B GIO DC V O TO TP ON BU CHNH VIN THNG VIT NAM

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

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CHU HNG LN



P DNG L THUYT HNG I TNH HIU NNG
H THNGTHNG TIN DI NG 3G



CHUYN NGNH :K thut in t
M S: 60.52.70


LUN VN THC S K THUT




Ngi hng dn khoa hc : PGS.TS TRN HNG QUN




H NI - 2009


M U

Trao i thng tin lun l nhu cu cp thit trong x hi hin i. Cc h
thng thng tin di ng vi li th gip con ngi trao i thng tin mi lc,
mi ni ang ngy cng chim u th v khng nh u im ni tri.

L trnh GSM-GPRS-EDGE-3G t ra c bit ph hp vi cc mng thng
tin di ng ca nhiu nc trn th gii. i vi cc nh khai thc mng di
ng GSM th ci ch n 3G l h thng CDMA bng rng (W-CDMA) theo
chun IMT-2000. Ti Vit Nam, cc h thng thng tin di ng th h th 3
cng v ang c cc nh khai ro rit trin khai v a vo s dng.

H thng thng tin di ng th h 3 vi nhiu u im vt tri v cng ngh
v dch v. N l s hi t ca cng ngh, tch hp ca dch v (triple play).
Do vy, vic nghin cu h thng ny l mt cng vic ht sc cp bch v cn
thit.

Bi ton t ra l phi trang b phng php lun tnh ton, thit k mng
thng tin di ng th h 3 mt cch hp l. Xut pht t tng , lun vn
s p dng l thuyt hng i vi cc m hnh Markov nh gi, tnh ton
hiu nng ca h thng thng tin di ng th h sau. Lun vn cng l mt
bc i khi u nhm tm hiu cng c v t tr gip thit k mng di
ng th h sau.

Lun vn c chia thnh bn chng. Chng mt gii thiu v xch
Markov, cc qu trnh ngu nhin, l thuyt hng i, cc h thng Markov v
cc l thuyt c s c lin quan. Chng hai tp trung vo tm hiu, phn tch
cc c im ca h thng thng tin di ng th h 3. Chng hai cng a ra
m hnh knh v tuyn 3G nhm lm c s cho vic kho st cc hiu nng ca
knh v tuyn 3G chng sau. Chng ba trnh by cc loi m hnh knh,
kho st v so snh chng tm ra c m hnh ti u l m hnh Markov n
phc v vic kho st hiu nng knh v tuyn 3G. Chng bn trnh by cc
cng c, h thng m phng, nh gi cc knh v tuyn 3G. Tnh ton c th
mt m hnh v so snh kt qu tnh ton vi kt qu m phng.













CHNG 1. C S L THUYT

1. Cc khi nim c bn v xch Markov
1.1. Mt s nh ngha
nh ngha 1
Xt mt h thng x l bin i theo thi gian. Gi X(t) l trng thi ca h
ti thi im t. Nh vy ng vi mi thi im t, X(t) chnh l mt bin ngu
nhin m t trng thi ca h thng. Qu trnh {X(t)}
t0
c gi l mt qu
trnh ngu nhin.
Tp hp cc v tr c th c ca h gi l khng gian trng thi S. Trong
trng hp trn, nu gi s rng X(t) ch c th nhn mt trong ba gi tr 1, 2, 3
vi mi t, th S={1, 2, 3}.
Gi s trc thi im s, h trng thi no , cn ti thi im s
i
, h
trng thi i. Chng ta mun nh gi xc sut ti thi im t ( t>s), h s
trng thi j. Nu xc sut ny ch ph thuc vo b bn (s, i, t, j), tc l:
P[X(t)=j/X(s)=i]=p(s,i,t,j] l ng vi mi i, j, s, t th iu ny c ngha l s
tin trin ca h trong tng lai ch ph thuc vo hin ti (trng thi ca h ti
thi im s) v hon ton c lp vi qu kh ( tnh khng nh). chnh l
tnh Markov. Lc ny qu trnh ngu nhin X(t) c gi l qu trnh Markov.
Trong trng hp trn P[X(1) = 2/X(0) =1] l xc sut c iu kin ca s
kin X(1) =2 (ti thi im t=1, h thng trng thi 2) vi iu kin X(0) =1
(ti thi im t=0, h thng trng thi 1). Nu qu trnh ngu nhin c tnh
Markov th xc sut ny ch ph thuc vo trng thi ca h ti thi im s=0
v hon ton c lp vi trng thi ca h trong qu kh (trc thi imt=0).
nh ngha 2
Nu khng gian trng thi S gm mt s hu hn hoc v hn m c cc
trng thi th qu trnh Markov X(t) c gi l xch Markov. Lc ny c th k
hiu S ={1, 2, 3, }, tc l cc trng thi c nh s. Hn na, nu tp cc
gi tr t khng qu m c (chng hn t=0, 1, 2, ) th ta c xch Markov
vi thi gian ri rc, hay xch Markov ri rc. Nu te[0,] th ta c xch
Markov vi thi gian lin tc, hay xch Markov lin tc.
nh ngha 3
Xt mt xch Markov. Nu xc sut chuyn trng thi p(s, i ,t, j)=p(s+h, i,
t+h, j), i, j, s, t v h>0, th ta ni rng xch Markov thun nht theo
thi gian.
1.2. Ma trn xc sut chuyn trng thi v phn phi dng
nh ngha 1
Gi s ti thi im t=n, X(n) cng c th nhn mt trong cc N gi tr vi
xc sut tng ng l
( )
1
n
,
( )
2
n
,,
( ) n
N
(vi
( )
1
n
+
( )
2
n
+...
( ) n
N
=1) th vc t
( ) n
[
= (
( )
1
n
,
( )
2
n
, ,
( ) n
N
) c gi l vc t phn phi ti thi im t=n.
Vi t =0., ta c vc t phn phi ban u
(0)
[
=[
(0)
1
,
(0)
2
,,
(0)
n
].
Ma trn P=[p
ij
]
NxN
, trong p
ij
=p(t, i, t+1, j)=P[X(t+1)=j/X(t)=i) t l xc
sut chuyn trng thi t v tr i sang j sau mt bc, i=1, 2,., N v j=1,
2, , N c gi l ma trn xc sut chuyn trng thi hay ma trn chuyn sau
mt bc.
nh ngha 2
Xt xch Markov ri rc v thun nht vi ma trn chuyn P=[p
ij
]
NxN
. Lc ,
vc t phn phi xc sut
[
=[
1
,
2
,,
N
] tha mn iu kin
[
x(I-P)
= 0 c gi l phn phi dng ca xch Markov cho. C th thy ngay,
phn phi dng
[
khng ph thuc vo
(0)
[
m ch ph thuc vo ma trn
P.
1.3. Cc tnh cht v nh l
Xt xch Markov ri rc v thun nht vi ma trn chuyn P = [p
ij
]
NxN
. C th
chng minh c cc tnh cht v nh l sau:

- Cc tnh cht:
1.
( ) m n
ij
p
+
=
( ) ( )
1
N
n m
ik kj
k
p p
=

( phng trnh Chapman Kolmogorov).

2.
(2)
P =PxP =
2
P ,
( ) n
P =
n
P v
( ) n m
P
+
=
( ) n
P x
( ) m
P .

3.
( ) n m +
[
=
( ) n
[
x
( ) m
P .

- nh l

Gi s P l ma trn xc sut chuyn chnh qui, tc l tn ti ch s n
0
, sao cho
i, j th xc sut chuyn trng thi t i n j sau n
0
bc l mt s dng:
0
( ) n
ij
p >0. Khi tn ti
1
,
2
, ,
N
>0 v
1
+
2
+
N
=1 cho
( )
lim
n
ij j
x
p

= khng ph thuc vo i.
Cc s
1
,
2
,,
N
c tm t h phng trnh


1
, 1,2,..., ; 0
N
j k kj j
k
x x p j N x j
=
= = >

v
1
1
N
j
j
x
=
=

.

Nu cc s
1
,
2
,,
N
tha mn iu kin
1
+
2
+
N
=1 v
( )
lim
n
ij j
x
p

= , khng ph thuc vo i th ma trn P l ma trn chnh qui.

1.4 L thuyt hng i v mng hng i
1.4.1 L thuyt hng i
1.4.1.1 Hng i v c im


Hnh 1.1 M hnh chung ca h thng hng i
Phn tch h thng hng i hoc mng hng i bao gm:
- Phn tch gii tch.
- Qu trnh m phng.
- C hai phng php trn.
Kt qu gii tch t c:
- Yu cu t tnh ton.
- a ra kt qu chnh xc (khng xy ra li xc sut).
Nhng kt qu thu c (cc thng s dch v) c chia thnh hai nhm ln:
- Dnh cho ngi s dng.
- Dnh cho cc nh cung cp phc v.
Thng s quan trng cho ngi s dng:
- Tr hng i.
- Tng tr (bao gm tr hng i v tr phc v ).
- S lng gi tin trong hng i.
- S lng gi tin trong h thng (gm gi tin ch v gi tin ang
c x l ).
- Xc sut nghn mng (khi kch thc b m hu hn).
- Xc sut ch x l.
Thng s quan trng cho cc nh cung cp dch v:
- Kh nng s dng b x l.
- Kh nng s dng b m.
- Li ch thu c (thng s dch v v cc xem xt v kinh t).
- Li ch b mt (thng s dch v v cc xem xt v kinh t).
- p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng.
Cht lng dch v (QoS):
- Tn tht (PDF, mean).
- Tr (PDF, mean).
- Jitter (PDF, mean).
a ra cc thng s trn thu c:
- Hm phn b xc sut.
- Cc gi tr trung bnh.
- o c cc thi im cc i, cc tiu.
Cc hm phn b xc sut cha ng y cc thng tin lin quan n cc
thng s quan tm. Tuy nhin, vic thit lp c cc hm ny l kh thc hin.
Phn tch h thng hng i c chia thnh:
- Phn tch thi gian ngn (da trn mt thi im nht nh).
- Phn tch trong mt khong thi gian (trng thi n nh) (da
trn tham s v hn).
- Cu trc logic ca phn tch h thng hng i.
- o c nhiu thng s thng k: mean-mean, moments,
transform, pdf.
Phn tch thi gian ngn s dng cho cc trng hp n gin- s dng cc
phng php m phng hay xp x.
Vic phn tch chnh xc khng th cho p dng cho qu trnh n nh- s dng cc
phng php xp x, nu khng th dng cc phng php m phng.
T nhng phn tch trn, lun vn c nhn xt sau:
- Vi cc h thng thng tin gi th s dng h thng hng i phn tch l
hp l.
- Cc gi thit lin quan n c tnh v cu trc ca h thng hng i t
c kt qu chnh xc t nht l cho cc thng s hiu nng trung bnh vi
iu kin n nh.
1.4.1.2 Cc tham s hiu nng trung bnh
- S lng trung bnh gi tin trong h thng
- S lng trung bnh gi tin trong hng i
- Thi gian trung bnh trong h thng
- s dng b x l
1.4.2 Mt s khi nim thng k c bn
1.4.2.1 c im in trnh im
- Tnh dng
- Tnh c lp
- Tnh u n
1.4.2.2. Tin trnh Poisson
Tin trnh Poisson l tin trnh im quan trng nht bi v vai tr ca n cng
quan trng nh vai tr ca phn b chun trong phn b thng k. Tt c nhng
tin trnh im ng dng khc u l dng tng qut ho hay dng sa i ca tin
trnh Poisson. Tin trnh Poisson m t rt nhiu tin trnh trong i sng thc t,
do n c tnh ngu nhin nht.
1.5 Cc m hnh hng i
1.5.1. K hiu Kendall Bt k h thng xp hng no cng c m t bi :
- Tin trnh n
- Tin trnh x l
- Dung lng h thng
- Qui m mt
- Qui tc x l
- K hiu Kendall
1.5.2. Qu trnh Sinh-T (Birth-Death): Trng thi ca h thng c biu din
bng s cc gi tin n trong mt h thng. Khi c mt gi tin mi n th trng thi
ca h thng s thay i sang n+1, khi c mt gi tin ra i th trng thi h thng s
thay i sang n-1, ta c lc chuyn tip trng thi l qu trnh sinh t.
1.6 Cc h thng Markov: H thng M/M/1, H thng M/M/1/K, H thng M/M/C,
H thng M/G/1.
1.7 Kt lun chng.
Xc nh cc thng s hng i nh: chiu di hng i cc thi im bt k
hoc ngay c khi c gi tin, qua a ra cc phng n iu khin lu lng
trn mng cho ph hp nhm gim thiu cc s c trn mng, nh gi c hiu
sut s dng ti nguyn ng thi xc nh c cp QoS m c th cung cp trn
mng, l c s cho vic thit k cc mng h thng vin thng th h sau
(NGN).
CHNG 2. TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN DI NG
TH H 3 (3G)
S pht trin nhanh chng ca cc dch v s liu, IP t ra cc yu cu
mi i vi cng nghip vin thng di ng. Thng tin di ng th h hai mc
d s dng cng ngh s nhng v l h thng bng hp v c xy dng trn
c ch chuyn mch knh nn khng th p ng c cc dch v mi ny.
Trong bi cnh , ITU a ra n tiu chun ha h thng thng tin di
ng th h ba vi tn gi IMT 2000. IMT-2000 m rng ng k kh
nng cung cp dch v v cho php s dng nhiu phng tin thng tin. Mc
ch ca IMT-2000 l a ra nhiu kh nng mi nhng cng ng thi m
bo s pht trin lin tc ca thng tin di ng th h hai (2G). Thng tin
di ng th h ba (3G) xy dng trn c s IMT-2000 c a vo phc v t
nm 2001. Cc h thng 3G cung cp nhiu dch v vin thng bao gm: thoi,
s liu tc bit thp v cao, a phng tin, video (triple play) cho ngi s
dng lm vic c phng tin cng cng ln t nhn ( vng cng s, vng
dn c, phng tin vn ti )
Cc tiu ch chung xy dng IMT-2000 nh sau:

- S dng di tn qui nh quc t 2GHz nh sau:

- ng ln: 1885 2025 MHz.

- ng xung: 2110 2200 MHz.

- L h thng thng tin di ng ton cu cho cc loi hnh thng tin v tuyn.

- Tch hp cc mng thng tin hu tuyn v v tuyn.

- Tng tc cho mi loi dch v vin thng.

- S dng cc phng tin khai thc khc nhau.

- Trong cng .

- Ngoi ng.

- Trn xe.

- V tinh.

- C th h tr cc dch v nh:
- Cc phng tin nh o (VHE: Virtual Home Environment) trn c s
mng thng minh, di ng c nhn v chuyn mch ton cu.
- m bo chuyn mch quc t
- m bo dch v a phng tin ng thi cho thoi, s liu chuyn
mch knh v s liu chuyn mch gi.

- D dng h tr cc dch v mi xut hin

Mi trng hot ng ca IMT-2000 c chia thnh bn vng vi tc bit
R
b
nh sau:
1. Vng 1: Trong nh, pico, R
b
2 Mbit/s
2. Vng 2: Thnh ph, micro, R
b
384 kbit/s
3. Vng 3: Ngoi , macro, R
b
144 kbit/s
4. Vng 4: Ton cu, R
b
=9,6 kbit/s

Cc cng ngh c nghin cu a ra cc xut cho h thng thng tin di
ng th h ba bao gm:

- W CDMA ( Wideband CDMA: CDMA bng rng )
- W TDMA ( W TDMA: TDMA bng rng )
- TDMA/CDMA bng rng
- OFDMA ( Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access: a truy nhp
phn chia theo tn s trc giao)
- ODMA ( Opportunity Driven Multipe Access: a truy nhp theo c hi )

W CDMA nhn c nhiu s ng h nht, trc ht nh tnh linh hot ca lp
vt l trong vic h tr cc kiu dch v khc nhau, c bit l cc dch v tc
bit thp v trung bnh. Nhc im ca W CDMA l h thng khng cp php
trong bng TDD vi pht thu lin tc, khng to iu kin cho cc k thut chng
nhiu cc phng tin lm vic nh my in thoi khng dy.
2.1 Cu trc mng truy nhp v tuyn (W-CDMA)
2.1.1 Cc c im ca W-CDMA
- Hiu sut s dng tn s cao
- D dng qun l tn s
- Cng sut pht ca my di ng thp
- S dng ti nguyn v tuyn mt cch c lp trong ng ln v
ng xung
- Nhiu tc d liu
- Ci thin cc gii php chng pha inh nhiu tia
- Gim t l gin on tn hiu
2.1.2 Cc c tnh k thut c bn ca W-CDMA


2.2 Cu trc ca mng truy nhp v tuyn W-CDMA


Hnh 2.1 Cu trc mng W-CDMA
2.3 Cc cng gh then cht trong W-CDMA
- S dng ch khng ng b gia cc BS v phn chia m ng
xung
- Truyn dn OVSF
- Cu trc pilot
- Phng php truy nhp gi
- Cc m Turbo
- TPC
- Phn tp truyn dn
- K thut thu pht song cng phn chia theo thi gian v phn chia theo
tn s
2.4 M hnh knh
M hnh knh thng tin s gm ngun s liu v b chuyn i u vo,b
m ha ngun, b m ha knh, b iu ch s, knh, b gii iu ch s,
gii m knh, gii m ngun v b chuyn i u ra. Trc y, ngi ta
thng dng phng php phn tch, m phng mc dng sng.
Trong lun vn ny s s dng m hnh knh thng tin s. c bit, ph
hp vi cc knh di ng 3G chng ta s a thm cc hin tng vt l
xy ra, trong l: cc ngun can nhiu, truyn lan a ng. c trng
cho chng l m hnh knh ri rc v m hnh Markov[1]. Chng ta s s
dng cng c ton hc l l thuyt xp hng ni chng 1 m hnh
ha knh v m phng chng. M hnh ny c Shannon a ra v c
gi l knh c trng thi hu hn, trong c knh khng nh v knh c
nh. Knh khng nh l loi knh khng c can nhiu gia cc k hiu
hoc phainh. Knh khng nh rt n gin, tri li knh c nh ri rc th
qu trnh truyn lan v x l tn hiu trong rt phc tp. Knh v tuyn
ni chung l knh c pha inh, c nh v c s tng quan gia cc k hiu
u vo v u ra. Hnh 2.6 ch ra m hnh knh nh phn; cc k hiu u
vo v u ra l 0 hoc 1 v xc sut sa i knh l i xng.

Hnh 2.6 M hnh knh nh phn
Trong knh ny, knh tc ng vo k hiu 0 hoc 1 l nh nhau. i vi
knh c nh, xc sut li ph thuc vo cc bit pht i trc . Hnh 2.7
ch ra mt knh ri rc m u vo v M u ra.


Hnh 2.7 M hnh knh ri rckhng nh m u vo M u ra

Trong trng hp ny ( ) ( )
r i j r i j
P Y y X x P y x = = = .
Trn c s m hnh tng quan knh ri rc ny, lun vn s kt hp vi cc
khi nim, c tnh ca cc hng i cp chng 1 kho st cc hiu
nng ca knh v tuyn 3G.

2.6 Kt lun chng
Chng hai gii thiu mt s c tnh c bn nht ca h thng thng tin di
ng th h 3. T rt ra mt s im phc v cho vic phn tch, tnh
ton chng ba.
Cc h thng thng tin th h 3 ch yu da trn tiu chun IMT-2000 vi cc
cng ngh CDMA, a sng mang OFDM nhm tng tc d liu truyn trn
knh nhng gim thiu c pha inh la chn theo tn s. Hin tng xuyn
nhiu gia cc k hiu gim. Nh vy, mt cch gn ng ta coi knh l khng
nh v cc dy cc gi tin u vo my thu coi l c phn b Poisson. Tuy
nhin, khi c pha inh tc ng vo h thng th lc ny phi s dng m hnh
Markov n.
H thng thng tin di ng 3G cho php kt hp nhiu lp dch v c tc
thp cao khc nhau cho nn khi phn tch hiu nng ti cc nt v m hnh
hng i ti ta s s dng loi nhiu lp, a dch v.

CHNG 3. TNH CC HIU NNG CA KNH V TUYN 3G

3.1 Gii thiu
T nhng kin thc c bn ni chng 1 v chui Markov, xc sut
chuyn i trng thi, ma trn chuyn i trng thi. Kt hp vi c im
knh v tuyn, h thng thng tin di ng 3G gii thiu chng 2, i
chiu vi mc tiu ca ti. Lun vn chn m hnh Markov n biu din
knh v tuyn c cc trng thi hu hn. T m rng sang biu din bng
ma trn m hnh knh v tuyn bng m hnh Markov bn n. T cc m hnh
s tnh c cc hiu nng knh.
3.2 M hnh trng thi knh
Ta bit rng, trong h thng thng tin di ng 3G, cc gi tin u pht c
k hiu bng mt tp vc t trng thi { }
1 2
, ,...,
m
a a a a = v u ra l
{ }
1 2
, ,...,
m
b b b b = , y m l mt s nguyn khng m (m N e ). Trong trng
hp nu b a, ngoi tr thi gian tr th ta gi l knh khng nhiu. Nu khng
xy ra iu , lc ta ni knh b li v c trng cho n l xc sut c iu
kin thu c dy b khi pht dy a.


1 1
( , ,..., , ,..., )
r i i i m i i i m
P b b b a a a
+ + + +


v ta coi knh ang xt c c trng bng (3.1). Nu dy li
1
, ,...
i i i m
e e e
+ +

khng ph thuc vo dy pht:


1 1 1
( , ,..., , ,..., ) ( , ,... )
r i i i m i i i m r i i i m
P e e e a a a P e e e
+ + + + + +
=
th knh c gi l i xng. Knh s l dng nu cc xc sut ny khng ph
thuc vo i. Ta c th m t li bng hm phn phi m chiu. Vic tnh ton
phn b m chiu vi m kh ln l mt vic ht sc kh khn. V vy, trong lun
vn ny s dng phng php xp x dy li knh bng m hnh ngun li.
Gi s rng knh bao gm cc khng gian trng thi { }
1 2
, ,...,
m
S s s s = . Nu ti
thi im t-1, knh trng thi
1 t
s

v k hiu knh u vo l
t
a A e , knh
u ra l
t
b B e v chuyn n trng thi
t
s S e vi xc sut
1
( , , )
r t t t t
P b s a s

. Xc
sut ca trng thi cui cng s
t
v dy thu c
1
( , , )
r t t t t
P b s j a s i

= = vi iu
kin trng thi ban u l s
0
v dy pht
1 1 2
( , ,... )
t
t
a a a a = c tnh:


1
1
1 1 0 1
1
( , , ) ( , , )
t
t
t t
r t r i i i i
i s
P b s a s P b s a s

=
=
[


Phng trnh (3.3) l mt kiu ma trn, y ( )
r t t
P b a c nh ngha nh l
mt ma trn xc sut c iu kin (MP) ca k hiu u ra thu c t ma trn
u vo l
1
( , , )
r t t t t
P b s j a s i

= = v ta c:


1 ,
( ) [ ( , , ]
r t t r t t t t u u
P b a P b s a s

=
Xc sut c iu kin
1 1 0
( , )
t t
r
P b a s ca
1
t
b trn trng thi knh ban u s
0
v dy
u vo
1
t
a l php ton da trn s
t
thng qua
1 1 0
( , , )
t t
r t
P b s a s . Xc sut c iu
kin
1 1
( )
t t
r
P b a ca
1
t
b trn dy knh u vo
1
t
a c tnh nh sau:

0
1 1 0 1 1 0
1
( ) ( ) ( , )
u
t t t t
r r r
s
P b a P s P b a s
=
=

hoc:


1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
1
( ) ( ) ( )1 ( )1
t
t t t t t t
r i i
i
P b a p p b a p P b a p P b a
=
= = =
[

y
0 0 0 0
[ ( 1) ( 2)... ( )]
r r r
p P s P s P s u = = = = l ma trn ca xc sut trng thi
knh ban u.
M hnh trng thi knh i khi ngi ta cn gi l m hnh ngun. Ngun
y c m t bi A, khng gian trng thi S. Ma trn hng p
s
ca xc sut
trng thi ban u v ma trn xc sut P
s
(a) l mt phn ca xc sut thu t
trng thi ngun i n trng thi j v a ra k hiu a: ( , )
r
P a j i .
Xc sut a ra mt dy
1
t
a trong m hnh knh c tnh nh sau:

1
1
( ) ( )1
t
t
r s s i
t
P a p P a
=
=
[

y, nhng phn t ca P
s
(a) c biu din:

( , ) ( ) ( , )
r r r
P a j i P j i P a i j =
iu ny to nn mt xch Markov vi ma trn chuyn v:

[ ( )] ( )
r s
a
P P i j P a = =

Vi m hnh trng thi, chng ta khng th trc tip quan st c, iu ny c
ngha l trng thi khng th c xc nh bng vic nhn dng cc k hiu..
Dy trng thi l mt hm xc sut ca cc trng thi n v xc sut c iu
kin ca cc k hiu. Xc sut ny ch ph thuc vo trng thi hin ti
( , ) ( )
r t r t
P a i j P a j = v m hnh ny c gi l m hnh Markov n ri rc
(HMM). n y chng ta c th ni rng: mt m hnh Markov n l mt qu
trnh ngu nhin m ta khng th trc tip quan st, nhn bit, nhng ta c th
nhn bit c n thng qua vic phn tch tng phn ca qu trnh ny. M
hnh ny c s dng m hnh ha knh u vo.
Trong cc ng dng quan trng, chng ta gi s rng xch Markov c tnh dng
v nu ma trn P l ma trn chun tc th vc t xc sut trng thi ban u c
th c tm ra v l mt gii php nghin cu cc h thng thng tin.

1 1 P = =
3.3 M hnh Gilbert-Elliotts
M hnh Gilbert-Elliotts l m hnh knh nh phn bin i theo thi gian.
3.4 M hnh Fritchmans

Hnh 3.3 M hnh Fritchmans
Fritchman tin hnh nghin cu xch Markov vi u ra l hm quyt nh
ca cc trng thi. y l tng c s cho m hnh Markov bn n[2]. Hnh
3.4 m t m hnh Markov bn n vi N trng thi, trong c mt trng thi
xu. y chnh l knh v tuyn Fritchman vi (N-1) trng thi tt v ch duy
nht mt trng thi xu. Cc trng thi tt c biu din l 0 (khng li) v
cc trng thi xu c biu din l 1 (c li). S lng cc trng thi tt
hoc xu c th tng hoc gim ph thuc vo cc mu li ngu nhin.
3.5 Xc sut li
Xc sut li c th thu c t cc tham s ca m hnh Markov m khng
cn quan tm n dy. N c th c tnh ton bng cch cho tng ma trn
chuyn trng thi n mc rt cao. Hay ni cch khc, chng ta phi tnh:
P

u =
u l ma trn xc sut gii hn nhiu bc ca qu trnh. Cc hng ca ma trn
ny l xc sut cc trng thi ca qu trnh v chng phi lun tn ti vi mi
trng thi ban u khi s lng chuyn v ca qu trnh c php tng n s
lng rt ln. Chng ta thy rng nhng hng ca ma trn u ng nht. Xc
sut sau cng c gn s khng ph thuc vo s bt u ca qu trnh. Ma
trn ny ch ra xc sut chuyn trng thi ca qu trnh Markov dng. Thc
hin php nhn xc sut chuyn trng thi vi xc sut li tng ng s cho
chng ta kt qu ca dy li.
Nu B l ma trn xc sut k hiu u ra, vi hng th hai l xc sut li trng
thi tng ng c to ra th xc sut li cho trng thi N ca xch Markov
c tnh nh sau:

1
( , ) (2, )
N
E
i
P i i B i
=
= u

Vi P
E
l xc sut ca li. iu ny c ngha l xc sut li ca m hnh
Markov c th thu c trc tip t cc m hnh tham s m khng cn quan
tm n cc dy li v tnh ton cc bt li tng ng.
3.6 Khong trng thi
Trong phn ny, lun vn s ch ra bng cch no xc nh khong thi
gian tn ti gia hai trng thi lin nhau .
3.7 Qu trnh Markov bn n
M hnh ngun li c th c tng qut ha bng cch s dng qu trnh
Markov bn n (cn gi l qu trnh bn Markov). Chng ta c th xem qu
trnh bn Markov nh mt qu trnh m trng thi ca n c chi phi bi cc
xc sut chuyn v ca qu trnh Markov.
Qu trnh bn Markov c th c m t bng ton hc nh sau.
Gi
ij
p l xc sut m qu trnh bn Markov bt u vi trng thi i v chuyn
v cui cng s c bt u t trng thi j n chuyn v tip theo. Xc sut
chuyn v
ij
p tt nhin phi ging vi xc sut chuyn v trong qu trnh
Markov, v ta c:

0 1,2,..., ; 1,2,...,
ij
p i N j N > = =

v
1
1 1,2,...,
N
ij
i
p i N
=
= =

Trong trng hp ny, qu trnh ca chng ta c N trng thi. Bt k khi no,
khi h thng trng thi i, n xc nh c trng thi tip theo j ph hp vi
trng thi chuyn v is v xc sut chuyn v p
i1
, p
i2
,, p
iN
. Mc d vy, sau
khi trng thi j c chn th trc khi thc hin s chuyn v ny, qu trnh
phi thc hin s chuyn v t trng thi i n j. y gi l qu trnh dng vi
khong thi gian
ij
trong trng thi i. Chng ta cng thy rng
ij
l lun lun
dng v cc gi tr ngu nhin nguyn dng ny c m t bi mt hm tp
trung xc sut (.)
ij
h . Vy ta c:
( ) ( )
r ij ij
P m h m = =
Gi s rng gi tr trung bnh
ij
l c gii hn v tt c cc phn b thi gian
dng tp trung c n v chiu di thi gian l ti thiu:
(0) 0
ij
h =
Chng ta thy rng mt tp cc trng thi v k hiu c to ra bng tp ca
cc ngun. Khi c mt k hiu, chng ta khng th ni trng thi s to ra k
hiu ny. M hnh trng thi ca qu trnh ny khng th quan st v d dng
nhn ra c v v vy chng ta gi n l m hnh Markov bn n. M hnh
ny c s dng m hnh ha nhiu loi ngun li khc nhau ca h thng
thng tin di ng th h sau.
ng dng trong m hnh ngun li, m hnh bn Markov c m t bng ma
trn ca xc sut trng thi khi im, ma trn xc sut chuyn v. Cc ma trn
ny c phn b trong cc khong v ma trn xc sut ca li. Vic m t m
hnh ngun li c coi nh l m hnh bn Markov v cc knh tng ng
c gi l cc knh bn Markov i xng.. Nu khong phn b ca qu trnh
bn Markov ch ph thuc vo trng thi hin ti

( ) ( ) 1,2,..., ; 1,2,...,
ij i
h m h m i N j N = = =
th qu trnh c gi l t hc.



Hnh 3.4 Qu trnh bn Markov
Hnh 3.5 ch ra mt phn ng i ca qu trnh bn Markov ri rc theo thi
gian. Nhng on di mu en v c chm u m t qu trnh vo tc th
ca trng thi sau mt chuyn v. Hnh v ny ch ra qu trnh vo trng thi 1
ti thi im 0, c gi trng thi 1 vi 3 n v thi gian v sau thc
hin chuyn v n trng thi 2. Sau gi trng thi 2 mt khong l 1 n
v thi gian v sau nhy n trng thi 3. Qu trnh tip tc c gi trng
thi 3 trong khong 2 n v thi gian v sau nhy n trng thi 2. Ch
rng kt ni c s gia thi gian cn bng v thi gian chuyn v l khng tnh
n. Chng ta c th thy rng xc sut ca ba ln chuyn v nm trong mt
thi gian tng. Qu trnh Markov ri rc theo thi gian cng c lin h vi
qu trnh bn Markov ri rc theo thi gian nh sau:

( ) ( 1) 0,1,2...; , 1,2,...,
ij
h m m m i j N = = =
y l hm delta v N l tng s cc trng thi ca qu trnh Markov.
3.7.1 Chuyn v thc v chuyn v o
Chuyn v thc l chuyn v m n yu cu s thay i tht tc ng n trng
thi. Chuyn v o l chuyn v m s thay i trng thi c th ging vi
trc khi c chuyn v.
3.7.2 M hnh ha ngun li bng qu trnh Markov
tng c s ca m hnh ny c a ra bi Fritchman[3]. Chng ta c
mt dy cc s 0 v 1 nh sau: 000011000000000000001110000001100000, ta
c th vit li dy nh sau
4 2 14 3 6 2 5
010 1010 . S bin i ny c gi l
runlengh coding.
Thun li chnh ca vic bin i ny trong cc thut ton l m ha ma trn
nhanh v phn tch biu thc c th c s dng nh gi cc tham s ca
cc m hnh Markov. Trong phn ny, lun vn cng a ra kh nng v vic
kt hp qu trnh bn Markov v cng c c kh nng tnh ton thc hin
vic m hnh ha ngun li trong mi trng W-CDMA bng cch s dng
cng c VIPER[8,9] nh gi cc knh v tuyn trong h thng 3G.


Hnh 3.7 M hnh bn Markov

3.8 Biu din ma trn khi
Trong mt s trng hp, thun tin cho mc ch m hnh ha v tnh
ton, mt ma trn s c chia thnh cc khi. V cc ma trn khi ny c th
c s dng nh gi tham s m hnh bn Markov n. Xt mt qu trnh
Markov vi hai k hiu. C tng tt c l N trng thi v tp cc trng thi ny
c th phn thnh hai tp con nh hn N
0
, N
1
. N
0
biu din cc trng thi ng
vi k hiu 0, N
1
biu din cc trng thi ng vi k hiu 1. Ni cch khc,
chng ta c th quy cho tt c cc trng thi vi k hiu 0 u ra v trng thi
N
0
v tng ng N
1
c quy cho k hiu 1. Chng ta cng c th quy cho tt
c cc trng thi vi s lng khi im i=1,2,, R cho tp con N
0
v cc
trng thi cn li vi s lng i=R+1, R+2,, N cho tp con N
1
. Ma trn
chuyn v trng thi P c th c vit:


00 01
0 11
P P
P
P P
(
=
(


3.9 Biu din m hnh ca cc dy xc nh
Trong phn ny, lun vn tin hnh xt c tnh ca cc ma trn thu c t
vic nh gi cc m hnh Markov.
t { }
1 2
, ,...,
T
x x x x = l mt dy li vi x
k
=1 l bt li th k c pht i v x
k
=0
l bt pht khng c li. K hiu (0 1
m
) l s kin m m c cc bt khng li
lin tc c pht sau mt bt li, v (1 0
m
) biu din s kin m c cc bt li
lin tc c pht theo sau bt khng li. Fitchman ch ra c rng xc sut
xut hin ca hai s kin trn c tnh:


1
1
(0 1)
k
m m
r i i
i
P f

=
=

1
1
(1 0)
N
m m
r i i
i k
P f

= +
=


y
1,2,..., 1, 2,...,
,
k k k N

+ +
l gi tr c ly tng ng t A
GG
v A
BB
v f
i
s l
hm ca a
ij
s.
3.11 Pha inh trong knh v tuyn 3G
Chng ta thy rng cc m hnh Markov rt thch hp m hnh ha cc
loi knh v tuyn khc nhau, c bit l cc loi knh v tuyn trong h thng
thng tin di ng th h sau [4, 5, 6 v 7]. Cc m hnh ny to ra y cc
loi pha inh khc nhau trong knh v tuyn v t cho php chng ta m
hnh ha v tnh ton, nh gi chng. Nhng pha inh ny bao gm c knh
a ng v n ng.
3.12 Kt lun chng
Chng ba trnh by v tm hiu chi tit hu ht cc m hnh c s dng
m hnh ha knh v tuyn ni chung v knh v tuyn 3G ni ring. Qua
qu trnh kho st, phn tch cc u nhc im ca tng m hnh. Trn c s
, chng ny tm ra c m hnh ti u nht l cc m hnh Markov
n. S dng m hnh ny chng ta c th nh gi, tnh ton c hu nh ton
b cc c tnh ca loi knh v tuyn ht sc phc tp l knh v tuyn 3G.
u im ny l duy nht ch c trong m hnh Markov n.

CHNG 4. M PHNG
4.1 t vn
Trong chng ny, lun vn tp trung vo cc vn chnh:
- Cu trc m phng.
- Phng php lun cho vic m hnh ha knh v tuyn th h 3.
- Tnh tnh ton v a ra kt qu m phng ngun li.
Phn ny cng s cp v m phng h thng W-CDMA c ng dng
trong thng tin di ng 3G. Ngoi ra cn cp n cng c dng m hnh
ha knh v tuyn l h thng cng c VIPER (Vector ImpulsE Response
Measurement System).
Hnh 4.1 a ra cu trc m phng dng sng ca W-CDMA.



Hnh 4.1 M hnh cu trc ca b m phng W-CDMA vi u vo
VIPER
4.2 H thng cng c VIPER
Phn ny lun vn tp trung vo vic m t h thng VIPER. y thc cht l
mt b thu bng rng, a knh, thi gian thc c thit k thng qua s kt
hp gia phn cng v phn mm iu khin.[9].

Hnh 4.3 Thit b thu bng rng, a knh, thi gian thc
4.3 M hnh ha Markov
Nh lun vn trnh by cc phn trc, li ngu nhin l cc k t nh
phn 0 v 1 thu c t b m phng dng sng cc knh v tuyn trong
W-CDMA.. Nhng dy li ny sau s c lun vn s dng m hnh
ha ngun li s dng cc m hnh Markov khc nhau: m hnh Markov v m
hnh bn Markov n.

Hnh 4.4 cho ta cc m hnh ngun li khc nhau m chng ta s s dng
m phng v tnh ton.

Hnh 4.4 Cc m hnh ngun li
Vi m hnh ny, chng ta c mt cng c ht sc tin cy m hnh ha knh
v tuyn trong thng tin di ng th h 3. Chng ta c th to ra cc bit li
ngu nhin t nhng m hnh ny. Cc dy li c to ra theo cc m hnh
ny khng phi l nh x im im song chng l cc dy li ngu nhin. Vi
cc mi trng phc tp nh cc knh v tuyn a ng, a giao din, cc m
hnh ny vn cho ra cc kt qu kho st rt st vi thc t.
Tip theo, lun vn a ra m phng cu trc ca m hnh Markov n.


Hnh 4.5 S m phng cu trc ca m hnh Markov n
Cc m hnh Markov n dng vc t li u vo c xy dng theo nguyn
tc bit by bit xy dng m hnh thut ton. Khi hot ng ch thi gian
thc, m hnh ny s chim rt nhiu thi gian nu dy u vo phc tp.
Trong phn ny, lun vn tin hnh kho st cc k hiu c to ra l cc k
t nh phn 0 hoc 1 v s ch ra mt li n (0 ng vi khng li, 1
ng vi li).
S m phng cu trc ca m hnh bn Markov n c m t:




Hnh 4.6 S m phng cu trc ca m hnh bn Markov n
M hnh ny s dng u vo l cc runlength vector, cc dy u vo c
m ha theo phng thc runlength coding nh trnh by phn trc.
Chng ta thy rng cc m hnh trn c th a ra cc dy hon ton trng
khp vi cc dy li m ta thu c t b m phng W-CDMA.
Theo [11], nu chng ta thc hin m hnh ha pha inh bng m hnh Markov
n th cc bt li v cc khi li trong d liu pht ln cc knh pha inh cng
c th c m hnh ha bng m hnh Markov n ny.
i vi vic m phng cc knh v tuyn 3G, s dng cc m hnh Markov c
th to ra rt nhiu trng thi ph thuc vo phc tp ca knh (hoc
phc tp ca cc phn li nh vic m hnh ha ngun li). Trong trng hp
m hnh ha ngun li, xc sut li t n khng quyt nh c tnh chnh xc
ca m hnh do c th c nhiu hn mt dy li c cng tham s BER nhng
li khc bit nhau hon ton.
4.4 M phng, tnh ton ngun li
Trong phn ny, lun vn s ch ra rng: s dng cc m hnh Markov, cc dy
li c th c to ra tng t nh dy thu c t b m phng W-CDMA.
Mt dy li thu c t b m phng W-CDMA s c s dng lm u
vo cho cc thut ton trong m hnh Markov. Qu trnh m phng ngun li
c lun vn gii thiu chng ba. y, chng ta ch xt cho trng
hp s dng m hnh Markov n thu pht hai chiu m hnh ha v tnh ton
cho ngun li. Cc trng hp cn li cng s c thc hin tng t.
Xt mt dy li c 4000000 bt, xc sut li thu c t b m phng W-
CDMA l 0,0819.
Ta c mt dy li thu c cc phn trc vi u vo l 3 trng thi. Sau
200 ln tc ng, ta thu c cc tham s nh gi ca m hnh Markov n:

| |
0,9807 0,0027 0,0166
0,8407 0,0853 0,0740
0,3188 0,0124 0,6688
0,9253 0,2461 0,8248
0,0747 0,7539 0,1752
1.0000 0.0000 0.0000
P
B

(
(
=
(
(

(
=
(

=

By gi chng ta nh ngha ma trn u nh sau:

n
P u=
y n l mt s ln.
Ta thc hin tng ma trn P vi hiu sut cao n khi thu c mt ma trn c
cc hng ging nhau. t c iu ny th theo gi thit t ra t u ta thu
c s ln phi tng l
10
10 . Ta thy rng vic tng ma trn P khng lm thay
i cc hng v ct ca ma trn thu c. P hon ton l mt ma trn ngu
nhin v c tng cc hng bng 1. Nu hng th hai ca ma trn B tng ng
vi xc sut k hiu u ra c to bi mt li th th xc sut ca li P
E
l:

10000000
0,9482 0,0035 0,0483
0,9482 0,0035 0,0483
0,9482 0,0035 0,0483
P u =
(
(
=
(
(








1 2 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
( / ) ( ) ( / ) ( ) ( / ) ( )
(1,1) (2,1) (2,2) (2,2) (3,3) (2,3)
0,0819
E
P P e S P e S P e S
P e S P S P e S P S P e S P S
B B B
= + +
= + +
= u +u + u
=

Kt qu ny hon ton khp vi kt qu thu c t b m phng WCDMA
nh trnh by trn.
4.5 Kt lun chng
Chng ny thc hin m hnh ha m hnh Markov, c bit l m hnh
Markov n t c c s cho vic tnh ton v so snh cc kt qu v mt
ln na khng nh vic chn m hnh Markov n m hnh v nh gi knh
v tuyn 3G lphng n ti u nht.


KT LUN

L thuyt hng i, cc m hnh Markov, cc qu trnh ngu nhin l nhng
ni dung xuyn sut trong lun vn. Lun vn tin hnh nghin cu, nh
gi chi tit v phn tch c th cc l thuyt c s trn t p dng vo
vic tnh ton hiu nng ca h thng thng tin di ng 3G. C th l nh gi
hiu nng knh v tuyn 3G thng qua vic m hnh ha chng. Cc m hnh
s dng m hnh ha knh, m hnh ha h thng cng c lun vn xem
xt v nh gi.

Lun vn cng i vo nghin cu cc c trng c bn ca h thng thng
tin di ng th h 3, rt ra m hnh h thng thng tin di ng 3G xy dng
c s cho vic m hnh ha v nh gi.
T cc nghin cu , chng ta ch ra c m hnh v tnh ton, nh gi hiu
nng h thng thng tin di ng 3G thng qua vic m hnh ha knh v tuyn
3G nh gi v tnh ton hiu nng knh . Cc m hnh Markov n c
chng minh l m hnh hp l nht m hnh ha knh v tuyn 3G, loi
knh v tuyn ht sc phc tp (a ng, a giao din).
Nh phn gii thiu trnh by, lun vn bc u tm hiu cng c nh gi
hiu nng h thng 3G: l l thuyt hng i vi cc m hnh Markov, c
bit l cc m hnh Markov n. Cng c m chng ta kho st v nghin cu
bc u tr gip cho vic tnh ton, thit k mng thng tin di ng th h sau
3G mt cch c hiu qu v hp l hn.