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or Truth 
The John Locke Foundation
is a501(c)(3) nonprot, nonpartisan researchinstitute dedicated to improving public policy debate in North Carolina. Viewpoints expressed by authors do not necessarilyrefect those o the sta or board o the Locke Foundation.
200 W. Morgan, #200Raleigh, NC 27601
phone:
919-828-3876
fax:
919-821-5117www.johnlocke.org
regional
brief 
Does Lincoln Need aSales-Tax Increase?
County already has $26.3 millionin available funds
D
r
. M
ichael
S
 anera 
, J
oSeph
c
oletti
, t
erry
S
toopS
 A 
pril
2008
No. 46
e
xecutive
S
uMMary
The Lincoln County commissioners are asking county residents toapprove a sale-tax increase on May 6. They are also asking voters toapprove $44.6 million in school bonds. Commissioners argue thatthe sales-tax increase is necessary to help pay for the schools bonds.Commissioners’ intentions are not legally binding. Once passed, allnew revenues, by law, may be used for any legal purpose.This
 Regional Brief 
nds that Lincoln County’s problems are not cre
-ated by a lack of funding. The $26.3 million in savings and revenues
identied in this report total more than 17 times the amount that
the proposed sales-tax increase is estimated to produce (see Figure
1). If the county used this money instead, it could delay a sales-taxincrease for 17 years.County revenues have grown 31 percent faster than populationand ination since Fiscal Year (FY) 2001 (see Figure 3). The totalamount of revenue for FY 2006 was over $17.5 million more thanin FY 2001. By FY 2006, the average family of four was paying $1,012 more in taxes than in FY 2001. It would take a 49 percentincrease in family income (current dollars) to match the increase inrevenues that the county has received over the last ve years.
1
••••
The authors thank John Locke Foundation research intern Clint Atkins for his assistance with this report.
 
does lincoln county need a sales-tax increase?regional brief
Figure 1. Lincoln County Projected Revenue and Savings
If Lincoln County were to adjust its rev
-
enue stream for only population and ina
-tion increases, the county’s revenues wouldincrease 48.6 percent over the next ten years.
2
 
Lincoln County’s cash reserves are 15
percent of its annual budget. The staterequires all counties to have eight percentof their budgets held in cash for emergen-cies, but Lincoln County has seven percentmore than that minimum. This means
that the county has $5.2 million in cash
that it can spend on pressing needs. Thisrepresents 3.4 times the amount that the
proposed sales tax would raise. In other
words, the county could use this availablecash for over three years instead of newsales-tax revenue, which is estimated to be
worth only $1.5 million per year. Based on
this item alone, the county does not need toincrease the sales tax.Lincoln County schools are not under-
funded. Over the last ve years, student
population has increased by nine percent,while school personnel have increased by
12 percent and local spending, adjusted forination, has increased by 16 percent. Inaddition, state spending adjusted for ina
-
•••
tion is up ve percent and federal spending is up 21 percent (see Figure 2).If the school district has facility needs, the
county commission and school board needto show taxpayers how they would spend
the almost $16 million in state money
provided for capital improvements over the
next ten years (see Figure 1).Lincoln County beneted from the Medic
-aid swap more than many North Carolinacounties. While 23 counties are receiving only the state’s promised “hold harmless”
amount of $500,000 a year for ten years,Lincoln County receives $1 million the rst
full year and a total of about $6.2 million
over ten years (see Figure 1).From FY 2004 to FY 2006, Lincoln County
gave almost $3 million in incentives to afew selected private businesses.
3
This prac-tice is unfair to the hundreds of businessesin the county who are, at times, forced tocompete with tax-subsidized businesses.
B
 ackgrounD
In its 2007 session, the North Carolina Gen
-eral Assembly relieved all counties of paying the portion of Medicaid expenses that had
•••
Revenue Gains1 year10 years
Gain from Medicaid swap (FY 2008-09)$1,024,488$6,283,419Estimated school capital (Avg based on projections)$1,568,533$15,987,428
Potential Savings
Eliminate economic incentive giveaways (2004-2006 Avg)$976,929$9,769,290
Revenue Growth
Revenue in excess of population and inflation (FY2006)$17,568,563$175,685,626
 TOTAL$21,138,513$207,725,763Fund balance in excess of state requirement (FY 2007)$5,209,996$5,209,996
Potential extra availability$26,348,509 $212,935,759Revenue from Sales Tax Increase$1,522,716 $20,635,590
 
 
John locke foundationdoes lincoln county need a sales-tax increase?
been forced on counties, in exchange for thehalf-cent sales tax that the counties leviedto help pay those expenses.
4
In addition, the
legislature voted to give counties the optionto ask voters to approve new tax increases.Options include increasing the sales tax byone-quarter cent, tripling the land-transfer
tax rate from 0.2 to 0.6 percent, or not hik 
-ing taxes at all. The legislature also requiredcounties to put those tax increases to an advi-
sory vote of the people. If voters approved,
county commissioners were allowed but
not required to increase taxes. If both tax
increases were on the same ballot and bothwere approved, commissioners could imposeonly one tax increase, not both.
In November 2007, there were 27 coun
-ties that put sales-tax or land-transfer taxincreases on the ballots for voter approval,
and ve of those counties put both tax
increases on the ballots. Alexander County
passed a sales-tax increase in January 2008.
 All told, there have already been 33 separate
 votes (16 over land-transfer tax increases and17 over sales-tax increases). Voters defeated27 of the 33 requests for tax increases. Vot
-
ers rejected all 16 of the land-transfer taxincreases and 11 of the sales-tax increases.In the May 6 election, 24 counties haveput tax increases on the ballot, 20 propos
-ing sales-tax increases and four proposing land-transfer tax increases. Six of the coun-ties that saw tax increases voted down inNovember are asking voters to vote again for
a tax increase in May (Cumberland, Gates,Greene, Henderson, Hertford, and Moore).
There is no limit to the number of times thatcounty commissioners can place a proposedtax increase on the ballot, or how much taxmoney commissions can spend on public“education” campaigns requesting that votersapprove the tax increase.
p
uBlic
S
chool
S
penDing
5
By far, counties spend more money on public
education than on any other area. Total localgovernment spending in North Carolinaon public education was $2.68 billion — or
$1,934 per pupil — for the 2006-07 school year. Nearly 25 percent of all expenditures
on public schools come from local tax rev-
enue. Given the amount of taxpayer money
Figure 2. Lincoln County Student Population, Personnel, andSpending, 2002-07
ADM: +9%ExceptionalChildren: +5%Total Personnel:+12%Local PPE: +16%State PPE: +5%Federal PPE:+21%
0%5%10%15%20%25%
Notes: ADM stands for Average Daily Membership of students. PPE stands for
Per-Pupil Expenditures. All PPE gures have been adjusted for ination.
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