CorrosioninPetrochemical

Industry
Group1
DongJi
CorrosionAccidents
1.PollutionbyOilPipelineReleases
2.CriticalPollutionbyCorroded
3.CorrosioninthePetroleumExtraction
PollutionbyOilPipelineReleases
AccordingtoanEnvironmentalDefenseFund(EDF)
engineer,theaverageamountofoilreleasedfroma
pipelinespillin1998wasover45,000gallons.
Since1995,theoverallamountofoilreleasedtothe
environmenthasincreasedeachyear.
Anaverageoftensofthousandsofgallonsofoilwas
releasedfrompipelinesapproximatelyeveryother
daythroughoutthe1990s.
Corrosionisthemostcommoncauseof
pipelinespills.
PollutionbyCorrodedPipeline
Inthewinter,2001,92,000gallonsof
saltwaterandcrudeoilontoAlaskantundra
fromcorrodedpipeline.
Thespillwasapparentlycausedbycorrosion
ina10inchpipe.
CorrosioninthePetroleumExtraction
Therecouldproduce300toiland100,000m
3
nationalgasintheNo.58oilwellinHuabei
Oilfieldbefore.
3.1%oftheoilwaswaterand42%ofnational
gaswasCO
2
Butafter18months,ithadtobeclosed
becauseofthecorrosionofironpipe.
CorrosionMechanisms
1.ElectrochemicalCorrosion
2.ChemicalCorrosion
3.MechanicalandMechanical/CorrosiveEffects
ElectrochemicalCorrosion
Crevice
Corrosion
Muchmetalloss
inoilfieldcasings
iscausedby
crevicecorrosion.
Inthecrevice,
metalisin
contactwithan
electrolyte,but
doesnothave
readyaccessto
oxygen.
ChemicalCorrosion
HydrogenSulfide,
PolysulfideandSulfur
Hydrogensulfide[H
2
S]
whendissolvedinwater,
isaweakacidand,
therefore,itisasourceof
hydrogenionsandis
corrosive.
Thecorrosionproducts
areironsulfides[FeS
x
]
andhydrogen.
ChemicalCorrosion
CarbonDioxide
LikeH
2
S,carbondioxide[CO
2
]isaweaklyacidic
gasandbecomescorrosivewhendissolvedin
water.However,CO
2
musthydratetocarbonic
acid[H
2
CO
3
]arelativelyslowProcessbefore
itbecomesacidic.
Thecorrosionproductisironcarbonate(siderite)
scale.
CO
2
+H
2
O+FeFeCO
3
+H
2
ChemicalCorrosion
StrongAcids
Strongacidsdirectlychemicalattacktothe
equipment.
Strongacidsareoftenpumpedintothewellsto
stimulateproductionbyincreasingformation
permeabilityinthenearwellboreregion.
Forlimestoneformations,5to28%hydrochloric
[HCl]acidiscommonlyused.
ChemicalCorrosion
BiologicalEffects
Themostimportant
biologicaleffectisthe
generationofH
2
Sby
sulfatereducingbacteria
(SRB).Theseanaerobic
bacteriametabolize
sulfateionsandproduce
hydrogensulfide.
ChemicalCorrosion
Oxygen
Oxygencan
enterthemud
systematmany
points.
Butoxygenis
notnormally
presentinoil
industry.Itis
onlyatthe
drillingstage.
MechanicalandMechanical/Corrosive
Effects
Cavitation(
Thistypeofmetallossisduetohighpressure
shockwaves,generatedfromthecollapseof
minutebubblesinhighvelocityfluidsimpinging
onnearbymetalsurfaces.Cavitationmetalloss
isusuallyfoundonpumpimpellersdeveloping
toolowasuctionpressure.
MechanicalandMechanical/Corrosive
Effects
CorrosionFatigue
Thisresultsfromsubjectingametalto
alternatingstressesinacorrosiveenvironment.
Eventuallythisleadstocrackinitiationandcrack
growthbyacombinationofmechanicaland
corrosiveaction.
Becauseofthiscombinedaction,corrosion
fatigueisgreateratlowstresscyclesthatallow
timeforthecorrosionprocess.
MechanicalandMechanical/Corrosive
Effects
SulfideStressCorrosion
Productionofhydrogen
resultsfromsulfidestress
cracking(SSC).
SSCoccurswhenasusceptible
metalisundertensilestress
andexposedtowater
containinghydrogensulfideor
othersulfurcompounds.
MechanicalandMechanical/Corrosive
Effects
StressCorrosion
Cracking(CSC)
CSCisanexample
ofbroadrangeof
stresscorrosion
cracking,defined
ascorrosion
acceleratedby
tensilestress.
Protection
1. Mudremainingnoncorrosive;
2. MaintaininghighpH
3. Oxygenscavengers
4. CorrosioncontrolofCO
2
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