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3
Hg;
R`acrat % Raj`gfofiha
' Abz' @agn @cuagz/ J`hao Ncrragdaor/ Athj ba Tqhkrat % Naaz Uqxjn'Cmzratbcm; R`acrat Hgzrhrqqr Gabatocgb 4<<5; 432-41' HZDG 8<-9<084-04-<'
Raj`gfofiha eohtr taabz ocgi mar `ar r`acrat' [hk fgbatzraqgr fe uatzratnr uccn bauhzqaoa uatdaaobhgi' Ffn ba iazj`habaghz ucg `ar iaoqhb hg r`acrat ufoir bafgryhnnaohgi ucg ba raj`gfofiha' Utfaia iaoqhbzraj`gfofiha bhagba bffticcgz fm bauatzrccgdcct`ahb ucg ba zram ra uatdaratag' Ahiag ccg r`acrat hz bcr aag zram ia`fftbyho yftbag' Ba{a ithk|r fuat ba cezrcgb rqzzag zjàga ag |qdohanztqhmra gcct ba ftagucg ba rfa`fftbat' @hathg datqzr ba mhghmcoa baehghrha ucg r`acrat; aag cjraqt f| `arrfgaao z|taanr aag |qdohan rfa ag uatdaaobr hg `ar rfaz|tanag aag |atzfgcia'
Ba Mhjtfeffg coz hgratecja
Bfft \harat Uatzrtcara
Fm ba exzhana ag cnfazrhzj`a cezrcgb ra fuatdtqiiag/ yatb rag rhkba ucg `ar cgrhanaCr`aga co ofyraj` hgiadfqyb hg `ar mcznat ucg ba cjraqt' @ar thihba mcznat ucg bartciabhaz ycz ghar cooaag aag uhzqaao `qo|mhbbao fm aag |atzfgcia ra uatdaaobag/mcct `cb ffn aag cnfazrhzj`a eqgjrha' @ar `cb aag rtaj`ratuftmhi mfgbzrqn bcr bazram uat ba tqhmra hgzrqqtba' @ar mcznat ycz bqz ufft{hag ucg iaoqhbzuatzratnhgi'@ar baab raiaohkn bhagzr coz mhjtfeffg ag
oqhb 
-z|tanat' Ba z|tanat mfazr bcctagraiagyao bfft `ar yahghi eoaphdaoa mcznat `aag dtqooag fm {hj` uatzrccgdcct ra mcnag'@ar mcznat dffb yaatzrcgb ycctbfft ba z|tanat {hkg bhjrha mfazr ccg|czzag'
3
@arfgrutaambr rauagz ba zram ucg {hkg z|tanat ag hz aag ranag ucg {hkg hbagrhrahr' Ba zramucg `ar mcznat da`fftr maat rfr ba hbagrhrahr ucg ba
 |atzfgc
/ `ar |atzfgcia hg bauatdaaobhgizyataob ucg `ar r`acrat/ bcg rfr bha ucg ba iamcznatba z|tanat' @ar yfftb
 |atzfgc
hz fuathiagz rfa|czzaohkn ceiaoahb ucg `ar Ocrhkgza yatnyfftb
 |atzfgcta
/ `aryaatnohgnag ucg ba zram bfft `ar mfgbzrqn ucg `ar mcznat' @ar bqhbr f| ba aag`ahbucg mcznat ag zram/ ratyhko ba
 |atzfgc
uatyhkzr gcct ba ehjrhaua ehiqqt bha hg `arz|tanag rfr zrcgb nfmr'
4
Ba bfft `ar mcznat iamabhaatba zram daohj`ccmr bazrammhgi ag ba ‐iazramb`ahb‘ ucg `ar |atzfgcia/ ratyhko `ar {hj` bhzrcgrhaatr ucg baz|tanat' Ba{a bqddao`ahb rqzzag aag`ahb ag cezrcgb/ daohj`cmhgi ag fgrohj`cmhgi hzba natg ucg bhr ctrhnao'[fcoz `ar mcznat {fyao fgrutaambr coz hbagrhehjaatr/ {fyao yaatzrcgb coz ghaqyamfiaohkn`abag dhabr/ {f `aaer ffn ba fgryhnnaohgi ucg iaoqhbzraj`gfofiha iaoahb rfroqhzrataeeajrag ucg uatutaambhgi ag uatrtfqyb`ahb' Raj`gfofiha oahbr rfr aag|ctcbfpcco aeeajr hg ba uatdaaobhgi ucg iaoqhb' Aag ifab ufftdaaob `hatucg hz `aroqhzratag gcct aag f|gcma ucg ka ahiag zram bfft aag oqhbz|tanat' Ba aatzra naat bcr ka ka zram f| dcgb `fftr/ yanr bcr uccn ba ocj`oqzr f|' Bha ocj` fgrzrccr yaoohj`rucgqhr aag iaufao ucg `atnagghgi hg `ar utaamba iaoqhb bcr ka `fftr/ ycgr `ar iaoqhbdacgryfftbr yahghi ccg ka uatycj`rhgiag'
:
Hg ba f|gcma nfmr ka zram ofz ucg ka razrccg' Ag raiaohkn `atnag ka at harz hg ucg ka{aoe/ aag z|fft ucg ka cgbata/ ohj`cmaohknahn' Ba mhjtfeffg hz coz `ar mcznat/ `ar tqnr `ar zramiaoqhb ofz ucg ba dtfg fe fftz|tfgi/ ag bcctmaa ffn ucg `ar ohj`ccm'
 
4
Cnfazmcrhzj` iaoqhb
Bhr eagfmaag hz ycr \hatta Zj`caeeat (3899 ag Mhj`ao J`hfg (3804/ 3801 hg `qgiaoqhbzr`afthaîg ccgbqhbag mar
cnfazmcrhzj`
iaoqhb ag
cnfazmcrhzj`a
zram' @ar hz`ar (zramiaoqhb bcr ghar daohj`ccmb yftbr bfft ba iaoqhbzdtfg' Ba mhjtfeffgmcznaatr/ fgrohj`ccmr ag
cnfazmcrhzaatr 
coz `ar ycta ba zram' Ba oqhbz|tanat mccnrf| {hkg daqtr bcr aon fft{cnaohkn uatdcgb rqzzag iaoqhb ag `cct daohj`cmhgi yftbruatdtfnag' Iaoqhb yftbr cdzrtcjr' @ar jfgja|r ucg ba cnfazmcrhzj`a zram uatdhgbr`ar cofqba mcznat mar ba mfbatga iaoqhbzraj`gfofiha' @ar rffgr dfuagbhag `faraj`gfofiha ghar cooaag ufftce iccr ccg aona ctrhzrhana hgz|htcrha mcct ffn `fa {aaoncct yabat{hkbz daæguofabag' @ar |thgjh|a ucg iaoqhbzuatzratnhgi hz ghar ghaqy hg`ar r`acrat/ mcct `ar dohker hgz|htatag rfr zraabz ghaqya ctrhzrhana qhrbtqnnhgiag hgbhcoffi mar ba fgryhnnaohgi ucg bha raj`gfofiha' Cnfazmcrhzathgi oahbr zraabz rfrghaqya uatdhgbhgiag èg uatzj`qhuhgiag rqzzag iaoqhb ag daaob'Hg bcr z|cgghgizuaob rqzzag iaoqhb ag daaob dauhgbag {hj` ba uatdaaobhgiz|thgjh|azucg cnfazmcrhzj` iaoqhb ag zram'Ryaa {aat uatzj`hooagba ap|athmagrag rfgag agnaoahgratazzcgra ctrhzrhana mfiaohkn`abag ucg iaoqhbzraj`gfofiha ag ba hm|ohjcrhaz ufft`ar oqhzratag ag nhknag' Cj`rataagufoiagz hz bcr ba gfg-ohgachta f|atc
 Mag hgRthdqocrhfg
ucg Athj Zoahj`hm ufft Mq{hanr`acrat Rtcgz|ctcgr ag `ar Do#gbmcg-nyctrar/ ag ba hgratcjrhaua hgzrcoocrha
 Mazzc bh Ufja
mar ufjcco |ateftmatz Kfcg OcDctdctc ag Kcc| Dofgn' Dahba {hkg {aat uatzj`hooagb hg uftm ag hg`fqb/ ag dhabagqhraagof|agba coratgcrhauag ufft ba maat bcg uat{cbhiba ffijqorqqt' Ycr ba{aap|athmagrag iamaagzj`c||aohkn nqggag dhkbtciag ccg mhkg darffi hz ba mcghatycctf| {a co bcg ghar dayqzr fgbat ba ccgbcj`r dtagiag bcr iaoqhbzraj`gfofiha marba itag{ag ucg r`acrat ag uatdaaobhgi eohtr ag ghar cooaag aag oqhzratjqorqqt hg aagr`acrtcoa tqhmra gcct dhggag dtagir' @hat nfm hn ocrat f| ratqi' Aatzr daz|taan hn dahba ap|athmagrag ce{fgbatohkn ucgqhr ba rfa|czzhgi ucg raj`gfofihzj`a |thgjh|az ag`ar aeeajr f| ba uatdaaobhgi' Bcctgc danhkn hn {a zcmag ucgqhr aagiamaagzj`c||aohkna fgryhnnaohgi gcct aag `abagbcciza uftm ucg rfrccor`acrat ucgzram ag iaoqhb'
 Mag hg Rthdqocrhfg
(4<<2Ba mhjtfeffg coz hgzrtqmagr fe coz hgratecja
Hg 4<<2 ihgi
 Mag hg Rthdqocrhfg
hg |tamhàta f| `ar NqgzragEazrhucobazCtrz ra Dtqzzaoag `ar @foocgb Eazrhuco ra Cmzratbcm' Jfm|fghzr ag taihzzaqt Athj Zoahj`hm gfamrbhr yatn aag ‐gfg-ohgachta f|atc‘ ufft zram/ cjrthja/ jfgrtcragft/ zcpfeffgnyctrar agaoanrtfghjc' Mar f|atc bfaor `hk ghar f| `ar rtcbhrhfgaoa iagta/ mcct maat f| bafftz|tfgnaohkna daranaghz ucg `ar Ocrhkgza yfftb
f|qz
; yatn fe faquta' Hg eahra hz
 Mag hg Rthdqocrhfg
aag mfgfbtcmc iadczaatb f| `ar oauag ag `ar yatn ucg bajfgrtfuatzhîoa Etcgza r`acratmcnat ag zj`thkuat/ Cgrfghg Ctrcqb (3085-3820' Dczhzucg ba mq{hncoa jfm|fzhrha hz aag ranzr ucg Kcg Ecdta/ bha iadczaatb hz f| Ctrcqb‘ztahz hg 38:5 gcct ba Rctc`qmctc-Hgbhcgag ucg Maphjf coz eoctbag ucg `athggathgi hg{hkg occrzra oauagzqqt' Ba ufftzraoohgi fgrtceaor {hj` coz `atzagz|hgzaoz ucg aagmfaiazrtabag ag |hkgohkbagba Ctrcqb' Tfgbfm `am gaamr `ar |qdohan |occrz hg aaguhke`fanhia hgzrcoocrha (fgryft|ag bfft ba D-Ctj`hrajrag' Fmthgib bfft oqhbz|tanatzag mqzhjh f| uat`ffiba |ocreftmag hg ba `fanag rtffgr hg `ar a|hjagrtqm ba fqbaCtrcqb/ iaz|aaob bfft ufjcco |ateftmat \`ho Mhgrfg mar aag uczra mhjtfeffg ufft{hkg oh||ag' Fgbat Ctrcqb‘z rfram {hrrag ba iaoqhbz- ag ohj`rraj`ghjqzufftfuatiadfiag ccg `qg oc|rf| ag mfgrciarceao'
 
:Raj`gfofiha zrccr hg ba{a ufftzraoohgi hg `ar ranag ucg mq{hncco ap|athmagr' Hg bajfmdhgcrha ucg zram/ zcpfeffg ag iaoqhbzraj`gfofiha |tfdatag ba mcnatz Ctrcqb‘zzrcra fe mhgb {hgrqhiohkn atucctdcct ra mcnag aatbat bcg uhzqaao yaat ra iauag' Hg ohkgmar Ctrcqb‘z eczjhgcrha ufft `ar Dcohgaza r`acrat yftb ka `aoamcco fmiauag bfft `arz|anrcnao ag `cct raj`gfofihzj`a jfgbhrhaz' Ka dauhgbr ka ramhbbag ucg `ariaoqhbzzxzraam/ ufooabhi fmthgib bfft aag dhk mfmagrag fftuatbfuagba gfhza-zjc|a'@ar iaoqhb ohknr ucg cooa ncgrag ra nfmag' Bhr hz aag iaufoi ucg cnfazmcrhzathgi'Iaoqhbzraj`gfofiha cnfazmcrhzaatr zram- ag zcpfeffgiaoqhb/ ycctbfft dahba hg aoncctuatuofahag' Ba hgzrcoocrha hz ahiagohkn rag baoa cnfazmcrhzj`/ ycgr ba iaoqhbzdtfggag{hkg uccn zgao {hj`rdcct ratqi ra uhgbag hg ba tqhmra' Ba raj`gfofiha btccir `arbtcmcrqtihzj`a jfgja|r/ hg bha {hg bcr `ar ‚ cor`cgz ufft ba naggatz ‚ Ctrcqb‘zuatdcggag tcbhfz|ao
\fqt agehght cuaj oa Kqiamagr ba Bhaq
hg `athggathgi dtagir' Gc{hkg raoaqtzraoohgi hg cnfazmcrhzj` iaoqhb mar dartannhgi rfr ba rfag f|nfmagbaiaoqhbzehom (ccgia{hag ba iaoqhbzehom tanagr f| ba hooqzha ucg zxgr`aza rqzzag daaobag iaoqhb/ rtcj`rra Ctrcqb hg {hkg `fftz|ao {hkg qorhama r`acratqrf|haîg rauatya{agohknag hg aag rfrccor`acrat ucg iaoqhb ag zram' Aèg ucg bha qrf|haîg/ {fcoz `hkbha eftmqoaatba hg {hkg
R`èärta ba oc Jtqcqrè 
/ ycz bcr ba rfazj`fqyat {hj` fmthgib{fq ufaoag bfft `ar z|anrcnao ag {hj` ufftrbqtagb fgiamcnnaohkn {fq ufaoag cozfe `hk{hj` hg ba ycj`rncmat ucg ba rcgbctrz daufgb fe fguatycj`rz bfft aag |fohrhatc{{hcf|iazj`thnr {fq yftbag'
Cnfazrhzj` eaabdcjn
Hg
 Mag hg Rthdqocrhfg
{ar Athj Zoahj`hm ba raj`gfofiha ucg mhjtfeffg/ oc|rf| agoqhbz|tanat hg coz mqorhmabhcco mq{hanhgzrtqmagr hg hgratcjrha mar ba qhrufathgi ucg{hkg jfm|fzhrha' Mar ba `hi`raj` ucg ba oc|rf| fgbat{fanag ba Do#gbmcg-hgzrtqmagrcohzrag ba nocgnmfiaohkn`abag ucg ba zcpfeffg/ {fcoz `ar |atjqzzhae iadtqhn ucg ba noa||ag/ `ar qhruatitfrag ag thrmatag ucg cbam ag tqhz/ ag{fufftr' Babtccbof{a bczz|aobmhjtfeffgrkaz f| ba hgzrtqmagrag ag ba jhtjqocrha ucg `ar iaoqhbfuat ba oqhbz|tanatz mcnag bcr ba zcpfeffgnocgnag tqhmraohkn qhrz|crrag hgfgia`fftba nocgnnoaqtag ag raprqtag' Tqhmra ag nocgn mcnag hgraitcco baao qhr ucg`ar jfm|fzhrfthzj`a |tfjèbè' Aèg ucg ba fgbatohiiagba iaoqhbz|thgjh|az hg bajfm|fzhrha hz cnfazrhzj`a eaabdcjn; ba ratqinf||aohgi fe jhtjqocrha ucgiaoqhbzzhigcoag bha gc uatzratnhgi bfft ba oqhbz|tanatz f|ghaqy uhc ba mhjtfeffg hgba oc|rf| uatyatnr ag iata|tfbqjaatb yftbag' Ba zcpfefghzrag iadtqhnag `arnocgnohj`ccm ucg `qg hgzrtqmagr fm ba off|z ucg iaoqhb ag uhdtcrhaz ra mcgh|qoatag/ratyhko ba iaoqhbzraj`ghjqz `ar ia`aao ucg ba zfqgbzjc|a fgbat jfgrtfoa `fqbr' Cooaiaoqhb hg ba zfqgbzjc|a hz ohua/ mcct ba cnfazmcrhzj`a mabhîthgi bfft mhbbao ucg `areaabdcjnzxzraam mccnr `ar mfiaohkn fm iaoqhb fgmhbbaoohkn ra `atiadtqhnag ag rata|tfbqjatag rfr ba uhdtcrhaz hg ba tqhmra qhria|qr {hkg'Bffticcgz yftbr at aag fgbatzj`ahb iamccnr rqzzag `ar iadtqhn ucg raj`gfofiha cozmhbbao (hgzrtqmagr fe coz mabhqm (hgratecja' Ufftdaaobag ucg ba mhjtfeffg coz`qo|hgzrtqmagr fe `qo|mhbbao {hkg uaaouqobhi ra uhgbag hg kc{{ (bagn mcct ccg RfarzRhaoamcgz‘ uhtrqffz mfgb`ctmfghjcz|ao/ `h|`f|/ tc| ag {aoez `ar eagfmaag ucg ba`qmcg dacrdfp/ ycctdhk aag |ateftmat uofahagb gc aoncct aag `aao ctzagcco ucgthrmaz/ aoanrtfghzj`a nocgnag ag mhjtfeffgraj`ghanag ofqrat mar zram/ oh||ag agmfgb`fora gcdffrzr'@ar iadtqhn ucg ba mhjtfeffg coz hgratecja `fqbr bffticcgz hg bcr baraj`gfofiha ryaa zxzramag fe agrhrahrag mar aoncct uatdhgbr/ {fcoz ba magzaohkna zramag aag uatzratnat' Hgratecjaz `addag uccn ffn aag marcjfmmagrcct f| ba
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