Trong mi nguyn t tn ti cc mc nng lng gin on. Cc in t xp thnh cc t!ng"C#ng $%i
cc &' lng t ch(nh n)*+,+-+../$ cc l%p c ch0 12i cc ch3 &+ p+ 4+ 5 "ng $%i cc &' lng t 6u7 o l)8+*+, $ -+./. Trong mi l%p li c9 tng ng ,l:*)*+-+; ho<c = >6u7 o? @hc nhAu. Bhi cc nguyn t cng x(ch li g!n nhAu thC cc in t cng 1D @(ch th(ch 12i cc in t $ cc ht nhEn cFA nguyn t lEn cGn. Hnh h2ng lm cho mi trng thi in t cFA nguyn t nIm &t nhAu hCnh thnh nn $#ng nng lng in t. JK giLn n2 tM mNt mc nng lng in t trng nguyn t thnh mNt $#ng nng lng trong $Gt rOn t#y thuNc $o @hoPng cch gi3A cc nguyn t. trong mi $#ng+ cc mc nng lng ny l gin on+ tuy nhin @hoPng cch gi3A cc mc @Q nhAu l ht &c nhR. S @hoPng cch nguyn t cEn 1Ing+ &K to thnh $#ng nng lng c9 thT xPy rA $%i cc l%p in t 2 g!n ht nhEn nhUt. Vi3A cc $#ng @Q nhAu tn ti @hW nng lng"$#ng cUm/X 1Cnh thYng thC cc in t @hZng c chim l[nh. \] hCnh ;.,^trAng *8_. S 8 N @ tn ti 1'n @iTu $#ng nng lng @hc nhAuX Th *X $#ng h9A trD ch0 1D lUp !y mNt ph!n. nng lng cAo nhUt 1D chim 43 2 8 N @ l ` aWrmi bc cUu trdc iTm hCnh cFA @im loi. Th ,X \#ng h9A trD 1D lUp !y $ cen phF ln $#ng 4fn bc cgng tCm thUyohr @im loi. Th -+iX jAi cUu truc ny tkng tK nhAu. S mi cUu trdc thC tUt cAcr cc trng thi trong $#ng h9A trD Q 1D chim 43 hon ton. Tuy nhin 2 Ey @o cen 4(nh $%i ph!n cen tr'ng nn to @hW nng lng. JK @hc nhAu gi3A hAi $#ng l N rNng cFA @hW nng lng. ` aWrmi nIm 2 ch(nh gi3A @hW. \C th $Gt liu 4fn in l $Gt liu c9 in t 4l $t 6uA $#ng nng lng aWrmi. \Gt liu @o 4fn l $Gt liu c9 nng lng $#ng cUm rUt l%n n mc in t @hZng thT no $t 6uA ` aWrmi. Cu 2: !u cu trc vng nng lng c"# bn $%n v &'(n )*' t+ &, ch-ng )'nh t.nh cht $%n &'(n c"# chng. Li gii: T(nh chUt 4fn in cFA cc $Gt liu rOn c giPi th(ch nhY lm thuyt $#ng nng lng. nh tA 1it+ in t tn ti trong nguyn t trn nh3ng mc nng lng gin on "cc trng thi 4Mng/. nhng trong chUt rOn+ @hi m cc nguyn t @t hp li $%i nhAu thnh cc @h'i+ thC cc mc nng lng ny 1D phF ln nhAu+ $ tr2 thnh cc $#ng nng lng $ &] c9 1A $#ng ch(nh. CUu trdc nng lng cFA in t trong mng nguyn t cFA chUt 1n 4fn. \#ng h9A trD c lUp !y+ trong @hi $#ng 4fn tr'ng. oc nng lng aWrmi nIm 2 $#ng tr'ng nng lng. \#ng h9A trD "\AlWncW 1An4/X p $#ng c9 nng lng thUp nhUt thWo thAng nng lng+ l $#ng m in t 1D lin @t mnh $%i nguyn t $ @hZng linh Nng. \#ng 4fn "Con4uction 1An4/X \#ng c9 mc nng lng cAo nhUt+ l $#ng m in t &] linh Nng "nh cc in t tK 4o/ $ in t 2 $#ng ny &] l in t 4fn+ c9 ngh[A l chUt &] c9 @hP nng 4fn in @hi c9 in t tn ti trn $#ng 4fn. T(nh 4fn in tng @hi mGt N in t trn $#ng 4fn tng. \#ng cUm "aor1i44Wn 1An4/X p $#ng nIm gi3A $#ng h9A trD $ $#ng 4fn+ @hZng c9 mc nng lng no 4o 9 in t @hZng thT tn ti trn $#ng cUm. nu 1n 4fn phA tp+ c9 thT xuUt hin cc mc nng lng trong $#ng cUm "mc phA tp/. BhoPng cch gi3A y $#ng 4fn $ 0nh $#ng h9A trD gqi l N rNng $#ng cUm+ hAy nng lng $#ng cUm "rAn4 VAp/. T#y thWo N rNng $#ng cUm l%n hAy nhR m chUt c9 thT l 4fn in ho<c @hZng 4fn in. nh $Gy+ t(nh 4fn in cFA cc chUt 1n 4fn c9 thT lm giPi mNt cch kn giPn nhY lm thuyt $#ng nng lng nh &AuX Cc chUt 1n 4fn c9 $#ng cUm c9 mNt N rNng xc Dnh. S @hZng N tuyt 'i "8 B/+ mc aWrmi nIm gi3A $#ng cUm+ c9 ngh[A l tUt cP cc in t tn ti 2 $#ng h9A trD+ 4o 9 chUt 1n 4fn @hZng 4fn in. Bhi tng 4!n nhit N+ cc in t &] nhGn c nng lng nhit "kB.T $%i kB l hIng &' roltsmAnn/ nhng nng lng ny chA F T in t $t 6uA $#ng cUm nn in t $fn 2 $#ng h9A trD. Bhi tng nhit N n mc F cAo+ &] c9 mNt &' in t nhGn c nng lng l%n hkn nng lng $#ng cUm $ n9 &] nhPy ln $#ng 4fn $ chUt rOn tr2 thnh 4fn in. Bhi nhit N cng tng ln+ mGt N in t trn $#ng 4fn &] cng tng ln+ 4o 9+ t(nh 4fn in cFA chUt 1n 4fn tng 4!n thWo nhit N "hAy in tr2 &uUt giPm 4!n thWo nhit N/. tin mZiX tkng tK nh chUt 1n 4fn nhng 4o @hW nng lng rNng hkn cFA 1n 4fn rUt nhiQu bc W aWrmi l%n $C $Gy &] rUt @h9 T c9 4c 4in t nhPy c t $#ng h9A trD &Ang $#ng 4fn nn c9 thT coi nh chdng @hZng 4fn in. Cu /: 01# vo 2h' n'() &3 l'nh &3ng c"# &'(n t4 v cu trc vng nng lng5 #nh 6ch78 h9y n!u &:c &';) c"# &'(n tr< 2') lo='. Li gii: T(nh chUt 4fn in+ hAy cPn tr2 in cFA nhiQu $Gt liu c9 thT giPi th(ch 1Ing ck hqc lng t. oqi $Gt liu Qu c to nn tM mng l%i cc nguyn t. Cc nguyn t chA cc WlWctron+ c9 nng lng gOn @t $%i ht nhEn nguyn t nhGn cc gi trD rYi rc trn cc mc c' Dnh. Cc mc ny c9 thT c nh9m thnh , nh9mX $#ng 4fn $ $#ng h9A trD+ $#ng h9A trD thYng c9 mc nng lng thUp hkn $#ng 4fn. Cc WlWctron c9 nng lng nIm trong $#ng 4fn c9 thT 4y chuyTn 4l 4ng gi3A cc mng l%i nguyn t. Bhi c9 hiu in th gi3A , !u ming $Gt liu+ mNt in trYng c thit lGp @uo thWo cc WlWctron 2 $#ng 4fn 4y chuyTn nhY lKc Coulum1 to rA 4eng in. veng in mnh hAy yu phw thuNc $o &' lng WlWctron 2 c#ng 4fn Cc WlWctron n9i chung &Op &p trong nguyn t tM mc nng lng thUp n cAo+ 4o $Gy h!u ht nIm 2 $#ng h9A trD. J' lng WlWctron nIm 2 $#ng 4fn t#y thuNc $o $Gt liu $ iQu @in @(ch th(ch nng lng "nhit lng + 1c x in tM tM mZi trYng/. ChiA thWo t(nh chUt cc mc nng lng cFA WlWctron c9 - loi $Gt liu ch(nh &AuX
Trong @im loi luZn c9 &xn WlWctron nIm 2 c#ng 4fn. Trn thKc t ho@ c9 @hoPng cch gi3A $#ng 4fn $ $#ng h9A trD+ $ c9 thT coi , $#ng l mNt 'i $%i @im loi Bim loi c9 $#ng 4fn $ $#ng h9A trD phF ln nhAu"@hZng c9 $#ng cUm/ 4o 9 luZn c9 in t trn $#ng 4fn $C th m @im loi luZn luZn 4fn in ong l%i cFA @im loi thKc t ho@ hon hPoX cc ch 1D &t my trong mng l%i tn x WlWctron+ gEy nn &K cPn tr2 $%i &K 4y chuyTn cFA WlWctron"in tr2/. Bhi nhit N tng+ cc nguyn t 4Ao Nng mnh hkn $ 4l $A chm $o cc WlWctron hkn @hin in tr2 tng thWo. \Gt 4fn in cng 4i+ &' lng $A chm cFA WlWctron trn Yng y cng tng. Cu >: !u v g'?' th.ch t.nh cht $%n &'(n c"# bn $%n t=@ cht lo=' @. zut 1n 4fn nguyn t' &ilic. oNt nguyn t &ilic c9 i in t $eng ngoi mi in t ny lin @t ng h9A trD $%i i nguyn t &ilic lEn cGn. ViP & * nguyn t tp chUt c9 h9A trD - c thAy th $o" nguyn t nh9m {{{ |X |l+ r+ VA/. TA lUy 1o.oNt trong cc m'i lin @t ng h9A trD xung 6uAnh mi nguyn t ny &] 1D thiu * in t. Ch thiu 9 c9 thT xWm nh * l tr'ng lin @t yu $%i nguyn t tp chUt. C9 thT giPi ph9ng l trng ny @hRi nguyn t tp chUt 1Ing cch l in t $ l tr'ng }i ch cho nhAu. oNt l tr'ng chuyTn Nng c coi nh l 2 trng thi @(ch th(ch. \Gy trong trYng hp ny tp chUt 1o lm cho l tr'ng trong tinh thT tng ln rUt nhiQuX ch0 c!n mNt &' nguyn t tp chUt 1ng mNt ph!n triu &' nguyn t 1n 4fn tinh @hit cgng lm cho &' l tr'ng tng ln hng $n l!n+ 4o 9 N 4fn in cFA 1n 4fn c9 tp chUt l%n hkn N 4fn in cFA 1n 4fn tinh @hit hng $n l!n. oi * nguyn t tp chUt A $o @hW cUm mNt mc nng lng nIm &t ph(A trn 0nh cFA $#ng h9A trD. oi l tr'ng &] c to rA trong $#ng h9A trD @hi @(ch th(ch nhit N * in t chuyTn tM $#ng h9A trD ln trng thi in t tp chUt. \%i * chuyTn 4Yi nh th ch0 c9 * ht tPi "* l tr'ng/ c &inh rA trong $#ng h9A trD m @hZng c9 in t tK 4o no c to rA hoc 2 mc tp chUt ho<c 2 trong $#ng 4fn. Tp chUt ny c gqi l AcxWptk "tp chUt nhGn/. 12i $C n9 c9 @hP nng nhGn in t tM $#ng h9A trD $ T li 9 * l tr'ng . t'i $%i 1n 4fn tp chUt loi ny+ l tr'ng c9 m<t $%i nng N cAo hkn nhiQu &o $%i in t "pccn/ $ trong trYng hp 9 $Gt liu c gqi l chUt 1n 4fn loi p 12i $C t(nh 4fn in chF yu 4o cc in t(ch 4kng Pm nhim. p tr'ng c gqi l ht tPi A &'+ in t l ht tPi tiTu &'. Cu A: !u v g'?' th.ch t.nh cht $%n &'(n c"# bn $%n t=@ cht lo=' n. Li gii: zut 1n 4fn nguyn t' &ilic. oNt nguyn t &ilic c9 i in t $eng ngoi mi in t ny lin @t ng h9A trD $%i i nguyn t &ilic lEn cGn. ViP & * nguyn t tp chUt c9 h9A trD ; c thAy th $o" nguyn t nh9m \ |X ~+ |&+ J1/. Ch0 c9 i trong ; nguyn t tp chUt ny c9 thT thAm giA $o lin @t. oNt in t thMA rA ch0 (nh * cch lRng lyo xung 6uAnh nguyn t tp chUt 12i lKc hdt t[nh in yu nng lng lin @t cFA in t ny tkng 'i nhR "8+8* W\/ )c4l 1D tch @hRi nguyn t tp chUt )cn9 tr2 thnh in t tK 4o "tc in t 4fn/. nh $Gy+ trong trYng hp ny "tc / lm cho &' in t tK 4o trong 1n 4fn tng ln rUt nhiQu. \ ch0 c!n mNt &' nguyn t tp chUt 1Ing mNt ph!n triu &' nguyn t 1n 4fn tinh @hit cgng lm cho &' in t tng ln hng $n l!n+ ngh[A l N 4fn in cFA 1n 4fn c9 tp chUt l%n N 4fn in cFA 1n 4fn tinh @hit hng $n l!n. oi in t lRng lyo 9 chim mNt mc nng lng kng nm trong @hW cUm $ ngAy 4%i y $#ng 4fn. tT @(ch th(ch in t nhPy tM * trong cc trng thi "mc/ tp chUt ny ln * mc trong $#ng 4fn ei hRi * nng lng tkng ng $%i nng lng lin @t trong in t. C mi l!n @(ch th(ch &] cUp * in t kn $o $#ng 4fn. Tp chUt loi ny gqi l Znk "tp chUt cho/.r2i mi in t Znk c @(ch th(ch tM * tp chUt nn @hZng to rA l tr'ng 2 trong $#ng h9A trD 4o 9 trong 1n 4fn c9 tp chUt mGt N in t rUt l%n &o $%i mGt N l tr'ng. \C l] 9 1n 4fn c9 tp chUt c gqi l 1n 4fn in t hAy 1n 4fn loi n. Trong 1n 4fn loi n cc in t l nhng ht tPi A &'+ cen l tr'ng l nh3ng ht tPi thiTu &'. Cu B: h'(t $ung l g. Trnh by nguCn gDc c"# nh'(t $ung v E1 @hF thu3c c"# nh'(t $ung thGo nh'(t &3. Li gii: nhit 4ung cho 1it @hP nng cFA $Gt liu hUp thw nhit tM 1n ngoi+ n9 1iTu thD ph!n nng lng c!n thit T nEng nhit N ln * kn $D. rIng ngZn ng3 ton hqc+ nhit 4ung C c $it nh &AuX 4X nng lng c!n T gEy rA N 1in thin nhit N 4T ThZng thYng nhit 4ung c t(nh thWo mol cFA $Gt liu"chPng hn ^mol.B ho<c cAl^mol.B/. nhit 4ung ring "thYng @m hiu 1Ing ch3 c/ l nhit 4ung cFA * kn $D @h'i lng $Gt liu c9 kn $D ^@g.B hoc cAl^g.B. Trong thKc t c9 , cch o nhit 4ung cFA $Gt liu tkng ng $%i cc iQu @in mZi trYng @m thWo &K truyQn nhit. oNt l nhit 4ung ng t(ch C$ "thT t(ch mfu c gi3 @hZng }i/ $ hAi l nhit 4ung ng p Cp luZn luZn l%n hkn C$. Tuy nhin &K @hc nhAu gi3A chdng l rUt (t 'i $%i A &' cc $Gt liu rOn 2 nhit N pheng $ thUp hkn. JK phw thuNc nhit N cFA nhit 4ung rin thin thWo nhit N cFA nhit 4ung thWo ng t(ch cFA nhiQu chUt rOn tinh thT tkng 'i kn giPn.C$ 1Ing 8 2 B nhng tng ln nhAnh thWo nhit N. tiQu ny tkng ng $%i @hP nng cFA cc &9ng mng nEng cAo nng lng trung 1Cnh cFA mCnh. BhP nng ny c tng ln thWo nhit N. 2 cc nhit q thUp m'i 6uAn h gi3A C$ $ nhit q T lX C$)| T - Trong 9 | l hIng &' @hZng phw thuNc nhit N. S trn nhit N 4 gqi l nhit N vW1yW. C$ h!u nh @hZng cen phw thuNc nhit N n3A+ cen gi trD $o @hoPng -+ l hIng &' @h(. t'i $%i nhiQu $Gt liu rOn+ gi trD cFA 4 xUp x0 nhit q pheng+ $ gi trD g!n dng hp lm cFA C$ 2 nhit N pheng l *; ^mol.B Cu H: 01# vo 2h' n'() &3 l'nh &3ng c"# &'(n t4 v cu trc vng nng lng5 #nh 6ch78 h9y n!u &:c &';) c"# &'(n tr< c"# bn $%n t'nh 2h'ItJ Trong 1n 4fn $ cch in cc nguyn t tkng tc $%i nhAu @hin cho @hoPng cch nng lng gi3A $#ng 4fn $ $#ng c9 h9A trD l%n+ h!u ht cc WlWctron @hZng nIm 2 $#ng 4fn. tT c9 F WlWctron 4fn in+ c!n cung cUp nhCu nng lng cho W nhPy ln $#ng 4fn+ $( 4w nhit nng hAy 6uAng nng. oNt hiu in th l%n ch0 to c 4eng in yu 4o c9 it in t 4fn in+ 4o 9 chUt 1n 4fn $ chUt cch in c9 in tr2 &uUt cAo. Trong 1n 4fn @hi tng nhit N+ cc W c9 thT nhGn nhit nng T nhPy ln $#ng 4fn. jiu ng ny mnh hkn hiu ng cPn tr2 4o 4eng 4Ao Nng mng+ @hin in tr2 giPm @hi nhit N tng.. tkng tK c9 thT chiu nh &ng hAy 1c x in tM n9i chung $o mNt &' chUt 1n 4fn T truyQn nng lng cho cc W"&Au @hi hUp thw cc photon/ nhPy ln $#ng 4fn $ tng t(nh 4fn in nh trong CCv cFA cAmWrA hAy pin o<t TrYi C9 thT thAy }i @hP nng 4fn in cFA cc chUt 1n 4fn 1Ing $ic phA thm tp chUt lKA chqn <c 1it T to rA cc li trong mng tinh thT c9 thMA W tK 4o"1n 4fn loi n/. nng N tp chUt 6uyt Dnh &' l tr'ng hAy in t tK 4o trong $Gt liu+ 4o 9 6uyt Dnh t(nh 4fn in cFA $Gt liu Cc chUt 1n 4fn c9 $#ng cUm c9 * N rNng xc Dnh. S 8 N tuyt 'i"8 N B/+ mc aWrmi nIm gi3A $#ng cUm+ c9 ngh[A l tUt cP cc in t tn ti 2 $#ng h9A trD+ 4o 9 chUt 1n 4fn @hZng 4fn in. Bhi tng 4!n nhit N+ cc in t &] nhGn c nng lng nhit" l hIng &' roltsmAnn/ nhng nng lng ny chA F T $t 6uA $#ng cUm nn in t $fn 2 $#ng h9A trD. Bhi tng nhit N n mc F cAo+ &] c9 mNt &' in t nhGn c nng lng l%n hkn nng lng $#ng cUm $ n9 &] nhPy ln $#ng 4fn $ chUt rOn tr2 thnh chUt 4fn in. Bhi nhit N cng tng ln+ mGt N in t trn $#ng 4fn &] cng tng ln+ 4o 9 t(nh 4fn in cFA 1n 4fn tng 4!n thWo nhit N"hAy in tr2 &uUt giPm 4!n thWo nhit N/. oNt cch g!n dng c9 thT $it &K phw thuNc cFA in tr2 chUt 1n 4fn $o nhit N nh &AuX \%i o l hIng &'+ l N rNng $#ng cUm ngoi rA t(nh 4fn cFA chUt 1n 4fn c9 thT thAy }i nhY cc @(ch th(ch nng lng @hc+ $( 4w nh nh &ng. Bhi chiu &ng cc in t &] hUp thw nng lng tM photon $ c9 thT nhPy ln $#ng 4fn nu nng lng F l%n. tEy ch(nh l nguyn nhEn 4fn n &K thAy }i $Q t(nh chUt cFA 1n4fn 4%i tc 4wng cFA nh &ng"6uAngb1n 4fn/ Cu K: !u cL chI $%n nh'(t c"# vt l'(u. T+ &, g'?' th.ch t.nh cht $%n nh'(t c"# 2') lo=' CL chI $%n nh'(t c"# vt l'(u. Trong cc $Gt liu rOn+nhit c truyQn 12i cP &ong 4Ao Nng mng $ in t tK 4o.tN 4fn nhit ton ph!n l t}ng cFA , thnh ph!n thWo , ck ch 9. B)Bl :BW BlX tN 4fn in 12i 4Ao Nng mng BWXtN 4fn in 12i 4Ao Nng in t bThZng thYng thC * trong , thnh ph!n 9 chim u th.nng lng nhit cc phonon+tc l &ong mng c truyQn i thWo h%ng chuyTn Nng cFA chdng. bThnh ph!n Bl gEy 12i chuyTn Nng thu!n cFA cc phonon tM $#ng nhit q cAo t%i $#ng c9 nhit N thUp trong $Gt thT. bCc in t tK 4o cgng thAm giA 4fn nhit.S $#ng n9ng cFA $Gt liu in t tK 4o c9 Nng nng l%n hkn+chdng 4i chuyTn n nh3ng $#ng lnh hkn $A5* ph!n Nng nng c chuyTn 1# thm cho cc nguyn t nh l @t 6uP cc $A chm $%i phonon hAy l $%i @huyt tGt mng.~h!n 9ng g9p tkng 'i cFA BW tng thWo nng N in t tK 4o $C c9 nhiQu in t hkn thAm giA $o 6u trCnh 4fn nhit. M'?' th.ch t.nh cht $%n nh'(t c"# 2') lo=' :Trong @im loi $%i N &ch cAo+ck ch in t $Gn chuyTn nhit c9 u th hkn ph!n 9ng g9p cFA photon $C in t @hZng 4l 1D tn x nh photon $ c9 t'c N l%n hkn.Bim loi l chUt 1n 4fn ht &c t't 4o c9 &' lng @h l%n in t tK 4o thAm giA 4fn nhit.tN 4fn nhit thZng 4wng cFA @im loi l $o @hoPngX,8bi8 h m.B. :$C in t tw 4o chDu trch nhim cP 4fn nhit $ 4fn in trong @im loi tinh @hit+1iTu thcX p)@ T pXjIng &' p),+ii.*8 b ^"@,/ TXnhit N tuyt 'i XtN 4fn nhit :Tp chUt trong @im loi lm giPm N 4fn nhit+cw thT l trong cc nguyn t tp chUt+<c 1it l trong 4ung 4Dch rOn hot Nng nh nh3ng tEm tn x+h thUp hiu 6uP cFA chuyTn Nng in t.\C $Gy thup @hZng 40 4fn nhit @um hkn &Ot ho<c thup hp @im thUp. Cu N:!u cL chI $%n nh'(t c"# vt l'(u5t+ &, g'?' th.ch t.nh $%n nh'(t c"# @oly)G CL chI $%n nh'(t c"# vt l'(u. Trong cc $Gt liu rOn+nhit c truyQn 12i cP &ong 4Ao Nng mng $ in t tK 4o.tN 4fn nhit ton ph!n l t}ng cFA , thnh ph!n thWo , ck ch 9. B)Bl :BW BlX tN 4fn in 12i 4Ao Nng mng BWXtN 4fn in 12i 4Ao Nng in t bThZng thYng thC * trong , thnh ph!n 9 chim u th.nng lng nhit cc phonon+tc l &ong mng c truyQn i thWo h%ng chuyTn Nng cFA chdng. bThnh ph!n Bl gEy 12i chuyTn Nng thu!n cFA cc phonon tM $#ng nhit q cAo t%i $#ng c9 nhit N thUp trong $Gt thT. bCc in t tK 4o cgng thAm giA 4fn nhit.S $#ng n9ng cFA $Gt liu in t tK 4o c9 Nng nng l%n hkn+chdng 4i chuyTn n nh3ng $#ng lnh hkn $A5* ph!n Nng nng c chuyTn 1# thm cho cc nguyn t nh l @t 6uP cc $A chm $%i phonon hAy l $%i @huyt tGt mng.~h!n 9ng g9p tkng 'i cFA BW tng thWo nng N in t tK 4o $C c9 nhiQu in t hkn thAm giA $o 6u trCnh 4fn nhit. g'?' th.ch t.nh $%n nh'(t c"# @oly)G :tA &' cc polymW l $o c 8.- hm.B.t'i $%i $Gt liu ny+nng lng truyQn thWo 4Ao Nng+tDnh tin $ 6uAy cFA cc phEn t mch.tN l%n cFA N 4fn nhit phw thNc $o mc q @t tinhX~olymW c9 cUu trdc tinh thT $ trGt tK cAo &] c9 N 4fn nhit l%n hkn &o $%i cc $Gt liu $Z Dnh hCnh tkng kng.t9 l 4Ao Nng hiu 4wng hkn cFA cc mch phEn t 2 trng thi tinh thT. :~olymW thYng c ng 4wng lm chUt ch& nhit nhY c9 N 4fn nhit thUp+t(nh cc nhit cFA chdng cgng nh cFA g'm+c9 thT c nEng cAo hkn 1Ing cch A $o nh3ng l x'p nhR+thYng c to rA 1Ing cch @huUy 1qt trong @hi polymW h9A.~oly&tryrWn L to 1qt c 4#ng ph} 1in 4#ng lm c'c u'ng $ hNp cch nhit. 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N 1Qn cFA nhiQu $Gt liu ch'ng li loi ph hFy ny c9 thT %c t(nh 1Ing thZng &' @hng &'c nhit TJ TJ) 5. @^ `. * ",/ C9 thT pheng ngMA &'c nhit 1Ing cch 1in }i cc iQu @in ngoi T giPm 1%t t'c N nguNi ho<c nung n9ng $ hn ch grA4iWn nhit N trong $Gt thT n mc t'i thiTu. cPi thin cc <c trng nhit $ ck trong 1iTu thc ",/ cgng c9 thT nEng cAo t(nh @hng &'c nhit cFA $Gt liu. trong cc thZng &' ny h &' giLn n2 nhit l 4l 1in }i $ 4l @h'ng ch nhUt. $( 4w+ thFy tinh nA ph} thZng+ thYng c9 * $o @hoPng .*8b_ "C/b <c 1it nhy $%i &'c nhit nh chdng tA $fn 1it. 1Ing cch giPm hm lng CA $ nA, ng thYi 1} &ung r,- $o T to thnh thFy tinh 1oro&ilicAt "~yrWx/ thC &] giPm c h &' giLn n2 xu'ng t%i @hoPng -.*8b_ "C/b $Gt liu ny hon ton th(ch hp cho cc chu trCnh nung n9ng $ lm nguNi cFA le nung. tA $o mNt &' l x'p tkng 'i l%n ho<c mNt phA th hAi mQm cgng x9 thT cPi thin <c t(nh &'c nhit cFA $Gt liu. CP hAi 1in php ny Qu c9 tc 4wng ngn ngMA & lAn truyQn cc $t nt nhit. 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Bhi nim ny @h phc tp $ 4KA trn cc nguyn lm ck hqc lng t nn 4%i Ey tA ch0 trCnh 1!y mNt &' lc 4kn giPn h9A. oi in t trong mNt nguyn t Qu c9 cc momWn tM $%i hAi ngun g'c. oNt lin 6uAn n chuyTn Nng 6u7 o cFA n9 xung 6uAnh ht nhEn. p mNt in t(ch chuyTn Nng + mi in t c9 thT c xWm nh mNt 4eng in $eng nhR+ &inh rA mNt tM trYng rUt yu+ 4o 9 c9 mNt momWn tM h%ng 4qc thWo chiQu 6u7 o cFA n9+ nh minh hqA trn hCnh ;.-A o<t @hc mi in t cen c9 mNt chuyTn Nng ring l chuyTn Nng xung 6uAnh trwc cFA 1Pn thEn "gqi l &pin/. vo 9 xuUt hin momWn tM n3A 1Ot ngun tM &pin in t+ h%ng thWo trwc &pin nh trn hCnh;.-1. oomWn tM &pin in t ch0 c9 thT nhGn hAi chiQu 'i &ong &ong+ ho<c h%ng >ln? ho<c h%ng >xu'ng?. nh $Gy mi in t trong nguyn t c9 thT coi nh mNt nAm chEm $[nh cu nhR+ c9 momWn tM 6u7 o $ momWn tM &pin oomWn tM 4kn $D l mAgnWton rohr c9 gi trD +,=.*8b,i |.m. 'i $%i mi in t trong nguyn t+ momWn tM &pin ch0 c9 thT nhGn mNt trong hAi gi trD "cNng cho &pin h%ng ln $ trM cho &pin h%ng xu'ng/. 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Cc t.nh cht cL b?n bS @hZng N tuyt 'i "8 BWl$in/+ cc &pin cFA $Gt liu phPn &Ot tM &Op xp 'i &ong &ong nhAu nn tM N. b nhit N tng 4!n 4fn n $ic ph $ trGt tK tM @iTu phPn &ong &ong lm tng N tM h9A "$ N cPm tM+ / cFA $Gt liu phPn &Ot tM. b TM trYng ngoi cgng l nguyn nhEn ph $ trGt tK phPn &ong &ong cFA $Gt liu. WGr' t+ WGr' t+ Xl tn gqi chung cFA nh9m cc $Gt liu c9 trGt tK tM m trong cUu trdc tM cFA n9 gm , phEn mng 'i &ong &ong nhng c9 N l%n @hc nhAu. aWrri tM cen c gqi l phPn &Ot tM 1# trM @hZng hon ton. Cu trc c"# UGr' t+ aWri tM tM c9 tn gqi xuUt pht tM nh9m $Gt liu 5WrritW +l nh9m cc $Gt liu g'm c9 cZng thc h9A hqc chung lX XY.Z2Y/ : z l mNt @im loi h9A trD ,+ : l @im loi h9A trD - . kn $D cFA mNt 5WrritW &] chA -, Anion $ ,i cAtion. cAtion 2 $D tr( | "to thnh phEn mng tM |/ &] 1D 1Ao 6uAnh 12i i iZn Zxi thWo 4ng cc t 4in $ *_ cAtion cen l 2 $D tr( r "phEn mng tM r/ 1D 1Ao 6uAnh 12i _ ion Zxi 12i mng 1t 4in. tEy l nh9m 5WrritW c9 tn gqi chung l 5WrritW &pinWl + thYng mAng cUu trdc lGp phkng tEm m<t. oNt &' nh9m 5WrritW @hc c9 thnh ph!n phc tp hkn mAng cUu trdc lwc gic T.nh cht c"# UGr' t+ b aWri tM c9 , phEn mng tM 1# trM @hZng hon ton+ nn n9 c9 tM N tK pht $ tM N ny c 1# trM tM mZmWn tM cFA , phEn mngX [.MA \ 61 \ [8.MB :o|+ or l!n lt l mZmWn tM cFA , phEn mng | $ r+ : l t0 ph!n gi3A , phEn mng. bnhCn chung+ t(nh chUt tM cFA 5Wri tM g!n gi'ng $%i &Ot tM+ b tiTm @hc 1it ck 1Pn nhUt l 4o n9 c9 , phEn mng ngc chiQu b C9 mNt nhit N m ti 9 mZmWn tM tK pht cFA , phEn mng 1D 1# trM nhAu gqi l nhit N 1# trM. b nhit N 1# trM thUp hkn nhit N CuriW "Zi @hi nhit N CuriW cFA 5Wri tM cgng c gqi l nhit N nuWl+ 2 trn nhit N CuriW chUt 1D mUt trGt tK tM $ tr2 thnh thuGn tM Cu 1B. ThI no l vt l'(u t+ )])5 n!u t.nh cht5 &:c &';) c"# vt l'(u t+ )]). Li gii: \Gt liu tM mQm l $Gt liu &Ot tM+ mQm $Q phkng 4in tM h9A $ @h tM+ c9 ngh[A l 4l tM h9A $ 4l @h tM. b T(nh chUt \Gt liu p in c9 tM trYng 1Lo heA $ N tM h9A ch0 phw thuNc $o thnh ph!n cFA $Gt liu. j &' tM h9A $ N @h tM cFA jc li phw thuNc $o cUu trdc cFA $Gt liu ch @hZng phPi thnh ph!n cFA $Gt liu. T}n hAo nng lng tM phw thuNc $o in tr2 &uUt $ n9 th0 l nghDch $%i in tr2 &uUt. b t<c iTm C9 N tM thm cAo C9 N @h tM thUp. c9 t}n hAo nng lng tM trl thUp. 4l 1D tM h9A. Cu 1H. Pnh 6ch78 h9y trnh by t.nh cht Et &'(n v @ &'(n c"# vt l'(u. Li gii: nh9m $Gt liu mAng t(nh phEn cKc tK pht tc l phEn cKc ngAy cP @hi $Ong m<t in trYng c gqi l $Gt liu &Ot in.T(nh chUtX b trong cc $Gt liu &Ot in+ c9 tn ti mZmWn lng cKc in cFA cc nguyn t+ oZmWn lng cKc in trong chUt &Ot in c9 N l%n cAo+ ng thYi c9 tkng tc $%i nhAu nn to rA &K @hc 1it &o $%i cc chUt &Ot in @hc. b N phEn cKc c xc Dnh l mGt N cFA mZmWn lng cKc in trong mNt kn $D thT t(ch. tN phEn cKc tng thWo gi trD cFA in trYng ngoi thWo mNt hm phi tuyn t(nh+ phw thuNc $o in trYng ngoi+ hIng &' in mZi. b S cc chUt &Ot in+ hIng &' in mZi c9 gi trD rUt l%n+ $ phw thuNc $o gi trD cFA in trYng. b Trong $Gt liu &Ot in c9 &K phEn chiA thnh cc ZmWn &Ot in. Trong mi ZmWn &Ot in+ cc mZmWn lng cKc &Op xp hon ton &ong &ong $%i nhAu. Trn ton $Gt+ N phEn cKc trong nhiQu ZmWn c9 thT Dnh h%ng hn lon nhAu. p in l hin tng @hi lKc ngoi tc 4wng ln * mfu chUt thC &K phEn cKc &inh rA $ mNt in trYng c thit lGp trong mfu.T(nh chUtX b Bhi Po 4Uu cFA lKc ngoi "tc l @uo chuyTn &Ang nun/ thC chiQu cFA in trYng cgng thAy }i thWo. b \Gt liu p in c9 , hiu ng thuGn $ nghDch. b \Gt liu p in phw thuNc $o lKc ngoi tc 4wng. nu ldc ngoi tc 4wng l mNt in trYng thC n9 1in }i hCnh 4ng.@hi lKc ngoi tc 4wng l mNt lKc ck hqc thC n9 to rA 4eng in. Cu 1K:^nh h<ng c"# nh'(t &3 l!n t.nh cht t+ c"# vt l'(u _`' g'?': :Bhi tng nhit N+4Ao Nng nhit cFA cc nguyn t trong $Gt rOn &] tng+cc mZmWn tM nguyn t &] 6uAy 4l 4ng.vo 9 @hi nhit N tng+chuyTn Nng nhit cFA cc nguyn t 4fn t%i &K Dnh h%ng hn lon cFA mqi mZmWn tM. :t'i $%i cc $Et liu &Ot t phPn &Ot tM $ 5Wri tM+chuyTn Nng nhit ch'ng li lKc tkng tc ghup gi3A cc mZmWn lng cKc nguyn t gEy rA &K xp h%ng l!m lfn cFA cc lng cKc+@T cP @hi c9 tM trYng ngoi.vo 9 tM N 1Lo heA cFA chUt &Ot tM $ 5Wri tM Qu giPm.TM N 1A heA &] cKc i 2 nhit N 8B $C @hi 9 4Ao Nng nhit l cKc tiTu.Bhi tng nhit N tM N 1Lo heA giPm 4!n $ &Au 9 twt mnh t%i @o 2 nhit N CuriW T.S nhit N Tc lKc ghup &pin $%i nhAu mUt tc 4wng $ @hi nhit N cAo hkn Tc $Gt liu &Ot tM $ 5Wri tM Qu tr2 thnh thuGn tM.nhit N CuriW thAy }i thWo $Gt liu.\( 4wX&Ot+cZ1An+ni@Wn $ aW-i c9 gi trD tkng ng lX=_+**,8+--;+$ ;;C :T(nh phPn &Ot tM cgng phw thuNc nhit N +n9 1in mUt 2 nhit N nWWl.CAo hkn nhit N ny $Et liu phPn &Ot tM cgng tr2 thnh thuGn tM. Cu 1N. Pnh 6ch78 h9y n!u -ng $Fng c"# vt l'(u t+ trong lu tra. "Trong ti liu/ Cu 2O: ThI no l cht thun t+5 ngh7ch t+. !u &:c &';) c"# chng nghDch tMX l * 4ng rUt yu cFA tM t(nh @hZng $[nh cu $ ch0 tn ti @hi c9 * trYng ngoi tc 4wng.trYng cPm ng &inh rA 4o c9 &K thAy }i chuyTn Nng 6u7 o cFA in t 12i trYng ngoi. ThuGn tMX l nh3ng chUt c9 tM t(nh yu "trong ngnh tM hqc xp $o nh9m phi tM+ c9 ngh[A l chUt @hZng c9 tM t(nh/. T(nh chUt thuGn tM thT hin 2 @hP nng h2ng ng thuGn thWo tM trYng ngoi+ c9 ngh[A l cc chUt ny c9 mZmWn tM nguyn t "nhng gi trD nhR/+ @hi c9 tc 4wng cFA tM trYng ngoi+ cc mZmWn tM ny &] 1D 6uAy thWo tM trYng ngoi+ lm cho cPm ng tM t}ng cNng trong chUt tng ln. t<c iTmX ThuGn tM $ nghDch tM c xp $o nh9m cc chUt phi tM+ ho<c nh9m @hZng c9 trGt tK tM. tN tM thm cFA cc chUt thuGn tM l l%n hkn * nhng xUp x0 * "ch0 trnh lch c *8 b_ /. TM t(nh yu cFA thuGn tM 4o hAi yu t' Wm liX b oZmWn tM nguyn t b Cc mZmWn tM nguyn t ny nhR $ hon ton @hZng tkng tc $%i nhAu. Cc chUt thuGn tM iTn hCnh lX Zxi+ nhZm...