"er+too"3
la "iate?a
%a+i.
Sou are
Uere
N4T 1eing /olloUe"3
T,eH ,a.e
,a"
1een +,oU t,e
2u+eu23
Ver1 no!ional <e ,a+ #o2e3
la ti2%uri
%er/e#te
T,eH ,a" /ini+,e" 1H
t,en3
T,eH Uill N4T ,a.e arri.e"
Het3
MarH Uoul" ,a.e "one t,i+3
Ver1 no!ional I "o
la Fre+ent> Fa+t
Ten+e
Si2%le"i"
<e "oe+ N4T li=e 2il=3
T,eH
Ver1 no!ional ^
.er1 2o"al
Sou 2u+t
N4T
+Ui23
+,oul" ,a.e "one t,i+3
pag: 000
BD Cara#terul negati. al unei %ro%o?i!ii %oate /i e0%ri2at $i %rin negarea altor %r!i "e %ro%o?i!ie:
- +u1ie#tul: *obo#y came here yester#ay.
- nu2ele %re"i#ati.: e is nothing to me.
- #o2%le2entul C"ire#t> in"ire#t> %re%o?i!ionalD: % saw nothing there. % spoke to nobo#y about this.
- #o2%le2entul #ir#u2+tan!ial: e is nowhere to be foun#.
Fentru negarea a#e+tor %r!i "e %ro%o?i!ii +e %ot utili?a %ronu2e> a"Ae#ti.e +au a".er1e negati.e #a: ni
ConeD> none> neit,er2 not,ing> noU,ere> ne.er et#3: *one of them knew the answer. Ni#i unul "intre ei
C2ai 2ul!i "e "oiD nu $tia r+%un+ul3 *either of them knew the answer. Ni#iunul C"in #ei "oiD nu $tia
r+%un+ul3
Unele "intre a#e+te 2iAloa#e "e e0%ri2are a nega!iei au #Bte un #ore+%on"ent: any 3one$ either,
anything, anywhere, e!er et#3 #are e+te /olo+it #Bn" .er1ul e+te la /or2a negati.: % #i#n8t know
anything < % knew nothing.
Ele %ot /i /olo+ite #a ori#e %arte "e %ro%o?i!ie> @n a/ar "e +u1ie#t +au %arte "in +u1ie#t: % coul#n8t see
anything in the #ark.
"ar: *othing coul# be seen in the #ark.
En 2aAoritatea #a?urilor #u.intele negati.e au e#,i.alente @n %ro%o?i!iile a/ir2ati.e:
A/ir2ati.
% met 5GE6 frin#s of mine.
A2 @ntBlnit ni$te %rieteni "e-ai 2ei3
%8!e rea# about this 5GE6;6I6.
A2 #itit un"e.a "e+%re a+ta3
Negati.
% #i#n8t meet A*& frien#s of mine.
N-a2 @ntBlnit ni#i un %rieten "e-al 2eu3
% ha!en8t rea# about this any where
Alteori @n+ +e /olo+e+# #u.inte "i/erite:
Afirmativ
They8!e eaten alrea#y.
Au 2Bn#at "eAa3
e is still sleeping.
Ioar2e @n#3
e sometimes phones me.
E2i tele/onea? uneori3
They rea# too many books.
Ei #ite+# %rea 2ulte #r!i3
Eary is coming , too.
Vine $i Maria3
.egativ
They ha!en8t eaten yet.
N-au 2Bn#at @n#3
e isn8t sleeping any longer.
Nu 2ai "oar2e3
e ne!er"sel#om phones me.
Nu-2i tele/onea? ni#io"a#/Rar @2i
tele/onea?3
They #on8t rea# !ery many books.
Ei nu #ite+# %rea 2ulte #r!i3
Eary isn8t coming euther.
Nu .ine ni#i Maria3
A"Ae#ti.ele little Di few $i a".er1ele only, sel#om, rarely, har#ly, scarcely, barely o#u% un lo# +%e#ial3
Ele +unt #u.inte #u +en+ negati.> "e$i /or2a lor nu arat a#ea+ta3 En #on+e#in!> %ro%o?i!iile #are nu
#on!in a+e2enea #u.inte nu %ot a.ea un %re"i#at negati. $i +e #on+truie+# #u any $i #o2%u$ii +i: e
sel#om speaks to anyone. Arareori .or1e$te #u #ine.a3 (ew people know anything about him. Fu!ini
oa2eni $tiu #e.a "e+%re el3
pah: 003
.4'.'8' 6ublinierea caracterului negati3 al unei %r!i "e %ro%o?i!ie +e /a#e %rin a$e?area ei @n %o?i!ie
ini!ial3
Cu .er1ele be, ha!e, a#ea+ta atrage "u% +ine in.er+iunea total +u1ie#t-%re"i#at: *6)6I has he in
time. Ni#io"at nu era %un#tual3
Cu .er1ele no!ionale are lo# in.er+iunea %ar!ial +u1ie#t - .er1 au0iliar/2o"al: AIF?& coul# he talk
about that sub@ect. Cu greu .or1ea "e+%re a#el +u1ie#t3
Ia# .er1ul e+te la Fre+ent +au Fa+t Si2%le> +e a"aug au0iliarul "o/"oe+ re+%e#ti. /or2a Fa+t Ten+e
"i":
*6)6I #oes he listen to anyone. Ni#io"at nu a+#ult "e ni2eni3 *GT A ,GA? #i# their goalkeeper
miss. Nu i-a +#%at ni#i o 2inge %ortarului lor3
.4'.'9' Negarea unei propozi2ii 0ntregi +e reali?ea? #u aAutorul a".er1ului no +a not: Fo you like
him > *o.
A".er1ul negati. no e+te "e o1i#ei @n+o!it "e un +u1ie#t e0%ri2at %rin %ronu2e > "e au0iliarul .er1ului
"in %ri2a %ro%o?i!ie $i nega!ia #ontra+ -nPt: a!e you seen Tom > *o, % ha!en8t.
A".er1ul not e+te /olo+it "u% #Bte.a .er1e %rin#i%ale Ct,in=> ,o%e> e0%e#tD la ti2%ul Fre+ent +au Fa+t
Si2%le> %entru a nega o %ro%o?i!ie @ntreag: Fo you think it will rain > % hope not. " % think not. Cre?i #
o + %lou [ Cre" # nu / S%er # nu3
Not1K '3 A#or"ul unei %er+oane #u o %ro%o?i!ie negati. +e e0%ri2 @n li21a engle? #u aAutorul
a".er1nului negati. no $i a unui r+%un+ +#urt C+%re "eo+e1ire "e li21a ro2Bn un"e +e /olo+e$te "a3D
This is not a suitable #ress for you. *o it isnQt. Nu e+te o ro#,ie %otri.it %entru tine3 Ia nu e+te3
*3 Rolo+irea lui yes @n li21a engle? @n+ea2n "i2%otri. e0%ri2area unui "e?a#or": This is not a
suitable #ress for you. &es, it is. Nu e+te o ro#,ie %otri.it %entru tine3 Ba "a> e+te3
63 Tot %entru e0%ri2area a#or"ului #u o %ro%o?i!ie negati. +e %ot /olo+i $i #onAun#!iile neit,er/nor @n
%o?i!ie ini!ial> ur2ate "e un .er1 a/ir2ati.^+u1ie#t +au either"or @n %o?i!ie /inal> %re#e"ate "e un .er1
negati.: %Qm not goo# at gar#ening. *either3*or$ am %" %Qm not neither -- Nu 2 %ri#e% la gr"inrit3
Ni#i eu3
:3 A#or"ul .or1itorului #u un enun! a/ir2ati. +e /a#e #u aAutorul a".er1ului too a$e?at la +/Br$itul
%ro%o?i!iei> +au +o> @n %o?i!ie ini!ial C^in.er+iuneD
% like 6nglish. % #o, too. 35o #o %$. E2i %la#e engle?a3 Gi 2ie3
.4'4' Propozi2ia interogati31 #T$e Interrogati3e 6entence&
Fro%o?i!ia interogati. e+te /olo+it %entru a #ere o in/or2a!ie "e la interlo#utor3 Con!inutul interogati.
al %ro%o?i!iei e+te e0%ri2at "e regul %rin /or2a interogati. a .er1ului3
pag: 001
.4'4'*' Interogati3ul 3erbelor +e /or2ea?:
aD %rin in.er+iune +u1ie#t-%re"i#at @n #a?ul .er1elor 1e $i ,a.e /olo+ite #a .er1e no!ionale> la Fre+ent +au
Fa+t Ten+e: ;as he at home > Era a#a+ [ as she a new uniform > Are o uni/or2 nou [
1D %rin in.er+iune +u1ie#t-.er1 au0iliar/2o"al @n #a?ul .er1elor 2o"ale "e/e#ti.e $i al ti2%urilor .er1ale
#o2%u+e: ;%?? T6& ha!e ari!e# by now > Vor /i +o+it "eAa [ 2A* 6 come at fi!e > Foate .eni la
ora #in#i [
#D %rin in.er+iune +u1ie#t - .er1 au0iliar "o / "i" la ti2%ul Fre+ent Si2%le> re+%e#ti. Fa+t Si2%le al
.er1elor %rin#i%ale: FG &GM un#erstan# me now > M @n!elegi a#u2 [ F%F T6& un#erstan# me
yester#ay > M-au @n!ele+ ei ieri [
La %er+ona a III-a +ingular %re?ent> au0iliarul "o a"aug -e+: FG65 the postman come e!ery #ay > Vine
%o$ta$ul @n /ie#are ?i [
Ror2a interogati. a .er1elor
4r"inea #u.intelor @n %ro%o?i!ie
Ver1 Ver1
au0iliar/2o"al
Su1ie#t Ver1 no!ional Alte %r!i "e
%ro%o?i!ie
' * 6 : ;
1e> ,a.e> la
Fre+ent Fa+t
Ten+e
Are
Tere
Hou in t,e
#la++roo2[
<a.e
<a"
Hou a "i#tionarH[
Ver1 no!ional
la a+%e#tul
#ontinuu :
Fre+ent
Continuou+
Are t,eH rea"ing[ noU[
Fa+t
Continuou+
Tere t,eH rea"ing[ at t,i+ ti2e
He+ter"aH[
Fre+ent Fer/e#t
Continuou+
<a.e t,eH 1een li.ing in Ie.a /or a
long ti2e[
Ruture Fer/e#t
Continuou+
Till t,eH ,a.e 1een
%laHing
all "aH[
Ver1 no!ional
la "iate?a
%a+i.:
Fre+ent I+
Are
e.erHt,ing
t,e #lot,e+
%re%are"[
1eing Ua+,e"
Fa+t Ta+
Tere
A2eri#a
t,e #la++roo2+
"i+#o.ere"
1eing #leane"
1H Colu21u+[
U,en Hou
#a2e[
Fre+ent Fer/e#t <a.e t,e .i+itor+ 1een +,oUn t,e neU
e0,i1it+[
Fa+t Fer/e#t <a" t,e +#,ool 1een 1uilt 1H '(89[
Ruture Fer/e#t Till t,e 1a1H ,a.e 1een
Ua+,e"
1H t,en[
Fer/e#t
Con"itional
Toul" t,i+ ,a.e 1een "one i/ t,eH ,a" ,a"
t,e 2oneH /or
it[
' * 6 : ;
Ver1 no!ional
la ti2%uri
%er/e#te
Fre+ent Fer/e#t <a.e t,eH /ini+,e" alrea"H[
Fa+t Fer/e#t <a" t,eH Uritten to Hou[
Ruture Fer/e#t Till t,eH ,a.e arri.e" Het[
Fer/e#t
Con"itional
Toul" t,eH ,a.e "one t,i+[
Ver1 no!ional
la:
Io Hou li=e t,i+[
Fre+ent Si2%le Ioe+ t,i+ 1elong to Hou[
Fa+t Si2%le Ii" e.erH1o"H #o2e in ti2e[
Ver1 no!ional ^
Ver1 2o"al
Can
S,oul"
+,e
+,e
+%ea=
,a.e #o2e
Engli+,[
too[
pag: 005
.4'4'.' Se %ot /or2ula @ntre1ri $i "e+%re +itua!ii negati.e> #eea #e re?ult @n %ro%o?i!ii interogati. -
negati.e3
En a#e+t lo# in.er+iunea are lo# @ntre +u1ie#t - .er1 au0iliar / 2o"al> iar nega!ia not +e a$ea? "u%
+u1ie#t: ;%?? TGE not #o it >
CBn" +e /olo+e$te /or2a #ontra+ -nPt> ea /a#e #or% #o2un #u au0iliarul: ;on8t Tom #o it > N-a + /a#
To2 a+ta [
.4'4'4' En %ro%o?i!iile interogati.e +e /olo+e+# @n general a#elea$i %ronu2e a"Ae#ti.e +au a".er1e #a $i @n
%ro%o?i!iile negati.e3
Aten2ie J '3 AnH $i #o2%u$ii lui %ot /i /olo+i!i $i @n %ro%o?i!ii a/ir2ati.e #u +en+ul "e ori#ine> ori#e>
oriun"e: &ou can take any book you like. Fo!i + iei ori#e #arte .rei3 Anyone can #o this. 4ri#ine %oate
+ /a# a#e+t lu#ru3 Take anything you like. Ia tot/ori#e "ore$ti3 &ou can get it anywhere. Se g+e$te
%e+te tot / oriun"e3
*3 So2e $i #o2%u$ii lui +e tran+/or2 @n anH $i #o2%u$ii lui @n %ro%o?i!ii #on"i!ionale %entru a re"a
+enti2entul negati. al .or1itorului: %f you see any chil#ren in the playgroun#, come an# tell me. Ia#
.e?i .reun #o%il %e terenul "e +%ort> .ino $i +%une-2i3
63 So2e e+te /olo+it @n #onte0te @n #are +e /olo+e$te "e o1i#ei anH> %entru a re"a +enti2entul %o?iti. al
.or1itorului3 %f you see some chil#ren in the playgroun#, come an# tell me. Ia# .e?i ni$te #o%ii %e
terenul "e +%ort> .ino $i +%une-2i3
Rolo+irea /or2elor a/ir2ati.e @n @ntre1ri: ;as there someone there > ;oul# you like some tea > in"i#
orietarea %o?iti. a @ntre1rii> .or1itorul a$te%tBn" un r+%un+ a/ir2ati.> o #on/ir2are a @ntre1rii +ale: E
a"e.rat # a /o+t #ine.a a#olo [ Iori!i ni$te #eai [
Frin %ro%o?i!iile interogati.e +e %ot /or2ula 2ai 2ulte /eluri "e @ntre1ri: generale> +%e#iale> alternati.e
$i "i+Aun#ti.e3
pag: 006
.4'4'8' Entre1rile generale +e re/er la %re"i#at $i a$tea%t un r+%un+ +#urt a/ir2ati. +au negati.>
e0%ri2at "e regul %rin Se+ / No ^ %ronu2e ^ .er1 au0iliar / 2o"al: 2an you ski > &es % can. Gtii +
+#,ie?i [ Ia> $tiu3 a!e you written to him > *o, % ha!en8t. I-ai +#ri+ [ Nu> nu i-a2 +#ri+3
Intona!ia a#e+tor @ntre1'ri e+te a+#en"ent: Fi# you talk to him last night > &es, % #i#. iar or"inea
#u.intelor e+te: au0iliarul/2o"al ^ +u1ie#t ^ .er1 no!ional C^ #o2%le2enteD: ;ill you be seeing them
tommorrow > Ei @ntBlne$ti 2Bine3
Entre1rile generale %+trea? uneori /or2a %ro%o?i!iilor enun!iati.e> #on!inutul lor interogati. /iin"
in"i#at "oar "e +e2nul @ntre1rii $i intona!ia a+#en"ent &ou saw him> &es, % #i#.
A#ea+t /or2 e+te #ara#teri+ti# e0%ri2rii /a2iliare> /iin" /olo+it +au #Bn" .or1itorul a$tea%t un
r+%un+ a/ir2ati.: &ou li!e here > CTu lo#uie$ti ai#i [D +au %entru e0%ri2area +ur%rin"erii: Sou %ai" a /ine
[ Ai %ltit C@ntr-a"e.rD a2en" [
Rolo+irea lui +o2e> anH> no $i a #o2%u$ilor lor @n %ro%o?i!iile a/ir2ati.e> negati.e $i interogati.e
Fro%o?i!ia
a/ir2ati.
Fro%o?i!ia negati. Fro%o?i!ia
interogati.
Ver1 a/ir2ati. ^
+o2e C#o2%u$iiD
Ver1 a/ir23 ^no ^
C#o2%u$iiD
Ver1 negati. ^ anH
^ C#o2%u$iiD
Ver1 interogati. ^
anH ^ C#o2%u$iiD
IP.e got +o2e
1oo=+3
A2 ni$te #r!i3
IP.e got no 1oo=+3
Nu a2 ni#i o #arte3
I ,a.enPt got anH
1oo=+3
Nu a2 ni#i o #arte3
<a.e Hou got anH
1oo=+[
Ai .reo #arte[
IP.e got +o2et,ing3
A2 #e.a3
IP.e got not,ing3
Nu a2 ni2i#3
I ,a.enPt got
anHt,ing3
Nu a2 ni2i#3
<a+ ,e got
anHt,ing[
Are CelD #e.a[
I +ee
+o2eone/+o2e1o"H
V" %e #ine.a3
I +ee no
one/no1o"H3
Nu ." %e ni2eni3
I "onPt +ee
anHone/anH1o"H3
Nu ." %e ni2eni3
Can Hou +ee
anHone/anH1o"H[
Ve?i %e #ine.a[
It 2u+t 1e
+o2eU,ere3
Tre1uie + /ie
un"e.a3
<e i+ noU,ere to 1e
/oun"3
Nu e ni#ieri "e
g+it3
<e i+nPt anHU,ere
to 1e /oun"3
Nu e ni#ieri "e
g+it3
Can t,i+ 1e /oun"
anHU,ere[
Se g+e$te a+ta
un"e.a[
.4'4'9' Entre1rile +%e#iale /or2ulea? @ntre1ri "e+%re o anu2it %arte "e %ro%o?i!ie $i a$tea%t un
r+%un+ "e/init re/eritor la a#ea+ta: ;hen #i# they arri!e > ?ast night. CBn" au +o+it [ A+ear3
Entre1rile +%e#iale +unt intro"u+e> "e %ronu2e> a"Ae#ti.e +au a".er1e interogati.e:
- T,o %entru /iin!e: ;ho is coming > Cine .ine [ ;hose is the book > A #ui e+te #artea [
- T,at %entru o1ie#te: ;hat sub@ect #o you like best > Ce o1ie#t "e +tu"iu @!i %la#e #el 2ai 2ult [
- T,i#, %entru a in"i#a alegerea +au %re/erin!a "intre "ou +au 2ai 2ulte %er+oane +au o1ie#te: ;hich
of these books #o you want > Fe #are "intre a#e+te #r!i o .rei [
- <oU %entru in"i#area 2o"ului: ow #i# you get this > Cu2 ai o1!inut a+ta [
- <oU 2anH %entru in"i#area nu2rului: ow many 7uests #i# you ha!e last night > CB!i 2u+a/iri ai
a.ut a+ear [
- <oU 2u#, %entru in"i#area #antit!ii: ow much rice #i# you buy > CBt ore? au #u2%rat [ ow
much #i# it cost > CBt a #o+tat [
pag: 007
- <oU ol" %entru in"i#area .Br+tei: ow ol# are you > CB!i ani ai [
- <oU /ar %entru in"i#area "i+tan!ei: ow far #i# he run > CBt "e "e%arte a alergat [
- T,ere %entru in"i#area lo#ului: ;here #i# you fin# this > Un"e ai g+it a+ta [
- T,en / U,at ti2e %entru in"i#area 2o2entului: ;hen #i# they ari!e > CBn" au +o+it[ ;hat time #i#
you get up > La #e or te-ai +#ulat [
- <oU long %entru in"i#area "uratei: ow long #i# you stay there > CBt Cti2%D ai +tat a#olo [
- T,H %entru in"i#area #au?ei: ;hy are you late > Ie #e ai @ntBr?iat [
Intona!ia @ntre1rilor +%e#iale e+te "e+#en"ent: ;hat are you #oing now > %8m rea#ing.
Or/inea cu3intelor 0n 0ntreb1rile ,peciale
Cu.intele interogati.e o#u% %o?i!ie ini!ial @n @ntre1rile +%e#iale> iar %re"i#atul +au o %arte a lui %re#e"e
"e o1i#ei +u1ie#tul> or"inea #u.intelor /iin":
aD #u.Bnt interogati. C^#o2%liniriD ^ 1e/,a.e CFre+ent/Fa+t +i2%leD ^ +u1ie#t C^#o2%le2enteD: ;AT
has he in his han# > Ce are @n 2Bn [
;6I6 were they last night > Un"e au /o+t a+ear [
1D #u.Bnt interogati. C^#o2%liniriD ^ au0iliar/2o"al ^ +u1ie#t X .er1 no!ional C^#o2%le2enteD: G;
EA*& postcar#s ha!e you written to#ay > CBte .e"eri ai +#ri+ a?i [
#D #u.Bnt interogati. C^#o2%liniriD ^ %re"i#at C^#o2%le2enteD #Bn" #u.Bntul interogati. e+te +u1ie#tul
%ro%o?i!iei interogati.e3 En a#ea+t +itua!ie nu 2ai are lo# in.er+iunea +u1ie#t - %re"i#at +au +u1ie#t -
au0iliar> iar la ti2%urile Fre+ent Si2%le $i Fa+t Si2%le nu +e 2ai /olo+e$te au0iliarul "o:
G; EA*& PMP%?5 ha!e written to you > CB!i ele.i !i-au +#ri+ [ ;AT happene# > Ce +-a @ntB2%lat [
;G rings you up e!ery #ay > Cine @!i tele/onea? @n /ie#are ?i [
En toate #ele trei #a?uri #u.Bntul interogati. o#u% %o?i!ie ini!ial3 4 e0#e%!ie o #on+tituie +itua!iile @n
#are #u.Bntul interogati. e+te %re#e"at "e o %re%o?i!ie: At U,o2 are Hou loo=ing [ La #ine te ui!i [
#on+tru#!ie #ara#teri+ti# engle?ei literare3
En .or1ire> %re%o?i!ia +e a$ea? la +/Br$itul @ntre1rii: T,o are Hou loo=ing at [
.4'4';' ntreb1rile alternati3e +e re/er la una "intre "ou +au 2ai 2ulte alternati.e> legate %rin
#onAun#!ia or: Fi# you see a film or a play last night > Ai .?ut un /il2 +au o %ie+ "e teatru a+ear [
Fri2a +au %ri2ele alternati.e au o intona!ie a+#en"ent> iar ulti2a "e+#en"ent: Fi# you talk to Peter,
Cohn or Eary about it >
Entre1rile alternati.e au +tru#tura /ie a unor @ntre1ri generale: Fi# you go there by bus or by tram >
/ie a unor @ntre1ri +%e#iale: ow #i# you get there: by bus or by tram >
En #on+e#in! or"inea #u.intelor @n @ntre1rile alternati.e e+te a#eea$i #a @n @ntre1rile generale +au
+%e#iale3
.4'4'=' ntreb1rile /i,@uncti3e #er r+%un+ +au #on/ir2are la un enun! %o?iti. +au negati.> %rin reluarea>
@n /inal a .er1ului au0iliar/2o"al $i a +u1ie#tului e0%ri2at %rin %ronu2e> la /or2a interogati. +au
interogati. - negati.> "u% #u2 ur2ea?:
aD Enun! %o?iti. ^ /or2 interogati. - negati. #ontra+: Tom can answer now, can8t he> To2a %oate +
r%un" a#u2> nu-i a$a [ (ather has lost his keys, hasn8t he > Tata $i-a %ier"ut #,eile> nu-i a$a [
pag: 00'
ntreb1ri ,peciale
Situa!ie Cu.Bnt
interogati.
^#o2%linire
Ver1
au0iliar/2o"
al
Su1ie#t Ver1
a#!ional ^
#o2%linire
Fre%o?i!ie
Cu.Bntul
interogati.O
+u1ie#tul
%ro%o?i!iei
T,o #a2e
Ha+ter"aH[
T,at i+ going on
t,ere[
<oU 2anH are %re+ent[
T,i#,
1oo=+
,a.e 1een
#,o+en[
Cu.Bntul
interogati.O
alt %arte "e
%ro%o?i!ie
"e#Bt
+u1ie#tul
T,o "i" Hou +ee[
T,at i+ Hour na2e[
T,at/T,er
e
"o #,il"ren/Hou li=e/li.e[
T,en Uill t,eH 1e 1roug,t[
<oU are Hou going to "o
it[
T,H "o t,eH li=e ,i2[
T,i#, 1oo= ,a+ ,e #,o+en[
T,at #olour i+ t,e
2aterial[
<oU ol" are Hou[
<oU long ,a.e t,eH +tu"ie"
Engli+,[
<oU 2u#, "oe+ t,i+ #o+t[
<oU /ar #an Hou run[
Cu.Bntul
interogati.O
%ronu2e
interogati.
T,at i+ ,e +%ea=ing a1out[
^ %re%o?i!ie
T,at Uere t,eH loo=ing at[
T,o "oe+ ,e ta=e a/ter[
T,o "i" Hou +en" /or[
T,at ,a+ t,e 2an +,oUn
intere+t
in[
T,at Uill t,e +#ienti+t Uor= on[
T,at i+ t,e Ueat,er li=e[
T,at "oe+ ,e loo= li=e[
1D Enun! negati. ^ /or2a interogati.: &ou #on8t watch T) e!ery night, #o you > Nu te ui!i la tele.i?or @n
/ie#are +ear> nu-i a$a [ They ha!en8t come yet, ha!e they > N-au +o+it @n#> nu-i a$a [
#D Enun! %o?iti. ^ /or2a interogati. : e comes here e!ery #ay, #oes he > Cine .ine %e-ai#i @n /ie#are ?i
[
Intona!ia @ntre1rilor "i+Aun#ti.e e+te:
- "e+#en"ent> "a# .or1itorul nu a$tea%t un r+%un+ real> #i "oar o #on/ir2are /or2al a enun!ului +u:
The weather is lo!ely to#ay, isn8t it > &es, it is. Ce .re2e /ru2oa+ e a?i> nu-i a$a [ A$a e3
pag: 00.
- a+#en"ent "a# el +oli#it un r+%un+> o #on/ir2are +au negare real a #elor +%un+e: %t is col# outsi#e,
isn8t it> E /rig a/ar nu-i a$a [ %rintr-un r+%un+ a/ir2ati. +au negati.: &es it is " *o, it isn8t. Ia> e+te3/
Nu> nu e+te3
Farti#ularit!i ale @ntre1rilor "i+Aun#ti.e
Entre1area "i+Aun#ti. #are #on!ine /or2a I a2 +e ter2in #u arenPt: % am efficient, aren8t > Sunt e/i#ient>
nu-i a$a [
Ia# +u1ie#tul "in %ri2a %arte a @ntre1rii "i+Aun#ti.e e+te un %ronu2e +au a"Ae#ti. ne,otrBt>
%ronu2ele "in %artea a "oua e+te ,e> +,e> Ue +au t,eH "u% +en+: 6ach participant has to fill in a form,
#oesn8t he > Rie#are %arti#i%ant tre1uie + #o2%lete?e un /or2ular> nu-i a$a [ 6!erybo#y will be
#elighte#, won8t they > To!i .or /i @n#Bnta!i> nu-i a$a [
41+er.a!i @ntre1rile "i+Aun#ti.e #on!inBn" .er1e 2o"ale:
&ou ha!e to be there at nine, #on8t you > Tre1uie + /ii a#olo la ora (> nu-i a$a [
e use# to go finishing in summer, #i#n8t he > 41i$nuia + 2earg la %e+#uit .ara> nu-i a$a [
&ou8# beter stay, ha#n8t you > Mai 1ine ai r2Bne> nu-i a$a [
&ou8# rather go, woul#n8t you > Ai %re/era + %le#i nu-i a$a [
.4'8' Propozi2ia imperati31
Fro%o?i!ia i2%erati. e0%ri2 un or"in> o rug2inte> un @n"e2n> o inter"i#!ie et#3
.4'8'*' !orma 3erbal1 #ara#teri+ti# %ro%o?i!iilor i2%erati.e e+te 2o"ul i2%erati.> a+%e#tul +i2%lu>
"iate?a a#ti.3
I2%erati.ul are o +ingur /or2> #are #oin#i"e #u in/initi.ul +#urt al .er1elor> utili?at %entru %er+oana a
II-a +ingular $i %lural: Iea# the lesson L Cite$te / Citi!i le#!ia !
La %er+oana I $i a III-a +ingular $i %lural> i"eea "e i2%erati. e+te e0%ri2at %rin #on+tru#!ia let ^
+u1+tanti./%ronu2e %er+onal @n a#u?ati. ^ in/initi. +#urt al .er1ului no!ional: ?et me try. S @n#er# $i eu3
?et Eary #o it. S /a# Maria a+ta3 ?et them come in3 S intre3
La %er+oana I %lural> %ronu2ele %er+onal @n a#u?ati. e+te "e o1i#ei #ontra+ @n .or1ire: ?et us stop now <
?et8s stop now. S ne o%ri2 a#u23
Ror2a negati. a i2%erati.ului +e #on+truie$te #u .er1ul au0iliar "o ^ nega!ia not:
Fo not rea# the ?esson L Nu #itiC!iD le#!ia !
Fon8t rea# the ?esson L Nu #itiC!iD le#!ia !
Fo not let Eary #o it L S nu /a# Maria a+ta !
Fon8t let Eary #o it L S nu /a# Maria a+ta !
La %er+oana I %lural +unt %o+i1ile "ou /or2e:
aD #u au0iliarul "o> #ara#teri+ti# e0%ri2rii /a2iliare: Fon8t let8s stopL
1D #u au0iliarul "o: ?et8s not stopL S nu ne o%ri2!
pag: 030
!ormele imperati3ului
Fer+oana a II-a +ingular $i %lural Trite! IonPt Urite!
Fer+oana I %lural Let u+/LetP+ Urite! LetP+ not Urite!
Celelalte %er+oane: I +ingular> a III-a
+ingular $i %lural
Let 2e/,i2/,er/t,e2 Urite! IonPt let
2e/,i2/,er/t,e2 Urite!
.4'8'.' Intona2ia %ro%o?i!iilor i2%erati.e "e%in"e "e +en+ul lor3
Intona!ia a+#en"ent e+te @ntre1uin!at %entru e0%ri2area unei in.ita!ii +au a unei rug2in!i: Sit "oUn3
Stai Ao+3 Gi.e 2e t,at 1oo=3 I-2i #artea a#eea3
Intona!ia "e+#en"ent e+te /olo+it %entru e0%ri2area unui or"in: 2lose your book. En#,i"e #artea! Fon8t
look at your #eskmateL Nu te uita la .e#inul "e 1an#!
.4'8'4' Iin %un#t "e .e"ere al +tru#turii> %ro%o?i!iile i2%erati.e %ot /i @2%r!ite @n:
aD %ro%o?i!ii /r +u1ie#t5
1D %ro%o?i!ii i2%erati.e #u +u1ie#t5
#D %ro%o?i!ii i2%erati.e #u let5
"D alte #on+tru#!ii #u .aloare "e i2%erati.3
aD %ro%o?i!ii i2%erati.e /r +u1ie#t +e #on+truie+# #u 2o"ul i2%erati.> /or2a a/ir2ati. +au negati.> $i
+e re/er la %er+oana a II-a +ingular +au %lural3 A#ea+t /or2 e+te utili?at @n +%e#ial %entru e0%ri2area
unor or"ine +au inter"i#!ii: Fon8t park hereL Nu %ar#a!i ai#i3 Park o!er thereL Far#a!i a#olo3
1D %ro%o?i!ii i2%erati.e #u +u1ie#t +e #on+truie+# "e a+e2enea #u i2%erati.ul> +u1ie#tul /iin" @n+
2en!ion1at3
La %er+oana a II-a +ingular> +u1ie#tul e+te Hou a##entuat> %re?en!a +a in"i#Bn":
- iritarea .or1itorului: &ou min# your own business. Ve?i-!i "e trea1a ta>
- o "i/eren!iere: &ou bring the plates, Eary an# you bring the glasses, Peter. Maria> tu a"u /ar/uriile> $i
tu Fetre a"u %a,arele3
La %er+oana a III-a> +u1ie#tul %oate /i:
- un +u1+tanti.> utili?at %entru no2inali?are: Bob an# 2athy come here. Bo1 $i Cati + .in ai#i3
- un %ronu2e ne,otrBt> #Bn" i2%erati.ul e+te a"re+at ori#rei %er+oane "intr-un gru%: 5omebo#y clean
the blackboar#. Cine.a + $tearg ta1la3 6!erybo#y write their names. To!i +-$i +#rie nu2ele3
Ror2a negati. a %ro%o?i!iilor i2%erati.e "e ti%ul aD $i 1D +e #on+truie$te #u aAutorul lui #o not 3#on8t$:
Fon8t open the win#ow. Nu "e+#,i"e /erea+tra3 Fon8t you lift that case. Tu + nu ri"i#i gea2antanul
Ca#elaD!
#D Fro%o?i!iile i2%erati.e la %er+oana I $i a III-a +ingular $i %lural +e #on+truie+# #u aAutorul .er1ului let>
ur2at "e un +u1+tanti. +au %ronu2e @n a#u?ati. $i "e in/initi.ul +#urt al .er1ului "e #onAugat: ?et me #o
it3 Ra# eu a+ta3 ?et them come now. S .in a#u23
La %er+oana I %lural> a#ea+t #on+tru#!ie e0%ri2 "e o1i#ei un @n"e2n:
?et us go for a walk. C<ai D + 2erge2 la %li21are3
?et8s go for a walk. C<ai D + 2erge2 la %li21are3
Not1K 4 alt %o+i1ilitate "e e0%ri2are a unu i @n"e2n e+te %rin @ntrea1rea ,oU/U,at a1out ^ gerun"
T,at a1out going /or a Ual=[
"D Alte #on+tru#!ii #u .aloare "e i2%erati. +unt:
'D #on+tru#!ii i2%er+onale: *o parkingL Far#area inter?i+3 *o 3unauthori-e#$ entryL Intrarea inter?i+
C%er+oanelor neautori?ateD3 ;et paint L Froa+%t .o%+it3
*D %ro%o?i!ii eli%ti#e: The sal, please. Sarea> . rog3 Gut with itL I-i "ru2ul!
6D %ro%o?i!ii #on!inBn" .er1e 2o"ale> /olo+ite %entru a e0%ri2a:
- un or"in: &ou are to be back at se!en. Tre1uie + .e @ntoar#e!i la ora $a%te3
- un +/at / o ne#e+itate i2e"iat: &ou must see that filmL Tre1uie + .e?i / .e"e!i /il2ul a#e+ta! &ou must
go an# see her. Tre1uie + te "u#i +-o .e?i3
.4'8'8 E0i+t 2ai 2ulte 2iAloa#e "e @ntrire $i "e /or2ulare %oliti#oa+ a %ro%o?i!iilor i2%erati.e3
Fentru intrire> in+i+ten!> +e a$ea? .er1ul "o @naintea i2%erati.ului: Fo speak more 7uietly3 Te rog
.or1e$te 2ai @n#et3
Fentru /or2ulare %oliti#oa+> "e la un gra" 2ai re"u+ la un gra" 2ai @nalt "e %olite!e> +e @ntre1uin!ea?:
- #u.Bntul %lea+e> a$e?at la @n#e%utul +au 2ai /re#.ent la +/Br$itul %ro%o?i!iei i2%erati.e: 5witch on the
lights, please. A%rin"e lu2ina> te rog3
- #on+tru#!iile +,all 2e [ $i Uill Hou [ @n %o?i!ie /inal> #are "a %ro%o?i!iilor i2%erati.e a+%e#tul unor
@ntre1ri "i+Aun#ti.e: ?et8s watch the T) programme shall we > <ai"e + ur2ri2 %rogra2ul la tele.i?or3
Turn the !olume up, will you > Vrei + "ai .olu2ul 2ai tare [
- Uill Hou / Uoul" Hou @n %o?i!ie /inal ^ %lea+e la /inal> #are "au %ro%o?i!iilor i2%erati.e a+%e#tul unor
@ntre1ri generale:
;ill you answer the #oor, please > Vrei + r+%un?i la u$> te rog3
;oul# you answer the #oor, please > Vrei + r+%un?i la u$> te rog3
- .er1e #a 2in"> Uon"er $i a"Ae#ti.e +au a".er1e: kin#, kin#ly et#3 @n #on+tru#!ii interogati.e +au
a/ir2ati.e:
Fo you min# changing seats > Te +u%eri "a# +#,i212 lo#urile [
;oul# you min# changing seats > Te +u%eri "a# +#,i212 lo#urile [
;ill you be so kin# as to ha!e a look at these papers > Vrei + /ii a$a "e "rgu! + te ui!i la a#e+te lu#rri
[ % won#er if you woul# kin#ly rea# this application, etc.
.4'9' Propozi2ia e-clamati31
Fro%o?i!ia e0#la2ati. e0%ri2 o ga2 larg "e +tri a/e#ti.e: +ur%rin"erea> +ati+/a#!ia> ne2ul!u2irea>
"i+%re!ul et#3> @n:
aD #on+tru#!ii +%e#i/i# e0#la2ati.e5
1D @n alte /or2e ne+%e#i/i#e3
pag: 030
.4'9'*3 Intona!ia %ro%o?i!iilor e0#la2ati.e e+te "e+#en"ent: ow interesting this book is L Ce
intere+ant e+te a#ea+t #arte !
.4'9'.' Fro%o?i!iile e0#la2ati.e %ro%riu-?i+e +unt #ele intro"u+e "e U,at C^a"Ae#ti.D ^ +u1+tanti. +au "e
,oU ^ a"Ae#ti. / a".er1: ;hat 3interesting$ stories he knows L Ce %o.e+tiri Cintere+anteD $tie! ow well
he remembers e!erythingL Ce 1ine @$i a2inte$te totul!
A#e+te %ro%o?i!ii au /or2 a/ir2ati.3
4r"inea #u.intelor e+te: +u1ie#t ^ %re"i#at ^ et#3> %re#e"ate "e %arte "e %ro%o?i!ie "e+%re #are +e
e0%ri2 e0#la2a!ia3 CA#ea+ta o#u% tot"eauna %o?i!ie ini!ialD3 ;hat won#erful people they met in their
tripL Ce oa2eni 2inuna!i au @ntBlnit @n e0#ur+ie! CT,at333 / ,oU333 ^ +u1ie#t ^ %re"i#at C^#o2%le2enteD3
Uneori %ro%o?i!iile e0#la2ati.e +unt eli%ti#e> %re"i#atul $i +u1ie#tul /iin" nee0%ri2ate: ;hat a won#erful
!oice 3she has$L Ce .o#e 2inunat! ow true 3this is$L CBt "e a"e.rat!
.4'9'4' Propozi2ii e-clamati3e cu +orm1 ne,peci+ic1 +unt e0#la2a!ii e0%ri2ate %rin:
aD %ro%o?i!ii enun!iati.e: <er a#ting Ua+ %er/e#t! Inter%retarea ei a /o+t %er/e#t! &ou are a liarL E$ti un
2in#ino+!
Not1K 4 #ategorie a%arte o /or2e? %ro%o?i!iile intro"u+e "e ,ere> t,ere> aUaH> o//> @n #are are lo#
in.er+iunea +u1ie#t-%re"i#at "a# +u1ie#tul e+te e0%ri2at %rintr-un +u1+tanti.: <ere Hou are/<ere it i+
CFo/ti2D
"ar: There goes the last bus. S-a "u+ $i ulti2ul auto1u?!
1D %ro%o?i!ii interogati. - negati.e @n #are .or1itorul a$tea%t a#or"ul interlo#utorului #u #ele +%u+e "e
el: ans8t she impro!e#L Nu-i a$a # a /#ut %rogre+e! %sn8t he cle!erL Nu-i a$a #-i "e$te%t!
#D interAe#!ii: ushL ZDDL Fear meL Vai "e 2ine!
ELECI6E6
%. TreceHi urm=toarele propo-iHii la forma negati!=:
'3 T,i+ i+ a Ia#ia #ar3 *3 T,eH Uere %laHing tenni+3 63 S,e nee"+ ,el%3 :3 I "o 2H ,o2eUor= in t,e
e.ening3 ;3 T,eH #a2e earlH3 73 <e ,a+ a +i+ter3 83 T,e 2eeting 1egan at /i.e oP#lo#= +,ar%3)3 (3 <e #an
+Ui23 '93 S,e ,a+ lo+t ,er %en#il3 ''3 I li+tene to t,e ra"io in t,e 2orning3 '*3 T,eH Uill arri.e
to2orroU3 '63 <e tol" 2e +o2et,ing3 ':3 <e tea#,e+ Engli+, in t,i+ +#,ool3 ';3 T,ere are 2anH %i#ture+
in t,i+ 1oo=3 '73 T,i+ re%ort Ua+ tH%e" He+ter"aH3 '83 <e got u% late He+ter"aH3 ')3 <e goe+ to Uor= 1H
1u+3 '(3 I Urite to ,er e.erH Uee=3 *93 T,eH are going to .i+it t,e Zoo3
%%. (ormulaHi Jntreb=ri la care p=rHile #e propo-iHie scrise cursi! s= fie r=spunsuri.
E0e2%lu:
T,eH %laHe" /oot1all Vin t,e %ar=3W
A: T,ere "i" t,eH %laH /oot1all[
B: In t,e %ar=3
'3 T,eH are Uaiting Vin t,e ot,er roo23W *3 <e "i" ,i+ Uor= V#are/ullH3W 63 T,e +e#retarH Uill tH%e t,e
re%ort Vto2orroU3W :3 <e i+ Vten Hear+ ol"3W ;3 VT,e +tu"ent+ in t,i+ #la++W Uor= .erH ,ar"3 73 T,e la+t
le++on Ua+ V.erH "i//i#ult3W 83 VTUoW %u%il+ are a1+ent to"aH3 )3 T,e Aurnali+t +%o=e Va1out %ea#e an"
"i+ar2a2entW3 (3 <e i+ Uor=ing V on ,i+ t,e+i+ noUW3 '9 3 T,e tea#,er Uill tal= Vto our %arent+W
to2orroU3 ''3 VRat,erM+ #arW 1ro=e "oUn He+ter"aH3 '*3 T,e %u%il+ 2et Vt,eir tea#,erW in /ront o/ t,e
+#,ool3 '63 T,eH %o+t%one" t,eir tri% V1e#au+e o/ t,e Ueat,erW3 ':3 T,eH ,a.e 1een ,ere a VUee=W3 ';3
<e Uant+ t,e Vre"W %en#il3 '73 <i+ #ar i+ V1lueW3
%%%. 2ompletaHi urm=toarele Jntreb=ri #is@uncti!e:
'3 T,at 2an i+ our tea#,er> 3333 [ *3 Sou ,a.enPt /ini+,e" Het>3333[ 63 Feter rea"+ in t,e li1rarH>3333 [ :3 MarH
+ent t,e letter He+ter"aH>33333[ ;3 Sou Uill e0%lain t,at to2orroU>3333[ 73 T,eH "i"nMt ,a.e a goo" ti2e at
t,e %artH333[ 83 Sou #an "o t,i+ tran+lation3333[)3 Jo,n "oe+nMt =noU t,e trut,3333[ (3 <e +,oul"nMt 1e,a.e
li=e t,i+> 333[ '93 Sou ,a.e a neU "re++> 333[ ''3 E.erH1o"H in t,i+ #la++ %laH+ /oot1all Uell>3333[ '*3 <e
ne.er u+e" to Uear a ,at> 333[ '63 TeM" 1etter Uait /or ,er333[ ':3 SouM" rat,er not +aH anHt,ing3333[
%). TreceHi urm=toarele propo-iHii la interogati! Di negati! sub form= #e #ialog:
Mo"el3 T,eH are +till eating3
A: Are t,eH +till eating[
B: No> t,eH arenMt3 T,eH arenMt3 eating anH longer3
'3 To2 U,i+%ere" +o2et,ing to ,i+ 1rot,er3 *3 T,eH +,oul ,a.e le/t earlier3 63 S,e ,a+ a neU %en3 :3 <e
"i" too 2anH e0er#i+e+ He+ter"aH3 ;3 <e li.e+ a long UaH /ro2 ,i+ /rien"+3 73 T,eH +o2eti2e+ +ee ea#,
ot,er3 83 T,eHM.e alrea"H +een t,at /il23 )3 T,ere are +o2e %eo%le in t,e +treet3 (3 T,eHMll /in" ,i23 '93
AnHone #an "o t,i+ tran+lation3
). 6:primaHi urm=toarele comen-i Jntr+un mo# mai politicos. (olosiHi mai multe !ariante:
'3 4%en t,e "oor3 *3 IonPt +ing in t,i+ roo23 63 eee% Zuiet3 :3 Be #are/ul3 ;3 Iri.e 2ore +loUlH3 73
IonPt Ua+te Hour ti2e3 83 IonPt 2a=e +o 2u#, noi+e3 )3 Ta=e t,e "og /or a Ual=3
)%. 2omentaHi asupra @ocurilor olimpice folosin# propo-iHii e:clamati!e:
E0e2%lu: T,e 4lH2%i# Ga2e+ are an i2%ortant e.ent3
T,at an i2%ortant e.ent t,e 4lH2%i# Ga2e+ are!
<oU i2%ortant t,e 4lH2%i# Ga2e+ are!
'3 ManH to% at,let+ #o2%ete in t,e Ga2e+3 *3 T,eH Uor=+ .erH ,ar"3 63 T,ee i+ an at2o+%,ere o/ goo"-
Uill an" #o-o%eration "uring t,e Ga2e+3 :3 T,e Ga2e+ are .erH Uell-organi?e"33 ;3 T,e 4lH2%i#
Sta"iu2 i+ ,uge3 73 T,ere are a lot o/ %arti#i%ant+ in t,e 4lH2%i# Ga2e+3 83 T,eH #o2e /ro2 long
"i+tan#e+3 )3 Million+ o/ %eo%le Uat#, t,e Ga2e+ on tele.i+oan3 (3 T,e Ro2anian re%re+entati.e+ are
Uell-traine"3 '93 T,eH o1tain goo" re+ult+ at t,e Ga2e+3
)%%. Tra#uceHi Jn limba engle-=:
'3 Ni#i unuia "intre ei nu i-a %l#ut +%e#ta#olul3 *3 Ni#i unul "in #ei "oi n-a @n!ele+ "e+%re #e .or1eai3 63
Ie la #ine ai %ri2it %a#,etul[ :3 Se "u# la 2e#i> nu-i a$a[ ;3 N-ai /o+t ni#io"at la galeriile "e art> nu-i
a$a[ 73 S la+ ra"ioul a%rin+ +au +-l +ting[ 83 <ai + ne @ntoar#e23 )3 Vrei + /ii a$a "e "rgu! + #Bn!i
un #Bnte#[ (3 Tre1uie +-i tele/one?i3 '93 E 2ult .re2e "e #Bn" nu l-a2 .?ut3 ''3 N-a /o+t %le#at 2ult
.re2e3 '*3 Nu-2i %la#e a#e+t a#tor $i ni#i %rietenului 2eu nu-i %la#e3 '63 Ei nu 2ai +unt ai#i3 ':3 Cu
greu %utea + .a" #e.a @n #a2era @ntune#oa+3
VIII Antrenorul $tia # nu e0i+t ni2i# 2ai 1un #Bn" .rei +-l @n.e!i %e o2 #e.a "e#Bt +-l a21i!ione?i>
+-l %ui + +e @ntrea# #u al!ii "a# e ne.oie3 Iat "e #e> "e la o .re2e> @n#e%u+e + %ro2it 2i#i %re2ii
#elor 2ai 1uni e0e#utan!i ai e0er#i!iilor ne#e+are antrena2entului3 Lu#a +i2!i "u% un ti2%> a$a #u2
+i2te @n.!torul #are $i-a #B$tigat @n#re"erea ele.ilor +i> # +e ter2ina+e #u in"i+#i%lina3 C,iar LLe $tieL
alt "ata atBt "e re/ra#tar> +e arta intere+at "e a#e+te Ao#uri3 Fre2iile nu erau 2are lu#ru> "ar ni2eni nu
%utea +u/eri #a altul + i-o ia @nainte> a$a #u2 +e @ntB2%l "e o1i#ei #u to!i oa2enii3
CEugen Bar1u -- Un+%re?e#eD
pag: 235
Partea a III"a
=I!T4L4 FE4IDI
(Te compound and comple7 sentence$
III.?. 0eneralit,.i
III.?.1. :nitatea de ba&+ a !inta3ei e!te roo&i-ia.
Froo&i-ia oate 'i de !ine !t+t+toare4 )he is a teacher, !au oate 'i )n anumite
rela-ii cu anumite roo&i-ii, intrnd )n alc+tuirea unei 'ra&e4 )he became a
teacher 2hen she 2as t2ent$ three8
Ira&a e!te unitatea !intactic+ !uerioar+ roo&i-iei, 'iind con!tituit+ din dou+ !au
mai multe roo&i-iiC ea e!te )ntotdeauna de !ine !t+t+toare.
4ten.ie5 En limba en(le&+ nu e3i!t+ un cuvnt !ecial entru 'ra&+. Sentence
oate )n!emna att 'ra&+ ct i roo&i-ie indeendent+ "care nu 'ace arte dintr7
o 'ra&+#. Fentru roo&i-iile din cadrul unei 'ra&e !e 'olo!ete termenul clause8
III.?.2. Sinta3a roo&i-iei !tudia&+ roo&i-ia rivit+ indeendent de le(+tura cu
alte roo&i-ii.
Sinta3a 'ra&ei !tudia&+ 'elul cum !e une!c roo&i-iile entru a alc+tui 'ra&e,
raorturile care !e !tabile!c )ntre ace!te roo&i-ii )n cadrul 'ra&ei.
III.?.3. Raorturile !intactice dintre roo&i-iile unei 'ra&e !unt aceleai ca i
dintre +r-ile unei roo&i-ii4
7 raorturi de coordonare )ntre roo&i-iile de acelai 'elC
7 raorturi de !ubordonare )ntre roo&i-ii deendente unele de altele.
Ira&ele rin coodonare, alc+tuite din dou+ !au mai multe roo&i-ii rinciale, !e
nume!c comound !entence! )n limba en(le&+, iar 'ra&ele rin !ubordonare,
'ormate din una !au mai multe roo&i-ii rinciale i una !au mai multe
roo&i-ii !ecundare, !e nume!c comle3 !entence!.
Identitatea raorturilor e3i!tente )n cadrul roo&i-iei i al 'ra&ei 'ace ca )n
!tudierea celor dou+ unit+-i !intactice !+ !e )ntlnea!c+ cate(orii !imilare4
!ubiectului din roo&i-ie )i core!unde )n 'ra&+ roo&i-ia !ubiectiv+,
comlementului direct, roo&i-ia comletiv+ direct+ etc.
III.?.4. Froo&i-iile dintr7o 'ra&+ !unt le(ate )ntre ele4
7 a!indetic4 '+r+ a.utorul unui cuvnt de le(+tur+C
7 cu a.utorul unor con.unc-ii "coordonatoare !au !ubordonatoare#, ronume !au
ad.ective relative !au intero(ative, adverbe relative !au adverbe cu valoare de
con.unc-ie.
pag: 236
24. Fra+a prin coordonare (Te Compound =entence$
24.1. Coordonarea
Coordonarea e!te raortul dintre dou+ !au mai multe unit+-i !intactice care !tau
e acelai lan.
En cadrul 'ra&ei, roo&i-iile a'late )n raort de coordonare !unt e acelai lan, )n
!en!ul c+ !unt 'ie toate rinciale 'ie toate !ubordonate aceluiai element re(ent.
24.2. Felul coordon,rii
9u+ natura raortului dintre elementele e care le lea(+, coordonarea )n 'ra&+,
ca i )n roo&i-ie, oate 'i4 coulativ+, di!.unctiv+ i adver!ativ+.
Coordonarea !e oate reali&a att a!indetic, rin !imla al+turare a roo&i-iilor
coordonate, ct i rin con.unc-ii coordonatoare !eci'ice.
24.3. Coordonarea copulativ, (Copulative Coordination$
Froo&i-iile coordonate re&entate de vorbitor ca a!ociate !e nume!c coulative.
Con.unc-iile coulative !unt4 a# and, b# b%th888 and, c# n%t %nl$888 but als%, iar
entru roo&i-ii ne(ative4 d# &and' neither/n%r e# neither888 n%r8
Con.unc-iile coulative !e aea&+ )ntotdeauna la )nceutul roo&i-iilor e care le
introduc i nu ot 'i recedate de alte con.unc-ii4 + li.ed tea and m$ sister li.es
mil.8
"Comara-i cu o con.unc-ie !ubordonatoare, care oate 'i recedat+ de alt+
con.unc-ie4 0e 2ent h%me because he 2as tired *?, because it 2as late'8
a# And oate le(a dou+ !au mai multe roo&i-ii. En al doilea ca&, con.unc-ia
aare de re(ul+ o !in(ur+ dat+, )naintea ultimei roo&i-ii4 Ph%ne him at %nce,
invite him t% the c%n#erence and as. him t% be punctual8
9e dou+ !au mai multe roo&i-ii coordonate rin and au acelai !ubiect,
!ubiectul din a doua "a treia etc.# roo&i-ie e!te de obicei omi!4 0e 2ent int% the
sh%p, &he' b%ught a tie and &he' paid #%r it at the cash des.8
9ac+ redicatele din roo&i-iile coordonatoare con-in acelai verb au3iliar, el !e
omite )mreun+ cu !ubiectul4 +"ve been 2ainting and &+"ve been' 2%ndering
2here $%u are8
b# B%th888 and !unt 'olo!ite entru coordonarea a dou+ roo&i-ii avnd acelai
!ubiect, !au entru coordonarea a dou+ !ubiecte avnd acelai redicat4 0e b%th
spea.s and 2rites t2% #%reign languages8 B%th Peter and *nn have 2%n pri4es8
pag: 237
c# n%t %nl$888 but als%8 Fentru )nt+rire, n%t %nl$ oate 'i ae&at )n o&i-ie ini-ial+,
roducnd inver!iune )ntre !ubiect i redicat4 ?%t %nl$ did he read the 2h%le
p%em, but he als% translated part %# it8
d' ?%r/neither e!te 'olo!it cnd rima roo&i-ie e!te ne(ativ+. ?%r/neither cere
inver!iune )ntre !ubiect i redicat / verb au3iliar i oate 'i recedat de and4 0e
did n%t c%me t% the s$mp%sium, &and' neither / n%r did he send in his paper8
e# ?either888 n%r !unt 'olo!ite i )mreun+ entru a ne(a dou+ roo&i-ii le(ate
rin and. Iolo!irea lui neither888 n%r !ublinia&+ caracterul ne(ativ al ambelor
roo&i-ii.
Comara-i4 )he didn"t eat and she didn"t drin.8
dar4 )he neither ate n%r dran. an$thing8
24.4. Coordonarea dis-unctiv, (3is-unctive Coordonation$
Raortul de coordonare di!.unctiv+ !e !tabilete )ntre roo&i-ii coordonate care
!unt re&entate de vorbitor ca e3clu&ndu7!e una e alta )ntr7o m+!ur+ mai mare
!au mai mic+.
Con.unc-iile di!.unctive !unt4 %r i either888%r, iar )n roo&i-iile )n care !e e3clud
ambele alternative, cu un verb la 'orma a'irmativ+, neither888n%r8
Coordonarea di!.unctiv+ !e !tabilete de obicei )ntre dou+ alternative, dintre care
una e!te re'erat+ )ntr7un anumit moment.
Alternativa re'erat+ e!te de obicei men-ionat+ )nti4 )hall 2e g% #%r a 2al. %r
shall 2e 2atch !G <
Ad+u(area lui either )naintea rimei alternative indic+ de re(ul+ e3cluderea
ambelor alternative.
E3i!t+ )n!+ i !itua-ii )n care coordonarea di!.unctiv+ lea(+ trei !au mai multe
roo&i-ii, raortul de e3cludere reciroc+ 'iind mai u-in evident4 H%u ma$ either
read a b%%., 2atch !G %r listen t% the radi%8
Raortul di!.unctiv !e aroie de cel coulativ i )n ca&ul a dou+ roo&i-ii, dac+
nu e!te nece!ar a !e ota entru o !in(ur+ alternativ+.
24.&. Coordonarea adversativ, (4dversative Coordination$
Froo&i-iile coordonate care !e oun una alteia '+r+ a !e e3clude !e nume!c
adver!ative.
Ace!tea !unt le(ate de obicei rin con.unc-ia adver!ativ+ but4 !he$ 2%uld li.e t%
c%me but the$ are t%% bus$8
pag: 238
=a coodonarea adver!ativ+, interdeenden-a dintre cele dou+ roo&i-ii e!te mai
mare dect la coordonarea coulativ+ i cea di!.unctiv+, roo&i-iile adver!ative
neutndu7i !c*imba locul )ntre ele '+r+ a !e modi'ica !en!ul4 0e is elderl$ but
&he' &is' energetic8 E!te )n vr!t+ dar lin de ener(ie, dar "e!te# )n vr!t+.
24.'. Folosirea timpurilor (n fra+ele prin coordonare
En 'ra&ele rin coordonare !e ot utili&a orice timuri verbale, )n 'unc-ie de
inten-ia vorbitorului4 + 2ent t% the seaside last $esr *?, +"ll g% there again ne=t
$ear8
D7cep.ie4 enumer+rile de ac-iuni )n !tilul narativ !e un la acelai tim
(ramatical4 re&ent, Fa!t @en!e !au viitor, )n 'unc-ie de momentul nara-iunii, !re
deo!ebire de limba romn+, unde timurile ot alterna4
-ver$b%d$ 2as h%me8 6elc%me8 ?%ises %# 2elc%me8 9%ther .issed him8 :ather
as.ed him 2hat mar.s he had g%t8 ?%ises888 !he n%ise %# curtain rings being
pulled aside8 0is bed 2as h%t and his #ace and b%d$ 2ere h%t8 !he nurse as.ed
him: *re $%u all right < 0e didn"t .n%2, and the nurse said: Aet bac. int% bed8 &78
I%$ce 3 !he P%rtrait %# the *rtist as a H%ung 9an'
@o-i erau aca!+. Bine7ai venit. \(omote de bun venit. 1ama )l !+rut+. @ata )l
)ntreab+ ce note a ob-inut. \(omote... \(omotul inelelor de erdea tra!e de7a
arte. Fatul lui do(orete i 'a-a i truul )i do(ore!c. Sora )l )ntreab+4 7 <u -i7e
bine? <u tiaC i !ora &i!e4 7 Ba(+7te )naoi )n at. "S. So,ce 7 Fortretul arti!tului )n
tinere-e#
2&. Fra+a prin subordonare (Te comple7 =entence$
Subordonarea e!te raortul !intactic e3i!tent )ntre doi termeni dintre care unul )l
determin+ e cel+lalt, deinde de el din unct de vedere (ramatical.
Raorturile )ntr7o 'ra&+ de !ubordonare "Comle3 Sentence# !e !tabile!c )ntre
roo&i-iile !ecundare !au !ubordonare "Subordinate Clau!e!# i roo&i-iile lor
re(ente "main Clau!e!#, care la rndul lor, ot 'i roo&i-ii rinciale )n 'ra&+ !au
!ubordonate roo&i-iei rinciale )n 'ra&+.
Ira&a4 0e as.ed me 2here + b%ught the dress + 2as 2earing8 e!te alc+tuit+ din4
18 0e as.ed me "roo&i-ia rincial+#
28 2here + had b%ught the dress "roo&i-ie !ecundar+ 'a-+ de 1 dar re(enta lui 0#
38 + 2as 2earing "roo&i-ie !ubordonat+ 'a-+ de 8#.
2&.1. Froo&i-iile !ubordonate !unt le(ate de roo&i-iile lor re(ente rin4
a# con.unc-ii !ubordonatoare circum!tan-ialeC
b# un element 2h3J
c# that
d# inver!iune.
pag: 239
a# Con.unc-iile !ubordonatoare circum!tan-iale !unt cel mai imortant mi.loc de
indicare a !ubordon+rii )n 'ra&+. Ele !e cla!i'ic+ )n 'unc-ie de roo&i-iile e care le
introduc.
:nele con.unc-ii !ubordonatoare !unt alc+tuite din dou+ elemente4 o con.unc-ie
care aare de re(ul+ )n roo&i-ia !ubordonat+ i un adverb care aare )n
roo&i-ia re(ent+ "correlative !ubordinator!#4 0e 2as s% ill that the$ t%%. him t%
h%spital8 ?% s%%ner had the$ reached h%me than is st%ped raining8
Con.unc-iile !ubordonatoare !e aea&+ de re(ul+ la )nceutul roo&i-iei
!ecundare. Acea!ta oate recede !au urma roo&i-ia re(ent+.
Froo&i-iile !ubordonate temorale, cau&ale "introdu!e de a!/!ince#, condi-ionale
i conce!ive aar de obicei )n o&i-ie ini-ial+4 *s the 2eather 2as bad, 2e sta$ed
h%me all da$8 *lth%ugh she sp%.e ver$ sp%.e ver$ sl%2l$, + c%uldn"t understand
her8
Froo&i-iile introdu!e de becau!e i roo&i-iile con!ecutive ocu+ de re(ul+ o
o&i-ie 'inal+ )n 'ra&+4 + can"t help $%u 2ith $%ur h%me2%r. because +"m bus$
right n%28 ;$dia li.ed the b%%. s% much that she read it three times8
Con.unc-iile !ubordonatoare ot 'i recedate de alte con.unc-ii, !re deo!ebire de
con.unc-iile coordonatoare4 0e le#t earl$ because he 2asn"t #eeling ver$ 2ell *?,
because the part$ 2as b%ring8
9ac+ o roo&i-ie !ubordonat+ are acelai !ubiect "i verb au3iliar# ca i
roo&i-ia !a re(ent+, ace!ta trebuie men-ionat4 !h%ugh he has never been t%
this t2n, he has %#ten 2ritten ab%ut it8
b# Elementele 2h 7 rere&int+4
7 ronume intero(ative !au relative4 2h%, 2h%m/2h%se, 2hich, 2hatJ
7 adverbe relative4 2here, 2hen, h%2, 2h$J
7 comuii ace!tora4 2h%ever, 2hichever, 2hatever, 2herever, 2henever,
h%2ever8
Elementele 2h7 !unt 'olo!ite ca marc+ a !ubordon+rii )n4
7 roo&i-ii intero(ative indirecte4 + d%n"t .n%2 2h% 2as there8
7 )n roo&i-ii relative4 !his is the place 2here + #irst sa2 her8
c# Con.unc-ia t*at e!te 'olo!it+ entru introducerea mai multor tiuri de roo&i-ii
!ubordonate.
En vorbire, con.unc-ia t*at e!te ade!ea omi!+4 + .ne2 she 2as right8 +"m sure she
2as right8
!hat nu p%ate #i %mis c1nd pr%p%4i(ia este subiectiv: !0*! he 2as s% ill alarmed
her8
2&.2. Clasificarea propo+i.iilor subordonate
6 cla!i'icare 'unc-ional+ a roo&i-iilor !ubordonate e!te )n4
A# roo&i-ii !ubordonate introdu!e de t*at, care )ndeline!c 'unc-iile unui (ru
nominal, utnd avea 'unc-ia de4
7 !ubiect4 !hat he ans2ered s% 2ell surprised ever$b%d$8
7 comlement direct4 + .ne2 that she 2as right8
7 nume redicativ4 !he belie# is that things 2ill impr%ve8
pag: 240
7 ao&i-ie4 H%ur %pini%n, that things 2ill impr%ve, is 2ell #%unded8
7 comlement reo&i-ional4 +"m sure that the$ 2ere right8
B# Froo&i-iile relative, care !e comort+ 'unc-ional ca nite ad.ective atributive4
!he man 2h% 2aved t% us 2as m$ uncle8
C# roo&i-iile circum!tan-iale, care )ndeline!c 'unc-ia unor comlemente
circum!tan-iale de tim, loc, condi-ie, cau&+ 'a-+ de elemetele lor re(ente4
H%u"ll hear all ab%ut it 2hen he c%mes8
H%u"ll hear all ab%ut it 2here $%u g%8
H%u"ll hear all ab%ut it i# $%u 2ant t%8
2&.3. Eeducerea propo+i.iilor subordonate
Froo&i-iile !ubordonate ot 'i redu!e de obicei la con!truc-ii cu verbe la 'orme
neer!onale4 a# con!truc-ii in'initivaleC b# con!truc-ii articiiale.
a# Con!truc-iile in'initivale "to 7 In'initive <ominal Clau!e!#
ot )ndelini 'unc-ia de4
7 !ubiect4 :%r him t% c%me s% late is unbelievable8
7 comlement direct4 + li.e ever$%ne t% be punctual8
7 nume redicativ4 !% be a d%ct%r is t% be ver$ hard 2%r.ing8
7 ao&i-ie4 0is desire t% bec%me a veter$nar$ d%ct%r 2as #inall$ #ul#illed8
7 comlement reo&i-ional4 +"m glad t% be %# help8
b# Con!truc-iile articiiale "in(7<ominal Clau!e!# ot )ndelini 'unc-ia de4
7 !ubiect4 0elping pe%ple in need is the main dut$ %# the @ed Cr%ss8
7 comlement direct4 + d%n"t li.e l$ing t% pe%ple8
7 comement reo&i-ional4 +"m pr%ud %# being her pupil8
7 nume redicativ4 0is h%bb$ is c%llecting @%manian stamps8
7 ao&i-ie4 0is present 7%b, being secretar$ %# the sp%rts club, re5uires a great
deal %# 2%r.8
4. Propo+i.iile subordonate introdu!e de t*at "@*at Clau!e!#
Froo&i-iile !ubordonate introdu!e de ta*t ot )ndelini mai multe 'unc-ii e ln(+
elementele lor re(ente. En con!ecin-+, ele !e )mart )n roo&i-ii !ubordonate
comletive directe, !ubiective, redicative, ao&i-ionale etc.
2&.4. Propo+i.ia completiv, direct, (Te 3irect Ab-ect Clause$
2&.4.1. Froo&i-ia comletiv+ direct+ )ndelinete rolul de comlement direct al
redicatului din roo&i-ia re(ent+4 @emember that 2e have t% leave b$ 11:00
a8m8 S+ nu ui-i c+ trebuie !+ lec+m )n .urul orei 11.
2&.4.2. Froo&i-iile enun-iative i intero(ative trecute la vorbirea indirect+ !unt
de a!emenea comletive direecte4 6e as.ed him 2hether he had underst%%d the
instructi%ns. =7am )ntrebat dac+ a )n-ele! intruc-iunile. 0e t%ld us he had
underst%%d ever$thing. <e7a !u! c+ a )n-ele! tot.
pag: 241
2&.4.3. Con.unc-ia that e!te de!eori omi!+ )n en(le&a 'amiliar+ du+ verbe ca4
thin., believe, imagine, supp%seJ see, hear, .n%2, remember, understand sa$:
+ thin. he 2ill c%me in time8 Cred c+ o !+ vin+ la tim.
+ supp%se he 2ill c%me in time8 Cred c+ o !+ vin+ la tim.
Con.unc-ia t*at trebuie +!trat+ cnd roo&i-iile !unt lun(i i au multe
comlemente circum!tan-iale4 + d%n"t supp%se that he indends t% return until
t%m%rr%28 <u cred c+ inten-ionea&+ !+ !e )ntoarc+ n+ mine.
4ten.ie5 <u 'olo!ete con.unc-ia t*at du+4 + 2ish, +"d rather, +"d s%%ner: + 2ish
$%u c%uld #ind %ut the truth8 A dori !+ o-i a'la adev+rul.
2&.4.4. Coresponden.a timpurilor
Iolo!irea timurilor verbale )n roo&i-ia comletiv+ direct+ e!te mai !trict+ )n
limba en(le&+ dect )n limba romn+.
Raortul lo(ic !tabilit )ntre timul redicatului din roo&i-ia rincial+/re(ent+ i
timul redicatului din roo&i-ia !ubordonat+ e!te e3rimat e lan !intactic
rintr7o anumit+ concordan-+ !au core!onden-+ a timurilor verbale 'olo!ite )n
cele dou+ roo&i-ii, numit+ )n limba en(le&+ SeKuence o' @en!e! "Core!onden-a
@imurilor#.
E3i!t+ cteva re(uli (enerale de core!onden-+ a timurilor care !e alic+ )n
rincial la roo&i-ia comletiv+ direct+4
Ee)ula I. 9ac+ verbul roo&i-iei rinciale e!te la un tim re&ent "re!ent,
Fre!ent Fer'ect#, )n roo&i-ia comletiv+ !e oate 'olo!i orice tim cerut de
lo(ica enun-ului4
+ .n%2 she has sent the letter8
+ .n%2 the$ came $esterda$8
+ .n%2 he 2ill c%nduct the c%ncert t%night8
Ltiu c+ ea a e3ediat !cri!oarea.
Ltiu c+ ei au venit ieri.
Ltiu c+ el va diri.a concertul de di!ear+.
Ee)ula II. 9ac+ verbul roo&i-iei rinciale e!te la viitor, )n roo&i-ia
comletiv+ !e oate 'olo!i orice tim a'ar+ de viitor4 + shall in#%rm him that i need
his rep%rt t%m%rr%2. El voi in'orma c+ am nevoie de raortul lui mine.
Ee)ula III. Cnd verbul din roo&i-ia rincial+ e!te la re&ent, !au Fre!ent
Fer'ect, )n roo&i-ia comletiv+ !e oate 'olo!i viitorul "!re deo!ebire de
celelalte roo&i-ii !ubordonate#4 + .n%2 that he 2ill c%me t%m%rr%28 Ltiu c+ va
veni mine.
Ee)ula I#. 9ac+ verbul roo&i-iei rinciale e!te la un tim trecut, verbul
roo&i-iei !ubordonate trebuie de a!emenea !+ 'ie la un tim trecut4
6e .ne2 &that' she had sent the letter8
6e .ne2 &that' the$ 2ere a2a$8
6e .ne2 &that' she 2%uld help us8
0e had meni%ned &that' she had sent the letter8
0e had meni%ned &that' the$ 2ere a2a$8
0e had meni%ned &that' she 2%uld help us8
<oi tiam / El men-iona!e c+ ea a trimi! / trimi!e!e !cri!oarea.
<oi tiam / El men-iona!e c+ ei !unt / erau leca-i din ora.
<oi tiam / El men-iona!e c+ ea ne va a.uta.
pag: 242
*ten(ieK la traducerea )n limba romn+5
Fa!t Fer'ect "entru e3rimarea anteriorit+-ii# !e oate traduce rin mai7mult7ca7
er'ectul, er'ectul comu! e!te mia 'recvent4 Ltiam c+ ea a trimi! !cri!oarea, iar
Fa!t Fen!e "ac-iuni !imultane# !e traduce de obicei rin re&ent4 Ltiam c+ ei !unt
leca-i din ora.
Core!onden-a )ntre timurile din roo&i-ia rincial+ i din comletiva direct+
"SeKuence o' @en!e!#4
Raortul ac-iunii din
roo&i-ia
!ubordonat+ 'a-+ de
ac-iunea din
rincial+
@imul redicatului
din rincial+
@imul redicatului
din !ubordonat+
1. anterioritate Fre!ent/Fre!ent
Fer'ect/ Iuture
Fre!ent Fer'ect
Fa!t @en!e/Fa!t
Fer'ect
Fa!t Fer'ect
8. !imultaneitate Fre!ent/Fre!ent
Fer'ect/Iuture
Fre!ent @en!e
Fa!t @en!e/Fa!t
Fer'ect
Fa!t @en!e
0. o!terioritate Fre!ent/Fre!ent
Fer'ect
Iuture
Iuture Fre!ent
Fa!t @en!e/Fa!t
Fer'ect
Iuture7in7t*e7Fa!t
Se oate ob!erva araleli!mul )ntre timurile re&ente ale indicativului "Fre!ent,
Fre!ent Fer'ect# utili&ate entru e3rimarea unor ac-iuni re&ente i timurile
trecute "Fa!t @en!e, Fa!t Fer'ect# )ntrebuin-ate entru redarea unor ac-iuni
trecute. :n araleli!m !imilar e3i!t+ )ntre viitor i viitor 7 )n 7 trecut4
18 + thin. + have met her be#%re8
Cred c+ am )ntlnit7o.
+ th%ught + had met her be#%re8
Am cre&ut c+ o mai )ntlni!em.
28 + thin. he is right8
Cred c+ are dretate.
+ th%ught he 2as right8
Am cre&ut c+ are dretate.
38 + thin. the$ 2ill c%me later8
Cred c+ vor veni mai tr&iu.
+ th%ught the$ 2%uld c%me later8
Am cre&ut c+ vor veni mai tr&iu.
D7cep.ii la re)ula I#1
Iac e3ce-ie de la core!onden-a timurilor trecute comletivele directe care
e3rim+4
a# 'ate cu valabilitate (eneral+, adev+ruri "con!iderate# ab!olute4 6e 2ere t%ld
that )ha.espeare is the greatest -nglish 2riter8 <i !7a !u! c+ S*a%e!eare e!te
cel mai mare !criitor en(le&.
pag: 243
b# comletivele directe du+ verbe ca .n%2, reali4e, believe, thin., h%pe, regret
care re!uun adev+rul comlementului direct, ace!ta 'iind adev+rat i )n
momentul vorbirii4
+ reali4ed he is a )%uth *merican8 1i7am dat !eama c+ e!te din America de Sud.
Ee)ula #. Iolo!irea !ub.onctivului )n roo&i-ia comletiv+ direct+4
a# 9u+ verbe ca as., demand, re5uire, %rder, urge, suggest, pr%p%se8 arrange,
verbul din !ubordonata comletiv+ !e une la !ub.onctivul re&ent analitic !*ould
2 in'intiv4
!he captain %rders that the cre2 sh%uld aband%n ship8
C+itanul ordon+ / a ordonat ca ec*ia.ul !+ +r+!ea!c+ va!ul.
b# Sub.onctivul re&ent !intetic e!te 'olo!it )n varianta american+ a limbii en(le&e
i uneori )n limba en(le&+ !cri!+4 !he captain %rdered that the cre2 aband%n
ship8
Ee)ula #I. Iolo!irea timurilor du+ verbul $i!*4
Perbul 2ish e!te urmat de4
a# Fa!t @en!e, entru a e3rima re(retul 'a-+ de o ac-iune nereali&at+ )n re&ent4
+ 2ish&ed' she 2ere/2as here 2ith us8 A dori/A 'i dorit/ca ea !+ 'ie aici cu noi.
!au 'a-+ de o !itua-ie de mai lun(+ durat+4 0e 2ishes/2ished he lived in the
c%untr$8 Ar dori/Ar 'i dorit !+ locuia!c+ la -ar+.
b# Fa!t Fer'ect, entru a e3rima re(retul 'a-+ de o ac-iune nereali&at+ )n trecut4
6e 2ish&ed' she had 7%ined us8 Am 'i dorit ca ea !+ 'i venit cu noi.
c# >ould 2 in'initiv entru a e3rima o dorin-+ entru o ac-iune viitoare "care nu
are an!e de a !e reali&a#4 + 2ish he 2%uld c%me in time &but + d%n"t thin. he 2ill'8
A dori ca el !+ vin+ la tim dar nu cred c+ o va 'ace.
!au o ru(+minte oliticoa!+4 + 2ish $%u 2%uld spea. l%uder8 A dori/v7a ru(a !+
vorbi-i mai tare.
4ten.ie5 Perbul 2ish e!te urmat de verbe la indicativ "re&ent, viitor# cnd are
!en!ul de a !era4 + 2ish he 2ill c%me in time L + h%pe he 2ill c%me in time8 Ser
c+ va veni la tim.
Ee)ula #I !e alic+ i la IAd rat*er, IAd !ooner4
+"d rather he 2%r.ed harder8
+"d rather he had made m%re e##%rts t% impr%ve8
+"d rather he 2%uld c%me t%m%rr%28
+"d s%%ner he 2%r.ed harder8
+"d s%%ner he had made m%re e##%rts t% impr%ve8
+"d s%%ner he 2%uld c%me t%m%rr%28
A re'era ca el !+ muncea!c+ mai mult.
A re'era ca el !+ 'i '+cut mai multe e'orturi entru a !e er'ec-iona.
A re'era ca el !+ vin+ mine.
4ten.ie5 >i!* urmat de o comletiv+ direct+ !e traduce )n limba romn+ rin
condi-ional 2 !ub.onctiv4 + 2ish she 2ere here L A dori ca ea !+ 'ie aici. + 2ished
she had been 2ith us J A 'i dorit ca ea !+ 'i 'o!t cu noi.
=a 'el4 +"d rather he 2%r.ed harder J A re'era ca el !+ muncea!c+ mai mult.
etc.
pag: 244
2&.4.&. Eeducerea propo+i.iei completive directe
Froo&i-ia comletiv+ direct+ oate 'i )nlocuit+ de o con!truc-ie in'initival+ cnd
!ubiectul ei identic cu !ubiectul din roo&i-ia re(ent+4 + 2ant t% tal. t% him8
Preau !+ vorbe!c cu el.
!au cu comlementul direct, )n care ca& !e 'olo!ete con!truc-ia Acu&ativ 2
in'initiv4 + 2ant her t% tal. t% the child8 Preau ca ea !+ vorbea!c+ cu coilul.
9u+ unele verbe !e oate 'olo!i o con!truc-ie (erundial+ )n locul celei
in'initivale, entru a !ublinia le(+tura dintre cele dou+ ac-iuni "i nu dintre
!ubiecte#4 + d%n"t li.e his ringing us up s% %#ten8 "accentul cade e ac-iunea de
tele'oane#. <u7mi lace c+ ne tele'onea&+ aa de de!. 9ar4 + d%n"t li.e him t% ring
us t% %#ten8 "accentul e!te e !ubiectul comletive#. <u7mi lace ca el !+ ne
tele'one&e aa de de!.
2&.&. Propo+i.ia completiv, prepo+i.ional,
2&.&.1. Acea!t+ roo&i-ie e!te introdu!+ de elemente $*7 )n!o-ite !au nu de
reo&i-ii4
;%%. at 2hat she has b%ught8 Frivete la ce7a cum+rat.
;%%. at 2h% has c%me8 Frivete la cine a venit.
;%%. 2here he is g%ing8 Frivete unde !e duce.
2&.&.2. En roo&i-ia comletiv+ reo&i-ional+, reo&i-ia !e omite4
a# cnd reo&i-ia comletiv+ e!te introdu!+ rin t*at4
*t the last m%ment, she reminded me that she c%uldn"t g%8
*t the last m%ment, she persuaded me that she c%uldn"t g%8
*t the last m%ment, she 2as delighted that she c%uldn"t g%8
En ultimul moment, ea mi7a amintit c+ nu utea !+ mear(+.
En ultimul moment, ea m7a convin! c+ nu utea !+ mear(+.
En ultimul moment, ea a 'o!t )ncntat+ c+ nu utea !+ mear(+.
b# du+ anumite verbe i ad.ective4
+ 2%nder 2hich %# these ties he 2ants t% bu$8
)he hasn"t decided 2hich %# these ties he 2ants t% bu$8
+"m n%t sure 2hich %# these ties he 2ants t% bu$8
1+ )ntreb care cravat+ vrea !7o cumere.
<u !7a *ot+rt care cravat+ vrea !7o cumere.
<u !unt !i(ur care cravat+ vrea !7o cumere.
2&.&.3. 9u+ anumite verbe, reo&i-ia comletiv+ reo&i-ional+ oate 'i
anticiat+ de ronumele it, care )ndelinete rolul de comlement reo&i-ional
'ormal )n roo&i-ia re(ent+4 H%u ma$ rel$ up%n it that he 2ill .eep his pr%mise8
Fo-i !+ 'ii !i(ur c+ )i va -ine romi!iunea.
pag: 245
2&.&.4. En roo&i-iile comletive reo&i-ionale !e alic+ core!onden-a
timurilor4
6e agreed up%n it that it had been a misunderstanding8
6e agreed up%n it that he 2as right8
6e agreed up%n it that she 2%uld ap%l%gi4e8
Am c+&ut de acord c+ a 'o!t o ne)n-ele(ere.
Am c+&ut de acord c+ el are dretate.
Am c+&ut de acord c+ ea )i va cere !cu&e.
9u+ con!truc-iile la un tim re&ent e3rimnd !entimente4 be s%rr$, be
surprised / ast%nished / ama4ed, be disapp%inted, verbele din roo&i-ia
comletiv+ ot 'i u!e4
a# la re&entul indicativ !au !ub.onctivul !*ould 2 in'intiv entru e3rimarea unor
ac-iuni !imultane4
+"m ama4ed that the$ bring the children here #%r the summer8
+"m ama4ed that the$ sh%uld bring the children here #%r the summer8
Sunt uimit c+7i aduc aici coiii vara.
b# la Fre!ent Fer'ect / Fa!t @en!e !au !*ould 2 in'initiv er'ect entru e3rimarea
unei ac-iuni anterioare celei din rincial+4
+"m surprised that he has accepted their %##er8
+"m surprised that he sh%uld have accepted their %##er8
1+ !urrinde 'atul c+ a accetat o'etta lor.
9ac+ verbul din rincial+ e!te la un tim trecut, !e alic+ core!onden-a
timurilor trecute4 a# !imultaneitatea4 Fa!t @en!e !au !*ould 2 in'initiv4
+ 2as disapp%inted the$ 2ere s% late8
+ 2as disapp%ited the$ sh%uld be s% late8
Am 'o!t de&am+(it c+ au venit aa de tr&iu.
b# anterioritate4 Fa!t Fer'ect !au !*ould 2 in'initiv er'ect4
+ 2as s%rr$ the$ had s%ld their car8
+ 2as s%rr$ the$ sh%uld have s%ld their car8
1i7a +rut r+u c+ i7a vndut maina.
En toate ca&urile 'olo!irea !ub.onctivului accentuea&+ ideea4 1i7a +rut r+u c+ i7
au utut vinde maina. Fe cnd in'initivul !coate )n relie' ac-iunea care a avut loc
4 1i7a +rut r+u c+ i7a vndut maina.
2&.'. Propo+i.ia subiectiv, (Te =ub-ect Clause$
2&.'.1. Froo&i-ia !ubiectiv+ aare du+ !au )naintea4
a# verbelor seem, change, appear, turn %ut:
+ seemed that he 2as 2r%ng8
b# unor ad.ective ca4 li.el$, certain, p%ssible, clear, true, imp%rtant, alarming,
etc8: +t"s p%ssible that the t%urists have arrived8
c# a unor verbe tran&itive e3rimnd !t+ri !u'leteti4 alarm, ama4e, attract,
c%n#u4e, disc%urage, embrarrass, relieve, scare, tr%uble etc8:
!hat she hasn"t 2ritten $et ama4es me8
pag: 246
2&.'.2. >ocul propo+i.iei subiective (n fra+,
Fo&i-ia normal+ a roo&i-iei !ubiective e!te du+ roo&i-ia re(ent+, roo&i-ia
!ubiectiv+ 'iind anticiat+ de ronumele introductiv7anticiativ it cu 'unc-ie de
!ubiect 'ormal al re(entei4 +t is imp%rtant that $%u sh%uld d% $%ur h%me2%r.
care#ull$8 E!te imortant !+7-i 'aci temele cu (ri.+.
En en(le&a literar+, roo&i-ia !ubiectiv+ ocu+ uneori o&i-ie ini-ial+4 !hat he has
re#used %ur %##er ama4es me8 1+ !urrinde c+ a re'u&at o'erta noa!tr+.
2&.'.3. Folosirea timpurilor (n propo+i.ia subiectiv,
En roo&i-ia !ubiectiv+ !e oate 'olo!i4 a# modul indicativC b# modul !ub.onctiv.
Iolo!irea indicativului arat+ c+ ac-iunea din roo&i-ia !ubiectiv+ e!te v+&ut+ ca
un 'at real, !+vrit4 +t is strange that the$ arrived be#%re us8 E ciudat c+ au
a.un! )naintea noa!tr+.
Iolo!irea !ub.onctivului arat+ c+ ac-iunea e!te v+&ut+ ca o idee, re!uunere4 +t
is strange that sh%uld arrive be#%re us8 E!te ciudat ca ei !+ a.un(+ )naintea
noa!tr+.
Iolo!orea timurilor )n roo&i-ia !ubiectiv+ deinde i de timul verbului din
roo&i-ia re(ent+.
4$ @odul indicativ1
a# :n tim re&ent )n re(ent+ oate 'i urmat de orice tim )n roo&i-ie
!ubiectiv+4 +t is unli.el$ that the$ have tal.ed/2ill tal. ab%ut this8 E!te u-in
robabil c+ ei au vorbit / vor vorbi de!re a!ta.
b# :n tim trecut e!te urmat tot de un tim trecut, con'orm core!onden-ei
timurilor trecute4
+t 2as a surprise that he had ph%ned8
+t 2as a surprise that he behaved li.e that8
+t 2as a surprise that he 2%uld c%me8
1odul indicativ !au !ub.onctiv4
a# 9u+ con!truc-ii e3rimnd !entimente !au mirarea4 it is strange, alarming,
surprising, ann%$ing, grati#$ing, splendid, verbul din roo&i-ia !ubiectiv+ !e
une, entru a e3rima4
1# !imultaneitatea J la re&ent !au !ub.onctiv !*ould 2 in'initiv4
+t is splendid that the children g% t% bed earl$8
+t is splendid that the children sh%uld g% t% bed earl$8
8# anterioritatea 7 la Fre!ent Fer'ect / Fa!t @en!e !au !*ould 2 in'initiv er'ect4
+t is grati#$ing that he 2aited until the train arrived8
+t is grati#$ing that he sh%uld have 2aited until the train arrived8
b# 9ac+ con!truc-iile de mai !u! !unt la Fa!t @en!e, )n roo&i-ia !ubiectiv+ !e
)ntrebuin-ea&+4
pag: 247
1# entru !imultaneitate 7 Fa!t @en!e !au !*ould 2 in'initiv4
+t 2as alarming that 9ar$ studied until midnight8
+t 2as alarming that 9ar$ sh%uld stud$ until midnight8
8# entru anterioritate4 Fa!t Fer'ect !au !*ould 2 in'initiv er'ect4
+t 2as strange that the$ had arrived be#%re us8
+t 2as strange that the$ sh%uld have arrived be#%re us8
Iolo!irea !ub.onctivului )n toate ace!te roo&i-ii e3rim+ ac-iunea ca o idee,
re!uunere, e cnd indicativul e3rim+ ac-iunea ca un 'at real, !+vrit.
Indicativ4 Era ciudat c+ ei au a.un! )naintea noa!tr+.
Sub.onctiv4 Era cioudat ca ei !+ 'i a.un! )naintea noa!tr+.
9$ @odul sub-onctiv1
a# En roo&i-iile !ubiective introdu!e de i! is/ 2as advisable, desirable, essential,
imperative, imp%rtant, inevitable, necessar$, right, vital !e 'olo!ete !ub.onctivul
re&ent analitic cu !*ould4 It i! / $a! nece!!ar, t*at *e !*ould 'ind a !olution
immediatel,. E!te / Era nece!ar ca el !+ (+!ea!c+ imediat o !olu-ie.
!ot,1 En en(le&a american+, e!te re'erat !ub.onctivul re&ent !intetic la 'orma
a'irmativ+4 +t is/2as necessar$ that he #ind a s%luti%n immediatel$8
b# 9u+ it is p%ssible, it is pr%bable, !e )ntrebuin-ea&+ !ub.onctivul re&ent
analitic cu ma$ / might: +t is p%ssible that she ma$ ph%ne me t%night8 E!te o!ibil
ca ea !+7mi tele'one&e di!ear+.
=a 'orma intero(ativ+ )n!+, !e 'olo!ete !*ould 2 in'initiv4 +s it p%ssible that +
sh%uld see $%u this evening < E!te o!ibil !+ te v+d di!ear+ ?
2&.'.4. Eeducerea propo+i.iei subiective. 1# Froo&i-ia !ubiectiv+ oate 'i
redu!+ la o con!truc-ie in'initival+ dac+4
a# roo&i-ia rincial+ con-ine un !ub!tantiv !au ronume care oate 'i !ubiect
al in'initivului4 +t 2as .ind %# $%u t% help us8 A 'o!t dr+(u- din artea ta !+ ne
a.u-i. +t is m$ intenti%n t% d% it8 E!te inten-ia mea !+ 'ac ace!t lucru.
b# !ubiectul (eneric !au nede'init al roo&i-iei !ubiective e!te !ub)n-ele!4 +t is
g%%d t% be care#ul8 E!te bine !+ 'ii atent.
Con!truc-ia in'initival+ oate 'i i in'initivul cu 'or 7 to. Ior 2 ronume !e omite
dac+ )n-ele!ul reie!e din conte3t4 +t is eas$ #%r us t% sa$ n%8 "<e# e!te uor !+
!unem nu.
8# Ade!eori con!truc-ia in'initival+ e!te )nlocuit+ de o con!truc-ie (erundial+4
!% live near sch%%l is an advantage #%r him8
;iving near sch%%l is an advantage #%r him8
Iatul c+ locuiete ln(+ coal+ e!te un avanta. entru el.
Ambele con!truc-ii ot 'i anticiate de ronumele it4
+t"s n%t eas$ t% tr$ t% persuade her8
+t"s n%t eas$ tr$ing t% persuade her8
<u e!te uor !+ )ncerci !+ o convin(i.
0# Froo&i-ia !ubiectiv+ mai oate 'i )nlocuit+ i de nominativul ab!olut 2
articiiul re&ent: -ver$thing g%ing 2r%ng alarmed them8 Iatul c+ totul mer(ea
ro!t i7a alarmat.
pag: 248
2&./. Propo+i.ia predicativ, (Te Predicative Clause$
2&./.1. Froo&i-ia redicativ+ e!te 'olo!it+ du+ verbul caulativ be.
2&./.2. Folosirea timpurilor1
a# 6rice tim oate urma unui re&ent )n re(ul+4
!he imp%rtant #act is that he 2as b%rn in this t%2n8
!he imp%rtant #act is that he has 2ritten ab%ut it8
!he imp%rtant #act is that the b%%. 2ill be s%%n published8
Iatul imortant e!te c+ !7a n+!cut )n ace!t ora.
Iatul imortant e!te c+ a !cri! de!re el.
Iatul imortant e!te c+ volumul va 'i ublicat )n curnd.
b# 9u+ un verb trecut, !e alic+ core!onden-a timurilor )n trecut4
!he pr%blem 2as that the$ had ph%ned8
!he pr%blem 2as that the$ 2ere in t%2n8
!he pr%blem 2as that tthe$ 2%uld c%me the ne=t da$8
Froblema era c+ tele'ona!er+.
Froblema era c+ erau )n ora.
Froblema era c+ vor veni a doua &i.
2&./.3. Froo&i-ia redicativ+ oate 'i redu!+ la o con!truc-ie (erundial+4 !hat is
learning b$ d%ing8 Arta )n!eamn+ a )nv+-a '+cnd.
2&.2. Propo+i.iile relative (Eelative Clauses$
2&.2.1. Froo&i-iile relative !e )mart )n4
A# roo&i-ii relative re!trictive, limitnd )n-ele!ul unui nume de re(ent+C
B# roo&i-ii relative de!critive, care aduc e3lica-ii !ulimentare de!re un
element nominal de re(ent+C
C# roo&i-ii ao&i-ionale, cu 'unc-ia de ao&i-ie a unui nume din re(ent+.
2&.2.2. Froo&i-iile relative !unt introdu!e de ronumele relative 2h%, 2hat,
2hich i that "numai relativa re!trictiv+#, ad.ectivele relative 2hich, 2hat, 2h%se
i adverbele relative 2here, 2hen, 2h$8
2&.2.3. Propo+i.ia relativ, restrictiv, e!te e!en-ial+ entru )n-ele!ul
roo&i-iei re(ente i nu !e !e de!arte rin vir(ul+ de acea!ta. !he bus that
g%es t% the stati%n st%ps at this c%rner8 Autobu&ul care mer(e la (ar+ orete la
col-.
Froo&i-ia relativ+ re!trictiv+ e!te introdu!+ rin ronume relative4 2h%, 2hich,
that i rin adverbe relative4 2here, 2hen etc8
pag: 249
Fronumele relativ that, care introduce numai roo&i-ii relative re!trictive, oate
'i 'olo!it ca !ubiect att entru er!oane, ct i entru obiecte "$*o e!te )n!+
re'erat du+ !ub!tantivul eole i ronumele t*o!e#4
!he students that are 2aiting %utside are t%urists8
!he pe%ple 2h% are 2aiting %utside are t%urists8
Studen-ii care ateat+ a'ar+ !unt turiti.
6amenii care ateat+ a'ar+ !unt turiti.
6hich e!te uneori 'olo!it ca !ubiect entru obiecte, dar t*at e!te mult mai
'recvent4
!he icecream 2hich has ch%c%late in it c%sts m%re8
!he icecream that has ch%c%late in it c%sts m%re8
En(*e-ata care are ciocolat+ )n ea co!t+ mai mult.
Adverbele relative 2here >i 2hen !unt de!eori )ntrebuin-ate entru introducerea
roo&i-iilor relative )n loc de reo&i-ie 2 ronume relativ4
!he st%re in 2hich + bu$ gr%ceries is acr%ss the street8
!he st%re 2here + bu$ gr%ceries is acr%ss the street8
1a(a&inul )n care cum+r coloniale e!te vi&avi.
1a(a&inul unde cum+r coloniale e!te vi&avi.
Fronumele relativ e!te de obicei omi! cnd !ub!tantivul e care7l determin+
roo&i-ia relativ+ oate 'i comlement direct al redicatului din relativ+4 + li.ed
!0- :+;9 2e sa2 $esterda$8 1i7a l+cut 'ilmul e care l7am v+&ut ieri.
9ac+ comlementul e!te reo&i-ional, t*at !e omite, iar roo&i-ia !e aea&+ la
!'ritul roo&i-iei relative4 !he sp%rt + am #%nd M: is #%%tball8 Sortul care )mi
lace e!te 'otbalul.
2&.2.4. Propo+i.ia relativ, descriptiv,. Froo&i-ia relativ+ de!critiv+ nu e!te
e!en-ial+ entru )n-ele!ul roo&i-iei re(ente. Ad+u(nd in'orma-ii !ulimentare
i utnd 'i omi!+ '+r+ ca !en!ul !+ 'ie a'ectat, relativa de!critiv+ !e de!arte
rin vir(ul+ de roo&i-ia re(ent+4 H%ur des.mate, 2h%se name + can never
remember, has 7ust ph%ned8 @ocmai a tele'onat cole(ul t+u de banc+, al c+rui
nume nu mi7l aminte!c niciodat+.
2&.2.&. Folosirea timpurilor (n propo+i.iile relative
En roo&i-iile relative !e oate 'olo!i orice tim, )n 'unc-ie de inten-ia
vorbitorului, indeendent de verbul din rincial+4 + sh%2ed him the dress +"ll
2ear at the sch%%l #estival t%m%rr%28 I7am ar+tat roc*ia e care o voi urta
mine la !erbarea colar+. Mur ne2 !G set, 2hich 2e b%ught t2% m%nth ag%, is
ver$ g%%d8 @elevi&orul no!tru cel nou, e care l7am cum+rat acum dou+ luni,
e!te 'oarte bun.
2&.2.'. Froo&i-ia relativ+ oate 'i redu!+ la4
a# o ao&i-ie, care oate 'i un !ub!tantiv, ad.ectiv !au articiiu !in(ur !au cu o
comlinire. "Subiectul roo&i-iei redu!e e!te de obicei un ronume !au
!ub!tantiv din roo&i-ia re(ent+#4
!he teams pla$ing in the Ml$mpics 2ear special uni#%rms8
!he teams selected the Ml$mpics 2ear special uni#%rms8
Ec*iele care .oac+ la olimiad+ oart+ uni'orme !eciale.
Ec*iele !electate entru olimiad+ oart+ uni'orme !eciale.
pag: 250
b# la o con!truc-ie in'initival+ activ+ cu un !en! a!iv4 !his is n%t a thing t% pla$
2ith8 Ace!ta nu e!te un lucru cu care !+ te .oci.
c# dac+ !ubiectul contruc-iei in'initivale nu e!te e3rimat )n roo&i-ia re(ent+,
!au e!te !ub)n-ele!, 'iind (eneral !au ne*ot+rt, el e!te re&ent !ub 'orma
acu&ativ )n con!truc-ia in'initivul cu 'or7to.
!he best thing #%r $%u t% d% is t% #%ll%2 his advice8 Cel mai bun lucru e care7l ai
de '+cut e!te !+7i urme&i !'atul.
2&.2./. Propo+i.ia apo+i.ional, e!te de obicei introdu!+ de4 2hen, 2here, 2h$,
h%2, that, 2hether8
roo&i-iile ao&i-ionale )ndeline!c 'unc-ia de ao&i-ii e ln(+ !ub!tantive din
re(ent+ ca %pini%n, reas%n, idea, pr%blem, impressi%n, d%ubt, e=cuse, 5uesti%n,
#act i !e con!truie!c cu indicativul4 + d%n"t .n%2 the @-*)M? 2h$ he le#t in such
a hurr$8 <u tiu motivul entru care a lecat aa de (r+bit.
2&.2.2. En roo&i-iile atributive ao&itive e ln(+ !ub!tantive ca 2ish,
suggesti%n, rec%mmendati%n, re5uest !e 'olo!ete !ub.onctivul analitic e3rimat
rin !*ould 2 in'initiv4 !he chairman"s @-NF-)! that he a#tern%%n sessi%n sh%uld
be p%stp%ned 2as accepted8 Cererea reedintelui ca edin-a de du+7amia&+ !+
'ie amnat+ a 'o!t accetat+.
2&.2.6. Froo&i-ia ao&i-ional+ oate 'i redu!+4
a# la o con!truc-ie in'initival+ !au (erundial+ , cnd !ubiectul ei e!te (eneric !au
nede'init !au cnd el e!te re&ent )n roo&i-ia re(ent+4 !he 5uesti%n %# h%2 t%
send the g%%ds has t% be settled8 @rebuie re&olvat+ roblema rivitoare la modul
cum va 'i e3ediat+ mar'a.
0is idea, t% d% ever$thing b$ himsel#, #rightens me8
Ideea lui, de a 'ace totul !in(ur, m+ )n!+imnt+.
b# dac+ roo&i-ia rincial+ nu con-ine un a!emenea cuvnt, el va 'i e3rimat
rintr7un acu&ativ )n roo&i-ia ao&i-ional+ )n con!truc-ia In'initivul cu 'or7to4 Mur
h%pe #%r him t% return s%%n is #aint8 E !lab+ !eran-a ca el !+ !e )ntoarc+ )n
curnd. !au rintr7un o!e!iv "acu&ativ 2 (erund#4
9$ impressi%n, %# Peter"s en7%$ing himsel#, 2as 2r%ng8
c# Froo&i-ia ao&i-ional+ oate 'i redu!+ i la un nominativ ab!olut 4 !his is %ur
2a$, m%ther giving intructi%ns and 2e #%ll%2ing them
roo&i-iile circum!tan-iale "Adverbial Clau!e!#
Froo&i-iile !ubordonate circum!tan-iale !unt de mai multe 'eluri4
2&.6. Propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, de timp (Te 4dverbial Clause of Time$
2&.6.1. Froo&i-ia circum!tan-ial+ de tim e!te introdu!+ de con.unc-iile4 2hen,
as, 2hile, until/till, be#%re, a#ter, as s%%n as, 2henever, since etc8
!ot,1 *dverbele hardl$, scarcel$, n% s%%ner "de7abia# ot i ele introduce
roo&i-ii temorale.
0ardl$ >i scarcel$ !unt urmate de con.unc-iile 2hen, iar n% s%%ner de than4 0e
has hardl$ #inished eating a ca.e 2hen he begins an%ther8 <ici n7auc+ !+
termine de mncat o r+.itur+ c+ i )ncee alta. !he$ had n% s%%ner g%t %n the
train than it le#t8 <ici n7au aucat !+ !e urce )n tren c+ a i lecat.
9ac+ adverbele de mai !u! ocu+ rimul loc )n roo&i-ie, entru )ntrire, are loc
inver!iune )ntre !ubiect i verbul au3iliar. 0ardl$ has he #inished eating a ca.e
2hen he begins an%ther8 ?% s%%ner had the$ g%t %n the train than it le#t8
2&.6.2. Folosirea timpurilor (n propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, de timp
:n tim re&ent )n re(ent+ e!te urmat de un tim re&ent )n circum!ta!n-iala de
tim4 6hen + have s%me da$s %##, + g% t% the m%untains8 Cnd am cteva &ile
libere, mer( la munte.
:nui viitor )n re(ent+ )i core!unde un re&ent )n temoral+, entru a e3rima
!imultaneitatea ac-iunilor4 6hile $%u are getting read$, +"ll ma.e a teleph%ne call8
En tim ce te re(+teti, am !+ dau un tele'on. +"ll be 2aiting right here 2hen $%u
c%me %ut the e=aminati%n r%%m8 @e voi ateta c*iar aici cnd vei iei din !ala de
e3amen.
i un re&ent !au Fre!ent Fer'ect entru anterioritate4 *#ter the #ilm is %ver, 2e"ll
g% #%r a 2al.8 9u+ ce !e va termina 'ilmul, vom 'ace o limbare. +"ll help $%u as
s%%n as + have #inished m$ h%me2%r.8 @e voi a.uta de )ndat+ ce )mi voi 'i terminat
lec-iile.
4ten.ie5 la di'eren-a dintre romn+ i en(le&+. @e voi a.uta )ndat+ ce )mi voi "'i#
termina"t# lec-iile. / Am !+ te a.ut cnd am !+7mi termin lec-iile.
:n redicat la un tim trecut )n roo&i-ia rincial+ cere Fa!t @en!e )n roo&i-ia
temoral+, entru e3rimarea !imultaneit+-ii4 6hen + le#t #%r sch%%l this m%rning,
it 2as raining heavil$8 Cnd am lecat la coal+ a&i de diminea-+, loua cu
(+leata.
i Fa!t Fer'ect entru e3rimarea unei ac-iuni anterioare celei din rincial+4
!he$ le#t the clasr%%m as s%%n as the$ had #inished their papers8 Au ieit din
cla!+ de )ndat+ ce / imediat du+ ce i7au terminat lucr+rile.
Aceleai re(uli !unt valabile i cnd redicatul roo&i-iei re(ente e!te la viitor )n
trecut4
+ t%ld $%u + 2%uld call %n $%u as s%%n as had #inished the b%%.8
+ t%ld $%u + 2%uld call %n $%u 2hen + had s%me spare time8
4ten.ie5 la traducerea ace!tor roo&i-ii5
En limba romn+ !e 'olo!ete viitorul )n temoral+, e cnd )n limba en(le&+
numai Fa!t @en!e !au Fa!t Fer'ect4
Zi7am !u! c+ voi trece e la tine de )ndat+ ce voi 'i terminat cartea.
Zi7am !u! c+ voi trece e la tine cnd voi avea u-in tim liber.
Cnd verbul din ro&i-ia re(ent+ e!te la modul condi-ional, verbul din
circum!tan-iala de tim e!te la Fa!t @en!e4 + 2%uld tr$ t% call %n $%u be#%re $%u
2ent a2a$8 A )ncerca !+ trec e la tine )nainte !+ leci )n ora.
!ot,1 9atorit+ !en!ului, a'ter oate 'i urmat de Fa!t @en!e !au de Fa!t Fer'ect,
entru a e3rima anterioritatea ac-iunii din circum!tan-iala de tim 'a-+ de
ac-iunea din roo&i-ia rincial+4
0e rang up all his #riends a#ter he returned #r%m the trip8
0e rang up all his #riends a#ter he had returned #r%m the trip8
En mod !imilar, untill / till ot 'i urmate de Fa!t @en!e !au de Fa!t Fer'ect )n
!ubordonata de tim4
0e didn"t leave until he received a de#inite ans2er8
0e didn"t leave until he had received a de#inite ans2er8
pag: 252
<u a lecat n+ nu a rimit un r+!un! reci!.
Be#%re ermite 'olo!rea lui Fa!t @en!e !au a lui Fa!t Fer'ect )n roo&i-ia
rincial+ )n!o-it+ de o !ubordonat+ temoral+ la Fa!t @en!e4
)he gave him $%ur message be#%re $%u arrived8
)he had given him $%ur message be#%re $%u arrived8
Ea i7a tran!mi! / )i tran!mi!e!e ma!a.ul t+u )nainte !+ !o!eti tu.
En toate cele trei ca&uri, 'olo!irea lui Fa!t Fer'ect !ublinia&+ anterioritatea ac-iunii.
Sre deo!ebire de con.unc-iile de mai !u!, $*en e!te urmat de Fa!t @en!e entru
a indica4
a# !imultaneitatea ac-iunilor din cele dou+ roo&i-ii4 6e paid #%r the materials
2hen the c%mpan$ delivered them8 "$*en J at t*at moment# Am l+tit entru
materiale cnd le7a livrat )ntrerinderea.
b# !ucce!iunea imediat+ a celor dou+ ac-iuni4 6hen Peter returned #r%m sch%%l,
his m%ther c%%.ed dinner8 "$*en J a! !oon a!# Cnd Fetre !7a )ntor! de la coal+,
mama !a a re(+tit ma!a.
6hen e!te urmat de Fa!t Fer'ect entru a ar+ta c+ ac-iunea din !ubordonata de
tim o recede e cea din rincial+4 6e paid #%r the materials 2hen the
c%mpan$ had delivered them8 "t*em J a'ter# Am l+tit entru materiale du+ ce
le7a livrat )ntrerinderea.
Con.unc-ia since cere 'olo!irea lui Fre!ent Fer'ect )n roo&i-ia rincial+ entru a
indica erioada de tim n+ la "!au eventual i )n# momentul re&ent. Cu verbe
care indic+ durata "e3.4 live, !ta,, be, o$n# !ince oate 'i urmat de ace!t tim i
)n roo&i-ia temoral+4
)ince 2e came t% this t%2n 2e have visited the *rt Aalleries several times8
)ince 2e"ve been living here 2e have visited the *rt Aalleries several times8
9e cnd am venit )n ace!t ora, am vi&itat Galeriile de Art+ de mai multe ori.
9e cnd locuim aici, am vi&itat Galeriile de Art+ de mai multe ori.
2&.6.3. Eeducerea propo+i.iei circumstan.iale de timp
Froo&i-ia circum!tan-ial+ de tim oate 'i redu!+ la o contruc-ie 'ormat+ dintr7o
con.unc-ie de tim i un !ub!tantiv, ad.ectiv !au articiiu, al c+rui !ubiect e!te
!ubiectul din roo&i-ia re(ent+4 0e al2a$s sings 2hile shaving8 @otdeauna cnt+
cnd !e b+rbierete.
Con.unc-ia oate 'i omi!+ )naintea con!truc-iei articiiale, care oate 'i re&ent+
!au er'ect+4 6al.ing t% sch%%l, + met m$ -nglish teacher8 1er(nd !re coal+ l7
am )ntlnit e ro'e!orul de en(le&+. 0aving d%ne m$ h%me2%r., + 2ent t% the
cinema8 @erminndu7mi lec-iile / 9u+ ce mi7am '+cut lec-iile, m7am du! la
cinema.
9u+ con.unc-iile care ot 'i 'olo!ite i ca reo&i-ii, !e 'olo!e!c con!truc-ii
(erundiale4 + s2iched %## all the lights be#%re g%ing t% bed8 Am !tin! toate luminile
)nainte !+ mer( la culcare.
Con!truc-ia (erundial+ introdu!+ de %n, a#ter sau ber#%re oate avea i un
!ubiect di'erit de cel din roo&i-ia re(ent+, e3rimat rintr7un ronume !au
!ub!tantiv )n ca&ul (enitiv !au acu&ativ4
pag: 253
*#ter his passing all his e=ams, his #riends came t% celebrate8
*#ter him passing all his e=ams, his #riends came t% celebrate8
*#eter !%m passing all his e=ams, his #riends came t% celebrate8
*#ter !%m"s passing all his e=ams, his #riends came t% celebrate8
9u+ ce @om / el i7a luat toate e3amenele, rietenii au venit !+7l !+rb+torea!c+.
Froo&i-ia temoral+ oate 'i )nlocuit+ i de o con!truc-ie reo&i-ional+4 *#ter
,acia"s de#eat b$ the @%mans, it bec%me a @%man pr%vince8 9u+ )n'rn(erea
9aciei de c+tre romani, -ara a devenit o rovincie roman+.
2&.1?. Propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, de loc (Te 4dverbila Clause of Place$
2&.1?.1. Froo&i-ia circum!tan-ial+ de loc e!te introdu!+ de adverbele 2here,
2herever i !e con!truiete cu orice tim4 6%uld $%u please put th%se b%%.s
bac. 2here the$ bel%ng8 A-i vrea v+ ro( !+ une-i c+r-ile )naoi / unde le e!te
locul. 6herever 2e 2ent, 2e met h%pitable pe%ple8 6riunde mer(eam, )ntlneam
oameni o!italieri.
2&.1?.2. Circum!tan-iala de loc e!te de obicei )nlocuit+ de un adverb de loc !au
de o contruc-ie reo&i-ional+4 6%uld $%u please put th%se b%%.s in their right
place< 6e met h%spitable pe%ple ever$2here8
2&.11. Propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, de mod propriu"+is, (Te 4dverbial
Clause of @anner$
Acea!ta e!te introdu!+ de "e3actl,# a!, ".u!t# a! i !e con!truiete cu orice tim
cerut de lo(ica enun-ului din rincial+4 0e 2ill d% 7ust as $%u t%ld him8
Pa 'ace e3act cum i7ai !u!.
Froo&i-ia circum!tan-ial+ de mod roriu7&i!+ oate 'i redu!+ la4
a# un articiiu re&ent !au trecut cnd !ubiectul articiiului e!te !ubiectul !au
comlementul redicatului din roo&i-ia re(ent+4 0e came t% us smiling8 Se
)ndreat+ !re noi &mbind. 0e b%ught the h%use unrepaired and unpainted8 A
cum+rat ca!a nerearat+ i nev+ruit+.
b# o con!truc-ie (erundial+, du+ o reo&i-ie4 0e resembles $%u in spending 7his
spare time reading8 Seam+n+ cu tine rin 'atul c+7i etrece timuil liber citind.
c# reo&i-ie 2 !ub!tantiv4 0e di##ers #r%m $%u in disp%siti%n8 Se deo!ebete de
tine la di!o&i-ie.
2&.12. Propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, de mod comparativ, (Te 4dverbial
Clause of Comparison$
2&.12.1. Froo&i-ia circum!tan-ial+ de mod comarativ+ e!te introdu!+ de
con.unc-iile as, than, as i#, as th%ugh8
Con.unc-ia a! e!te recedat+ )n re(ent+ de un ad.ectiv la (radul o&itiv !au de un
!ub!tantiv. Cuvintele as, s%, such !au the same ot anticia con.unc-ia as4 !he
#ilm is n%t as g%%d as $%u th%ught8 Iilmul nu e!te att de bun ct ai cre&ut. !he$
heard such a n%ise as the$ had never heard be#%re8 Au au&it un a!emenea
&(omot, cum nu mai au&i!er+ niciodat+. 0e le#t #%r sch%%l the same time as + did8
A lecat la coal+ la aceeai or+ la care am lecat i eu.
pag: 254
Con.unc-ia than e!te recedat+ de un ad.ectiv la (radul comarativ care !e a'l+
)n roo&i-ia re(ent+4 0e 2as %lder than 2e had e=pected8 El era mai )n vnr!t+
dect cre&u!em.
En roo&i-iile circum!tan-iale de mod comarative, verbul oate 'i omi!. En ace!t
ca&, ronumele er!onale !unt )n ca&ul acu&ativ4
+ sang better than he did8 Am cntat mai bine dect a cntat el.
+ sang better than him8 Am cntat mai bine dect el.
Froo&i-ia comarativ+ elitic+ e!te mai 'recvent+ dect cea )n care verbul e!te
e3rimat. Perbul nu oate 'i omi! dect dac+ e!te be !au dac+ att re(enta ct i
!ubordonata con-in acelai verb4 )he )pea.s -nglish better than him &!han he
spea.s it'8 Ea vorbete en(le&ete mai bine dect el.
dar4 )he spea.s -nglish better than she 2rites it8 Ea vorbete limba en(le&+ mai
bine dect !crie.
2&.12.2. Folosirea timpurilor (n propo+i.iile comparative
Froo&i-iile comarative introdu!e de as, than !e con!truie!c cu orice tim
condi-ionat lo(ic de redicatul roo&i-iei rinciale4
0e 2as as bus$ as 2e had th%ught8
0e 2as as bus$ as a man c%uld be8
0e 2as as bus$ as him s%n is n%28
0e 2as as bus$ as $%u are g%ing t% be8
En roo&i-ia comarativ+ de tiul cu ct...cu att, care !e contruiete )n limba
en(le&+ cu a.utorul a dou+ ad.ective !au adverbe la comarativ "unul )n
roo&i-ia re(ent+, altul )n roo&i-ia comarativ+#, recedate de articolul *ot+rt
t*e, !e 'olo!e!c de re(ul+ viitorul )n rincial+ i re&entul )n comarativ+4 !he
harder $%u 2%r., the better results $%u 2ill get8 Cu ct vei munci mai mult, cu
att vei ob-ine re&ultate mai bune.
!au4 Fart @en!e 2 Fa!t @en!e4 !he m%re #recventl$ the$ met, the m%re the$ li.ed
each %ther. Cu ct !e )ntlneau mai de!, cu att !e l+ceau mai mult.
Froo&i-iile comarative introdu!e de as i#, as th%ugh, "du+ un verb re&ent !au
trecut# !e contruie!c cu indicativul re&net !au viitor entru e3rimarea unei
comara-ii reale4
+t l%%.s as i# he has been here8 &and he has'8
+t l%%.s as i# it is g%ing t% rain8 &+t"s cl%ud$'8
i cu Fa!t @en!e "!imultaneitate# !au Fa!t Fer'ect "anterioritate# entru a e3rima
o comara-ie ima(inar+, ireal+4
0e tal.s / tal.ed as i# he 2ere a teacher &but he isn"t / 2asn"t'8
0e behaves / behaved as i# he had been here &but 7e hasn Ot / hadn"t'8
2&.12.3. Comara-iile reale !e traduc )n romn+ rin indicativ, cele ireale rin
condi-ional4 Se are c+ a 'o!t aici.
dar4 Se oart+ de arc+ ar 'i 'o!t aici.
Froo&i-ia comarativ+ oate 'i )nlocuit+ de un ad.ectiv, un articiiu !au de o
con!truc-ie reo&i-ional+4
)he behaved as th%ugh angr$8
)he behaved as i# see.ing enc%uragement8
)he behaved as th%ugh da4ed8
)he behaved as i# in search %# s%mething8
pag: 255
Se urta de arc+ ar 'i 'o!t !u+rat+.
Se urta de arc+ ar 'i avut nevoie de o )ncura.are.
Se urta de arc+ ar 'i 'o!t ame-it+.
Se urta de arc+ ar 'i c+utat ceva.
9ac+ roo&i-ia comarativ+ e!te introdu!+ de t*an, ea oate 'i )nlocuit+ de un
in'initiv "cu !au '+r+ to#4 0e did n%thing m%re than &t%' sign his name8 <7a '+cut
nimic altceva dect !+7i !emne&e numele.
2&.13. Propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, cau+al, (Te 4dverbila Clause of
Eeason$
2&.13.1. Froo&i-ia circum!tan-ial+ cau&al+ e!te introdu!+ de con.unc-iile
becau!e, a!, !ince i !e con!truiete cu orice tim condi-ionat lo(ic de verbul din
rincial+4 )ince ,an %#ten #%rgets things, his 2i#e gave him a list8 9eoarece 9an
e!te cam uituc, !o-ia lui i7a dat o li!t+.
+ g%t up at ten this m%rning because + hadn"t been able t% sleep all night8
+ g%t up at ten this m%rning because t%da$ is )unda$8
A&i diminea-+ m7am !culat la ora &ece entru c+ n7am utut dormi toat+ noatea.
A&i diminea-+ m7am !culat la ora &ece entru c+ a&i e duminic+.
2&.13.2. Circum!tan-iala cau&al+ oate 'i redu!+ la un articiiu, ad.ectiv,
!ub!tantiv !au o con!truc-ie reo&i-ional+4 :eeling un2ell, he 2ent t% bed earl$8
9eoarece nu !e !im-ea bine, !7a du! la culcare devreme. 0e 2as admired as a
man %# character8 Era admirat 'iind un om de caracter.
Farticiiul oate 'ace arte dintr7un nominativ ab!olut4 !he 2ather being
unsettled, 2e p%stp%ned %ur trip8 Premea 'iind in!tabil+, ne7am amnat c+l+toria.
care oate 'i )nlocuit de o con!truc-ie reo&i-ional+4 +n such unsettled 2eather
2e had t% p%stp%ne %ur trip8 Fe aa o vreme in!tabil+, a trebuit !+ ne amn+m
c+l+toria.
9u+ o roo&i-ie, !e oate 'olo!i o con!truc-ie (erundial+4 !he little b%$ 2as
sc%lded #%r g%ing %ut in the rain8 B+ie-elul a 'o!t certat entru c+ a ieit a'ar+ )n
loaie.
9ac+ roo&i-ia cau&al+ are acelai !ubiect cu roo&i-ia re(ent+, ea oate 'i
redu!+ la un in'initiv4 + 2as glad t% see them8 17am bucurat !+7i v+d.
care !e tran!'orm+ )ntr7un in'initiv cu 'or7to cnd cele dou+ !ubiecte !unt di'erite4
+ 2as ashamed #%r them t% spea. li.e that8 1i7a 'o!t ruine c+ au vorbit aa.
2&.14. Propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, condi.ional, (Te 4dverbial Clause of
Condition$
Ira&ele condi-ionale !unt 'ormate din dou+ 'eluri de roo&i-ii4 roo&i-ia
!ubordonat+ condi-ional+ "i' Clau!e# re'eritoare la condi-ia care 'ace o!ibil+
)ndelinirea ac-iunii din rincial+, i roo&i-ia rincial+ !au re(ent+ "main
Clau!e# care e3rim+ re&ultatul !au e'ectul condi-iei.
pag: 256
2&.14.1. E3i!t+ trei tiuri de mari roo&i-ii condi-ionale4
7 tiul 1, o condi-ie real+ viitoare !au (eneral+, care e3rim+ o !itua-ie anticiat+
!au o!ibil+4
7 )ntr7un moment viitor4 6e"ll leave t%m%rr%2 i# the 2eather is g%%d8 Pom leca
mine dac+ va 'i vreme bun+.
7 )n (eneral4 +# + ma.e a mista.e, the teacher al2a$s #inds it8 9ac+ 'ac vreo
(reeal+, ro'e!orul o (+!ete )ntodeauna.
7 tiul 8, o condi-ie ireal+ re&ent+ !au viitoare, care !e re'er+ la4
7 o !itua-ie ima(inar+, contrar+ unei realit+-i re&ente4 +# the 2eather 2ere better
&right n%2', 2e c%uld g% #%r a 2al.8 9ac+ vremea ar 'i mai bun+, am utea 'ace o
limbare.
7 o !itua-ie imrobabil+, )ntr7un moment viitor4 +# + had the da$ %## t%m%rr%2, +
2%uld g% t% the beach8 9ac+ a avea &i liber+ mine, m7a duce la la.+.
7 tiul 0, o condi-ie ireal+ trecut+, cu re'erire la o !itua-ie ima(inar+ !au contrar+
realit+-ii )ntr7un moment trecut4 +# the 2eather had been better, + 2%uld have le#t
last 9%nda$8 9ac+ vremea ar 'i 'o!t mai bun+, a 'i lecat lunea trecut+.
2&.14.2. Froo&i-ia circum!tan-ial+ condi-ional+ e!te introdu!+ de con.unc-iile4 i#J
pr%vided &that' / s% l%ng as / %n c%nditi%n thatJ in case, supp%se / supp%sing
&that'8
Condi-ia ne(ativ+ e!te introdu!+ de unless8
Con.unc-iile in case i pr%vided !unt )ntrebuin-ate mai ale! cu roo&i-ii
condi-ionale de tiul 14 +n case + see him, +"ll give him $%ur message8 En ca& c+7l
v+d, am !+7i tran!mit me!a.ul t+u. +"ll #%rgive $%u pr%vided $%u tell the truth8 Am
!+ te iert cu condi-ia !+7mi !ui adev+rul.
)upp%se !e 'olo!ete mai ale! cu roo&i-ii condi-ionale de tiul 8 i 04 )upp%se
$%u 2ere a teacher, 2hat 2%uld $%u d%< Fre!uunnd c+ ai 'i ro'e!or, ce7ai
'ace ? )upp%se she had been right, 2hat 2%uld $%u have d%ne < S+ re!uunem
c+ ea ar 'i avut dretate, ce ai 'i '+cut "atunci#?
Fnless "condi-ie ne(ativ+# e!te mai 'recvent )n roo&i-iile condi-ionale de tiul 1,
i e!te urmat de un verb la 'orma a'irmativ+. Iolo!irea lui unle!! )nt+rete
ne(a-ia "i' not e!te neutru#.
Comara-i4 + 2%n"t sa$ an$thing i# he d%esn"t bring up the matter himsel#8 <7am
!+ !un nimic dac+ n7aduce el vorba. + 2%n"t sa$ an$thing unless he brings up
the matter himsel#8 <7am !+ !un nimic dect dac+ aduce el vorba.
Froo&i-ia condi-ional+ oate 'i introdu!+ i de alte cuvinte de le(+tur+, !itua-ii )n
care )i ierde 'orma de roo&i-ie condi-ional+4 :ind the c%rect ans2er and
the$"ll give $%u a pri4e8 "J +# $%u #ind the c%rrect ans2ers, the$"ll give $%u a
pri4e#.
;%%. at the map %r else $%u 2ill l%se $%ur 2a$8
;%%. at the map %ther2ise $%u 2ill l%se $%ur 2a$8
En en(le&a literar+, aar uneori roo&i-ii condi-ionale )n care ordinea !ubiect7
verb au3iliar e!te inver!at+, iar con.unc-ia i' e!te omi!+. Acea!ta !e )ntml+ de
re(ul+ cnd roo&i-ia condi-ional+ con-ine be, have, c%uld sau sh%uld: 6ere + in
$%ur p%siti%n, + sh%uld ap%l%gi4e8 9ac+ a 'i )n locul t+u, mi7a cere !cu&e. 0ad he
.n%2n ab%ut this matter, he might, have #%und a s%luti%n8 9ac+ a 'i tiut de!re
acea!t+ roblem+, oate ar 'i (+!it o !olu-ie.
En ca&ul verbelor no-ionale !e 'olo!ete sh%uld / 2%uld 2 in'initivul4 )h%uld he
c%me earlier, 2e c%uld g% t% the theatre8 9ac+ ar veni "cumva# mai devreme, am
utea mer(e la teatru.
pag: 257
2&.14.3. Ardinea propo+i.iilor. 9e obicei roo&i-ia condi-ional+ urmea&+
roo&i-ia re(ent+. 9ac+ o reced+, cele dou+ roo&i-ii !unt de!+r-ite rin
vir(ul+4 +# $%u g% %ut, p%st these letters #%r me, 2ill $%u8 9ac+ leci )n ora, une
te ro( ace!te !cri!ori la ot+ entru mine.
2&.14.4. Timpurile folosite )n 'ra&ele condi-ionale !unt urm+toarele4
@iul de roo&i-ie
condi-ional+
@imul )n roo&i-ia
rincial+
@imul )n roo&i-ia
condi-ional+
1 Piitor/Fre&ent/Imera
tiv
Fre&ent
IAll (o !$immin( i' t*e $ater i! $arm.
A teac*er i! al$a,!
*a,
i' *i! uil! $or%
*ard.
Go and bu, tic%et! i' ,ou $ant to !ee t*e
la,.
8 Condi-ional re&ent Fa!t @en!e
S*e $ould (o on a
tri
i' !*e $ere on
*olida,.
0 Condi-ional trecut Fa!t Fer'ect
I $ould *ave !o%en
to Ann
i' I *ad !een *er
,e!terda,.
2&.14.&. Traducerea propo+i.iilor condi.ionale din limba romn+ )n limba
en(le&+ re&int+ de obicei di'icult+-i, deoarece 'olo!irea timurilor di'er+ )n cele
dou+ limbi4 )n romn+ !e 'olo!ete viitorul )n roo&i-ia condi-ional+ de ti 1 i
modul condi-ional att )n roo&i-ia rincial+ ct i )n condi-ional+, e cnd )n
en(le&+, indicativul viitor i condi-ionalul re&ent i trecut aar doar )n
roo&i-iile rinciale4
1. 1+ voi duce !+ )not dac+ aa va 'i cald+. 8. Ea !7ar duce )n e3cur!ie dac+ ar 'i
)n vacan-+. 0. A 'i vorbit cu Ana dac+ a 'i v+&ut7o ieri.
!ot,1 En limba en(le&+ !e oate 'olo!i viitorul du+ i' doar cnd roo&i-ia
!ubordonat+ e!te comletiv+ direct+ "nu condi-ional+#4 + d%nPt .n%2 i# he 2ill
c%me8 <u tiu daca va veni.
2&.14.'. 4ten.ie5 A# En 'ra&ele condi-ionale de tiul 1, care !e re'er+ la o
condi-ie real+, o!ibil+, !e mai ot 'olo!i4
7 Fa!t @en!e 2 Fa!t @en!e, care e3rim+ o condi-ie i un re&ultat real )n trecut4 +#
he #elt tired, he 2ent #%r a 2al.8 9ac+ !e !im-ea obo!it, '+cea o limbare.
7 Piitor / re&ent / imerativ )n roo&i-ia rincial+ 2 Fre!ent Fer'ect / Fa!t @en!e,
)n roo&i-ia condi-ional+, entru e3rimarea unei condi-ii trecute i a unui
re&ultat re&ent4 +# $%u haven"t underst%%d the instructi%ns, read them again8
9ac+ n7ai )n-ele! in!truc-iunile, citete7le din nou.
+# he 2asn"t here $esterda$, tell him t% c%me t%da$8
+# he 2asn"t here $esterda$, he"ll c%me t%da$8
9ac+ n7a 'oat aici ieri, !une7i !+ vin+ a!t+&i.
9ac+ n7a 'oat aici ieri, va veni a!t+&i.
pag8 258
2&.14./. 9$ 9ac+ verbul din re(ent+ e la viitorul )n trecut, )n condi-ional+ !e
'olo!ete4
7 Fa!t @en!e entru e3rimarea !imultaneit+-ii4 0e pr%mised he 2%uld 2rite t% us
i# he had the time8 A romi! c+ ne va !crie dac+ va avea tim.
7 Fa!t er'ect entru a e3rima o ac-iune anterioar+ celei din re(ent+4 0e
pr%mised he 2%uld 2rite t% us i# he had #inished his 2%r.8 A romi! c+ ne va !crie
dac+7i va 'i terminat lucrul.
24.14.2. En limba en(le&+ oat a+rea i combina-ii )ntre cele trei tiuri de 'ra&e
condi-ionale4
7 ti 1 "condi-ia real+# cu ti 8 "ac-iune ireal+#4 +# $%u have a #e2 h%urs t% spare, +
2%uld invite $%u t% the cinema8 9ac+ au cteva ore libere, te7a invita la cinema.
7 ti 8 "condi-ie contrar+ realit+-ii re&ente# cu ti 0 "ac-iune nereali&at+ )n
trecut#4 +# she 2ere a better singer, she 2%uld have participated in the #estival8
9ac+ ar 'i o cnt+rea-+ mai bun+, ar 'i articiat la 'e!tival.
7 ti 0 "condi-ie ireal+ )n trecut# cu ti 8 "re&ultatul condi-iei )n re&ent#4 +# he
hadn"t had an accident, he 2%uldn"t be in h%spital n%28 9ac+ n7ar 'i avut un
accident, n7ar 'i )n !ital acum.
2&.14.6. S*ould 2 in'initivul oate 'i 'olo!it )n roo&i-iile condi-ionale de tiul 1
i 8 iar $ere to 2 in'initivul )n roo&i-iile condi-ionale de tiul 8, entru a
e3rima un (rad mare de incertitudine, o !itua-ie u-in robabil+4 +# $%u sh%uld
get an$ ne2s #r%m her, let me .n%2 at %nce8 9ac+ !e )ntml+ !+ rimeti veti
de la ea, anun-+7m+ imediat. +# he 2ere t% c%me, + 2%uld be ver$ happ$8 9ac+ ar
veni cumva, a 'i 'oarte 'ericit.
En en(le&a literar+, aare uneori inver!iune )ntre !ubiect i verbul au3iliar, iar i' !e
omite4 )h%uld $%u get an$ ne2s, let me .n%2 at %nce8 6ere he t% c%me, + 2%uld
be ver$ happ$8
2&.14.1?. 6ill oate 'i utili&at )n condi-ionalele de tiul1, iar $ould )n cele de
tiul 8, cu valoarea de verb modal Qa voiR4 +# $%u 2ill 2ait a m%ment, +"ll bring
$%u the b%%. $%u need8 9ac+ vre-i !+ ateta-i un moment, v+ voi aduce cartea
de care ave-i nevoie. 6e 2%uld be delighted i# $%u 2%uld accept %ur invitati%n8
Am 'i )ncnta-i dac+ a-i voi !+ acceta-i invita-ia noa!tr+.
Acea!t+ con!truc-ie e!te 'olo!it+ entru a e3rima o ru(+minte oliticoa!+4 +# $%u
2ill / 2%uld g% this #%r me, + shall be m%st grate#ul8 9ac+ ave-i / a-i avea
amabilitatea !+ 'ace-i acea!ta entru mine, v+ voi 'i recuno!c+tor.
2&.14.11. Could / mi(*t 2 in'initivul "re&ent !au er'ect# !e 'olo!ete )n 'ra&ele
condi-ionale de tiul 8 !au 0 )n locul au3iliarului !*ould / $ould 2 in'initivul
"re&ent !au er'ect# cnd e!te imlicat+ o nuan-+ modal+4 +# the 2eather 2ere
#ine, 2e c%uld g% t% the c%untr$ %ver the 2ee.end8 9ac+ ar 'i vreme 'rumoa!+,
am utea mer(e la -ar+ la !'ritul !+t+mnii. )he might have passed the e=am
i# she had s%lved all the pr%blems8 Foate c+ ar 'i luat e3amenul dac+ ar 'i re&olvat
toate roblemele.
2&.14.12. Circum!tan-iala condi-ional+ oate 'i redu!+ la4
a# un articiiu !au ad.ectiv, cnd cele dou+ roo&i-ii au acelai !ubiect4 B%rn in
an earlier centur$, he 2%uld have been a great e=pl%rer8 9ac+ !7ar 'i n+!cut )n alt
!ecol, ar 'i 'o!t un mare e3lorator.
b# un articiiu ab!olut, cnd !ubiectul e!te (eneral !au nede'init4 Iudging b$
appearances, she must be telling the truth8 9ac+ .udec+m du+ aaren-e cred c+
!une adev+rul.
c# o con!truc-ie in'initival+ "!ubiect indentic !au nede'init#4 +t 2%uld hurt her t%
tal. li.e that8 Ar m*ni7o dac+ ai vorbi aa.
d# o con!truc-ie reo&i-ional+4
But #%r them + 2%uld have l%st m$ 2a$8 I+r+ ei m7a 'i r+t+cit.
6ith%ut them + 2%uld have l%st m$ 2a$8 I+r+ ei m7a 'i r+t+cit.
pag: 259
2&.1&. Propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, de scop (Te 4dverbial Cloause of
Purpose$
25815818 Froo&i-ia circum!tan-ial+ de !co e!te introdu!+ de !o t*at, un order
t*at i t*at "'ormal#.
+n case, #%r #ear that >i lest ")nvec*it, 'ormal# introduc roo&i-ii de !co cu !en!
ne(ativ "dar cu verbul la 'orma a'irmativ+#.
2&.1&.2. 4$ Froo&i-ia circum!tan-ial+ de !co introdu!+ de !o t*at,
caracteri!tic+ en(le&ei 'amiliare, !e con!truiete cu4
7 $ill / can 2 in'initiv du+ un verb la re&ent, viitor !au imerativ4
+"ll send the letter airmail s% that he 2ill get it right a2a$8
)end the letter airmail s% that he can get it right a2a$8
"voi# trimite !cri!oarea ar avion ca !7o rimea!c+ imediat.
7 cu $ould / could 2 in'initiv du+ un verb la un tim trecut4 + gave her the .e$ s%
that she c%uld get in8 I7am dat c*eia ca !+ oat+ intra.
B# En en(le&a literar+, !e )ntrebuin-ea&+ con.unc-ia !o t*at i mai ale! in order
t*at.
:n re&ent, viitor !au imerativ )n re(ent+ e!te urmat de ma, !au mai rar de
!*all 2 in'initiv )n circum!tan-iala de !co4 Mpen the 2ind%2 s% that she ma$ get
s%me #resh air8 9e!c*ide 'erea!tra ca !+ oat+ re!ira / !+ re!ire u-in aer curat.
iar un tim trecut, de mi(*t / !*ould 2 in'intiv4 + lent ,an the dicti%nar$ s% that
he might d% the translati%n8 I7am )mrumutat dic-ionarul lui 9an ca !+7i 'ac+
traducerea.
Froo&i-iile de !co ne(ative !unt introdu!e de s% that, in %rder that, urmate de
2ill n%t 2 in'initiv "du+ un verb la re&ent, viitor !au imerativ#4 + must give him
a list s% that he 2%n"t #%rget 2hat t% bu$8 @rebuie !+7i dau o li!t+ ca !+ nu uite ce
!+ cumere.
!au $ould / !*ould not 2 in'initiv, du+ un verb la un tim trecut4 !he$ le#t earl$
s% that the$ 2%uldn"t be tired the ne=t da$. Au lecat devreme ca !+ nu 'ie
obo!i-i a doua &i.
Ideea de !co ne(ativ oate 'i e3rimat+ i )n roo&i-ii cu verbul la a'irmativ.
Ace!tea !unt introdu!e de con.unc-iile4
7 in ca!e, urmat+ de Fre!ent / Fa!t @en!e !au !*ould 2 in'initiv4
+"ll give him a list in case he #%rgets 2hat t% bu$8
+"ll give him a list in case he sh%uld #%rget 2hat t% bu$8
7 'or 'ear "t*at# 2 !*ould / $ould 2 in'initiv4
!he$ 2ant&ed' t% leave earl$ #%r #ear the$ sh%uld be tired the ne=t da$8
!he$ 2ant&ed' t% leave earl$ #%r #ear the$ 2%uld be tired the ne=t da$8
7le!t 2 !*ould 2 in'initiv4 0e t%%. a ta=i lest he sh%puld miss the train8 A luat un
ta3i ca !+ nu iard+ trenul.
pag: 260
!ot,1 In ca!e e!te 'olo!it )n en(le&a 'amiliar+, ca )nlocuitor al lui le!t,care a ieit
din u&.
2&.1&.3. Froo&i-ia circum!tan-ial+ de !co oate 'i redu!+ la4
a# o con!truc-ie in'initival+, cnd !ubiectul ei e!te identic cu cel din roo&i-ia
re(ent+4 0e 2ent t% the par. t% listen t% the band c%ncert8 S7a du! )n arc !+
a!culte 'an'ara.
b# in'initivul cu 'or7to, cnd !ubiectele !unt di'erite4 0e t%%. his children t% the
par. #%r them t% listen t% the band c%ncert8 Li7a du! coiii )n arc !+ a!culte
'an'ara.
Ade!eori, in'initivul e!te recedat de s% as, in %rder, sau %n purp%se entru a
!ublinia ideea de !co4
0e 2ent t% the par. s% as t% listen t% the band c%ncert8
0e 2ent t% the par. in %rder t% listen t% the band c%ncert8
S7a du! )n arc entru a a!culta 'an'ara.
c# Con!truc-ia in'initival+ oate 'i redu!+ la o con!truc-ie reo&i-ional+4
!he @%manians #%ught in the 1877 3 1878 2ar t% get their independence8
!he @%manians #%ught in the 1877 3 1878 2ar #%r independence8
Romnii au lutat )n r+&boiul 1OHH71OHO entru "a dobndi# indeenden-+.
2&.1'. Propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, consecutiv, (Te 4dverbial Clause of
Eesult$
2&.1'.1. Ace!te roo&i-ii !unt introdu!e de con.unc-ia t*at orecedat+ )n
re(ent+ de s%, such: !au de con.unc-ia s% &that'8 So e!te urmat, )n re(ent+ , de un
ad.ectiv !au de adverb, e cnd !uc* e!te urmat de un "ad.ectiv 2# !ub!tnativ.
+t 2as s% h%t that 2e %pened all the 2ind%2s8
+t 2as such a h%t da$ that 2e %pened all the 2ind%2s8
+t 2as h%t s% 2e %pened all the 2ind%2s8
Era aa de cald )nct am de!c*i! toate 'ere!trele.
Era o &i aa de 'ierbinte )nct am de!c*i! toate 'ere!trele.
Era cald, aa c+ am de!c*i! toate 'ere!trele.
Fentru !ubliniere, con.unc-ia !o !e aea&+ uneori la )nceutul circum!tan-ialei
con!ecutive. En ace!t ca&, are loc inver!iune )ntre !ubiect i redicat4 )% di##icult
2as the e=ercise, that n%b%d$ c%uld d% it8 Aa de (reu a 'o!t e3erci-iul, c+ nimeni
n7a utut !+7l 'ac+.
2&.1'.2. Fredicatul roo&i-iei con!ecutive e!te la orive tim cerut de lo(ica
enun-ului4
0e did his 7%b s% 2ell that the$ pr%m%ted him8
0e did his 7%b s% 2ell that +"ll never #%rget him8
Ei '+cea aa de bine !erviciul )nct l7au romovat.
Ei '+cea aa de bine !erviciul )nct nu7l voi uita niciodat+.
pag: 261
2&.1'.3. Cnd !ubiectul roo&i-iei re(ente e!te acelai cu cel al roo&i-iei
con!ecutive, acea!ta oate 'i redu!+ la4
a# a! to 2 in'initiv cnd roo&i-ia con!ecutiv+ e!te anticiat+ de !uc* !au !o4
Behave in such a 2a$ as t% be admired8 Foart+7te )n aa 'el )nct !+ 'ii admirat.
b# !o a! to 2 in'initiv4 Put %n $%ur c%ats s% as t% be read$8 Fune-i7v+ *ainele ca !+
'i-i (ata.
c# o con!truc-ie in'initival+4 0e tal.ed sl%2l$ en%ught t% be underst%%d8 A vorbit
de!tul de rar ca !+ oat+ 'i )n-ele!.
9ac+ cele dou+ roo&i-ii au !ubiecte di'erite, circum!tan-iala con!ecutiv+ oate
'i )nlocuit+ de in'initivul cu 'or7to4 @*e co''ee $a! too *ot 'or me to 'rin%. Ca'eaua
era rea 'ierbinte ca !7o ot bea.
2&.1/. Propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, concesiv, (Te 4dverbial Clause of
Concession$
2&.1/.1. Froo&i-ia circum!tan-ial+ conce!iv+ e!te introdu!+ de4 th%ugh,
alth%ugh "mai 'ormal#, even i# / th%ugh, h%2ever "2ad.ectiv / adverb#, 2h%ever,
2haterver, n% matter, 2hereas "'ormal#.
2&.1/.2. Froo&i-ia circum!tan-ial+ conce!iv+ oate avea i 'orma unei
roo&i-ii, aarent rinciale, de 'at !ubordonat+, e3rimat+ rin4
a# un imerativ4 ;augh as much as $%u li.e, +"ll d% it this 2a$8 R&i ct ai vrea, eu
am !+ 'ac aa.
b# imerativ cu let4 ;et him be the la4iest #ell%2 in the 2%rld, + 2%uld still tr$ t%
help him8 S+ 'ie i cel mai lene om din lume i tot a )ncerca !+7l a.ut.
c# !ub.onctiv !intetic4 +"ll receive him, be he 2h% ma$8 Am !+7l rime!c oricine ar
'i.
2&.1/.3. Timpurile verbale 'olo!ite )n circum!tan-iale conce!ive !unt timurile
re&ente i trecute ale indicativului4
!h%ugh he has never studied music, he pla$s the pian% ver$ 2ell8
*lth%ugh he is n%t a pr%#essi%nal, he pla$s the pian% ver$ 2ell8
-ven th%ugh he did n%t stud$ music in sch%%l, he pla$s the pian% ver$ 2ell8
9ei / Cu toate c+ n7a !tudiat niciodat+ mu&ica, el cnt+ 'oarte bine la ian.
9ei / Cu toate c+ nu e!te ro'e!ioni!t, el cnt+ 'oarte bine la ian.
9ei / Cu toate c+ nu a !tudiat mu&ica la coal+, el cnt+ 'oarte bine la ian.
&*l'th%ugh he had been pla$ing #%tball all m%rning, he 2asn"t ver$ tired8 9ei
.uca!e 'otbal toat+ diminea-a, nu era obo!it.
&*l'th%ugh he 2as n%t #eeling ver$ 2ell, he c%ntinued his 2%r.8 9ei nu !e !im-ea
'oarte bine, i7a continuat lucrul.
1a, / mi(*t 2 in'initivul e!te 'olo!it )n roo&i-iile conce!ive entru a e3rima o
re!uunere4 6h%ever ma$ / might c%me, sh%2 him in8
En limba romn+, indicativul din roo&i-ia conce!iv+ !e traduce tot rin indicativ,
e cnd ma,/mi(*t 2 in'intiv !e traduc rin condi-ional4 6ricine ar veni, o'tete7l
)n+untru.
Froo&i-ie conce!iv+ oate 'i redu!+ la4
a# un articiiu, ad.ectiv !au !ub!tantiv4 !h%ugh tired, she c%ntinued her 2%r.8
9ei obo!it+, i7a continuat munc+.
b# un articiiu ab!olt, cnd !ubiectul e!te nede'init4 -ven admittin his
e=planati%n, his behavi%ur cann%t be e=cused8 C*iar dac+ admited e3lica-ia lui,
comortarea lui nu oate 'i !cu&at+.
c# o con!truc-ia reo&i-ie, con-innd de obicei cuvnd all4
0e is a .ind man #%r all his #aults8 E!te un om bun cu toate / )n ciuda de'ectelor
lui.
0e is a .ind man 2ith all his #aults8 E!te un om bun cu toate / )n ciuda de'ectelor
lui.
0e is a .ind man in spite %# his #aults8 E!te un om bun cu toate / )n ciuda
de'ectelor lui.
D7erci.ii cap. 24"2&
+8 !rans#%ma(i pr(ile de pr%p%4i(ie scrise cursiv Dn pr%p%4i(ii sub%rd%nate:
Ce !e a'la intre arante&e drete !unt ar-ile !cri!e cur!iv
1. ;e lo!t *i! $a, Xbecau!e o' t*ic% 'o(Y. 8. >e $ent on t*e icnic Xin !ite o' t*e
*eav, rainY. 0. XIollo$in( t*e danceY, t*e *o!te!! !erved re're!*ement!. D. @*e
boo%! Xon m, de!% Y *ave to be returned to t*e librar,. B. ;e $ent to t*e o!t
o''iiceX in order to bu, !ome !tam!Y. 6. @*e (reen dre!! co!t! X a! muc* a! t*e
red dre!!Y. H. X;er bein( lateY ama&e! me. O. >e $ere a!tini!*ed Xat *i!
be*aviourY. 9. Nou can rel, Xon *i! *elY. 1M. >e !a$ intere!tin( t*in(!
ever,$*ere.11. ;e !ea%! Xli%e a nativeY. 18. XBut 'or *er, I $ould *ave 'or(otten
about t*e meetin(. 10. @*i! i! t*e rea!on X'or *i! earl, arrivalY. 1D. X@*e $eat*er
bein( !o coldY, $e made a 'ire.
++8 PuneHi verbele din parante4 la #%rma p%trivit:
1. I 'ir!t met *er t$ent, ,ear! a(o $*en I "live# in Fari!. 8. I "*ave# a tin,
aartment in t*e =atin Vuarter and I "earn# barel, enou(* mone, to %ee bod,
and !oul to(et*er. 0. S*e *ad read a boo% o' mine and "$rite# to me about it. D. I
"an!$er#, t*an%in( *er, and re!entl, I "receive# 'rom*er anot*er letter !a,in(
t*at !*e "a!!# t*rou(* Fari! and "li%e# to *ave a c*at $it* me. B. I "an!$er# t*at
I "meet# *er at Io,ot! on @*ur!da, at *al'7a!t t$elve. 6. S*e "be# not !o ,oun(
a! I "e3ect# and in aearance imo!in( rat*er t*an attractive. H. S*e "be# in
'act a $oman o' 'ort, 7 a c*armin( a(e, but not one t*at "e3cite# a !udden and
deva!tatin( a!!ion at 'ir!t !i(*t. O. S*e al!o "(ive# me t*e imre!!ion a' *avin(
more teet* t*an "be# nece!!ar, 'or an, ractical uro!e. 9. I "be# !tartled $*en
t*e bill o' 'are " be# brou(*t 'or t*e rice! "be# a (reat deal *i(*er t*an I
"anticiate#. 1M. I "%no$# e3actl, *o$ muc* mone, I "*ave# and i' t*e bill "come#
to more I "ma%e u# m, mind t*at I "ut# m, *and in m, oc%et and $it* a
dramatic cr, !tart u and !a, it "be# ic%ed. 11. 6' cour!e it "be# a$%$ard i' !*e
"*ave# not mone, enou(* eit*er to a, t*e bill. 18. @*en t*e onl, t*in( to do "be#
to leave m, $atc* and !a, I "come# bac% and a, later.
+++8 !raduce(i Dn limba engle4:
1. 1u&ica e care am a!cultat7o a!ear+ era de Geor(e Ene!cu. 8. Pa veni de
)ndat+ ce7i va termina treaba. 0. A 'o!t aa de 'ri( )n ultima vreme )nct au
)n(*e-at rurile. 1ar, a lecat )n (rab+, de team+ !+ nu )ntr&ie. B. @om a vi&itat
e3o&i-ia ca !+ le oat+ ove!ti rietenilor de!re ea. 6. 9ac+ el ar 'i aici, ne7ar
utea a.uta. H. Ea va veni mine aca!+ daca i7a terminat e3amenele. O. A 'i
trecut e la ea dac+ mi7ar 'i !u! unde locuiete. 9. I7am romi! Faulei c+ o voi
a.uta cnd am !+ m+ )ntorc din vacan-+. 1M. 9an a !u! c+7i lace !+ !tudie&e
(ramatiica. 11. E ciudat c+ )ncearc+ !+ tele'one&e la acea!t+ or+ tr&ie. 18. @ata
roune !+ 'im (ata e la oa 18. 10. 9uminica trecut+ am !tat aca!+ entru c+ a
'o!t vreme rea. 1D. <e7a a!i(urat a!ear+ c+ te va aateta n+ te vei )ntoarce.
1B. @ata a cum+rat o main+ vec*e, dei rietenii lui l7au !'+tuit !+ nu o 'ac+.
16. A&i diminea-+ !ecretara a a.un! la birou mai devreme dect de obicei. 1H.
6riunde ne duceam, ne oream i ceream in'orma-ii.
IP. A. Secretarul urca!e !c+rile de 'ier i era aoae !+ nu7i ob!erve. Ei c+uta!e
toat+ diminea-a, '+r+ !+ aib+ aerul c+ o 'ace. 1ucal+ )i !u!e unde i7ar utea
(+!i, dar el min-i c+ nu7l intere!au. Ar 'i trecut e al+turi dac+ nu ar 'i au&it (la!ul
(ro! al lui Sandu. "Eu(en Barbu 7 :n!re&ece#
B. Iubite G*i-+. Sunt ot &ile de cnd -i7am trimi! o !cri!oare rin care te ru(am
!+7mi ra!un&i dac+ er!oana ce voia !+ cumere tablouri de la mine, de!re
care mi7ai !cri! mai de mult, mai er!i!t+ )n dorin-a !a i dac+, rin urmare !+7i
trimit -ie tablouri )n ace!t !co.
@abloul t+u cu Cea*l+ul, de!re care )-i !cri!e!em c+ e )n lucru, acum e (ata
comlet. Atet un r+!un! al t+u ca !+ tiu ce 'ac. Al t+u cu toat+ dra(o!tea,
6ctav B+ncil+.
C. Iubite G*i-+. E cam mult de cnd nu ma tiu nimica de!re tine. Ltiu c+ eti
'oarte ocuat ca )ntotdeauna, totui cnd e!te c*i, !crie7ne i nou+ cteva
rndui i ne !une cum te a'li i ce mai 'aci. Eu !unt mai bine de c)nd am 'o!t la
@eo*ari. Ceilal-i !unt cu to-ii !+n+toi.
Am terminat ortretul d7rei Cireaa i !unt 'oarte mul-umit. =a )nceut i c*iar tot
timul ct mi7a !tat di!era!em c+ nu voi utea7o 'ace bine din cau&a unei
vioiciune ce o caracteri&ea&+. Aoi nu !e rea -inea dec uvnt. Emi '+(+duia de
e3emlu, c+ vine mine i eu atetam &adarnic, c+ci m+ tr+(ea e !'oar+. 9ar,
)n 'ine, a trecut tot neca&ul, re&ultatul 'iind e delin mul-umitor, cel u-in entru
mine ca e3ecutor, nu tiu ce vor &ice criticii de toat+ mna.. 6ctav B+ncil+.
9. @oat+ lumea tie c+ domnul Fantelimon )i reara!e vec*ea7i main+
`@oolino`, care !t+tu!e cinci ani e butuci i c+ nu era duminic+, dac+ ec*ia
.uca )n alt ora !+ li!ea!c+. Se )mrumuta de bani, daca n7avea, umlea
re&ervorul cu ben&in+ i '+cea un tur la volan rin centru, ca !+ 'ie v+&ut.
1ainu-a arunca (a&e de7ai 'i !u! c+ dea!ura oraului lutea un val de cea-+
arti'icial+. @rec+torii iei-i la limbare la ora un!re&ece !coteau bati!tele i le
uneau la na!. =n(+ el, Pi&ante '+cea !emne cuno!cu-ilor cu mna. "E. Barbu77
:n!re&ece#.
E. Sunt vi!e ce arc+ le7am 'i tr+it cndva i undeva, recum !unt lucruri vie-uite
de!re care ne )ntreb+m dac+ n7au 'o!t vi!. =a a!ta m+ (ndeam deun+&i !eara
cnd r+v+ind rintre *rtiile mele ca !+ v+d ce !e mai oate (+!i de ar! 7 *rtiile
)ncurc+ 7 am dat e!te o !cri!oare care mi7a detetat amintirea unei )ntml+ri
ciudate, aa de ciudat+ c+, de n7ar 'i dect ate ani de cnd !7a etrecut, m7a
!im-i curin! de )ndoial+, a cred c+ )ntr7adev+r am vi!at numai !au c+ am citit7o
ori au&it7o demult.
Era )n 19MH. Iu!e!em (reu bolnav )n Bucureti i m+ )ntorceam la Berlin.
En!+n+toirea mea !e '+cea cu anevoin-+, cernd )n(ri.iri mari. =a lecare
doctorul m7a !'+tuit !+ ma 'ere!c n+ i de cele mai uoare e'orturi.. Bietul
doctor5 Am dat din umeri , &mbind i i7am !u! !+ 'ie e ace.
"1ateiu Cara(iale 7 Remember#
pag: 264
2'. #orbirea direct, *i indirect, (3irect and Indirect =peec$
E3i!t+ dou+ o!ibilit+-i de redarea a !u!elor cuiva4 rin vorbire direct+ i
indirect+.
2'.1. #orbirea direct, (3irect =peec$
2'.1.1. En vorbirea direct+ !e reroduc )ntocmai cuvintele er!oanei care le7a
ro!tit. Ace!tea !e introduc de obicei rin vir(ul+ i !unt )ncadrate )ntre (*ilimele,
!re deo!ebire de limba romn+4 0e as.ed me, Q6here is ,an < 17a )ntrebat4 7
:nde e!te 9an?
2'.1.2. Enun-ul rerodu! )ndelinete 'unc-ia de roo&i-ie comletiv+ direct+ a
redicatului din roo&i-ia rincial+. Froo&i-ia rincial+ oate a+rea )nainte,
intercalat+ !au du+ comletiva direct+. Cu e3ce-ia o&i-iei ini-iale, oate avea
loc inver!iune )ntre !ubiect i redicat cnd !ubiectul e!te e3rimat rintr7un
!ub!tantiv, iar verbul e!te la Fre!ent !aau Fa!t @en!e Simle4 !%m said, + can
c%me 2ith $%u,
dar4
+ can c%me 2ith $%u said !%m8
+ can c%me 2ith $%u !%m said8
+ can c%me 2ith $%u he said8
2'.1.3. Folosirea timpurilor )n vorbirea direct+ nu e!te a'ectat+ de timul
redicatului din roo&i-ia rincial+4
0e is sa$ing 3+"ll see him t%m%rr%28
3 + met her last night8
3 +"ve 7ust arrived8
0e has said 3+"ll see him t%m%rr%28
3 + met her last night8
3 +"ve 7ust arrived8
0e said 3+"ll see him t%m%rr%28
3 + met her last night8
3 +"ve 7ust arrived8
2'.2. #orbirea indirect, (Indirect ; Eeported =peec$
En vorbirea indirect+, o a treia er!oan+ red+ !u!ele cuiva, '+r+ a reroduce
totdeauna )ntocmai cuvintele !ale4 I%hn said t% Peter, )hall + meet $%u at the
stati%n t%m%rr%2 <
I%hn suggested that he sh%uld meet Peter at the stati%n the ne=t da$8
I%hn suggested meeting Peter at the stati%n the ne=t da$8
Froo&i-ia rerodu!+ )ndelinete de a!emenea 'unc-ia de comletiv+ direct+ a
redicatului din roo&i-ia rincial+.
pag: 265
2'.3. Transformarea vorbirii directe (n vorbire indirect, (Can)e form
3irect to Indirect =peec$
Cndva !u!ele cuiva !unt trecute de la vorbirea direct+ la cea indirect+,
rocedeul 'recvent utili&at )n cover!a-ie, au loc anumite !c*imb+ri att )n
roo&i-ia rincial+ ct i )n comletiva direct+. 1odi'ic+rile !unt de dou+ 'eluri4
A# (enerale, care a'ectea&+ orice 'el de enun- rerodu!C B# !eci'ice,
caracteri!tice 'iec+rui ti de roo&i-ie4 enun-iativ+, intero(ativ+, e3clamativ+,
imerativ+.
2'.3.1. 4. @odific,rile )enerale !e re'er+ la4 er!oan+, determinan-i i timuri
verbale.
Fronumele er!onal, re'le3iv i o!e!iv !e !c*imba du+ )n-ele!4 er!oana I i II7a
devin de obicei er!oana a III7a4 !%m said t% 9ar$, H%u sh%uld have as.ed me
#irst8 !%m t%ld 9ar$ that she sh%uld have as.ed him #irst8
Fot a+rea )n!+ i ca&uri ca4 H%u are right, ,iana, said Paul8 ,iana: Paul said that +
2as right8
Fronumele r+mne ne!c*imbat cnd vorbitorul )i reroduce roriile lui cuvinte4
+ thin. 2e sh%uld leave immediatel$, + said8 + said + th%ught 2e sh%uld leave
immediatel$8
2'.3.2. Fronumele / ad.ectivele demon!trative i adverbele de loc i tim ce
indic+ aroierea !unt )nlocuite cu altele care e3rim+ de+rtarea. A!t'el4
this devine that
this devine those
here devine there
toda8 devine that day
yesterday devine the day before
tomorrow devine the next / following day
next week devine the previous week / the week before
Sc*imbarea adverbelor de loc i tim nu are loc )n mod automat. Conte3tul i
momentul vorbirii indirecte indic+ !c*imb+rile nece!are4 !he teacher said, !%m,
bring $%ur paintings here the da$ a#ter t%m%rr%28 !he teacher t%ld !%m t% bring
his paintings t% sch%%l in t2% da$s time8
2'.3.3. En ceea ce rivete adverbele de tim, ele !unt )nlocuite numai dac+
rela-ia dintre momentul vorbirii indirecte i momentul vorbirii directe nu mai e!te
aceeai4 H 4 MM a.m. Radio7ne$! reort4 Briti!* !teel $or%er! are lannin( a rade7
union meetin( tomorro$. @om 4 @*e, !aid on t*e radio ,e!terda, t*at Briti!* !teel
$or%er! are lannin( a trade7union meetin( toda,.
9ac+ actul de vorbire are loc i e!te rerodu! )n acceai &i, !c*imbarea
ronumelor i adverbelor determinative nu mai e!te nece!are, deoarece )n-ele!ul
lor e!te acelai 'a-+ de momentul re&ent4 9an4 @*e, !aid on t*e radio t*i!
mornin( t*at Briti!* !teel $or%er! are lannin( a trade7union meetin( tomorro$.
Folosirea timpurilor (n vorbirea indirect,
2683848 9ac+ redicatul din roo&i-ia rincial+ e!te la re&ent, Fre!ent Fer'ect
!au viitor, timul din roo&i-ia redat+ )n vorbirea indirect+ "comletiva direct+#
r+mn+ ne!c*imbat.
pag: 266
*lice is sa$ing t% !%m, +"ll help $%u i# + can8
*lice has said t% !%m, +"ll help $%u i# + can8
Porbire indirect+4
*lice is telling !%m she 2ill help him i# she can8
*lice has t%ld !%m she 2ill help him i# she can8
Ad.ectivele / ronumele demon!trative !au adverbele din comletiva direct+
r+mn de a!emenea ne!c*imbate4 *lice has said, +"ll c%me here t%m%rr%28 *lice
has pr%mised she 2ill c%me here t%m%rr%28
2'.3.&. 9ac+ redicatul roo&i-iei rinciale e!te la un tim trecut4 Fa!t @en!e,
Fa!t Fer'ect, Iuture 7in7t*e7Fa!t, timurile verbale din enun-ul rerodu! devin i
ele trecute. Acea!t+ !c*imbare a timurilor e!te denumit+ bac%7!*i't )n limba
en(le&+, deoarece ea are loc din!re re&ent !re trecut !au din!re trecut !re
un tim i mai trecut4
Fre!ent devine Fa!t @en!eC
Fa!t @en!e, Fre!ent Fer'ect, Fa!t Fer'ect devin Fa!t Fer'ectC
Iuture devine Iuture7in7t*e7Fa!t.
Sc*imbarea timurilor )n comletiva direct+ !e alic+ la roo&i-iile enun-iative,
e3clamative i intero(ative.
9r Br%2n said t% his 2i#e +"ve been ver$ bus$ t%da$8
9r Br%2n said t% his 2i#e 0%2 hungr$ + am8
9r Br%2n said t% his 2i#e 2ill $%u give me s%mething t% eat <
9r Br%2n t%ld his 2i#e that he had been ver$ bus$ that da$8 0e e=claimed that
he 2as ver$ hungr$8 0e as.ed his 2i#e is she 2%uld give him s%mething t% eat8
Froo&i-iile imerative, care devin in'initive )n vorbirea indirect+, nu !e !uun
ace!tei re(uli, deoarece nu con-in un verb la o 'orm+ er!onal+4 9rs Br%2n said
t% her husband, Be care#ulK ,%n"t drive s% #astK 9rs Br%2n t%ld her husband t% be
care#ul and n%t t% drive s% #ast8
2'.3.'. Con'orm re(ulilor de core!onden-+ a timurilor, du+ un verb la un tim
trecut, Fre!ent !imle devine de obicei Fa!t Simle )n vorbirea indirect+4
,%ris said, + have man$ #riends8
,%ris said she had man$ #riends8
D7cep.ii1
a# cnd re&entul nede'init e3rim+ o ac-iune reetat+, un obicei !au o
caracteri!tic+ a !ubiectului, timul oate r+mn+ ne!c*imbat dac+ ac-iunea are
acelai caracter i )n momentul re&ent "momentul vorbirii indirecte#4 Ae%rge
said + g% t% the seaside ever$ summer8
Ae%rge said that he 2ent t% the seaside ever$ summer8
Ae%rge said that he g%es t% the seaside ever$ summer8
pag: 267
b# cnd vorbirea direct+ e3rim+ un 'at univer!al valabil, un adev+r ab!olut,
timul nu !e !c*imb+4 !he teacher said, 6ater b%ils at 100 Celsius8 !he teacher
said that 2ater b%ils at 100 Celsius8
c# cnd con-inutul enun-ului e!te valabil i )n momentul vorbirii4 Ae%rge said +
can"t bu$ a pair %# s.is n%2, + haven"t saved en%ugh m%ne$8 ge%rge said, he can"t
bu$ a pair %# s.is as he hasn"t saved en%ugh m%ne$8
Fre&entul continuu !e tran!'orm+ de obicei )n Fa!t @en!e continuu4 +"m reading8
0e said he 2as reading8
2'.3./. 6 ac-iune viitoare e!te e3rimat+ )n vorbirea indirect+ )n modul urm+tor4
2ill "2in'initiv# devin4 2%uld "2in'initiv#
2%uld "2in'initiv# devin4 2%uld "2in'initiv#
+, 2e shall "2in'initiv# devine4 he, the$, 2%uld "2in'intiv# am / is / are g%ing t%
"2in'initiv# devin4 2as / 2ere g%ing t% "2in'initiv#
Iran% !aid, +"m g%ing t% bu$ a ne2 car ne=t $ear8
Iran% !aid + shall bu$ a ,acia car8
Iran% !aid he 2as g%ing t% bu$ a ne2 car the #%ll%2ing $ear and added he 2%uld
bu$ a ,acia car8
D7cep.ie1 Core!onden-a timurilor nu !e alic+ )n ca&ul )n care ac-iunea e
viitoare i momentul vorbirii indirecte, nu numai )n momentul vorbirii directe4
Geor(e !aid, +"ll ta.e up engineering a#ter graduati%n8 Ae%rge said he"ll ta.e up
engineering a#ter graduati%n8
2'.3.2. Past )imple devine Past Per#ect )imple En vorbirea indirect+4 9%ther said,
!%m hurt himsel#8 9%ther said that !%m had hurt himsel#8
D7cep.ii1
Fa!t Simle oate r+mne ne!c*imbat entru4
a# ac-iuni reetate )n trecut4 0arr$ said, + invited all m$ #riend t% m$ birthda$
parties 2hen + 2as $%ung8 0arr$ said he invited all his #riends t% his birthda$
parties 2hen he 2as $%ung8
b# e3rimarea unui 'at4 !he children as.ed, 6ere there an$ animals %n the #arm
< !he children as.ed i# there 2ere an$ animals %n the #arm8
c# enun-uri redate )n vorbirea indirect+ imediat du+ ro!tirea lor ")n aceeai &i#4
Paul said, + pla$ed #%%tball this m%rning8 Paul said he pla$ed #%%tball this
m%rning8
d# cnd )ntre redicatele din rincial+ i comletiva direct+ nu e3i!t+ un raort
de anterioritate4 0e said, )ad%veanu 2as the greatest 2riter %# his time8 he said
that )ad%veanu 2as the greatest 2riter %# his time8
e# )n vorbire, dac+ nu !e roduce con'u&ie cu rivire la momentele celor dou+
ac-iuni4 9$ #riend said t% me, i sa2 g%%d #ilm last night8 9$ #riend t%ld me he sa2
a g%%d #ilm last night8
'# )n roo&i-iile circum!tan-iale de tim. Froo&i-ia re(ent+ circum!tan-ialei de
tim oate 'i de a!emenea men-inut+ la Fa!t @en!e !au deveni Fa!t Fer'ect4
Mur neighb%ur t%ld us he met %ur #ather 2hen he 2as living in Bra>%v8
Mur neighb%ur t%ld us he had met %ur #ather 2hen he 2as living in Bra>%v8
(# )n roo&i-iile condi-ionale de tiul 84 0arr$ said, + 2%uld g% t% the museum i#
it 2as %pen8 0arr$ said he 2%uld g% t% the museum i# it 2as %pen8
*# du+ $i!*, $ould rat*er, it i! time4 +t"s time $%u #inished $%ur papers, the
teacher said8 !he teacher t%ld the pupils it 2as time the$ #inished their papers8
pag: 268
2'.3.6. Past !ense C%ntinu%us devine )n rinciiu Past Per#ect C%ntinu%us, dar )n
ractic+ r+mne ade!ea ne!c*imbat.
Sc*imbarea are loc doar cnd ace!t tim !e re'er+ la o ac-iune terminat+4 0e
said, 6e 2ere thin.ing %# m%ving h%use but have changed %ur minds8 0e said
that the$ had been thin.ing %# m%ving h%use but had changed their minds8
2'.3.1?. Perbele modale !e !c*imb+ )n 'elul urm+tor4 ma$ devine might, 2ill
devine 2%uld, can devine could4
!he t$pist said, !he mecanic can #i= m$ t$pe2riter but he 2%n"t8 !he t$pist
c%mplained that the mechanic c%uld #i= her t$pe2riter but he 2%uldn"t8
9ac+ verbele modale e3rimate )n vorbire direct+ nu au 'orme entru trecut, ca
de e3emlu must, need, sh%uld, %ught t%, had better, !au !unt de.a la trecut !au
condi-ional, ca 2%uld, c%uld, might >i used t% "numai Fa!t @en!e#, ele r+mn
ne!c*imbate )n vorbirea indirect+4 6e must bu$ 9%ther a present #%r her
birthda$, the children said8 !he children said the$ must bu$ m%ther a present #%r
her birthda$8 H%u %ught t% help $%ur parents, !%m, the teacher said8 !he teacher
t%ld !%m he %ught t% help his parents8
4ten.ie5 En (eneral must !e men-ine )n vorbirea indirect+. Cnd )n!+ mu!t
e3rim+ o obli(a-ie, el oate deveni 2%uld have t% !au had t%, )n 'unc-ie de !en!4
0arr$ said, + must g% t% sch%%l n%28 0arr$ said he had t% g% t% sch%%l
immediatel$8 :ather said, + must g% t% a c%n#erence t%m%rr%28 :ather said he
2%uld have t% g% a c%n#erence the ne=t da$8
En mod !imilar, could e!te men-inut )n vorbirea indirect+4 Ae%rge as.ed, C%uld +
use $%ur pen < Ae%rge as.ed me i# he c%uld use m$ pen, sau men(inut / !c*imbat
)n 'unc-ie de !en!4
0e said C%uld $%u lend me $%ur dicti%nar$, please <
0e said + c%uld s2im 2hen it 2as #ine8
0e said + c%uldn"t g% int% the 2ater al%ne 2hen + 2as a child8
0e as.ed me t% lend him m$ dicti%nar$8
0e as.ed me i# + c%uld lend him m$ dicti%nar$8
0e said he c%uld s2im 2hen it 2as #ine8
0e said he had been able t% s2im 2hen it 2as #ine8
0e added he c%uldn"t g% int% the 2ater al%ne 2hen he 2as a child8
0e added he had n%t been all%2ed t% g% int% the 2ater al%ne 2hen he 2as a
child8
2'.3.11. Ira&ele condi-ionale de tiul 8 i 0 nu !e !c*imb+ )n vorbirea indirect+.
Cele de tiul 1 devin identice ca 'orm+ cu condi-ionalele de tiul 84 0e said, H%u"ll
hurt $%ursel# i# $%u are n%t care#ul8 he t%ld me + 2%uld hurt m$sel# i# 2as n%t
care#ul8
B. 1odi'ic+rile !eci'ice !e re'er+ la verbele care trebuie 'olo!ite )n 'iecare 'el de
roo&i-ie rerodu!+ "enun-iativ+, e3clamativ+, intero(ativ+, imerativ+#, la
unctua-ie, ordinea cuvintelor etc.
2'.3.12. Propo+i.iile enun.iative (3eclarative =entence$
Perbul !a, e!te caracteri!tic vorbirii directe, cu !au '+r+ comlement indirect.
9ac+ e!te urmat de un comlement indirect, verbul !a, urmea&+ de obicei
cuvintele rerodu!e4 + d%n"t understand the 5uesti%n, Cath$ said t% her teacher8
pag: 269
En vorbirea indirect+, !e +!trea&+ de re(ul+ sa$ cnd comlementul indirect nu
e!te men-ionat, iar verbul ocu+ o&i-ia ini-ial+4 Cath$ said she didn"t understand
the less%n8
En celelalte ca&uri !e )ntrebuin-ea&+ tell 2 comlement indirect4 Cath$ t%ld the
teacher she didn"t understand the 5uesti%n8
Semnele cit+rii !unt omi!e )n vorbirea indirect+, iar enun-ul rerodu! !e introduce
rin con.unc-ia that4 +"ve 7ust arrived, :red said8 :red said &that' he had 7ust
arrived8
En unele !itua-ii, !u!ele cuiva nu ot 'i rerodu!e )n vorbirea indirect+, ci trebuie
ara'ra&ate, )n 'unc-ie de !en!4
Paula said, +"m s%rr$ +"m late8
H%u"d better sta$ in bed #%r a #e2 da$s, Peter, the d%ct%r said8
Yes i no !unt e3rimate )n vorbirea indirect+ cu a.utorul unui !ubiect i verb
au3iliar4 +s this device sa#e < Hes8 !he man as.ed i# the device 2as sa#e and the
mechanic replied that it 2as8
!au rin )nlocuirea cu verbe de a'irmare !au ne(are4
0e said, ?%8 0e re#used8
0e said, ?%8 0e denied it8
0e said, ?%8 0e ans2ered in the negative8
0e said, Hes8 0e agreed8
0e said, Hes8 0e accepted8
0e said, Hes8 0e ans2ered in the a##irmative8
2'.3.13. Propo+i.iile intero)ative
9ac+ Perbul din rincial+ e!te sa$, ace!ta trebuie )nlocuit cu verbe ca4 as.,
2%nder, 2ant t% .n%2, in5uire etc8 6h$ is !%m angr$ < 0elen said t% me8
0elen as.ed &me' 2h$ !%m 2as angr$8
0elen 2%ndered 2h$ !%m 2as angr$8
Cnd roo&i-iile intero(ative !unt redate )n vorbirea indirect+, ele devin
roo&i-ii enun-iative. En con!ecin-+ 'orma intero(ativ+ a verbului devine
a'irmativ+ !au ne(ativ+4 !ubiectul recede redicatul, verbul au3iliar do e!te
omi!, iar !emnul )ntreb+rii !e tran!'orm+ )n unct4
Peter is sa$ing +sn"t B%b c%ming <
Peter is sa$ing 6here d%es he live <
Peter 2ants t% .n%2 i# B%b is n%t c%ming8
Peter 2ants t% .n%2 2here he lives8
-=cep(ie: Cnd un cuvnd intero(ativ4 $*o, $*at, *o$ muc* e!te !ubiectul
roo&i-iei intero(ative, !e men-ine ordinea cuvintelor din vorbirea direct+4 ;aura
sa$s, 0%2 man$ arrived last night < ;aura 2ants t% .n%2 h%2 man$ &pe%ple'
arrived last night8
pag: 270
9e a!emenea4 + said, 6hat"s the matter < + as.ed &him' 2hat 2as the matter8
9ac+ )n vorbirea direct+ roo&i-ia intero(ativ+ e!te o )ntrebare !ecial+ , adic+
dac+ ea )ncee cu un ronume, ad.ectiv intero(ativ, ace!ta e!te +!trat )n
vorbirea indirect+4 0%2 d% $%u spell this 2%rd < the teacher has as.ed8 !he
teacher has as.ed h%2 2e spell this 2%rd8
En ca&ul unor )ntreb+ri (enerale, le(+tura )ntre roo&i-ia rincial+ i comletiva
direct+ !e 'ace cu a.utorul con.unc-iei i' !au $*et*er4 0e is sa$ing 0ave $%u been
t% )uceava<
0e is as.ing i# 2e have been t% )uceava8
0e is as.ing 2hether 2e have been t% )uceava8
Whether e!te 'olo!it )n mod obli(atoriu entru redarea )n vorbirea indirect+ a
)ntreb+rilor alternative4 *re $%u g%ing t% the theatre %r t% the cinema < !%mm$
said t% his sister8 !%mm$ as.ed his sister 2heter she 2as g%ing t% the theatre %r
t% the cinema8
!%mm$ as.ed his sister 2heter she 2as g%ing t% the theatre %r n%t8
Entreb+rile (enerale )ncend cu 2ill / 2%uld / c%uld $%u !e tran!'orm+ )n vorbirea
indirect+ )n mod di'eren-iat, )n 'unc-ie de !en!ul )ntreb+rii.
a# o )ntrebare de!re o ac-iune viitoare4 6ill $%u sing in the ch%ir t%m%rr%2 <
0e said 8 0e as.ed me i# + 2%uld sing in the ch%ir the ne=t da$8
b# o ru(+minte, cerere4 C%uld $%u serve the c%##ee < B%b said8
B%b as.ed me t% serve the c%##ee8
B%b as.ed i# + c%uld serve the c%##ee8
c# o invita-ie4 6%uld $%u attend %ur meeting < !he children said t% their teacher8
!he children as.ed their teacher t% their meeting8
!he children invited their teacher t% their meeting8
d# un ordin, o comand+4 C%p$ the less%n, 9ar$8 !he teacher t%ld 9ar$ t% c%p$ the
less%n8
En mod !imilar, )ntreb+rile )ncend cu shall I / we !e tran!'orm+ di'eren-iat )n
vorbire indirect+, devenind4
a# o )ntrebare de!re o ac-iune viitoare4 would R in#initiv: )hall + see $%u
t%m%rr%2 < B%b said8 B%b 2anted t% .n%2 i# he 2%uld see me the ne=t da$8
b# cererea unui !'at4 should R in#initiv: )hall + bu$ the l%ng dress, m%ther< *lice
said8 *lice as.ed her m%ther i# she sh%uld bu$ the l%ng dress8
c# o o'ert+4 offer 2 in'initiv lun(4 )hall + bring $%u $%ur glasses < Patricia said8
Patricia %##ered t% bring me m$ glasses8
d# o !u(e!tie4 suggest 2 Gerund / should 2 in'initiv4 )hall 2e have a snac.<
,enise said8
,enise suggested having a snac.8
,enise suggested that the$ sh%uld have a snac.8
pag: 271
Sc*imb+rile de tim )n roo&i-iile intero(ative au loc la 'el ca i )n cele
enun-iative4
0e said, 6here have $%u been<
0e said, 6hat is !%m d%ing <
0e said, 6hen 2ill the$ leave<
0e 2anted t% .n%2 2here 2e had been8
0e 2anted t% .n%2 2hat !%m 2as d%ing8
0e 2anted t% .n%2 2hen the$ 2%uld leave8
2'.3.14. Propo+i.iile e7clamative
Froo&i-iile e3clamative devin roo&i-ii enun-iative )n vorbirea indirect+. En
con!ecin-+, !emnul e3clam+rii din vorbirea direct+ nu mai e!te nece!ar4 6hat a
#unn$ 7%.eK he said8 0e e=claimed that it 2as a #unn$ 7%.e8
Sunt o!ibile mai multe tran!'orm+ri, )n 'unc-ie de natura e3clama-iei4
a# E3clama-ii )ncend cu what(a!!!" how!!! !e tran!'orm+ )n comletive directe
-=climed that it 2as ver$ .ind %# him t% helpK m%ther said8 9%ther e=claimed
that it 2as ver$ .ind %# him t% help them8
b# E3clama-ii ca #h$ %h$ &gh$ devin4
0e e=claimed 2ith surprise / disgust, etc8
0e gave an e=clamati%n %# surprise / disgust, etc8
En 'unc-ie de !en! !e )ntrebuin-ea&+ diver!e verbe "2 adverbe de mod# ca4
e=claim, c%mplain, sh%ut, remar., %bserve, sa$ admiringl$, sa$ sc%rn#ull$, etc.,
entru redarea roo&i-iilor e3clamative )n vorbirea indirect+4 6hat a delici%us
ca.eK the 5uest said8 !he 5est said asmiringl$ that the ca.e 2as delici%us8 0%2
tired + amK the %ld 2%man said8 !he %ld 2%man c%mplained that she 2as ver$
tired8
6b!erva-i de a!emenea4
)he said, !han. $%u8
0e said, ,amn itK
!he$ said, A%%d m%rningK
)he said, * happ$ ne2 $earK
0e said, 6ell d%neK
)he said, ;iarK
)he than.ed me8
0e s2%re8
!he$ greeted me / 2ished me a g%%d m%rning8
)he 2ished me a happ$ ne2 $ear8
0e c%ngratulated me8
)he called me a liar8
Fredicatul roo&i-iei e3clamative !e !uune core!onden-ei timurilor 'a-+ de un
redicat trecut )n roo&i-ia rincial+.
0e said, 0%2 beauti#ull$ she sangK
0e said, 0%2 prett$ she isK
0e said, 6hat a delight#ul trip 2e"ll haveK
0e e=claimed that she had sung beauti#ull$8
0e said admiringl$ that she had sung beauti#ull$8
0e remar.ed that she had sung beauti#ull$8
0e e=claimed that she 2as prett$8
0e said admiringl$ that she 2as prett$8
0e remar.ed that she 2as prett$8
0e e=claimed that the$ 2%uld have a delight#ul trip8
0e said admiringl$ that the$ 2%uld have a delight#ul trip8
0e remar.ed that the$ 2%uld have a delight#ul trip8
9ac+ e3clama-ia )n vorbirea direct+ nu con-ine un verb la un tim er!onal, )n
vorbirea indirect+ !e 'olo!ete verbul be4 0elen said, 6hat a l%vel$ presentK
0elen e=claimed that the present 2as l%vel$8
pag: 272
2'.3.1&. Propo+i.iile imperative
En vorbirea indirect+, roo&i-iile imerative de'in in'initive4
a# a'irmative4 0e said, )it d%2n, Peter8
b# ne(ative4 0e said , ,%n"t interrupt the spea.er please8
Perbul din roo&i-ia rincial+ "say" tell# !e )nlocuiete cu un verb care e3rim+
un ordin "tell, %rder, c%mmand#, o ru(+minte "as., re5uest, urge#, un !'at "2arn,
advise, rec%mmand#, etc., )n 'unc-ie de !en!4 M##icer t% s%ldiers: Clean the
barrac.sK !he %##icer %rdered his s%ldiers t% clean the barrac.s8 9%ther t% *nn:
Pass me the salt, 2ill $%u < 9%ther as.ed *nn t% pass her the salt8 !eacher t%
!%m: &H%u sh%uls' g% t% the d%ct%r 8 !he teacher advised !%m t% g% t% the d%ct%r8
Ace!te verbe !unt urmate )n mod obli(atoriu de comlemente indirecte !au
reo&i-ionale. 9ac+ ele nu men-ionate )n vorbirea direct+, vor 'i ad+u(ate4 Aive
me m$ ballK the little b%$ sh%uted8 !he little b%$ sh%uted at the bigger t% give
him his ball8
9ac+ verbul din rincial+ e!te la diate&a a!iv+, comlementul indirect nu mai
e!te nece!ar4 A% t% bedK the$ said t% !%mm$8 !%mm$ 2as t%ld t% g% t% bed8
Imerativul entru er!oana I lural "let's 2 in'initiv# e3rim+ de obicei o
!u(e!tie i !e e3rim+ )n vorbirea indirect+ rin verbul suggest 2 Gerund /
comletiv+ direct+ introdu!+ de t*at4
?ic. said, ;et"s 2atch !G8
?ic. said, 6hat ab%ut 2atching !G<
?ic. suggested 2atching !G8
?ic. suggested that the$ sh%uld 2atch !G8
?ic. suggested that the$ 2atch !G8 &Dn engle4a american'8
Imerativele e3rimnd un ordin )n (eneral !e ot tran!'orma )n vorbire indirect+
i4
7 cu a.utorul verbului be to, )n !ecial cnd4
a# verbul din rincial+ e!te la re&ent4 0e sa$s, ,% the ne=t e=erciseK 0e sa$s
that 2e are t% d% the ne=t e=ercise8
b# ordinul e!te recedat de o roo&i-ie temoral+ !au condi-ional+4 0e said, +#
she c%mes, ring me up8 0e said that i# she came 2e 2ere t% ring him up8
7 cu a.utorul lui !*ould4 !he Captain %rdered that the sail%rs sh%uld clean the
dec.8/
2'.4. #orbirea indirect, liber,
Ace!ta rere&int+ un !tadiu intermediar )ntre vorbirea direct+ i indirect+ i e!te
utili&at+ 'recvent )n !tilul narativ. Se caracteri&ea&+ rin !c*imbarea timurilor, a
ronumelor i adverbelor ca i )n vorbirea indirect+, dar roo&i-ia rincial+ e!te
de obicei omi!+ i !e +!trea&+ unele 'orme din vorbirea direct+4 roo&i-ii
intero(ative, vocative, )ntreb+ri di!.unctive etc.
Acea!t+ 'orm+ e!te ade!eori 'olo!it+ )n literatur+ entru e3rimarea (ndurilor
unui er!ona.. En con!ecin-+, verbul he th%ught e!te de obicei mai otrivit dect
he said )n a!emenea ca&uri.
C$eia e-erci2iilor
Ca%3 '3 VERBUL
II3 '3 It i+ raining5 *3 i+ ,e "ri.ing5 "ri.e+5 )3 +tarte"> Ua+ Ual=ing5 :3 rang> Ua+ going out5 ;3 ,a+ 1een>
1leU5 73 ,a+ 1een +noUing5 83 ,a.e Hou ,ear"5 )3 IM.e Au+t +%o=en> +%o=e5 (3 lent> a+=e"/,a" a+=e"5 '93
,a" 1een> arri.e"5 ''3 ,a" 1een li.ing> 2et5 '*3 i+> +,all go5 '63 i+> +,all 1e +=iing5 ':3 +,all ,a.e +=ie">
,a.e ';3 are Hou "oing5 a2 ,a.ing5 ,a.e5 '73 "oe+ t,e train lea.e> lea.e+5 '83 are Hou "oing5 a2 loo=ing5
,a.e Hou 1een loo=ing5 ,a.e 1een loo=ing5 #a2e5 "i" Hou #o2a5 #a2e3
III3 '3 It i+ raining3 It o/ten rain+ in autu2n3 *3 It ,a+ 1een raining +in#e Hou #a2e3 63 It ,a+ raine"3 :3 It3
raine" Her+ter"aH too3 ;3 It Ua+ raining U,en I loo=e" out o/ t,e Uin"oU3 73 It ,a" raine" U,en I Uent
out3 83 It ,a" 1een raining /or a long ti2e3 )3 It loo=+ li=e rain3 (3 It i+ going to rain to"aH3 '93 It Uill 1e
raining U,en Hou #o2e 1a#= /ro2 Hour o//i#e3 ''3 TeMll go /or a Ual= U,en t,e rain ,a+ +to%%e"3 '*3 Te
+,anMt go /or a Ual= unle++ it +to%+ raining3
IV3 '3 T,eH are 1eing +,oUn t,e 2u+eu23 *3 <e ,a+ 1een a%%ointe" %re+i"ent3
)3 T,e %u%il+ Uere a+=e" +e.eral Zue+tion+3 :3 T,e +ol"ier+ Uere or"ere" to +tan" to attention3 ;3 I ,a.e
1een gi.en a goo" "i#tionarH3 73 Sou Uill 1e tol" U,at ti2e t,e 1u+ lea.e+3 83 T,e #ar%enter Uill 1e %ai"
/or ,i+ Uor=3 )3 T,eH Uere %ro2i+e" neU 1i#H#le+3
(3 I ,a.e 1een lent t,i+ 1oo= 1H t,e /or2 tea#,er3 '93 T,e +inger Uill 1e o//ere" /loUer+3
V3 '3 T,i+ 2atter 2u+t 1e loo=e" into3 *3 T,i+ 1e" ,a+ not 1een +le%t in3 63 T,e #,il"ren Uere Uell
loo=e" a/ter3 :3 T,e "og Ua+ run o.er 1H a 1u+3 ;3 Sou Uill 1e laug,e" at i/ Hou Uear t,i+ "re++3 73
E2%tH 1ottle+ 2u+t not 1e t,roUn aUaH3 83 T,i+ gla++ ,a not 1een "run= out o/3 )3 I Ua+ ta=en on 1H ,i+
1e,a.iour3 (3 E.erH 2o2ent 2u+t 1e a##ounte" /or3 '93 S,e "oe+nMt li=e to 1e +tare" at3
VII3 '3 It i+ a".i+a1le t,at Hou 1e/+,oul" 1e t,ere at eig,t oM#lo#= +,ar%3 *3 T,eH reZuire t,at t,e ene2H
troo%+ 1e/+,oul" 1e Uit,"raUn /ro2 t,eir territorH3 63 T,H +,oul" Ue "o t,i+[ :3 <i+ Ui+, t,at Ue
+,oul" 1e#o2e tea#,er+ ,a+ 1een /ul/ille"3 ;3 Co2e U,at 2aH> RU +tart t,e engine3 73 I Ui+, Hou Uoul"
1e Zuieter3 83 I Ui+, t,eH Uere ,ere noU3 )3 I Ui+, t,eH ,a" atten"e" t,e #on/eren#e3 (3 T,at Uoul" Hou
"o i/ t,eH o//ere" Hou t,i+ Ao1[ '93 I/ anHone +,oul" #all /or ,er> tell t,e2 +,e i+ aUaH3 ''3 Mot,er ga.e
2e +o2e 2oneH +o t,at I 2ig,t 1uH t,e "i#tionarH I nee"e"3 '*3 IMll gi.e Hou ,i+ %,one nu21er +o t,at
Hou 2aH ring ,i2 u%3 '63 <e Uor=e" .erH ,ar" /or /ear ,e +,oul" /ail t,e e0a23 ':3 <oUe.er late it 2aH
1e> ring 2e u%3 '73 No 2atter ,oU 2anH 2i+ta=e+ ,e 2ig,t ,a.e 2a"e> ,i+ %a%er i+ t,e 1e+t in t,e #la++3
VIII3 '3 to 1e#o2e5 *3 #o2e5 63 to re.i+eN:3 Uait5 ;3 #ro++5 73 to re%eat5 83 Uait5 )3 to return5 (3 to
#o2%are5 '93 to un"er+tan"5 ''3 to #o2%ete5 '*3 to +aH5 '63 trH5 ':3 to ,ear3
I`3 '3 /ro2 lea.ing5 *3 o/ +tu"Hing5 63 a1out lo+ing5 :3 in %o+ting5 ;3 on "oing5 73 at /in"ing5 83 to
re#ei.ing5 )3 on getting5 (3 on ,a.ing %laHe"5 '93 o/ ,a.ing "ri.en3
`3 '3 2e/2H rea"ing5 *3 ,i2/,i+ #o2ing5 )3 2e /or interru%ting Hou/2H interru%ting Hou5 :3 ,er/,er
Uearing5 ;3 t,e2/t,eir 2a=ing5 73 u+/our #o2ing5 83 Hou/Hour going out5 )3 ,er/,er a#ting5 (3 t,e2/t,eir
%laHing5 '93 ,i2/,i+ %reten"ing5 ''3 Hou/Hour trHing5 '*3 u+/
our Uor=ing3
`I3 '3 to gi.e3 *3 2eeting3 )3 interru%ting3 :3 to tal=3 ;3 to gi.e3 73 lea.ing3 83 #H#ling3 )3 to Ual=3 (3 to
Ua=e3 '93 to tell3 ''3 Ual=ing3 '*3 +elling> Uor=ing> Uriting3 ')3 to 2a=e3 ':3 to Urite3 '73 +inging3 '73 to
,ear3 '83 #utting3 ')3 to go '(3 Ual=ing> tra.elling3 *93 to go3 *'3 to +ee3 **3 +eeing3 *63 +2o=ing3 *:3 to
+2o=e3
`II3 '3 /olloUing3 *3 /olloUe"3 )3 intere+ting3 :3 intere+te"3 ;3 /ro?en3 73 /ree?ing3 83 ri"ing3 )3 e0%orte"3
(3 i2%orting> e0%orting3 '93 tire"3 ''3 tiring3 '*3 a##u+e"3 '63 a##u+ing3 ':3 1a=e"3 ';3 e0%e#te"3 '73
a+toni+,ing3 '83 lo+t3 ')3 /rig,tene"3 '(3 /rig,tening3 *93
"rie"3 *'3 #roU"e"3
`III3 '3 Boo=+ 1orroUe" /ro2 t,e li1rarH 2u+t 1e returne" in ti2e3 *3 T,e Uin"oU+ o/ t,e "raUing-
roo2 o%ene" on to a terra#e o.erloo=ing t,e +ea3 )3 <earing> /oot+te%+> ,e turne" Uit, a +tart3 :3 AU
long =noUn o1Ae#t+ are "ear to u+3 ;3 <e =e%t +ilent> a+ i/ %u??le" 1H 2H 1e,a.iour3 73 <a.ing #o2%lete"
,er %ie#e o/ Uor=> +,e ro+e to +Uit#, o/ / t,e 2a#,ine3 83 T,en ,e Ua+ gone> t,e "og /olloUing3 )3 <e
%ra#ti+e" e.erH "aH> ,i+ %rin#i%le 1eing t,at %ra#ti#e 2a=e+ %er/e#t3 (3 T,e #,il" +to%%e" #rHing3 '93 <e
+to%%e" to ,el% t,e ol" Uo2an3 ''3 4ne o/ t,e rea+on+ /or ,er ,a.ing rea" t,e 1oo= +o 2anH ti2e+ ,a"
1een to learn t,e neU Uor"+3 '*3 <e #oug,e" to "raU t,e attention o/ t,e au"ien#e> ')3 IM2 +orrH to
,a.e "i+tur1e" Hou U,ile Uor=ing3 ':3 <i+ .oi#e 1egan to tre21le Uit, e2otion3 '73 I %ro2i+e" to o1eH
2H %arent+3 '73 I +aU ,er Uee%CingD3 '83 IM2 +orrH I "i"nMt 2ean to ,urt Hou3 ')3 No1o"H i+ to 1la2e3
'(3 T,i+ %ro1le2 i+ too "i//i#ult /or u+ to +ol.e3 <e "enie+ ,a.ing 1een t,ere3
`IV3 '3 2aH lea.e3 *3 2aH ,a.e ,ear"3 63 2u+t ,a.e gone3 :3 2u+t not %laH3 ;3 #oul"nMt ,a.e /orgotten3 73
+,oul" +ee3 83 #oul" re%air3 )3 2u+t 1e true3 (3 +,oul" ,a.e
Uritten3 '93 ,a" to ta=e3
`V3 '3 Till Hou /et#, 2e t,e neU+%a%er> %lea+e3 *3 S,all I 1uH +o2e 1anana+[ SouM" rat,er 1uH +o2e
orange+3 63 Toul" Hou +ign in t,e regi+ter> %lea+e3 :3 Coul" Hou ,el% 2e Uit, 2H luggage[ ;3 Toul" Hou
li=e a #u% o/ #o//ee[ No> t,an= Hou3 IM" li=e a #u% o/ tea3 73 S,e #anMt +%ea= Engli+, Het> 1ut +,e Uill 1e
a1le to "o +o in a /eU Hear+M ti2e3 83 <e #oul" ,a.e learne" t,e %oe2 1ut ,e Uoul"nMt3 )3 T,e +=H 2ig,t
#lear u% later3 (3 MaH I 1orroU t,i+ 1oo=[ I u+e" to go +Ui22ing e.erH "aH U,en I Ua+ Hounger3 '93 I
u+e" to go +Ui22ing e.erH "aH U,en I Ua+ Hounger3 ''3 T,eH 2aH ,a.e Uon t,e 2at#,> 1ut IM2 not
+ure3 '*3 <e +,oul"/oug,t to ,a.e le/t earlier3 T,en ,e Uoul" ,a.e #aoug,t t,e train3 '63 T,ere i+ a goo"
#on#ert on TV3 Sou +,oul"nMt 2i++ it3 ':3 Feter i+ a1+ent to"aH3 <e 2u+t 1e ill3 ';3 Sou 2u+tnMt %laH in
t,e 2i""le o/ t,e roa"3 '73 <e #anMt/#oul"nMt ,a.e 1een out o/ toUn la+t Uee=3 I 2et ,i2 +e.eral ti2e+3
'83 <e Uent to 1e" at eig,t oM#lo#= la+t nig,t3 <e 2u+t ,a.e 1een .erH tire"3 ')3 T,e #,il"ren Uere
alloUe" to go out U,en t,e rain +to%%e"3 '(3 <oU "are ,e +aH +u#, a t,ing[ *93 Sou nee"nMt ,a.e ta=en
Hour u21rella5 it ,a" +to%%e" raining3
Ca%3 *3 SUBSTANTIVUL
I3'3 S#,ool 1egin+ in Se%te21er3 *3 LTe go +Ui22ing on Sun"aHC+D3 63 Mr BroUn i+ an MF3 :3 4n JulH
:t, e.erH Hear t,e A2eri#an+ #ele1rate In"e%en"en#e IaH3 ;3 T,e Ianu1e /loU+ into t,e Bla#= Sea3 73
Ir3 Ione+#u #on+ult+ t,e %u%il+ e.erH Mon"aH3 83 S%ain 1or"er+ on Rran#e3 )3 T,e C,ine+e> t,e
Vietna2e+e an" t,e Ja%ane+e li.e in A+ia3 (3 T,e Inter#ontinental <otel in Bu#,are+t i+ ne0t to t,e
National T,eatre3 '93 M<ar" Ti2e+M i+ a no.el 1H Ii#=en+3 ''3 Te +tu"H Engli+, an" Ru++ian at +#,ool3
'*3 T,e Con/eren#e /or Fea#e an" Se#uritH in Euro%e Ua+ ,el" in <el+in=i in '(873
II3 +#,ool1oH+> 2a+ter%ie#e+> 1rot,er+-in-laU> /at,er+-in-laU> ,ea"2a+ter+> 2il=2en> Uo2en "enti+t+>
%o+t2en> 1la#=1oar"+> +on+-in-laU> %a++er+-1H> 1e"roo2+> #ar ra#e+> loo=er+-on> 2en +inger+> 2errH-go-
roun"+> ,or+e ra#e+> /orget-2e-not+> /oot+te%+> /ire2en3
III3 '3 1oo=+> +,el.e+3 *3 toH+3 63 2en> touri+t+3 :3 #,il"ren> +torie+3 ;3 Uat#,e+3 73 li#e> in+e#t+3 83 #li//+3 )3
lea.e+3 (3 gee+e3 '93 %otatoe+3 ''3 /eet3 '*3 Uo2en> ,ou+eUi.e+3 '63 2i#e3
IV3 '3 ,un"re"+3 *3 ,un"re"3 63 2illion3 :3 2illion3 7> t,ou+an"+3 73 t,ou+an"+3 83 "o?en3 )3 "o?en3 (3
"o?en+3 '93 /eet3 ''3 /oot3
V3 aD +ti2uli> %,eno2ena> "e+i"erata> a""en"a> lar.ae> 1a+e+> analH+e+> #ri+e+> #riteria5 1D#a2%u+e+>
.iru+e+> en#H#lo%e"ia+> .illa+> 2u+eu2+> al1u2+> gH2na+iu2+> ele#tron+> +o%rano+5 #D +Hlla1u+e+>
geniu+e+/ genii> /or2ula+//or2ulae> #urri#ulu2+/#urri#ula> +H2%o+iu2+/+H2%o+ia> in"e0e+/in"i#e+>
auto2aton+/auto2ata> %lateau+/%lateau0> te2%o+/ te2%i
VI3 '3 +,eet3 *3 1ar+3 63 loa/> loa.e+3 :3 %ie#e/+ti#=3 ;3 %ie#e3 73 %ie#e3 83 %air3 )3 %ie#e/ ite23 (3 %ie#e/ite23
'93 %ie#e3 ''3 %ie#e3 '*3 ,ea"3
VII3 '3 T,e neU+ I ,a.e re#ei.e" i+ intere+ting3 *3 I %a#=e" 2H luggage la+t nig,t3 63 Te are going to
%u1li+, all t,e in/or2ation ne#e++arH to t,e #an"i"ate+3 :3 <i+ =noU-le"ge o/ ,i+torH i+ re2ar=a1le3 ;3
IM.e 1oug,t +o2e /ruit an" +o2e #a=e+3 73 <a.e Hou "one Hour ,o2eUor=[
I`3 '3 T,ere are t,e tong+[ *3 ManH t,an=+3 63 E .erH 2ean+ ,a+ 1een trie"/ All 2ean+ ,a.e 1een trie"3
:3 T,e Ar2H <ea"Zuarter+ Ua+/Uere near Lon"on ;3 F,H+i#+ i+ ,i+ /a.ourite +u1Ae#t3 73 Te #aug,t t,ree
1ig trout3 83 A 1oo= on Ro2anian /re+,-Uater /i+,e+ ,a+ Au+t 1een %u1li+,e"3 )3 <e ,a+ 1roUn ,air3 (3
S,e ,a+ a /eU greH ,air+3 '93 Gi.e 2e tUo loa.e+ Co/ 1rea"D %lea+e3 ''3 S,e ,a+ 2a"e great %rogre++ in
learning Engli+,3 '*3 T,e+e are t,e 2inute+ o/ t,e 2eeting3
`I3 MH "ear un#le G,i!>
A t,ou+an" t,an=+ /or Hour /rien"lH #ar"3 A+ +oon a+ I get t,e aut,orM+ #o%ie+ /ro2 t,e A#a"e2H> I +,all
+en" Hou a #o%H o/ 2H Uor= on t,e Bla#= Sea3
Te are ,a.ing an un%lea+ant Uinter> 2H Ui/e an" I 1ot, 1eing ill3
But our "ear To/u i+ +trong an" I a2 .erH %lea+e" to ,ear ,i+ .oi#e o.er t,e tele%,one3
Gr3 Anti%a
`II3 '3 "aug,ter5 *3 la"H5 )3 nie#e5 :3 aunt5 ;3 2ot,er5 73 +i+ter5 83 ,en5 )3 ,in"5 (3 girl5 '93 Ui/e5 ''3
Uo2an5 '*3 Zueen3
`III3 '3 1oH-/rien"5 girl /rien"5 *3 ,e-goat5 +,e-goat5 63 2ale +tu"ent5 /e2ale +tu"ent5 :3 To2 #at5 Ti11H
#at5 ;3 Ja#=-a++5 JennH a++5 73 2ale /rog5 /e2ale /rog3
`IV3 '3 T,i+ i+ 2H neig,1ourM #ar3 *3 T,i+ i+ LilHM+ "oll3 )3 T,i+ i+ Ii#=M+ 1i#H#le3 :3 T,i+ i+ 2H #ou+inM+
+ta2% 1oo=3 ;3 T,i+ i+ Mr T,iteM+ u21rella3 73 T,i+ i+ LaUren#e an" FaulM+ ele#tri# train3 83 T,e+e are
FeterM+ an" MarHM+ 1i#H#le+3
`VI3 '3 MH #ou+in+M ,ou+e i+ large3 *3 T,e la"ie+M ,at+ are .erH %rettH3 )3 T,e %u%il+M uni/or2+ are 1lue3 :3
T,e Uo2enM+ Uor= i+ .erH 2u#, a%%re#iate"3 ;3 T,e Uor=er+M li/e i+ 2u#, 1etter to"aH3 73 T,e tea#,er
%rai+e" t,e +tu"ent+M Uor=3 83 T,ere are t,e #,il"renM+ #lot,e+[ )3 T,e 1a1ie+M /oo" i+ in t,e /ri"ge3
`VII3 '3 MarH i+ Ia.i"M+ +i+ter3 *3 T,e %age+ o/ t,e 1oo= ,a.e nu21er+3 )3 T,at i+ Hour 1rot,erM+
,o11H[ :3 T,i+ i+ a Uo2anM+ ,at3 ;3 T,atM+ t,e /a.ourite +%ort o/ t,i+ 1oH[ 73 T,e roo/ o/ t,e +,e" Ua+
1loUn o// 1H t,e Uin"3 83 T,at i+ Ali#eM+ %en#il-1o03 )3 La"ie+M ,at+ are .erH %rettH t,i+ Hear3 (3 T,i+ i+ t,e
roo2 o/ 2H 1rot,er an" +i+ter3 '93 T,ere are t,e girl+M 1lou+e+[ ''3 Ii#=en+M no.el+ are .erH intere+ting3
'*3 T,e ,ou+e i+ at a 2ileM+ "i+tan#e3 ')3 <a.e Hou rea" He+ter"aHM+ %a%er[
`I`3 '3 I 1oug,t a "og /or Mi=e3 *3 <e ga.e +o2e %re+ent+ to To23 63 I #,o+e a ni#e %re+ent /or 2H
+i+ter3 :3 MarH +,oUe" ,er #o2%o+ition to t,e tea#,er3 ;3 T,eH +ent a %ar#el to t,eir %arent+3 73 Ii" Hou
2a=e t,i+ #ar"igan /or <elen[ 83 Ii" ,e gi.e a 1un#, o/ /loUer+ to ,i+ 2ot,er[ )3' or"ere" a le2ona"e
/or 2H +i+ter3
``3 aD '3 T,e '*t, FartH Congre++ ,a+ ta=en "e#i+ion+ o/ great i2%ortan#e /or our %eo%le an" our
#ountrHM+ %rogre++3 *3 <a.e Hou rea" He+ter"aHM+ neU+%a%er[ 63 A/ter a 2o2entM+ t,oug,t> t,e %u%il
an+Uere" all 2H Zue+tion+ %er/e#tlH3 :3 T,e AurH ,an"e" reUar"+ to all t,e Uinner+ o/ t,e #o2%etition3 73
Te ,a" a .erH goo" ti2e at t,e %artH o/ 2H /rien"M+ +i+ter3 73 I t,in= I ,a.e ta=en +o2e1o"H el+eM+ ,at3 83
T,e %en i+ Bo1M+3 )3 T,at "o Hou =noU a1out t,e #li2ate o/ t,i+ #ountrH[ (3 T,e tea#,er +%o=e /or 2ore
t,an an ,our a1out t,e #li2ate o/ t,i+ #ountrH3 '93 T,e %u%il+ o//ere" a 1un#, o/ /loUer+ to t,eir tea#,er3
''3 TeM" 1etter 2eet at MarHM+3 '*3 T,e %rinting o/ t,i+ 1oo= 2eant an i2%ortant +u##e++3
1D '3 4ur 2o+t 2o"ern %oete++ +%o=e a1out ,er late+t .olu2e o/ %oe2+3 *3 Sou Uill 1e a##o2%anie" 1H
2H +on an" "aug,ter3 )3 I "onMt =noU U,o a#t+ t,e %rin#e++3 :3 I ,a.enMt +een 2H aunt an" un#le /or a
/eU 2ont,+3 ;3 <er Hounge+t nie#e i+ t,e ,eire++ o/ t,e ,ou+e3 73 MH neig,1our le/t t,e "oor o%en an"
/orgot a1out it3
Ca%3 )3 ARTIC4LUL
IV3 '3 -> t,e> t,e3 *3 -3 63 -3 :3 -3 ;3 t,e3 73 & t,e> -3 83 -> - )3 t,e3 (3 - t,e> t,e3 '93 t,e>-> -3 ''3 - > -3 '*3 t,e3
'63 a3 ':3 a/t,e> a3 ';3 t,e> t,e> -3 '73 t,e3 '83 an3 ')3 a3 '(3-3 *93 t,e> t,e3 *'3 a3 **3 -3 *63 t,e> an> -3
VII3 A3 '3 T,at a 1eauti/ul "aH! *3 A "o?en nee"le+ #o+t+ a %ennH3 63 Sou 2u+t +%ea= in a lou"er .oi#e3
:3 Ii" Hou #o2e 1H 1u+[ ;3 <oU 2anH ti2e+ a Uee= "o Hou ,a.e F,H+i#+[ 73 T,e Ianu1e #ro++e+
+e.eral Euro%ean #ountrie+3 83 T,e Feo%leM+ Re%u1li# o/ Bulgaria i+ /lie+ to t,e +out, o/ t,e So#iali+t
Re%u1li# o/ Ro2Bnia3 )3 <oneH i+ +Ueet3 (3 MH /rien" i+ +%en"ing ,er ,oli"aH at t,e +ea+i"e3 '93 All t,e
%u%il+ #a2e to t,e +#,ool /e+ti.al3 ''3 C,il"ren li=e ga2e+ .erH 2u#,3
B3 '3 Fen+> %en#il+> ru11er+> glue an" in= are on +ale at t,e +tationerM+3 *3 T,ere i+ t,e %en I 1oug,t
He+ter"aH[ 63 I li=e +H2%,oni# 2u+i#3 :3 I li=e t,e 2u+i# #o2%o+e"/ Uritten /or t,e %iano3 73 Te +tu"H
t,e ,i+torH o/ t,e Ro2anian %eo%le at +#,ool3 73 Te al+o +tu"H Uorl" ,i+torH3 83 In Cana"a t,ere are tUo
o//i#ial language+: Engli+, an" Rren#,3 )3 T,e Ro2anian language i+ a Ro2an#e language3 (3 T,e %re++>
ra"io an" tele.i+ion ,a.e a 2aAor e"u#a!ional role in Ro2Bnia3
C3 '3 T,ere are Hour %eo%le[ Gran"%a i+ in 1e"> gran"2a i+ in t,e =it#,en> 2ot,er i+ at +#,ool an"
/at,er i+ at Uor=3 *3 I generallH go ,o2e 1H 1u+> 1ut +o2eti2e+ I go 1H tra23 )3 I #an ne.er +lee% in
t,e/a #ar or on t,e/a train3 :3 Mot,er o/ten Ua=e+ u% in t,e nig,t to /ee" t,e 1a1H3 73 I "onMt li=e to go
out at nig,t3 73 T,at ti2e "o Hou ,a.e lun#,[ 83 I u+uallH ,a.e lun#, at noon/at '* oM#lo#=3 )3 <a.e Hou
/ini+,e" %re%aring Ct,eD lun#,[ (3 I ,a" to +taH in 1e" /or a Uee= la+t Hear U,en I ,a" Ct,eD /lu3
'3 <i+ +,oe+ XXXX *3 <er ,at XXXX 63 T,eir ,at+ XXXX :3 XXXX3 it+ ne+t ;3 <er "re++ XXXX3 73 <i+ eHe+
XXXX3 83 T,eir 1oo=+ XXXX3 )3 It+ tail XXXX3 (3 T,eir ear+ XXXX3 '93 <er 1rot,er XXXX3
I`3 '3 ea#, *3 eit,er 63 e.erH :3 eit,er ;3 ea#, 73 ea#, 83 f.erH )3 ea#, (3 eit,er '93 eit,er> 1ot, ''3 ea#,
'63 eit,er ')3 e.erH> ea#, ':3 ea#,3
`I3 LT,H "o %eo%le +lee% at nig,t[L LBut U,en "o Hou +lee%> Iarie[L
LAl+o at nig,t3 But I Uoul"nMt +lee% at all> e+%e#iallH in t,e +u22erti2e/in Ct,eD +u22er>L LAn" U,at
Uoul" Hou "o[L
LI Uoul" lie "oUn in t,e gra++3 But I Uoul" lie "oUn on 2H 1a#=3
IM" =ee% 2H eHe+ o%en3 I/ I #oul" +to% 1lin=ing> I Uoul"nMt 1lin= at all> IM" loo= at t,e +tar+3 An"> loo=ing
at t,e2> IM" i2agine I Ua+ /ree3L
LLie "oUn in t,e gra++ noU3 Loo= at t,e +tar+ noU> Iarie> an" i2agine noU U,ate.er Hou Uant to
i2agine3L
I "o a+ t,e Uin" i+ telling 2e3 I lie "oUn in t,e gra++3 I %ut 1ot, 2H ar2+ un"er 2H ,ea"3 I loo= at t,e
+=H3 It +ee2+ 2otionle++> 1ut I =noU it i+nMt3 Not,ing e.er =ee%+ +till3 T,e U,ole +=H> U,at Hou #an +ee
o/ it an" U,at Hou #anMt> Uit, it+ +tar+> t,o+e t,at #an 1e +een an" t,o+e t,at #anMt> #o2e+ /ro2
+o2eU,ere3 Rro2 U,ere[ I "onMt =noU3 IPll a+= t,e gra++3 S,e "oe+nMt =noU eit,er3 I +tret#, out 2H
,an"+> I +to% t,e Uin" in ,i+ gentle run3 I a+= ,i23 LI "onMt =noU> Iarie3L LIoe+ anH1oH in t,i+ Uorl"
=noU[L LNo1o"H =noU+> Iarie3L NoU> I +aH to 2H+el/> noU I +,anMt a+= anHone3 I +,all loo= at t,e +=H3 I
+tart to loo= at it3
Ca%3 :3 NUMERALUL
III3 '3 T,e *:t, o/ JanuarH> an" t,e *6r" o/ Augu+t are national "aH+ o/ our %eo%le3 *3 4%en t,e 1oo= at
%age :) an" rea" #,a%ter '; again3 63 I li.e at no3 :(> S%iru <aret +treet3 :3 <oU ol" are Hou[ I a2 '*3
CHear+ ol"D 73 At ,al/ %a+t tUo IPll get on 1u+ no3 66' an" go to .i+it t,e e0,i1ition3 73 <oU 2u#, i+ a
%air o/ +,oe+[ 83 IM.e 1oug,t 1utter> a "o?en o/ egg+ an" a =ilo o/ /lour3 )3 Te ,a.e t,e long 1rea=
1etUeen ten 2inute+ to ten an" ten %a+t ten3 (3 I ,a.e 1een Uaiting /or Hou /or 2ore t,an ,al/ an ,our3
'93 I "ialle" "ou1le /i.e> +e.en> nine> tUo> /our> an" t,en I Uaite"3 ''3 I t,in= t,eH le/t 1H t,e 7369 train3
'*3 T,e '*t, Congre++ o/ t,e Ro2anian Co22uni+t FartH too= %la#e in No.e21er '(8(3
Ca%3 ;3 FR4NUMELE
I3 '3 ,er3 *3 Hour+3 )3 Hour> 2ine3 :3 Hour ;3 our 73 ,i+ 83 ,i+3 )3 t,eir+3 (3 2ine3 '93 ,er+3
II3 '3 I tol" it to t,e23 *3 I Urote it to ,er3 63 I +ent it to ,i23 :3 I 1oug,t t,e2 /or ,er3 ;3' ga.e t,e2 to
,i23 73' e0%laine" it to ,i23 83 I +,oUe" it to t,e23 )3 I a+=e" ,i2 a1out it3
III3 '3 ,i23 *3 Ue3 63 t,e2 :3 ,e ;3 it 73 it 83 ,er )3 u+3
IV3 '3 U,o *3 - 63 U,o :3 U,o ;3 - 73 U,o 83 U,o )3 U,i#,/t,at
V3 Biri# an" Folina +taHe" 1e,in"3 T,eH %ut t,eir +i#=le+ o.er t,eir +,oul"er+ an" 2a"e /or Tu"or
Blo+uM+ lan"3 4n t,e UaH Folina tol" ,i2 again t,eH #oul" not rea#, an agree2ent Uit, .er /at,er i/
t,eH +taHe" an" Uaite" /or ,i2 to 2a=e it u% to t,e23 S,e =neU ,i2 1etter t,an t,at3 T,e lan" 2u+t 1e
ta=en 1H /or#e3 Biri# an+Uere" t,at Hou #oul" ta=e anHt,ing 1H /or#e> +aH a ,or+e> a #art> a #oU5 Hou
ta=e it 1H /or#e an" #arrH it aUaH Uit, Hou3 But Hou #anMt ta=e lan"3 Sou nee" %a%er+ at t,e notarHM+
o//i#e /or t,e lan" an" onlH t,en Hou #an +aH it i+ Hour+3 Telling ,er t,i+> Biri# 2a"e ,er reali?e U,at a
/ool +,e ,a" 1een to i2agine ,e ,a"nMt t,oug,t o/ t,eir +ituation /ro2 all %o++i1le angle+3 Folina
an+Uere" +,e =neU 2ore a1out legal %a%er+ t,an ,e t,oug,t3 T,at +,e =neU Ua+ t,at i/ Hou 2a"e u+e
o/ one t,ing /or +e.eral Hear+> an" a/terUar"+ Hou 1roug,t Uitne++e+ t,at t,e t,ing ,a" 1een Hour+ /or +o
2anH Hear+> Hou #oul" o1tain %a%er+ +aHing t,at it Ua+ Hour+ e.en i/ t,e ot,er %er+on "i" not Uant Hou
to3 Biri#M+ /a#e lig,tene" an" ,e +ai" Uit, great Uon"er an" a"2iration t,at +,e Ua+ +o2e Uo2an3
Folina 1lu+,e" U,en +,e ,ear" ,i2 %rai+e ,er an" an+Uere" t,at +,e no longer ,o%e" to /in" anH
un"er+tan"ing /ro2 ,er /at,er3 T,eH +,oul"nMt Ua+te t,eir goo" intention+ on ,i23 T,en +,e Ua+ a
Houng girl> ,e ,a"nMt 1oug,t ,er anHt,ing> not a +tit#, o/ #lot,ing5 +,e u+e" to #o2e 1are-/oote" to t,e
.illage "an#e3 Biri# ,i2+el/ =neU t,e +torH Uell enoug,3 <e oug,t to un"er+tan" t,ere Ua+ not,ing el+e
to "o a1out t,e 2atter3 T,eH Ual=e" +ilentlH /or a long ti2e an" ,e >an+Uere" onlH later3 <e tol" ,er t,at
,er /at,er #oul" +ue ,i2 an" ta=e ,i2 to #ourt3 A trial 2ig,t turn out 1a"3 Folina interru%te" ,i2 1H
+aHing ,e Uoul"nMt "are "o +u#, a t,ing3 S,e ,a" 2arrie" an" ,a" a rig,t to t,e lan" +,e ,a" Uor=e" on3
An" i/ ,er /at,er Uante" a trial> +,e Uoul" ta=e #are to 2a=e ,i2 +orrH ,e ,a" Uante" it3
Ca%3 73 AIJECTIVUL
I3'3 t,e 1e+t3 *3 longer> +,orter3 63 t,e longe+t3 :3 Uar2er> Uar2er3 ;3 2anH 73 t,e 2o+t %o%ular 83 a+
1eauti/ul a+ )3 Uar2> 2ore 1eauti/ul (3 t,e Uor+t '93 t,e 2o+t intere+ting3
II3 '3 t,e 1etter *3 /eUer an" /eUer 63 t,e latter :3 el"er ;3 t,e ne0t3
III3 '3 <a.e Hou rea" Marin Fre"aM+ la+t no.el[ *3 Ii" it +ee2 2ore intere+ting t,an ,i+ ot,er no.el+[ 63
'' Ua+ 1H /ar t,e 2o+t %lea+ant ,oli"aH Ue +%ent at t,e +ea+i"e3 :3 T,eH +tu"H 2ore an" 2ore an" get
1etter an" 1etter re+ult+3 ;3 T,e 2ore attenti.e ,e Ua+ t,e /eUer 2i+ta=e+ ,e 2a"e3 73 <a.e Hou 2et ,er
el"er 1rot,er[ 83 Sour "re++ i+ 2ore 2o"ern t,an 2ine3 )3 T,i#, i+ t,e /art,e+t//urt,e+t %lanet[
Ca%3 83 AIVERBUL
I3'3 Feter Uor=+ +loUlH3 *3 Ann "an#e+ Uell3 63 4ur tea#,er +%ea=+ Engli+, /luentlH3 :3 <e a#t+ 1a"lH3 73
Iori+ Uor=+ ,ar"3 73 Ni#= +Ui2+ /a+t3 83 Mot,er tH%e+ #are/ullH3 )3 Rat,er "ri.e+ #arele++lH3 (3 <e
tea#,e+ intelligentlH3 '93 <e +%ea=+ o%ti2i+ti#allH3 ''3 <e eat+ noi+ilH3 '*3 Faul li+ten+ attenti.elH3 '63 <e
+%ea=+ +en+i1lH3 ':3 Iiana run+ Zui#=lH3
II3 '3 S,e Uor=+ .erH ,ar" at +#,ool3 *3 <e "ug "ee% in t,e groun"3 6 <e Ua+ rig,tlH #on+i"ere" t,e 1e+t
%u%il in t,e #la++3 : I #an ,ar"lH +ee Hour /a#e in t,e "ar=3 7 T,e train arri.e" late3 73 <e Ua+ "ee%lH
2o.e" 1H ,er =in"ne++3 83 <e gue++e" t,e an+Uer rig,t / <e rig,tlH gue++e" t,e an+Uer3 )3 Bir"+ /lH
,ig,3 (3I ,a.enMt +een ,i2 latelH3 '93 <e i+ ,ig,lH a%%re#iate" /or ,i+ Uor=3 ''3 <e i+ #lo+elH relate" to
2e3 '*3 Ta=e it ea+H! '63 Te are 2o+tlH out on Sun"aH+3 ':3 It i+ nearlH 2i"nig,t3 ';3 T,at i+ trou1ling
Hou 2o+t[ '73 <e i+ rig,t at t,e to%3 '83 4%en Hour 2out, Ui"e3
Ca%3 )3 FREF4ZI_IA
I3 '3 at5 on3 *3 in> in3 63 roun"5 into3 :3 /or3 ;3 in> on> to3 73 /ro2> to3 83 to> on3 )3 at> at3 (3 at3 '93 %a+t> in3
''3 out o/3 '*3 u%> into3 '63 in3 ':3 again+t3 ';3 a#ro++3
II3 '3 /ro2> to3 *3 in> at3 )3 on3 :3 at> at3 ;3 in3 73 on3 83 in3 )3 1H> (3 o.er3 '93 /or3 ''3 in3 '*3 until3 '63 in>
in3 ':3 at3
III3 '3 T,at are Hou loo=ing at[ *3 <e i+ loo=ing out o/ t,e Uin"oU3 63 T,o are Hou Uaiting /or[ :3
T,atM+ t,e ti2e 1H Hour Uat#,[ ;3 LetM+ go /or a Ual=3 73 <e ,a+ 1een in ,o+%ital /or tUo Uee=+3 83 T,at
are Hou a/rai" o/[ <e i+ alUaH+ =in" to ,i+ %atient+3 )3 R2 grate/ul to ,i2 /or t,e /a.our ,e ,a+ "one to
2e3 (3I #ongratulate" ,i2 on ,i+ +u##e++3 '93 <e Ua+ +,i.ering Uit, #ol"3 ''3 IonMt lie to 2e3 '*3 In t,e
2orning t,eH Ual=e" a1out/roun" toUn> in t,e a/ternoon t,eH +taHe" at ,o2e3 '63 T,e #our+e la+te" /or
a U,ole 2ont,3 ':3 T,eH +et o// toUar"+ t,e ri.er3 ';3 T,e 2eeting 1egan at ele.en oM#lo#= in t,e
2orning an" la+te" until tUo oM#lo#= in t,e a/ternoon/an" en"e" at tUo oM#lo#= in t,e a/ternoon3 '73 <e
Ua+ aUaH "uring ,i+ ,oli"aH3 '83 T,eH tra.elle" a+ u+ual3 ')3 <e i+ "eli.ering a le#ture on #onte2%orarH
art3 '(3 T,e %i#ture Ua+ %ainte" in oil not in Uater-#olour+3 *93 T,ere i+ a goo" %rogra22e on tele.i+ion
tonig,t3
Ca%3 (3 C4NJUNC_IA
III3 In t,e e.ening t,eH rea#,e" Mr Va+iliuM+ inn3 Vitoria =neU +,e Uoul" /in" +o2e-t,ing t,ere3 An"
in"ee" +,e "i"3 In t,e .illage o/ Su,a %eo%le Uere tal=ing3 T,eH +ai" a Au"ge /ro2 t,e #itH +,oul" #o2e
to in.e+tigate ,oU t,ing+ ,a" 1een Uit, t,e +ale o/ t,e +,ee%> to +ee U,et,er t,e 1ill /or t,eir +ale at
Iorna #oul" 1e /oun"> an" U,et,er t,e ,onoura1le 2en /ro2 Su,a ,a" a re#ei%t /or t,e 2oneH t,eH ,a"
gi.en to Li%an3 No1o"H +ai" +u#, i2%ortant 2en #oul" #o22it an e.il "ee" - 1ut it Ua+ goo" /or t,e2
to #lai2 t,eir rig,t+3 Be+i"e+> +o2e1o"H +ai" t,e ,onoura1le 2en +,oul" %ro"u#e t,e Uitne++ or
Uitne++e+ U,o ,a" 1een %re+ent at t,e +ale an" at t,e #ounting o/ t,e 2oneH3 It Ua+ o1.iou+ t,at onlH
+u#, a +tranger or +tranger+ U,o ,a" 1een t,ere> #oul" ,a.e /olloUe" Li%an an" +tolen t,e 2oneH /or
t,e +,ee%3 T,e+e Uitne++e+ 2ig,t 1e totallH un=noUn3 Neit,er Cali+trat> nor Ilie Cu!ui ,a" +een t,e2
1e/ore or +in#e3 E.en +o> t,eH ,a" to +aH U,at t,eH loo=e" li=e an" ,oU t,eir ,or+e+ an" #lot,e+ Uere3
Sou #oul" learn a lot /ro2 a little In/or2ation an" t,e e.il "oer+ Uoul" M1e /oun"3
Ca%3 ''-'6
II3 '3 T,eH +aH UeMll ,a.e a long autu2n3 *3 Sou 2u+t 1e .erH #are/ul U,en Hou "ri.e in +u#, a 1u+H
+treet3 63 T,eH "rin= a lot o/ 1eer in t,i+ #ountrH3 :3 Sou #an ne.er tell3 ;3 It i+ ea+ier to ri"e Hour 1i=e
U,en t,e Uin" 1loU+ /ro2 1e,in"3 73 IonMt ta=e into a##ount U,at %eo%le +aH3 83 It i+ 1elie.e" t,at t,i+
HearM+ #ro% Uill 1e .erH goo"3
III3 '3 ,a.e *3 Ua+ 63 i+3 :3 Uere ;3 ,a+ 73 are 83 ,a.e )3 ,a+ (3 i+ '93 ,a.e3 ''3 attra#t+
IV3 '3 MH /a2ilH #on+i+t+ o/ /at,er> 2ot,er> 2H 1rot,er an" I3 *3 T,e #la++ Uere %u??le" 1H t,e tea#,erM+
Zue+tion+3 63 T,e in/or2ation re#ei.e" i+ /a.oura1le3 :3 <er +a.ing+ ,a.e 1een %ut into t,e 1an=3 ;3 <er
,air i+ #,e+tnut-1roUn3 73 T,e Unite" State+ 1or"er+ on Me0i#o an" Cana"a3 83 Feo%le are alUaH+
inZui+iti.e3 )3 T,e %oultrH are 1eing /e" noU3 (3 T,ere are a lot o/ Houng /a2ilie+ in t,i+ 1lo#= o/ /lat+3
'93 A lot o/ 2oneH ,a+ 1een +%ent on eZui%%ing t,i+ la1oratorH3 ''3 GH22a+ti#+ i+ .erH %o%ular in
Ro2Bnia3 '*3 T,e Net,erlan"+ lie in Ue+tern Euro%e3
V3 '3 i+ *3 are 63 are :3 i+ 73 i+ 73 a2 83 i+ )3 are
VI3 '3 So2eone ,a+ ta=en 2H u21rella 1H 2i+ta=e3 *3 All t,e %u%il+ are in t,e #la++-roo23 )3 Neit,er o/
t,e2 i+ .erH Houng3 :3 All t,e /oo" i+ in t,e /ri"ge3 73 E.erHone / E.erH-1o"H ,a+ arri.e" an" e.erHone /
e.erH1o"H i+ enAoHing t,e2+el.e+3 73 Eit,er t,eH or ,e ,a+ "one it3 83 None o/ t,e2 i+ rig,t3 )3 T,o ,a+
"one t,i+[ (3 T,i#, 1oo=+ are Hour+[ '93 It i+ ,e U,o i+ to 1la2e> not +,e3
VII3 '3 i+ *3 i+3 )3 2i++e+ :3 are ;3 a##o2%anie+ 73 Ua+, 83 ran=+ )3 i+ (3 are '93 are3
VIII3 '3 Ri/tH 2inute+ i+ a +,ort ti2e /or a ter2-%a%er3 *3 Mo+t o/ ,i+ arti#le+ are o/t literarH #riti#i+23 63
T,e nu21er o/ Ro2anian touri+t+ U,o +%en" t,eir ,oli"aH+ at t,e +ea+i"e in#rea+e+ e.erH Hear> :3
ein"ne++ an" un"er+tan"ing i+ U,at i+ nee"e" roU3 ;3 T,o i+ it[ ItM+ Hour /at,er an" 2ot,er3 73 T,ere i+
t,e letter an" Hour gla++e+> Gran"%a3 83 Mr BroUn an" ,i+ Ui/e u+uallH go to t,e #ountrH on Sun"aH+3 )3
Mr BroUn> toget,er Uit, ,i+ /a2ilH> u+uallH +%en"+ ,i+ ,oli"aH+ at t,e +ea+i"e3 (3 T,ere are #oal> iron
an" oil in t,e Su1-#ar%at,ian+3 '93 It i+ t,eH U,o arrange e.erHt,ing3 ''3 Rour ti2e+ ten 2a=e / 2a=e+
/ortH> '*3 Ro2anian re" an" U,ite Uine+ are /a2ou+3
Ca%3 ':-**
III3 '3 Ie+#ri1e t,i+ lan"+#a%e to u+3 *3 Flea+e "i#tate to 2e t,e tran+lation o/ t,e neU Uor"+3 63 Tell
t,e2/Let t,e2 =noU t,e great %ie#e o/ neU+3 :3 I 1oug,t a .erH ni#e tie /or 2H ,u+1an"3 73 T,e gol"
2e"al Ua+ aUar"e" to t,e Ro2anian at,lete /or ,er e0traor"inarH %er/or2an#e3 73 Sou nee"nMt return
t,i+ 1oo= to 2e3 I o//er it to Hou a+ a %re+ent3
`I3 Ro$u G,eorg,e Ua+ t,e +,orte+t +ol"ier> not onlH in ,i+ grou% or %latoon> 1ut in t,e entire #o2%anH3
<e Ua+ +o +,ort t,at at re#ruit2ent ,e ,a" ,ar"lH 2anage" to e+#a%e 1eing +ent 1a#= ,o2e3 In /a#t t,eH
,a" reAe#te" ,i2 at /ir+t> a/ter ,i+ a%%li#ation ,a" 1een Uit,,el" tUi#e in tUo Hear+> an" i/ %eo%le in ,i+
.illage ,a" not t,oug,t t,i+ Ua+ a #ertain %roo/ o/ in/ir2itH> Ro$u G,eorg,e #oul" ,a.e ta=en a train
/ro2 t,e re#ruit2ent #entre i22e"iatelH an" le/t /or ,o2e t,e +a2e "aH3 But t,e +a2e "aH> t,e U,ole
.illage Uoul" ,a.e =noUn ,e Ua+ not goo" /or t,e ar2H> t,e girl+ /ir+t o/ all3 <e #a2e /ro2 Banat3 An"
+o> +te%%ing o// t,e 2e"i#al Ueig,ing +#ale+> Ro$u G,eorg,e ,a" not le/t t,e roo2> 1ut ,a" gone 1a#=>
+ilent an" +a"> %uttin" o// /or a+ long a+ ,e #oul" t,e ti2e to get "re++e" again3 Tit, t,e Uat#,/ul eHe+ o/
a Zuiet Banat 2an> ,e ,a" noti#e" t,at no1o"H %ai" ,i2 anH attention3 An" t,en ,e ,a" 2i0e" Uit, t,e
ot,er+ U,o+e turn Ua+ ne0t> ,a" un"re++e" an" ,a" a%%eare" 1e/ore t,e #o22i++ion again3
Ca%3 *6 RELURILE FR4F4ZI_IIL4R
VII3 '3 None o/ t,e2 li=e" t,e +,oU3 *3 Neit,er o/ t,e2 un"er+too" U,at Hou Uere tal=ing a1out3 63
T,o ,a.e Hou re#ei.e"/"i" Hou re#ei.e t,at %ar#el /ro2[ :3 T,eHMre going to t,e 2at#,> arenMt t,eH[ 73
Sou ,a.e ne.er 1een to t,e Art Gallerie+> ,a.e Hou[ 73 S,all I lea.e t,e ra"io on or turn it o//[ 83 LetM+
turn 1a#=> +,all Ue[ )3 Till Hou 1e +o =in" a+ to +ing a +ong /or u+[ (3 Sou 2u+t ring ,i2 u%3 '93 ItM+ a
long ti2e +in#e I la+t +aU ,i23 ''3 <e Ua+nMt aUaH long3 '*3 I "onMt li=e t,i+ a#tor an" neit,er "oe+ 2H
/rien"3 '63 T,eH arenMt ,ere anH longer/T,eH are ,ere no longer3 ':3 <e #oul" ,ar"lH +ee anHt,ing in t,e
"ar= roo23
VIII3 T,e #oa#, =neU t,ere Ua+ not,ing 1etter> U,en Hou Uante" to tea#, a 2an +o2et,ing> t,an to
2a=e ,i2 a21itiou+> 2a=e ,i2 #o2%ete Uit, ot,er+ i/ ne#e++arH3 T,i+ i+ t,e rea+on U,H ,e ,a" 1egun to
%ro2i+e +2all %ri?e+ to t,o+e U,o %er/or2e" 1e+t t,e "rill+ ne#e++arH to t,eir training3 A/ter a U,ile
Lu#a /elt> li=e t,e tea#,er U,o ,a+ gaine" ,i+ %u%il+M tru+t> t,at t,e in"i+#i%line Ua+ o.er3 E.en MenoU-
all> on#e g+o +tu11orn> +,oUe" intere+t in t,e+e ga2e+3 T,e %ri?e+ "i" not a2ount to 2u#,> 1ut no1o"H
#oul" +tan" +o2eone el+e 1eing a,ea" o/ ,i2> a+ u+uallH ,a%%en+ Uit, all %eo%le3
Ca%3 *: - *; SINTA`A RRAZEI
IV3 A3 T,e +e#retarH o/ t,e U3T3S> ,a" #li21e" u% t,e iron +tair+ an" al2o+t "i" not noti#e t,e23 <e ,a"
1een loo=ing /or t,e2 all 2orning> Uit,out loo=ing li=e "oing it3 Mu#al ,a" tol" ,i2 U,ere ,e 2ig,t
/in" t,e2> 1ut ,e ,a" lie"> +aHing ,e Ua+ not intere+te"3 <e Uoul" ,a.e Ual=e" 1H> i/ ,e ,a" not ,ear"
San"uM+ t,i#= .oi#e>
B3 Ieare+t G,i!>
It i+ eig,t "aH+ noU +in#e I +ent Hou a letter in U,i#, I a+=e" Hou to let 2e =noU U,et,er t,e %er+on
U,o Uante" to 1uH %ainting+ /ro2 2e> a1out U,o2 Hou Urote to 2e +o2e ti2e ago> i+ +till Uilling to "o
+o an" U,et,er> #on+eZuentlH> I +,oul" +en" Hou anH %i#ture+ to//or t,i+ %ur%o+e3
Sour %ainting o/ Mount Cea,lu> U,i#, I ,a" in/or2e" Hou Ua+ +till 1eing Uor=e" on> i+ noU
#o2%letelH rea"H3 I a2 loo=ing /orUar" to Hour an+Uer> +o t,at I #an =noU U,at to "o3
Tit, all 2H lo.e> 4#ta. Bn#il
C3 Ieare+t G,i!>
It i+ a long ti2e +in#e I la+t ,ear" /ro2 Hou3 I =noU Hou are .erH 1u+H a+ Hou alUaH+ are> 1ut Urite u+ a
/eU line+ U,en Hou #an> to tell u+ ,oU Hou are an" U,at Hou are "oing3 I ,a.e 1een /eeling 1etter +in#e I
Uent to- Teo,ari3 T,e ot,er+ are all Uell3
I ,a.e /ini+,e" Mr+3 Cirea$aM+ %ortrait an" I a2 .erH %lea+e" Uit, it3 At /ir+t> an" e.en all t,e ti2e +,e +at
/or 2e> I /elt "e+%erate t,at I Uoul" not 1e a1le to %aint ,er Uell enoug, 1e#au+e o/ a #ertain li.eline++
U,i#, i+ #,ara#teri+ti# o/ ,er3 T,en +,e "i" not =ee% ,er Uor"3 Ror in+tan#e> +,e Uoul" tell 2e +,e Ua+
#o2ing t,e ne0t "aH an" I Uoul" Uait in .ain 1e#au+e +,e Ua+ "e#ei.ing 2e3 NoU at la+t 2H trou1le+
are o.er an" t,e re+ult i+ 3#o2%letelH +ati+/a#torH> at lea+t /or 2e> t,e one U,o "i" it3 I "o not =noU
U,at all t,e #riti#+ Uill ,a.e to +aH3
4#ta. Bn#il
I3 E.erH1o"H =neU Mr3 Fanteli2on ,a" re%aire" ,i+ ol" #ar> a MTo%olinoM> U,i#, ,a" 1een le/t un"er
re%air /or /i.e Hear+> an" t,at ,e 2i++e" none o/ t,e Sun"aH+ U,en t,e /oot1all tea2 %laHe" in anot,er
toUn3 <e 1orroUe" 2oneH i/ ,e "i" not ,a.e anH> ,e /ille" ,i+ tan= Uit, %etrol an" 2a"e a tour o/ t,e
#itH> "ri.ing +o t,at %eo%le #oul" +ee ,i23 T,e little #ar 1urnt u% +o 2u#, %etrol t,at Hou Uoul" ,a.e
t,oug,t a Ua.e o/ arti/i#ial /og /loUe" o.er t,e #itH3 Feo%le out /or a Ual= at ele.en in t,e 2orning too=
out t,eir ,an"=er#,ie/+ an" +,iel"e" t,eir no+e+ Uit, t,e23 Be+i"e ,i2> Vi?ante Ua.e" to t,e %eo%le ,e
=neU3
E3 T,ere are #ertain "rea2+ t,at Ue +ee2 to ,a.e li.e" +o2eU,ere an" +o2e ti2e Au+t a+ t,ere are
t,ing+ Ue ,a.e li.e" U,i#, 2a=e u+ Uon"er i/ t,eH Uere not a "rea23 T,i+ i+ U,at I Ua+ t,in=ing o/
He+ter"aH e.ening U,en> +ear#,ing t,roug, 2H %a%er+ to +ee U,at Ua+ to 1e 1urne" - %a%er+ 2i0 t,ing+
u% - I #a2e u%on a letter U,i#, re2in"e" 2e o/ a +trange +torH> +o +trange t,at> i/ it not Uere onlH +e.en
Hear+ +in#e it ,a%%ene"> I Uoul" /eel .erH 2u#, in "ou1t> I Uoul" 1elie.e t,at I ,a" onlH "rea2e" a1out
it> or t,at I ,a" rea" it or ,ear" it long ago3
It Ua+ in '(983 I ,a" 1een +eriou+lH ill in Bu#,are+t an" I ,a" returne" to Berlin3 MH re#o.erH %ro#ee"e"
+loUlH> reZuiring inten+i.e #are3 T,en I le/t> t,e "o#tor ,a" a".i+e" 2e to a.oi" e.en t,e +lig,te+t
e0ertion3 Foor "o#tor! I ,a" +,rugge" 2H +,oul"er+> +2iling> an" tol" ,i2 not to UorrH3
Ca%3 *73 V4RBIREA IIRECTh GI INIIRECTh
VI3 '3 T,e %u%il a+=e" t,e ,ea"2a+ter U,en ,e +,oul"/2u+t #o2e to ,i+ o//i#e3 *3 T,e #ler= a".i+e" u+
to rea" t,e in+tru#tion+ #are/ullH 1e/ore o%ening t,e 1o03 63 T,e +e#retarH a+=e" i/ +,e 2u+t / ,a" to tH%e
all t,e re%ort+3 :3 Mot,er re2in"e" 2e not to /orget a1out 2H U3C3S3 2eeting3 ;3 T,e "o#tor tol" u+
t,at no1o"H #oul" / Ua+ alloUe" to +%ea= to t,e %atient until t,e ne0t "aH3 73 <e Uante" to =noU U,H
2H /rien"+ ,a" le/t +o earlH3 83 T,e ol" 2an tol" u+ t,at ,e ne.er lo#=e" / lo#=+ t,e 1a#= "oor3 )3 T,e
tea#,er a+=e" t,e %u%il+ U,et,er t,eH ,a" un"er+too" t,e le++on or not3 (3 George a%ologi?e"> +aHing
t,at it Ua+ ,i+ /ault3 '93 T,e tea#,er Uante" to =noU U,o ,a" ta=en %art in t,e Mat,+ #o2%etition3 ''3
<e Uon"ere" i/ ,e Uoul" 2anage / 1e a1le to go aUaH o.er t,e Uee=en"3 '*3 Mr BroUn tol" u+ t,at ,e
Uent +Ui22ing e.erH "aH U,en ,e Ua+ a #,il"3 '63 T,e tea#,er e0%laine" t,at Uoo" /loat+ on Uater3 ':3
T,eH +ai" t,eH Uoul" ,a.e 1een in ti2e i/ t,eH ,a" #aug,t t,e 1u+3 ';3 Bo1 +ugge+te" going /or a Ual= /
t,eH +,oul" all go /or a Ual=3 '73 T,e gue+t+ t,an=e" t,e ,o+te++ an" +ai" Ct,atD t,e %artH ,a" 1een a
great +u##e++3 '83 Little To22H Uante" to =noU i/ %ioneer+ 2u+t / ,a.e to Uear uni/or2+3 ')3 S,e
e0#lai2e" Uit, "i+gu+t t,at t,e +2ell Ua+ .erH 1a"3 '(3 <e Ui+,e" MarH goo" nig,t an" a".i+e" ,er to
,a.e a goo" re+t3 *93 T,e ol" Uo2an +ai" +,e Ui+,e" t,e #,il"ren Uere not 2a=ing +o 2u#, noi+e3
VIII3 A3 T,oug, it Ua+ late> t,e girl #a2e to t,e gate3 But +,e a+=e" ,i2 U,H ,e ,a" not #o2e earlier3
Fara+#,i. an+Uere" ,er t,at ,e ,a" 1een 1u+H> ,e ,a" +%ent al e.ening tal=ing Uit, ,i+ %arent+3 To t,e
girl+ Zue+tion ,e an+Uere" t,at t,eH ,a" tal=e" a1out t,e tUo o/ t,e2> t,at i+> a1out t,eir 2arriage3
B3 An" a+ I Ua+ +aHing> ,e ru+,e" into 2H o//i#e an" +ai"> LFu++H "ear> Ue ,a.e to /ig,t again+t an
inAu+ti#e333L LT,at inAu+ti#e[L I a+=e" ,i23 An" ,e tol" 2e in a /eU Uor"+ t,at Mang@ru Uante" to /ire
Hou 1e#au+e t,e /oot1all tea2 ,a" lo+t a 2at#, in I-"onMt-=noU-U,at-%la#e U,ere Hou ,a" gone3 Sou
are a 2an Au+t a+ ,e li=e+3 <e tol" 2e> a+ i/ I ,a"nMt =noUn> ,oU Hou ,a" /oug,t Uit, t,e tra2%+ to 2a=e
t,e2 Uor=> ,oU Hou ,a" re%aire" t,e arena5 He+ +ir> a+ i/ I ,a"nMt 1een t,ere Uit, Hou an" Mang@ru333 I
let ,i2 tal=> Uon"ering ,oU ,e ,a" /oun" out all t,o+e t,ing+3 LAn" U,H "oe+ ,e Uant to /ire Mang@ru[L
I a+=e" ,i2 U,en ,e ,a" /ini+,e"3
Cibliogra+ie ,electi31
A#a"e2ia R3S3R3> 4ramatica lim!ii rom?ne> E"3 A#a"e2iei R3S3R3 Bu#ure$ti> '(773
Banta$ An"rei> A 3escriptive 4rammar of /nglish> TUB> Bu#ure$ti> '(8)3
B"e+#u Ali#e> 4ramatica lim!ii engle@e> E"3 Gtiin!i/i#> Bu#ure$ti> '(763
B@r Elena> Aspects of &odality in /nglish> TUB> Bu#ure$ti> '(8(3
Cate"ra "e li21a $i literatura engle? a Ra#ult!ii "e li21i +trine a Uni.er+it!ii "in
Bu#ure$ti> 4ramatica lim!ii engle@e> E"itura Gtiin!i/i#> Bu#ure$ti> '(7*3
N N N %im!a engle@A. /xerciBii pentru admiterea Cn CnvABAmCntul superior> E3I3F3> Bu#ure$ti> '(8)3
C,i!oran I3> /nglish (honetics and (honology> E3I3F3> Bu#ure$ti> '(8)3
Cornile+#u Ale0an"ra> The Transformational Syntax of /nglish> TUB> Bu#ure$ti> '(873
Ii2itriu C3> 4ramatica lim!ii rom?ne explicatA. &orfologia3 Juni2ea> Ia$i> '(8(3
Ior"an lorgu> Ro1u Vla"i2ir> %im!a rom?nA contemporanA> E3I3F3> Bu#ure$ti> '(8)3
erui+inga E3> A 1and!ook of (resent-3ay /nglish> .olu2e II> Engli+, A##i"en#e an" SHnta03 ee2in=
an" Zoon> Utre#,t> '(**3
Lee#, G3> J3 S.art.i=> A 5ommunicative 4rammar of /nglish> Long2an> Lon"on> '(8(3 Le.i!#,i
Leon> 4ramatica lim!ii engle@e> E3I3F3> Bu#ure$ti> '(8'3
Le.i!#,i Leon> Fre"a Ioan> 4ramatica lim!ii engle@e> E"3 Gtiin!i/i#> Bu#ure$ti> '(783
Ni#ole+#u A"rian> TendinBe Cn lim!a engle@A contemporanA> TUB> Bu#ure$ti> '(8)3
Fal2er <arol" $i R3G3 Blan"/or"> A 4rammar of Spoken /nglish> T,ir" E"ition> Ca21ri"ge
Uni.er+itH Fre++> Ca21ri"ge> '(7(3
iuir= Ran"ol%,> Green1au2 S3> Lee#, G3> S.art.i= J3> A 4rammar of 5ontemporay /nglish
Long2an> Lon"on> '(8*3
iuir= Ran"ol%,> Green1au2 S3> A ,niversity 4rammar of /nglish> Long2an> Lon"on
'(863
Retin+#,i San"a> /xplicaBii gramaticale pentru cursurile intensive postuniversitare de
lim!a engle@A> TUB> Bu#ure$ti> '()93
S#,i1+1He enu"> A &odern /nglish 4rammar> Se#on" E"ition> 4UF> Lon"on> '(893 Gte/ne+#u
Ioana> %ectures in /nglish &orphology> TUB> Bu#ure$ti> '(8)3
T,o2+on A3J3> Martinet A3V3> A (ractical /nglish 4rammar> *-n" E"ition> 4UF> Lon"on>
'(7(3
Zan".oort R3T3> A 1and!ook of /nglish 4rammar> Long2an> Lon"on> '(;83
CBPEI!=
CuvHnt (nainte ; pa)1 ??3
P4ETD4 I
@AEFA>A0I4
1.?. 0D!DE4>ITMNI ; pa)1 ??&
?.1. @orfolo)ia *i sinta7a ; pa)1 ??&
?.2. Criterii utili+ate (n definirea p,r.ilor de vorbire ; pa)1 ??&
M.8.1. Criteriul !emantic / a(4 MMB
M.8.8. Criteriul mor'olo(ic / a(4 MM6
M.8.0. Criteriul !intactic / a(4 MM6
1. #DE9B> ; pa)1 ??'
1.1. 3efini.ie ; pa)1 ??'
1.2. Clasificare ; pa)1 ??/
1.8.1. Structura mor'olo(ic+ / a(4 MMH
1.8.8. Sen!ul le3ical al verbelor / a(4 MMH
1.8.0. Iunc-ia !intactic+ a verbelor / a(4 MMH
1.8.D. Perbe cu !en! le3ical redu! / a(4 MMH
1.3. Cate)oriile )ramaticale ale verbului ; pa)1 ??2
1.4. Timpul ; pa)1 ??2
1.&. Timpul pre+ent simplu ; pa)1 ??6
1.B.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 MM9
1.B.8. Iorm+ / a(4 MM9
1.B.0. Fronun-are i orto(ra'ie / a(4 MM9
1.B.D. Entrebuin-are / a(4 M1M
1.'. Timpul trecut simplu ; pa)1 ?11
1.6.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 M11
1.6.8. Iorm+ / a(4 M11
1.6.0. Fronun-are i orto(ra'ie / a(4 M11
1.6.D. Perbe nere(ulate / a(4 M18
1.6.B. Entrebuin-are / a(4 M16
1.6.6. @raducerea lui Fa!t @en!e / a(4 M1H
1./. Perfectul pre+ent ; pa)1 ?12
1.H.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 M1O
1.H.8. Iorm+ / a(4 M1O
1.H.0. Entrebuin-are / a(4 M1O
1.2. @ai mult ca perfectul ; pa)1 ?2?
1.O.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 M8M
1.O.8. Iorm+ / a(4 M8M
1.O.0. Entrebuin-are / a(4 M8M
1.6. @i-loace de e7primare a viitorului ; pa)1 ?21
1.9.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 M81
1.9.8. Iorm+ / a(4 M81
1.9.0. Entrebuin-are / a(4 M88
1.9.D. Be about to / a(4 M80
1.9.B. Be to / a(4 M80
1.9.6. Piitorul cu (oin( to / a(4 M80
1.9.H. Entrebuin-are / a(4 M80
1.9.O. Fre&entul continuu / a(4 M80
1.9.9. Fre&entul continuu 2 adeverbele de tim / a(4 M80
1.9.1M. Fre&entul !imlu / a(4 M8D
1.9.11. Fre&entul !imlu 2 continuu 2 verbe de micare / a(4 M8D
1.9.18 9e'ini-ie / a(4 M8D
1.9.10. Iorm+ / a(4 M8D
1.9.1D . Entrebuin-are / a(4 M8D
1.9.1B Ac-iuni viitoare dintr7o er!ectiv+ trecut+ / a(4 M8D
1.1?. 4pectul ; pa)1 ?2&
1.1M.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 M8B
1.1M.8. 6o&i-ia durativ7non durativ / a(4 M8B
1.1M.0. Perbe de activitate / a(4 M8B
1.1M.D. A!ectul continuu 7 Iorm+ / a(4 M8B
1.1M.B. 6rto(ra'ie / a(4 M86
1.1M.6. Entrebuin-area a!ectului continuu / a(4 M86
1.1M.H. Fre&entul continuu / a(4 M86
1.1M.O. Fa!t @en!e Continuu / a(4 M8H
1.1M.9. Piitorul Continuu / a(4 M8O
1.1M.1M. @raducerea 'ormelor la a!ectul continuu / a(4 M8O
1.1M.11. Perbe care nu ot 'i 'olo!ite la a!ectul continuu / a(4 M89
1.1M.18. A!ectul er'ectiv 7 9e'ini-ie / a(4 M0M
1.1M.10 Entrebuin-area / a(4 M0M
1.1M.1D. A!ectul er'ectiv 7 a!ectul continuu / a(4 M01
1.1M.1B. 1ai mult ca er'ectul continuu / a(4 M01
1.1M.16. Piitorul er'ect continuu / a(4 M08
1.11. 3iate+a ; pa)1 ?33
1.11.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 M00
1.11.8.9iate&a activ+ / a(4 M00
1.11.0. 9iate&a a!iv+ / a(4 M00
1.11.D. Be 2 articiiul trecut / a(4 M00
1.11.B. Con.u(area unui verb la diate&a a!iv+ / a(4 M00
1.11.6 Get/become 2 articiiul trecut / a(4 M0D
1.11.H. Comlementul de a(ent / a(4 M0D
1.11.O. Entrebuin-area diate&ei a!ive / a(4 M0D
1.11.9.@raducerea con!truc-iilor a!ive / a(4 M0B
1.12. Persoana *i !um,rul ; pa)1 ?3&
1.13. @odul ; pa)1 ?3'
1.10.1.9e'ini-ie / a(4 M06
1.10.8. 1odul indicativ / a(4 M06
1.10.0.1odul !ub.onctiv / a(4 M06
1.10.D. Sub.onctivul !intetic / a(4 M06
1.10.B. Sub.onctivul re&ent / a(4 M0H
1.10.6. Sub.onctivul trecut / a(4 M0H
1.10.H.Sub.onctivul II trecut / a(4 M0O
1.10.O.Sub.onctivul analitic / a(4 M0O
1..10.9. Entrebuin-area !ub.onctivului analitic / a(4 M09
1.10.1M. S*ould 2 In'initiv / a(4 M09
1.10.11. 1a,/mi(*t 2 in'initiv / a(4 MDM
1.10.18.>ould 2 In'initiv / a(4 MD1
1.10.10. Could 2 In'initiv / a(4 MD1
1.10.1D.Sub.onctiv !au Indicativ / a(4 MD1
1.14. Formele nepersonale ale verbului ; pa)1 ?42
1.1D.1. Iormele neer!onale / a(4 MD8
1.1D.8. Caracteri!tici verbale / a(4 MD8
1.1D.0. Caracteri!tici !ub!tantivale / a(4 MD8
1.1&. Infinitivul ; pa)1 ?42
1.1B.1 Iormele in'initivul / a(4 MD8
1.1B.8 Caracteri!tici verbale / a(4 MD0
1.1B.0. Caracteri!tici !ub!tantivale / a(4 MD0
1.1B.D. @raducere / a(4 MDD
1.1'. Forma (n "in) ; pa)1 ?44
1.16.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 MDD
1.16.8. Farticiiul )n 7in( / a(4 MDB
1.16.0. Caracteri!tici verbale / a(4 MDB
1.16.D.Caracteri!tici ad.ectivale / a(4 MDB
1.16.B. Iunc-ii !intactice / a(4 MD6
1.16.6. @raducere / a(4 MD6
1.1/. 0erund ; pa)1 ?4'
1.1H.1 Caracteri!tici verbale / a(4 MD6
1.1H.8. Caracteri!tici !ub!tantivale / a(4 MDH
1.1H.0. Entrebuin-are / a(4 MDO
1.1H.D. @raducere / a(4 MBM
1.1H.B. In'initivul cu to i Gerund / a(4 MBM
1.1H.6. Iolo!irea in'initivului cu to / a(4 MBM
1.1H.H. Iolo!irea 'ormei Gerund / a(4 MBM
1.1H.O. Gerund !au In'initiv / a(4 MB1
.1H.9. A!em+n+ri de !en! / a(4 MB8
1.12. Participiul Trecut ; pa)1 ?&3
1.1O.1 9e'ini-ie / a(4 MB0
1.1O.8. Caracteri!tici verbale / a(4 MB0
1.1O.0. Caracteri!tici ad.ectivale / a(4 MB0
1.1O.D. Iorme articiiale 'olo!ite ad.ectival / a(4 MB0
1.1O.B. Iunc-ii !intactice / a(4 MBD
1.1O.6. @raducere / a(4 MBD
1.1O.H. Con.u(area verbului CA== / a(4 MBB
1.16. #erbele au7iliare ; pa)1 ?&'
1.19.1. Caracteri!tici / a(4 MB6
1.19.8 Iorme contra!e / a(4 MB6
1.19.0. Be / a(4 MBH
1.19.D.;ave / a(4 MBH
1.19.B.S*all/S*ould / a(4 MBH
1.19.6. >ill/>ould / a(4 MBO
1.19.H.1a,/1i(*t / a(4 MBO
1.19.O. =et / a(4 MBO
1.19.9. 9o / a(4 MBO
1.2?. #erbele modale ; pa)1 ?&6
1.8M.1.9e'ini-ie / a(4 MB9
1.8M.8. Caracteri!ticile verbelor modale / a(4 MB9
1.8M.0. Can, could / a(4 M6M
1.8M.D. 1a,, 1i(*t / a(4 M61
1.8M.B. 1u!t, ;ave to, <eed / a(4 M68
1.8M.6. S*all, S*ould a(4 M6D
1.8M.H. 6u(*t to / a(4 M6D
1.8M.O. >ill, >ould / a(4 M6B
1.8M.9. :de! to / a(4 M66
1.8M.1M. Be to / a(4 M66
1.8M.11. 9are / a(4 M6H
E0er#i!ii / %ag: 978
2. =ubstantivul ; pa)1 ?/1
2.1. 3efini.ie ; pa)1 ?/1
2.2. Clasificare ; a(4 MH1
88.8.1. Iormarea !ub!tantivelor / a(4 MH1
8.8.8. Grad de individuali&are / a(4 MH8
2.3. !um,rul suibstantivelor ; pa)1 ?/3
8.0.1. Sub!tantive num+rabiile / a(4 MH0
8.0.8. Cla!i'icarea !ub!tantivelor num+rabile / a(4 MH0
8.0.0. Iormarea luralului !ub!tantivelor num+rabile / a(4 MHD
8.0.D. Fluralul re(ulat al !ub!tantivelor / a(4 MHD
8.0.B. 6rto(ra'ia luralului re(ulat / a(4 MHD
8.0.6. Fluralul nere(ulat al !ub!tantivelor / a(4 MHB
8.0.H. Sub!tantive nenum+rabile / a(4 MH9
8.0.O. <um+rul !ub!tantivelor invariabile / a(4 MO1
2.4. 0enul substantivelor ; pa)1 ?2'
8.D.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 MO6
8.D.8. Cla!i'icarea !ub!tantivelor du+ ideea de (en / a(4 MO6
8.D.0. Genul !ub!tantivelor nume de er!oane / a(4 MO6
8.D.D. Genul !ub!tantivelor nume de animale / a(4 MOH
8.D.B. Genul !ub!tantivelor nume de obiecte / a(4 MOH
8.D.6. Iolo!irea !tili!tic+ a cate(oriei (ramaticale a (enului / a(4 MOH
2.&. Ca+ul substantivelor ; pa)1 ?22
8.B.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 MOO
8.B.8. Ca&ul nominativ / a(4 MO9
8.B.0. Ca&ul acu&ativ/ a(4 MO9
8.B.D. Ca&ul dativ / a(4 M9M
8.B.B. Ca&ul (enitiv/ a(4 M9M
8.B.6. Ca&ul vocativ/ a(4 M90
E0er#i!ii/ %ag: 9(6
3. 4ETICA>B> OI 4>NI 3DTDE@I!4!NI; pa)1 ?6/
3.1. Cate)oria determinarii; pa)1 ?6/
0.1.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 M9H
0.1.8. 9eterminan-ii roriu7&ii / a(4 M9H
0.1.0. Fredeterminan-ii / a(4 M9O
0.1.D. Fo!tdeterminan-ii / a(4 M99
3.2. 4rticolul ; pa)1 1?1
0.8.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 1M1
0.8.8. Re'erin-+ unic+ / a(4 1M1
0.8.0. Re'erin-+ individual+ / a(4 1M1
0.8.D. <umele rorii i re'erin-a unic+ / a(4 1M8
3.3. 4rticolul ot,rHt ; pa)1 1?2
0.0.1. Iorma articolului *ot+rt / a(4 1M8
0.0.8. Iunc-iile articolului *ot+rt / a(4 1M8
3.4. 4rticolul neot,rHt ; pa)1 1?&
0.D.1. Iorma articolului nerot+rt / a(4 1MB
0.D.8. Iunc-iile articolului ne*ot+rt / a(4 1MB
3.&. 4rticolul +ero ; pa)1 1?'
0.B.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 1M6
0.B.8. Iunc-iile articolului &ero / a(4 1MH
3.'. @isiunea articolului ; pa)1 111
Al-i determinan-i / a(4 118
3./. 4d-ectivul demonstrativ ; pa)1 112
0.H.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 118
0.H.8. Iorm+ / a(4 118
0.H.0. Entrebuin-are / a(4 118
0.O. Ad.ectivul o!e!iv / a(4 110
0.O.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 110
0.O.8. Iorm+ / a(4 110
0.O.0. Entrebuin-are / a(4 11D
0.9. Ad.ectivul intero(ativ / a(4 11B
0.9.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 11B
0.9.8. Iorma / a(4 11B
0.9.0. Entrebuin-are / a(4 11B
0.1M. Ad.ectivul ne*ot+rt / a(4 116
0.1M.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 116
0.1M.8. Iorm+ / a(4 116
0.1M.0. Entrebuin-are / a(4 116
0.1M.D. Ad.ectivul ne(ativ / a(4 11H
E3erci-ii / a(4 11O
4. !umeralul ; pa)1 121
4.1. 3efini.ie ; pa)1 121
4.2. Clasificare ; pa)1 122
D.8.1. <umeralul ca determinant, )n (ramatica !tructurali!t+ / a(4 188
D.8.8. Cate(oria numeralului )n (ramatica tradi-ional+ / a(4 188
4.3. !umeralul cardinal ; pa)1 122
D.0.1. Iorm+ / a(4 188
D.0.8. Entrebuin-are / a(4 18D
4.4. !umeralul ordinal ; pa)1 12&
D.D.1. Iorm+ / a(4 18B
D.D.8. Entrebuin-are / a(4 186
4.&. !umeralul frac.ionar ; pa)1 12'
D.B.1 Iorma / a(4 186
4.'. !umeralul colectiv ; pa)1 12/
D.6.1. Iorm+ / a(4 18H
D.6.8. Entrebuin-are / a(4 18H
4./. !umeralul multiplicativ ; pa)1 122
D.H.1 Iorm+ / a(4 18O
D.H.8. Entrebuin-are / a(4 18O
4.2. !umeralul distributiv ; pa)1 122
4.6. !umeralul adverbial ; pa)1 122
E0er#i!ii / %ag: '*(
&. Pronumele / pa)1 126
&.1. 3efini.ie ; pa)1 126
&.2. Eolul de substitut al pronumelui ; pa)1 13?
&.3. Cate)oriile )ramaticale ale pronumelui ; pa)1 13?
&.4. Clasificarea pronumelui ; pa)1 131
&.&. Func.iile sintactice ale pronumelui ; pa)1 132
&.'. Pronumele personal ; pa)1 132
B.6.1. Cate(oria er!oanei la ronumele er!onal / a(4 108
B.6.8. Cate(oria (enului la ronumele er!onal / a(4 100
B.6.0. Cate(oria num+rului la ronumele er!onal / a(4 10D
B.6.D. Cate(oria ca&ului la ronumele er!onal / a(4 10D
B.6.B. Iunc-iile !intactice ale ronumelui er!onal / a(4 10D
&./. Pronumele refle7iv ; pa)1 13&
B.H.1. Cate(oriile (ramaticale ale ronumelui re'le3iv / a(4 10B
B.H.8. Entrebuin-area ronumelui re'le3iv / a(4 10B
B.H.0. Fronumele de )nt+rire / a(4 106
&.2. Pronumele posesiv ; pa)1 13/
&.6. Pronumele intero)ativ ; pa)1 13/
&. 1?. Pronumele relativ ; pa)1 132
B.1M.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 10O
B.1M.8. Entrebuin-area ronumelui relativ / a(4 109
B.1M.0. =ocul ronumelui relativ / a(4 109
&.11. Pronumele neot,rHt ; pa)1 14?
B.11.1.9e'ini-ie / a(4 1DM
B.11.8. Entrebuin-are / a(4 1DM
&.12. Pronumele ne)ativ ; pa)1 141
E0er#i!ii / %ag: ':'
'. 4d-ectivul ; pa)1 143
'.1. 3efini.ie ; pa)1 143
'.2. Compara.ia ad-ectivelor ; pa)1 143
'.3. Formarea comparativului *i superlativului ; pa)1 144
6.0.1. Comara-ia !intetic+ / a(4 1DD
6.0.8. Comara-ia analitic+ / a(4 1DB
6.0.0. Iormarea comarativului de e(alitate i in'erioritate / a(4 1DB
6.0.D. Iormarea !uerlativului ab!olut / a(4 1DB
'.4. Compara.ia nere)ulat, a ad-ectivului ; pa)1 14&
6.B. Ent+rirea comarativului ad.ectivului / a(4 1D6
6.6. Iunc-iile !intactice ale ad.ectivului / a(4 1DH
6.H. =ocul ad.ectivului )n roo&i!ie / 1DO
E0er#i!ii / %ag: ':)
/. 4dverbul ; pa)1 146
/.1. 3efini.ie ; pa)1 146
/.2. >ocu.iuni *i contruc.ii adverbiale / a(4 1D9
H.8.1. =ocu-iuni adverbiale / a(4 1D9
H.8.8. Con!truc-ii adverbiale / a(4 1D9
/.3. Forma adverbului ; pa)1 1&?
/.4. @odific,ri de orto)rafie ; pa)1 1&?
/.&. Clasificarea adverbului ; pa)1 1&2
H.B.1. Adverbe de mod / a(4 1B8
H.B.8. Adverbe de loc / a(4 1B8
H.B.0. Adverbe de tim / a(4 1B8
/.'. Compara.ia adverbului ; pa)1 1&3
H.6.1. Gradul comarativ / a(4 1B0
H.6.8. Gradul !uerlativ / a(4 1B0
H.6.0. Comara-ia nere(ulat+/ a(4 1BD
/./. 4dverbe speciale ; pa)1 1&4
E0er#i!ii / %ag: ';7
2. Prepo+i.ia ; pa)1 1&'
2.1. 3efini.ie ; a(4 1&'
2.2. Caracteristici ale prepo+i.iilor ; pa)1 1&/
O.8.1. Freo&i-ii cu acu&ativ / a(4 1BH
O.8.8. Freo&i-ii urmate de !ub!tantive cu articol / a(4 1BH
O.8.0. Freo&i-ii urmate de !ub!tantive nearticulate / a(4 1BH
O.8.D. Perbe recedate de reo&i-ii / a(4 1BH
O.8.B. Cuvinte cu reo&i-ii obli(atorii a(4 1BH
2.3. >ocul prepo+i.iilor ; pa)1 1&2
2.4. Eela.ii e7primate de prepo+i.ii ; pa)1 1&6
2.&. Paralelisme (ntre Prepo+i.ia (n lima romHn, *i (n limba en)le+, ; pa)1
1'2
2.'. 3iferen.e (ntre Prepo+i.ia (n limba romHn, *i (n limba en)le+, ; pa)1
1'3
2./. Particole adverbiale ; pa)1 1'3
O.H.1. Entrebuin-area articolelor adverbiale / a(4 160
O.H.8. =ocul articolelor adverbiale )n roo&i-ie / a(4 160
E0er#i!ii / %ag: '7:
6. Con-unc.ia ; pa)1 1'&
6.1. 3efini.ie ; pa)1 1'&
6.2. Con-unc.iile coordonatoare ; pa)1 1'&
9.8.1. Cla!i'icare / a(4 16B
9.8.8. Entrebuin-are / a(4 16B
9.8.0. Fo&i-ie / a(4 16B
6.3. Con-unc.iile subordonatoare ; pa)1 1'&
9.0.1. Cla!i'icare / a(4 166
9.0.8. Entrebuin-are / a(4 166
9.0.0. Fo&i-ie / a(4 16H
E0er#i!ii / %ag: '78
1?. Inter-ec.ia ; pa)1 1'2
1?.1 3efini.ie ; pa)1 1'2
1?.2. Clasificare ; pa)1 1'2
1?.3. Jntrebuin.are ; pa)1 1'6
D7erci.ii ; pa)1 1'6
Partea aII:a
6inta-a propozi2iei
II393 Generalit!i / %ag: '89
II.M.1. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 1HM
II.M.8. Cla!i'icare / a(4 1HM
II.M.0. @imuri de roo&i-ii / a(4 1H1
II.M.D Subtiuri de roo&i-ii / a(4 1H1
II.M.B. F+r-ile de roo&i-ie / a(4 1H1
11. =ubiectul ; a(4 1/3
11.1. 3efini.ie ; a(4 1/3
11.2. D7primarea subiectului ; a(4 1/3
11.3. =itua.ii speciale ; a(4 1/3
11.0.1. Subiectul (eneric / a(4 1H0
11.0.8. Subiectul imer!onal / a(4 1HD
11.0.0. Subiectul introductiv / a(4 1HD
11.4.>ocul subiectului (n propo+i.ie ; a(4 1/4
12. Predicatul ; pa)1 1/&
12.1. 3efini.ie ; pa)1 1/&
12.1. Clasificare ; pa)1 1/&
18.8.1. Fredicatul verbal / a(4 1H6
18.8.8. Fredicatul nominal / a(4 1HB
12.3. >ocul predicatului (n propo+i.ie ; pa)1 1/'
13. 4cordul subiectului cu predicatul ; pa)1 1/'
13.1. 4cordul (n persoan, ; pa)1 1//
13.2. 4cordul (n num,r ; pa)1 1//
10.8.1. Acordul (ramatical / a(4 1HH
10.8.8. Acordul du+ )n-ele! / a(4 1H9
10.8.0. Acordul rin atrac-ie / a(4 1O1
E0er#i!ii / %ag: ')*
14. Complementul direct ; pa)1 122
14.1. 3efini.ie ; pa)1 124
14.2. Indicii formali ai complementului direct ; pa)1 124
14.3. D7primarea complementului direct ; pa)1 124
1D.0.1. Comlementul direct e3rimat rin ronume er!onal / a(4 1OD
1D.0.8. Comlementul direct e3rimat rin ronume re'le3iv / a(4 1OB
1D.0.0. Comlementul direct e3rimat rin ronume reciroc / a(4 1OB
14.4. Jntrebuin.are ; pa)1 12&
14.&. #erbe tran+itive cu un complement direct ; pa)1 12'
14.'. #erbe tran+itive cu dou, complemente directe ; pa)1 12'
1D.H. Perbe tran&itive urmate de un comlement direct i un comlement indirect
/ a(4 1OH
14.2. #erbe tran+itive urmate de un complement direct *i un
complement prepo+i.ional ; pa)1 122
1&. Complementul indirect ; pa)1 122
1&.1. 3efini.ie ; pa)1 122
1&.2. Indicii formali ai complementului indirect ; pa)1 122
1&.3. D7primarea complementului indirect ; pa)1 126
1&.4. Jntrebuin.are ; pa)1 126
1&.&. >ocul complementului indirect ; pa)1 16?
1&.'. Transformarea pasiv,; pa)1 16?
1'. Complementul prepo+i.ional ; pa)1 16?
1'.1. 3efini.ie ; pa)1 16?
1'.2. Indicii formali ai complementului prepo+i.ional ; pa)1 161
1'.3. D7primarea complementului prepo+i.ional ; pa)1 161
1'.4. Jntrebuin.are ; pa)1 161
1'.&. >ocul complementului prepo+i.ional ; pa)1 162
1'.'. Transformarea pasiv, ; pa)1 162
1/. Dlementul predicativ suplimentar ; pa)1 163
1/.1. 3efini.ie ; pa)1 163
1/.2. D7primarea elementului predicativ suplimentar ; pa)1 163
1/.3. >ocul elementului predicativ suplimentar ; pa)1 163
12. Contruc.ii comple7e ; pa)1 163
12.1. 3efini.ie ; pa)1 163
12.2. Caracteristicile contruc.iilor comple7e; pa)1 164
1O.8.1. Caracteri!tici redicative / a(4 19D
1O.8.8. A!em+n+ri )ntre con!truc-iile comle3e / a(4 19D
1O.8.0. 9eo!ebiri )ntre con!truc-iile comle3e / a(4 19D
1O.8.D. Iunc-iile !intactice / a(4 19B
12.3. Construc.iile cu acu+ativul ; pa)1 16&
1O.0.1. Acu&ativul cu in'initiv / a(4 19B
1O.0.8. Ior 2 in'initivul / a(4 196
1O.0.0. Acu&ativul cu articiiul re&ent / a(4 19H
1O.0.D. Acu&ativul cu articiiul trecut / a(4 19H
12.4. Construc.iile cu nominativul ; pa)1 162
1O.D.1. <ominativ cu in'initiv / a(4 19O
1O.D.8. <ominativul cu articiiul re&ent / a(4 19O
12.&. !ominativul absolut ; pa)1 166
12.'. 4lte construc.ii comple7e; pa)1 166
16. Complemente circumstan.iale; pa)1 2??
16.1 3efini.ie; pa)1 2??
16.2. Clasificare; pa)1 2??
16.3. Complementul circumstan.ial de loc; pa)1 2??
19.0.1. 9e'ini-ie/ a(4 8MM
19.0.8. E3rimarea comlementului circum!tan-ial de loc/ a(4 8M1
19.0.0. =ocul comlementului circum!tan-ial de loc/ a(4 8M1
16.4. Complementul circumstan.ial de timp; pa)1 2?1
19.D.1. 9e'ini-ie/ a(4 8M1
19.D.8. E3rimarea comlementului circum!tan-ial de tim/ a(4 8M8
19.D.0. =ocul comlementului circum!tan-ial de tim/ a(4 8M8
16.&. Complementul circumstan.ial de mod; pa)1 2?4
19.B.1. 9e'ini-ie/ a(4 8MD
19.B.8. Cla!i'icare/ a(4 8MD
19.B.0. Comlementul circum!tan-ial de mod roriu7&i!/ a(4 8MD
19.B.D. E3rimarea comlementului circum!tan-ial de mod/ a(4 8MD
19.B.B. =ocul comlementului comlementului circum!tan-ial de mod
roriu7&i!/ a(4 8MD
19.B.6. Comlementul circum!tan-ial de mod comarativ/ a(4 8MB
19.B.H. =ocul comlementului de mod comarativ/ a(4 8MB
19.6. Alte comlemente circum!tan-iale/ a(4 8M6
2?. 4tributul; pa)1 2?'
2?.1. 3efini.ie; pa)1 2?'
2?.2. D7primarea atributului; pa)1 2?'
2?.3. >ocul atributului; pa)1 2?/
8M.0.1. Atributul reu!/ a(4 8MH
8M.0.8. Atributul o!tu!/ a(4 8MH
8M.0.0. Atribute ce ot avea ambele o&i-ii/ a(4 8MO
2?.4. 4po+i.ia; pa)1 2?2
8M.D.1. 9e'ini-ie/ a(4 8MO
8M.D.8. Ao&i-ia !iml+/ a(4 8MO
8M.D.0. =ocul ao&i-iei !imle/ a(4 8MO
8M.D.D. Ao&i-ia de&voltat+/ a(4 8MO
8M.D.B. =ocul ao&i-iei de&voltate/ a(4 8MO
21. Dlemente independente; pa)1 2?6
21.1. 3efini.ie; pa)1 2?6
21.2. Clasificare; pa)1 2?6
21.3. Inter-ec.iile; pa)1 2?6
21.4. 4dresarea direct,; pa)1 2?6
21.&. Cuvintele *i >ocu.iunile parentetice; pa)1 21?
21.'. >ocul elementelor independente; pa)1 21?
22. Ardinea cuvintelor (n propo+i.ie
22.?. 0eneralit,.i; pa)1 21?
88.M.1. Imortan-a !tudierii ordinii cuvintelor/ a(4 81M
88.M.8. Comara-ia cu limba romana/ a(4 811
88.M.0. Caracteri!tici (enerale ale ordinii cuvintelor in limba en(le&+/ a(4
811
22.?.4. Po+i.ia p,r.ilor de propo+i.ie; pa)1 212
22.1. Ee)uli privitoare la ordinea cuvintelor (n propo+i.ie; pa)1 212
D7erci.ii; pa)1 21/
23. Felurile propo+i.iilor; pa)1 216
23.?. Clasificare; pa)1 216
23.1. Propo+i.ia enun.iativ,; pa)1 216
23.2. Propo+i.ia ne)ativ,; pa)1 22?
80.8.1. E3rimarea ne(a-iei/ a(4 88M
80.8.8. 9oua ne(a-ii )ntr7o roo&i-ie/ a(4 88M
80.8.0. E3rimarea !en!ului ne(ativ/ a(4 88M
80.8.D. Sublinierea caracterului ne(ativ/ a(4 880
80.8.B. <e(area unei roo&i-ii )ntre(i/ a(4 880
23.3. Propo+i.ia intero)ativ,; pa)1 223
80.0.1. Intero(ativul verbelor/ a(4 88D
80.0.8. Froo&i-ii intero(ativ7ne(ative/ a(4 88B
80.0.0. Iolo!irea ronumelor i ad.ectivelor )n roo&i-ii intero(ative/ a(4
88B
80.0.D. Entreb+ri (enerale/ a(4 88B
80.0.B. Entreb+ri !eciale/ a(4 886
80.0.6. Entreb+ri alternative/ a(4 88H
80.0.H. Entreb+ri di!.unctive/ a(4 88H
23.4. Propo+i.ia imperativ,; a(4 226
80.D.1. Iorma verbal+/ a(4 889
80.D.8. Intona-ia roo&i-iei imerative/ a(4 80M
80.D.0. Structura roo&i-iei imerative/ a(4 80M
80.D.D. 1i.loace de )nt+rire !au de 'ormulare oliticoa!+/ a(4 801
23.&. Propo+i.ia e7clamativ,; pa)1 231
80.B.1. Intona-ia/ a(4 808
80.B.8. Froo&i-iile e3clamative roriu7&i!e/ a(4 808
80.B.0. Froo&i-iile e3clamative cu 'orm+ ne!eci'ic+/ a(4 808
E0er#i!ii/ %ag: *6*
P4ETD4 4 TEDI4
6inta-a +razei
III393 Generalit!i/ %ag: *6;
III.M.1. Froo&i-ia 7 'ra&a/ a(4 80B
III.M.8. 9e'ini-ie / a(4 80B
III.M.0. Raorturile !intactice / a(4 80B
III.M.D. =e(area roo&i-iilor / a(4 80B
24. Fra+a prin coordonare ; pa)1 23'
24.1. Coordonare"3efini.ie ; pa)1 23'
24.2. Felul coordon,rii ; pa)1 23'
24.3. Coordonarea copulativ, ; pa)1 23'
24.4. Coordonarea dis-unctiv, ; pa)1 23/
24.&. Coordonarea adversativ, ; pa)1 23/
24.'. Folosirea timpurilor (n fra+ele prin coordonare ; pa)1 232
2&. Fra+a prin coordonarea ; pa)1 232
2&.1. >e)area propo+i.iilor subordonate ; pa)1 232
2&.2. Clasificarea propo+i.iilor subordonate ; pa)1 236
2&.3. Eeducerea propo+i.iilor subordonate ; pa)1 24?
2&.4. Propo+i.ia completivo"direct, ; pa)1 24?
8B.D.1 Rolul comletivei directe / a(4 8DM
8D.D.8. Froo&i-ia intero(a!tiv+ )n vorbirea indirect+ e!te comletiv+ direct+
/ a(4 8DM
8B.D.0. 6miterea con.unc-iei `t*at` / a(4 8D1
8B.D.D. Core!onden-a timurilor / a(4 8D1
8B.D.B. Reducerea roo&i-iei comletive directe / a(4 8DD
2&.&. Propo+i.ia completiv, prepo+i.ional, ; pa)1 244
8B.B.1. Frin ce !e introduce / a(4 8DD
8B.B.8. 6miterea roo&i-iei / a(4 8DD
8B.B.0. Anticiarea comletivei reo&i-ionale rin `it`/ a(4 8DD
8B.B.D. Core!onden-a timurilor )n comletiva reo&i-ional+ / a(4 8DB
2&.'. Propo+i.ia subiectiv,; pa)1 24&
8B.6.1. Frin ce !e introduce/ a(4 8DB
8B.6.8. =ocul roo&i-iei !ubiective )n 'ra&+/ a(4 8D6
8B.6.0. Iolo!irea timurilor )n Froo&i-ia !ubiectiv+/ a(4 8D6
8B.6.D. Reducerea roo&i-iei !ubiective/ a(4 8DH
2&./. Propo+i.ia predicativ,; pa)1 242
8B.H.1. Frin ce !e introduce/ a(4 8DO
8B.H.8. Iolo!irea timurilor/ a(4 8DO
8B.H.0. Reducerea roo&i-ei redicative/ a(4 8DO
2&.2. Propo+i.iile relative; pa)1 242
8B.O.1. Ielurile roo&i-iilor relative/ a(4 8DO
8B.O.8. Frin ce !e introduce Froo&i-ia relativ+/ a(4 8DO
8B.O.0. Froo&i-ia relativ+ re!trictiv+/ a(4 8DO
8B.O.D. Froo&i-ia relativ+ de!critiv+/ a(4 8D9
8B.O.B. Iolo!irea timurilor )n Froo&i-ia relativ+/ a(4 8D9
8B.O.6. Reducerea roo&i-iei relative/ a(4 8D9
8B.O.H. Froo&i-ia ao&i-ional+/ a(4 8BM
8B.O.O. Iolo!irea timurilor )n Froo&i-ia ao&i-ional+/ a(4 8BM
8B.O.9. Reducerea roo&i-ei ao&i-ionale/ a(4 8BM
2&.6. Propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, de timp; pa)1 2&?
8B.9.1. Frin ce !e introduce/ a(4 8BM
8B.9.8. Iolo!irea timurilor/ a(4 8B1
8B.9.0. Reducerea roo&i-iei circum!tan-iale de tim/ a(4 8B8
2&.1?. Propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, de loc; pa)1 2&3
8B.1M.1. Frin ce !e introduce/ a(4 8B0
8B.1M.8. Reducerea roo&i-iei circum!tan-iale de loc/ a(4 8B0
2&.11. Propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, de mod propriu"+is,; pa)1 2&3
2&.12. Propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, de mod comparativ,; pa)1 2&3
8B.18.1. Frin ce !e introduce/ a(4 8B0
8B.18.8. Iolo!irea timurilor/ a(4 8BD
8B.18.0. @raducerea roo&i-iei circum!tan-iale de mod comarativ+/ a(4
8BD
2&.13. Propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, cau+al,; pa)1 2&&
8B.10.1. Frin ce !e introduce/ a(4 8BB
8B.10.8. Reducerea roo&i-iei circum!tan-iale cau&ale/ a(4 8BB
2&.14. Propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, condi.ional,; pa)1 2&&
8B.1D.1. @iuri de condi-ii/ a(4 8B6
8B.1D.8. Frin ce !e introduce Froo&i-ia circum!tan-ial+ condi-ional+/ a(4
8B6
8B.1D.0. =ocul roo&i-iilor circum!tan-iale condi-ionale/ a(4 8BH
8B.1D.D. Iolo!irea timurilor/ a(4 8BH
8B.1D.B. @raducerea roo&i-iilor condi-ionale/ a(4 8BH
8B.1D.6. Alte timuri 'olo!ite )n roo&i-iile condi-ionale/ a(4 8BH
8B.1D.H. Iolo!irea timurilor )n condi-ional+ du+ viitorul7)n7trecut/ a(4 8BO
8B.1D.O. Combina-ii )ntre cele trei tiuri de roo&i-ii circum!tan-iale
condi-ionale/ a(4 8BO
8B.1D.9. S*ould 2 in'initiv/ a(4 8BO
8B.1D.1M. >ill )n roo&i-ii circum!tan-iale condi-ionale/ a(4 8BO
8B.1D.11. Could/1i(*t 2 in'initiv/ a(4 8BO
8B.1D.18. Reducerea roo&i-iei circum!tan-iale condi-ionale/ a(4 8BO
2&.1&. Propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, de scop; pa)1 2&6
8B.1B.1. Frin ce !e introduce/ a(4 8B9
8B.1B.8. Iolo!irea timurilor/ a(4 8B9
8B.1B.0. Reducerea roo&i-iei circum!tan-iale de !co/ a(4 86M
2&.1'. Propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, consecutiv,; pa)1 2'?
8B.16.1. Frin ce !e introduce/ a(4 86M
8B.16.8. Iolo!irea timurilor/ a(4 86M
8B.16.0. Reducerea roo&i-iei circum!tan-iale con!ecutive/ a(4 861
2&.1/. Propo+i.ia circumstan.ial, concesiv,; a(4 2'1
8B.1H.1. Frin ce !e introduce/ a(4 861
8B.1H.8. Reducerea roo&i-iilor circum!tan-iale conce!ive/ a(4 861
8B.1H.0. Iolo!irea timurilor/ a(4 868
E3erci-ii/ a(4 868
2'. #orbirea direct, *i indirect,; pa)1 2'4
2'.1. #orbirea direct,; pa)1 2'4
86.1.1. 9e'ini-ie/ a(4 86D
86.1.8. =ocul i Iunc-ia !intactic+ a enun-ului )n vorbirea direct+/ a(4 86D
86.1.0. Iolo!irea timurilor/ a(4 86D
2'.2. #orbirea indirect,; pa)1 2'4
2'.3. Transformarea vorbirii directe (n vorbire indirect,; pa)1 2'&
86.0.1. Fronumele er!onal, re'le3iv i o!e!iv/ a(4 86B
86.0.8. Fronumele/ad.ectivul demon!trativ/ a(4 86B
86.0.0. Adverbele de tim/ a(4 86B
86.0.D. Fredicatul la un tim re&ent/ a(4 86B
86.0.B. Fredicatul la un tim trecut/ a(4 866
86.0.6. Fredicatul la re&entul !imlu/ a(4 866
86.0.H. Fredicatul7ac-iune viitoare/ a(4 86H
86.0.O. Fredicatul7Fa!t !imle/ a(4 86H
86.0.9. Fredicatul7Fa!t @en!e Continuou!/ a(4 86O
86.0.1M. Fredicatul7Perbe modale/ a(4 86O
86.0.11. Ira&ele condi-ionale/ a(4 86O
86.0.18. Froo&i-ii enun-iative/ a(4 86O
86.0.10. Froo&i-ii intero(ative/ a(4 869
86.0.1D. Froo&i-ii e3clamative/ a(4 8H1
86.0.1B. Froo&i-ii imerative/ a(4 8H8
2'.4. #orbirea indirect, liber,; pa)1 2/2
E0er#i!ii/ %ag: *86
Ceia e7erci.iilor; pa)1 2/&
9iblio)rafie; pa)1 22&
Cuprins; pa)1 22'