SK HWT 05 Lubrication Ss08

Hhere Werkstofftechnik: Tribologie Lubrication
1
Lubrication
1 www.uni-due.de/wt
Universitt Duisburg-Essen
Lotharstr 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
Werkstofftechnik
Materials Science & Engineering
Lubrication
Lubrication
2 www.uni-due.de/wt
Werkstofftechnik
Lubrication (History)
The basic principles of lubrication have been investigated by Isaac Newton
(1642-1727), Osborne Reynolds (1842-1912), Arnold Sommerfeld (1868-
1951) and Richard Stribeck (1861-1950)
Cambridge, UK
Physicist
Cambridge, UK
Physicist
Munich, Germany
Physicist
Dresden, Germany
Mech. Engineer
2
Lubrication
3 www.uni-due.de/wt
Werkstofftechnik
Contact Area of Solid Bodies
Lubrication should avoid any solid contact between body and
counterbody; this requires a (non-solid) interfacial medium, which carries
the load in all directions e.g. solid (with a low shear strength (MoS
2
,
Graphite) or as small particles), gas, fluids
here: fluid film lubrication
Lubrication
4 www.uni-due.de/wt
Werkstofftechnik
Lubrication (Stribeck curve)
contact
mechanics,
physics,
chemistry fluid dynamics
3
Lubrication
5 www.uni-due.de/wt
Werkstofftechnik
Lubrication
h = film thickness
= standard dev. of surface asperities
v/F
N
h
/
hydrodynamic HDL: the loads are taken entirely by

the fluid
elastohydrodynamic EHDL: the loads are taken
entirely by the fluid and the elastic deformation of
the asperities (e.g. like aquaplaning)
boundary: the loads are taken predominatly by
asperity contacts protected by thin fluid films,
absorbed molecules or oxide layers dry contact
mixed: transition between boundary and EHDL/HDL
Lubrication
6 www.uni-due.de/wt
Werkstofftechnik
Lubrication
mixed: transition
between boundary
and EHDL/HDL
hydrodynamic
HDL: the loads
are taken
entirely by the
fluid
elastohydro-
dynamic EHDL:
the loads are
taken entirely by
the fluid and the
elastic
deformation of
the asperities
(e.g. like
aquaplaning)
boundary: the loads
are taken
predominatly by
asperity contacts
protected by thin fluid
films, absorbed
molecules or oxide
layers dry contact
4
Lubrication
7 www.uni-due.de/wt
Werkstofftechnik
Lubrication Boundary Lubrication
The loads are carried by the asperities (s.a. GW contact model); there is no
hydrodynamic pressure acting within the gap between body and
counterbody
Parameters affecting boundary lubrication
- Reactivity of surfaces (material, oxide layers etc.)
- Lubricant chemistry (additives)
- Contact temperature (flash temperature)
- Contact pressure
- Surface topography
- Sliding speed
Lubrication
8 www.uni-due.de/wt
Werkstofftechnik
Lubrication Additives are either physisorpted, chemisorpted
or transformed by a (tribo)chemical reaction
Physisorption
- friction modifiers
- weak van der Waals bonds
between the molecules and the
surfaces due to molecule polarity
- reversible process the molecules
attach and detach without any
changes of the surface or adsorbate
- all fluids to some degree depending
on polarity
- the effect disappears as
temperature is increased
- animal and vegetable lubricants are
normally more polar than mineral oils
Chemisorption
- partly antiwear
- irreversible or partly
irreversible process
- chemical bonds between
adsorbate and surface
- e.g. fatty acids in contact
with the surface forms
metal soaps
- monolayers - stronger
than physisorbed layers
- the monolayer film is
disorpted as temperature
increases
Chemical reaction
- extreme pressure EP
- severe adhesive damage
can be avoided by
producing an easily
sheared film
- a controlled wear
process trigged by
temperature
T>150C and sliding
pressure
Sulphur
Fe-oxide
Fe-sulphide
0.3-3 nm
0.3 nm
1
0
-
1
0
0

n
m
5
Lubrication
9 www.uni-due.de/wt
Werkstofftechnik
Lubrication Mixed Lubrication asperity contacts and
hydrodynamic pressure carry the load
The shift of the mixed lubrication regime to
slower speeds or higher loads can be
influenced by many parameters
- viscosity of fluid
- strength of boundary films
- long wavelength in surface roughness (low
slopes for small pressure gradients)
- transversal roughness so that the fluid film
is not easily flowing through
from Patir&Cheng 1978
Lubrication
10 www.uni-due.de/wt
Werkstofftechnik
Lubrication Hydrodynamic Lubrication HDL
The hydrodynamic lubrication takes advantage of the fact that a fluid is
able to carry normal and tangential (shear) loads if certain physical and
geometrical features apply.
If two surfaces are separated by a fluid film with a thickness h and are
moved against each other with the velocity v, the shear stress within the
fluid is proportional to the velocity gradient dv/dh.
dh
dv
=
The proportionality factor
is called absolute
(dynamic) viscosity
[cP=mPa/s].
v v
The kinematic viscosity [mm/s = cSt] is

=
6
Lubrication
Werkstofftechnik
Lubrication
depends on the chemistry within the fluid, the temperature, the pressure
and the shear rate
dt
d
For Newtonian fluids is constant over
the shear rate, while non-Newtonian
fluids might be pseudoplastic or
dilatant.
Notice: Many technical fluids might be
Newtonian at low shear rates and non-
Newtonian at higher ones!
v
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y
Lubrication
Werkstofftechnik
Lubrication
The lubriction effect in bearings is brought about by forcing the fluid
through a gap between converging bodies. Because of the volume
continuity in fluid mechanics the internal pressure p must increase.
body
counterbody v
h
Notice: The geometry of gaps
can be quite different on all
macro- and micro levels.
7
Lubrication
Werkstofftechnik
Lubrication Pressure distribution acc. to Reynolds (1886)
Lubrication
Werkstofftechnik
Lubrication e.g. 3-dimensional case for plane surfaces forming
a convergent lubrication gap
Reynolds equation for lubrication pressure (e.g. thrust bearings)
Dont worry Reynolds has solved that for many cases already in 1886.
Others did that later on.
t
h
z
h
w
x
h
u
z
p h
z x
p h
x
6
3 3
Pressure distr.: p=p(x,z), p(y)=const.

Geometry of gap: h=h(x,z)
Viscosity: = (x,z), (y)=const.
Density: = (x,z)
Effective velocities
Shear flow: u=u
1
+u
2
, w=w
1
+w
2
Squeezing out flow v
2
-v
1
=h/t
8
Lubrication
Werkstofftechnik
Lubrication Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
Under EHDL the elastic behaviour of
the fluid and the solid (flattening)
under high pressure has to be
regarded.
The viscosity pressure characteristic
becomes important.
increases with p acc. to
p
e

=

0
is the pressure
exponent of viscosity
Lubrication
Werkstofftechnik
Lubrication Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
Notice: For an incrompressible
lubricant h
min
depends strongly on
, v, and R and only very little on
Eand p
0
/l, which depends on F
N
acc. to Dowson one can write for
the minimum film thickness h
min
under a rolling contact situation
from Dowson&Higginson (1960)
P=p/E, H=h/R
steel/steel
bronze/bronze
( )
13 . 0
0
43 . 0 03 . 0 7 . 0
0
6 . 0
min
6 . 1
=
l
p
R E v
h

p
0
/l = line load of a rolling
cylinder acc. to Hertzian
theory
9
Lubrication
Werkstofftechnik
Lubrication
2
2
2
1
min
q q
R R
h
+
=
if > 3 = HDL
h
min
is the most important parameter for mechanical engineers. Thus, the
calculated or measured values of h
min
are connected to the combined R
q
-
value of both bodies (variance of surface height profile), in order to gain the
-value (Tallian-parameter)
if < 1 = BL

SK HWT 05 Lubrication Ss08

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Hhere Werkstofftechnik: Tribologie Lubrication

hydrodynamic HDL: the loads are taken entirely by

Pressure distr.: p=p(x,z), p(y)=const.

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