English English English English English English English English English English English f English English v English English English English English English English English English
English English English English English English English English English English English f English English v English English English English English English English English English
English English English English English English English English English English English f English English v English English English English English English English English English
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written !"en rewriting active sentences in passive voice# note t"e following: t"e object of t"e active sentence becomes t"e subject of t"e passive sentence t"e finite form of t"e verb is c"anged (to be + past participle) t"e subject of t"e active sentence becomes t"e object of t"e passive sentence (or is dropped) Examples of Passive Simple Present Active: $ita writes a letter Passive: A letter is written b% $ita Simple Past Active: $ita wrote a letter Passive: A letter was written b% $ita Present Perfect Active: $ita "as written a letter Passive: A letter "as been written b% $ita Future I Active: $ita will write a letter Passive: A letter will be written b% $ita Hilfsverben Active: $ita can write a letter Passive: A letter can be written b% $ita Examples of Passive Present Progressive Active: $ita is writing a letter Passive: A letter is being written b% $ita Past Progressive Active: $ita was writing a letter Passive: A letter was being written b% $ita Past Perfect Active: $ita "ad written a letter Passive: A letter "ad been written b% $ita Future II Active: $ita will "ave written a letter Passive: A letter will "ave been written b% $ita Conditional I Active: $ita would write a letter Passive: A letter would be written b% $ita Conditional II Active: $ita would "ave written a letter Passive: A letter would "ave been written b% $ita Passive Sentences with Two Obects $ewriting an active sentence wit" two objects in passive voice means t"at one of t"e two objects becomes t"e subject# t"e ot"er one remains an object !"ic" object to transform into a subject depends on w"at %ou want to put t"e focus on Active: $ita wrote a letter to me Passive: A letter was written to me b% $ita Passive: & was written a letter b% $ita IF Clause T!pe " Form if # Simple Present$ will%Future Example: &f & find "er address# & will send "er an invitation '"e main clause can also be at t"e beginning of t"e sentence &n t"is case# don(t use a comma Example: & will send "er an invitation if & find "er address &ote' )ain clause and * or if clause mig"t be negative See Simple Present und will+,uture on "ow to form negative sentences Example: &f & don-t see "im t"is afternoon# & will p"one "im in t"e evening (se .onditional Sentences '%pe & refer to t"e future An action in t"e future will onl% "appen if a certain condition is fulfilled b% t"at time !e don(t /now for sure w"et"er t"e condition actuall% will be fulfilled or not# but t"e conditions seems rat"er realistic 0 so we t"in/ it is li/el% to "appen IF Clause T!pe ) Form if # Simple Past$ main clause with Conditional I *+ would # Infinitive, Example: &f & found "er address# & would send "er an invitation '"e main clause can also be at t"e beginning of t"e sentence &n t"is case# don(t use a comma Example: & would send "er an invitation if & found "er address &ote' )ain clause and * or if clause mig"t be negative See Simple Past und .onditional & on "ow to form negative sentences Example: &f & "ad a lot of mone%# & wouldn-t sta% "ere Were instead of Was &n &, .lauses '%pe &&# we usuall% use 1were2 0 even if t"e pronoun is I# he# she or it 0 Example: &f & were %ou# & would not do t"is (se .onditional Sentences '%pe && refer to situations in t"e present An action could "appen if t"e present situation were different & don(t reall% expect t"e situation to c"ange# "owever & just imagine what would happen if IF Clause T!pe - Form if # Past Perfect$ main clause with Conditional II Example: &f & "ad found "er address# & would "ave sent "er an invitation '"e main clause can also be at t"e beginning of t"e sentence &n t"is case# don(t use a comma Example: & would "ave sent "er an invitation if & "ad found "er address &ote' )ain clause and * or if clause mig"t be negative See Past Perfect and .onditional && on "ow to form negative sentences Example: &f & "adn-t studied# & wouldn-t "ave passed m% exams (se .onditional Sentences '%pe &&& refer to situations in t"e past An action could "ave "appened in t"e past if a certain condition "ad been fulfilled '"ings were different t"en# "owever !e just imagine# w"at would "ave "appened if t"e situation "ad been fulfilled Simple Present .' 3e spea/s &' 3e does not spea/ /' 4oes "e spea/5 action in t"e present ta/ing placeonce$ never or several times facts actions ta/ing place one after anot"er action set b% a timetable or sc"edule alwa%s# ever% 6# never# normall%# often# seldom# sometimes# usuall% if sentences t%pe & (If Italk, ) Present Progressive .' 3e is spea/ing &' 3e is not spea/ing /' &s "e spea/ing5 action ta0ing place in the moment of spea0ing action ta/ing place onl% for a limited period of time action arranged for t"e future at t"e moment# just# just now# 7isten8# 7oo/8# now# rig"t now Simple Past .' 3e spo/e &' 3e did not spea/ /' 4id "e spea/5 action in t"e past ta/ing placeonce$ never or several times actions ta/ing place one after anot"er action ta/ing place in t"e middle of anot"er action %esterda%# 9 minutes ago# in :;;<# t"e ot"er da%# last ,rida% if sentence t%pe && (If Italked, ) Past Progressive .' 3e was spea/ing &' 3e was not spea/ing /' !as "e spea/ing5 action going on at a certain time in t"e past actions ta/ing place at t"e same time action in t"e past t"at is interrupted b% anot"er action w"en# w"ile# as long as Present Perfect Simple .' 3e "as spo/en &' 3e "as not spo/en /' 3as "e spo/en5 putting emp"asis on t"e result action t"at is still going on action t"at stopped recentl% finis"ed action t"at "as an alread%# ever# just# never# not %et# so far# till now# up to now influence on t"e present action t"at "as ta/en place once# never or several times before t"e moment of spea/ing Present Perfect Progressive .' 3e "as been spea/ing &' 3e "as not been spea/ing /' 3as "e been spea/ing5 putting emp"asis on t"e course or duration (not t"e result) action t"at recentl% stopped or is still going on finis"ed action t"at influenced t"e present all da%# for = %ears# since :;;3# "ow long5# t"e w"ole wee/ Past Perfect Simple .' 3e "ad spo/en &' 3e "ad not spo/en /' 3ad "e spo/en5 action ta/ing place before a certain time in t"e past sometimes interc"angeable wit" past perfect progressive putting emp"asis onl% on t"e fact(not t"e duration) alread%# just# never# not %et# once# until t"at da% if sentence t%pe &&& (If Ihad talked, ) Past Perfect Progressive .' 3e "ad been spea/ing &' 3e "ad not been spea/ing /' 3ad "e been spea/ing5 action ta/ing place before a certain time in t"e past sometimes interc"angeable wit" past perfect simple putting emp"asis on t"e duration or course of an action for# since# t"e w"ole da%# all da% Future I Simple .' 3e will spea/ &' 3e will not spea/ /' !ill "e spea/5 action in t"e future t"at cannot be influenced spontaneous decision assumption wit" regard to t"e future in a %ear# next 6# tomorrow &f+Sat> '%p & (If you ask her, she will help you.) assumption: & t"in/# probabl%# per"aps 1egend moment in time action t"at ta/es place once# never or several times actions t"at "appen one after anot"er actions t"at suddenl% ta/e place period of time action t"at started before a certain moment and lasts be%ond t"at moment actions ta/ing place at t"e same time 2esult action ta/ing place before a certain moment in time puts emp"asis on t"e result Course 3 4uration action ta/ing place before a certain moment in time puts emp"asis on t"e course or duration of t"e action
(Bible in History - La Bible Dans L'histoire 8) John T. Willis - Yahweh and Moses in Conflict - The Role of Exodus 4-24-26 in The Book of Exodus-Peter Lang International Academic Publishers (2010)