ocif t k e f ; jrif h uG , f v G e f N yD ; aemuf

uRefawmfh0goemudkodaom ociftkef;jrifh
rdom;pkuEdkifiHa&;ESifhywfoufaom "gwfyHk
tajrmuftjrm; uReaf wmfu
h akd y;onf/ ociftek ;f jrifq
h kd
onfrmS ppfBudKacwfAv
kd cf sKyfatmifqef;wdEYk iS t
hf wl vGwv
f yfa&;BudK;yrf;rIwiG f
yg0if c J h o l w pf O D ; jzpf o nf / Ad k v f c sKyf w d k Y E S i f h t wl d k u f u l ; xm;aomyH k r S m
1939ckEpS ?f tdE,
d Edik if H Ramgarh Conference odYk wuf a&muf&ef c&D;rxGurf D
d k u f u l ; xm;aomyH k j zpf o nf / 0J r S , m (1)rod ? (2) ocif a tmif q ef ; ?
(3)ocifA[def;? (4) ocifcifatmif? (5) ociftkef;jrifh? (6) ocifoef;xGef;/

tcsyfydkpmrsufESm-(
)od k Y
-(C)od

r[moEdokcausmif;awmfBuD;udk wnfaqmuf&ef yDeefq&mawmf

BuD;\rav;&Sm;?pifumyl?tar&duef?uae'gESifhMopaMw;vsEkdifiH wdkYwGif
&Sdaomwynfh'g,um?'g,dumrwdkYu ay;ydkYaomaiGonf tar&duef
a':vmig;ode;f &So
d nf/ NrdKU&GmESihf td;k tdrzf UHG NzdK;a&;OD;pD;Xme &efuek Nf rdKUawmf
pnfyifom,ma&;aumfrwDwrYkd v
S nf;yxrtBudrf vSL'gef;NyD;onfah emuf
vnf; TeMf um;a&;rSL;csKyfO;D tHah usmf?'kw,
d NrdKUawmf0efAv
kd rf LS ;BuD;armifyg
wdkYu quf vSL'gef;Muonf/
xdv
k LS 'gef;aiGjzifh OD;xGe;f jrifEh ikd (f Asia World)u oEo
d ck ausmif;awmf
BuD;udk 1996 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv (27)&ufaeYwGif yEufwifr*Fvmydkifwdkif
du
k x
f pl wifwnfaqmufonf/ pwifwnfaqmufonfrS oH;k ESpcf eft
Y Mum
1999ckEpS w
f iG f aqmufvyk Nf yD;pD;aomaMumifh ,if;ESpf 'DZifbmv(17)&uf
aeY r[moEo
d ck ausmif;awmfBuD;zGiyhf u
JG kd ausmif;awmfBuD;0if;twGi;f yif
usif;yonf/ xkdtcrf;tem;udk jrif;NcHudk;aqmifwdkufq&mawmfBuD;
b'Ea ombdw rauG;q&mawmf b'Eu
rk m&? oHCr[mem,utzGUJ 0if
q&mawmfBuD;rsm;?yDeefESifhpifumylq&mawmfBuD;OD;ynm0Hotjynfjynf
qdik &f max&0g'Ak'o
moemjyKwuov
kd Ef iS hf Ekid if aH wmfy&d,ww
d uov
kd (f &ef
uke)f wdrYk q
S &mawmfrsm;?jynfwiG ;f jynfyrS zdwMf um;xm;aom q&mawmfrsm;?
wdkif;rSL;AdkvfcsKyfcifarmifoef;? tpdk;&tzGJU0if0efBuD;rsm;?w&m;olBuD;csKyf?
pm&if;ppfcsKyf?0efxrf;a&G;cs,favhusifha&;tzGJUOu|?NrdKUawmf0ef? 'kwd,
0efBuD;rs;m? 'kw,
d NrKd Uawmf?jrefrmEkid if q
H ikd &f moHwreftzGUJ em,uvmtdEk idk if H
oHtrwfBuD; rpwmvDbGefcefESifhtjcm;oHwrefrsm;?ausmif;zGifhyGJOD;pD;
aumfrwD0ifrsm;?ausmif;awmfBuD;Oy|mutzGJU0ifrsm;?tvSL&Sifrsm;? EkdifiH
awmfrStjcm;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wufa&mufMuonf/tcrf;tem;wGif tcrf;
tem;rSL;tjzpf jrefrmhtoHrOS ;D vS0if;ESiahf ':oDwmaqGwu
Ykd aqmif&u
G o
f nf/
xkdaeYu eHeuf(11)em&D(25)rdepfwGif twGif;a&;rSL;(1)'kwd,
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;cifGefY?tzGJU0ifrsm;u urnf;ausmufpmwdkufa&SUwGif ae&m
,lonf/ xdkYaemuf q&mawmfBuD;OD;ynm0Ho ae&m,lonf/ yifhzdwf
xm;aomq&mawmfrsm;ae&m,lNyD; pdefrsufjyL;r*Fvmqdkif;tzGJUu r*Fvm
ajAmudkwD;onf/
xd k Y a emuf tcgawmf a y;jyu ' d e f t BuH a y;tzG J U 0if O D ; ausmf u J u
ausmufpmwdkifwGif a&;xdk;xm;aom pmwrf;udk zwfMum;csdefwGif q&m
awmfBuD;OD;ynm0Hou pufcvkyfudk ESdyf pmwrf;udk zGifhvSpfay;csdefwGif
atmifapydkifapwD;vHk;udk wD;cwfapcJhaomfvnf; yDeefq&mawmfBuD;
OD;ynm0Hocrsm atmifvnf;ratmif? ydkifvnf;rydkifjzpf&onf/
r[moEdokc Ak'omoemjyKausmif;awmfBuD;\r[mr*Fvmarmf
uGe;f pmudk azmfjytyfygonf/ r[moEo
d ck r*FvmarmfueG ;f pmwGi
f ausmif;
BuD;udk bmaMumifhaqmuf&onfudk yGifhvif;pGm a&;om;xm;ygonf/
r[moE d o k c Ak ' o moemjyK ausmif ; awmf B uD ;
r[mr*F v m armf u G e f ; pm
Z,Hw?k ausmif;awmfBuD;onfwnfaqmuf&jcif;\&nfreS ;f csufrmS
]]&[ef;wdrYk sm;pGmaomvly*k Kd vfw\
Ykd tpD;tyGm;jzpfjcif;iSm ...? csr;f omjcif;iSm
...a'opm&Dvn
S v
hf nfMuukeaf vmh/ c&D;wpfaMumif;vQif ESpyf g;roGm;Mu
ukev
f if}h }[laom Ak'& iS af wmfjrwfb&k m;\ qH;k rvrf;Tejf ycJo
h nfEiS t
hf nD
jynfwiG ;f rSmomru jynfyEkid if t
H oD;oD;wdYk oGm;a&muf omoemjyKMurnfh

&[ef;awmfrsm;ay:aygufvmap&ef jyKpkysKd;axmifay;&efESifh omoemjyK

yifrtajcpdkufpcef;wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfay;a&;yif jzpfayonf/
,if; &nfreS ;f csufEiS t
hf nD r[moE o
d ck Ak'o
moemjyKausmif;
awmfBuD;udk urmo
h moemjyKt*r[my@dw?b'Ey nm0Horax&f jrwfEiS hf
wnfaqmufa&;OD;aqmifem,uBuD;twGif;a&;rSL;(1)'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfBuD;
cifeG u
Yf &efuek w
f ikd ;f ? wmarGNrKd Ue,f? ewfacsmif;&yfuu
G f Ekid if aH wmftpd;k &u
qufuyfvSL'gef;onfhomoemjyK0wKuajrr*FvmtvDvD?qifhqifhpD
aeaom jrefrmESpf 1358 ckEpS ?f wefaqmifrek ;f vjynfah usm(f 2)&uf? c&pfEpS f
1996ckEpS ?f Ek0d ifbmv(27)&uf?Ak'[
;l aeY eHeufaewufjrefrmpHawmfcsed pf uf
(6)em&D(45)rdepf(12)puefY?oD;oefYwdwd?tnDa&mufvm?r[mr*Fvm
tcsdefawmfwGif Olwdkiftajc yEufawmfwif&wemydkifwdkifawmfudk
pdkufxlcJhMuavonf/
xdkYaemuf EkdifiHawmftpdk;&u zGJUpnf;ay;cJhaom
(1) twGi;f a&;rSL;(1) 'kw,
d Adv
k cf sKyfBuD;cifeG Yf ud,
k w
f idk yf g0ifaom
wnfaqmufa&;OD;aqmifem,utzGJU
(2) aqmufvkyfa&;0efBuD;Xme0efBuD;AdkvfcsKyfapmxGef; aumfrwD
Ou|ESifhNrdKU&GmESifhtdk;tdrfzGHUNzdK;a&;OD;pD;TefMum;a&;rSL;csKyfOD;tHHausmf
twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfyg0ifaomwnfaqmufa&;aumfrwD
(3) 'kwd,NrdKUawmf0efAdkvfrSL;BuD;armifygu Ou|tjzpfaqmif&Guf
onfh b@maiG&SmazGa&;aumfrwDESifh
(4) r[mo' r a Zmwd u "Zoa&pnf o l O D ; apmjrif h O u | tjzpf
aqmif&Gufaom Oy|mutvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUwdkYudkvnf; zGJUpnf;ay;
vdkufavonf/
,if;odjYk zifh OD;aqmifem,uBuD;\tcgrvyfMuyfrwfppfaq; vrf;Tef
uGyu
f aJ y;rI? azmfjyygtzGUJ rsm;\ rqkwrf epf BudK;yrf;rI? jynfwiG ;f ? jynfyrS
apwemo'gw&m;xufoefvSaomtvSL&Sifrsm;\vSL'gef;rI?EkdifiHawmf
tpdk;&XmetoD;oD;wdkY\yHhydk;ulnDrIESifhwm0ef,laqmufvkyfay;aom
OD;xGe;f jrifEh idk Of ;D pD;onf Asia World Co., Ltd Adou
k mpdik ;f &Dvw
d ?f jrefrmrI
ynm&SifOD;tkef;wifwdkY\tbufbufrSwm0ef,lausyGefpGm BudK;pm;rIwdkY
aMumifh owfrSwfcsdeftwGif; aqmufvkyfNyD;pD;oGm;&ayonf/
odjYk zpf&m r*Fvm&ufjrwfjzpfaomjrefrmESp1f 361ckEpS ?f ewf awmfvqef;
(10)&uf?c&pfESpf 1999 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (17)&ufaomMumaeY eHeuf
aewufjrefrmpHawmfcsed (f 10)em&D?(17)rdepf? (45)puerYf *Fvmtcsed af wmfwiG f
Oy|mutzGJU\Mo0g'gp&d,t*r[my@dw? t*r[mo'aZmwdu"Z
b'Eynm0Horax&fjrwfESifhEkdifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;a&;
aumifpDtwGif;a&;rSL;(1)Oy|muOD;aqmifem,uBuD; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfBuD;
cifeG w
Yf u
Ykd Ak'j rwfpmG omoema&mif0gxGe;f vifph rd ahf omiSm atmifjrifpmG jzifh
zGifhvSpfay;vdkufavonf/
,if;uJhodkY o'gtm;?"etm;?um,tm;?mPtm;wdkYjzifh yg0if
ukov
kd jf yKMuaomausmif;'g,um?ausmif;'g,dumrrsm;\ausmif; aqmuf
vkyv
f LS 'gef;&aomukov
kd ?f omoemjyK&m yg0ifvLS 'gef;&aomxl;jcm;onfh
ukov
kd t
f pkpu
k kd ow0gtm;vH;k tm; trQay;a0yguke\
f / tzdb
Yk m*udk
&&SdcH,lum om"ktEkarm'emac:qdkEdkifMuygapaom0f/
Ak'jrwfpGmomoemawmfBuD;onf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf

twGif;omru urmhEkdifiHrsm;txd ESpfaygif;Mum&SnfuyfurmqHk;onfh

wdkifatmif pnfyifwnfwHhjyefYyGm;ygapownf;/
,if;tcrf;tem;wGif twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) 'kw,
d Adv
k cf sKyfBuD;cifeG u
Yf
ajymMum;&mwGif ,cktcg urmt&yf&yf&Sd zGifhvSpfNyD; zGifhvSpfqJ ax&0g'jrefrm
bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm; ax&0g'jrefrmbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;
yifhwifudk;uG,fEkdif&ef awmif;qdkvQuf&SdMuygaMumif;? xdkuJhodkY topf
topf j zpf a y:vmaom jref r mbk e f ; awmf B uD ; ausmif ; rsm; ax&0g'
bmom?t*F v d y f b mompum;?jyif o pf b mompum;?*smref bmom
pum;?wkwfbmompum;rsm;?*syefbmompum;ponfjzifh urmoHk;
bmompum;rsm;jzifh a[mMum;EkdifaomomoemjyK&[ef;awmftrsm;
tjym;vdktyfvQuf&SdygaMumif;?
,if;vdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;&eftwGuf r[moEdokcausmif;
awmfBuD; "rmp&d, atmifjrifNyD;aom &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; t*Fvdyf
bmom? wkwfbmom? *syefbmom tp&Sdaom bmompum;trsKd;
rsKd ; ud k oif M um;yd k Y c say; a'otvd k u f ? ,Of a us;rI "avh x H k ; pH r sm;
tvd k u f oif M um;yd k Y c say;oG m ;rnf j zpf a Mumif ; ponf j zif h ajymMum;
oG m ;onf /
odkYaomf vufawGUwGif omoema&;0efBuD;XmerS zGJUpnf;ay;aom
r[moEdokcapmifha&Smufa&;tzGJUu r*FvmaqmifyGJiSm;pm;jcif;? kyf&Sif
dkuful;&ef ae&mxkdifcif;iSm;jcif;? ausmif;xJwGif w&m;Hk;twk? tokb
cs&ef acgif;ponfwdkYxm;&Sdjcif;? taemufwdkif;tuoifwef;zGifhjcif;rsm;
jyKvkyfcJhMuonfudk rD'D,mtoD;oD;uvnf; a&;om;cJhMuNyD; jzpfygonf/
r[moE d o k c ausmif ; awmf B uD ;
a&pufcstvSLawmfr*Fvmtcrf;tem;
r[moEo
d ck ausmif;awmfBuD;udk zGiv
hf pS cf NhJ y;D onfah emufwpfaeY 1999
ckESpf 'DZifbmv(18)&ufaeY eHeufydkif;wGif usif;y&mtcrf;tem;odkY
ud;k aqmifwu
kd q
f &mawmf? jrefrmoD&v
d uFm&mrausmif;q&mawmf? rauG;
q&mawmfESifhoHCr[mem,utzGJU0ifq&mawmfrsm;ESifh q&mawmfBuD;
OD;ynm0HoESifhzdwfMum;xm;aomurmt&yf&yfrS q&mawmfrsm; wuf
a&mufonf/
tcrf;tem;odkY EkdifiHawmfydkif;rSEkdifiHawmftBuD;tuJAdkvfcsKyfrSL;
BuD;oef;a&T?AdkvfcsKyfBuD;armifat;?'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfBuD;cifGefY?'kwd,
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;wifOD;?'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfBuD;0if;jrifh?Munf;a&avumuG,f
a&;OD;pD;csKyfrsm;?wdkif;rSL;AdkvfcsKyfcifarmifoef; tp&Sdaom EkdifiHawmfydkif;rS
tBuD;tuJrsm; pHkpHknDnDwufa&mufonf/
tcrf;tem;wGif yDeefq&mawmfBuD;OD;ynm0Hou tEkarm'em
w&m;csD;jrifhNyD; rauG;q&mawmfb'Eukr&xHrSa&pufcsw&m;em,lNyD;
vSL'gef;rItpkpktwGuf a&pufoGef;cstrQay;a0onf/
r[moEo
d ck ausmif;awmfBuD;zGiyhf t
JG crf;tem;ESiahf &pufoeG ;f cs tvSL
awmfr*Fvmtcrf;tem;rsm;taMumif;udk aemufwpfaeY owif;pmrsm;wGif
twdtvif;azmfjyxm;onf/ xdkaeYu a&pufoGef;csvSL'gef;jcif;onf
q&mawmfBuD;OD;ynm0Ho jynfyomoemjyK&[ef;awmfrsm; jyKpk&ef
wnfaqmufvLS 'gef;cJjh cif;rS xdpk Ofu,if;tcrf;tem;odYk wufa&mufcahJ om
&[ef;y&dowf?&Sifvly&dowftm;vHk;todoufaoyif jzpfygonf/
oif w ef ; trS w f p Of (1)
r[moEdokcausmif;awmfBuD;zGifhyGJESifha&pufcsyGJNyD;pD;aomtcg
q&mawmfBuD;OD;ynm0Ho\rlv&nf&G,fcsuftwdkif; jynfyomoemjyK
jrefrm&[ef;awmfrsm; jyKpkysK;d axmifa&;oifwef;trSwpf Of(1)udk 1999 ckEpS f
'DZifbmvwGif pwifziG v
hf pS cf o
hJ nf/ q&mawmfBuD;OD;ynm0Ho ud,
k w
f ikd f
oifcef;pmrsm;udk ydkYcscJhygonf/
oifwef;ydkYcsa&;tzGJU\ em,uq&mawmfBuD;rsm;rSm 1/ t*r[my@dw t*r[mo'raZmwdu
b'Eynm0Ho (yDeef;ESifhpifumylq&mawmfBuD;)
2/ t*r[my@dw t*r[m*E0gpu y@dw
b'Ey@dwmbd0Ho(em,ucsKyfq&mawmf)
(y&d,wdomoemhwuodkvf)
3/ t*r[m*E0gpu y@dwb'EmyPdw
('kwd,em,ucsKyfq&mawmfy&d,wdomoemwuodkvf)
4/ t*r[m*E0gpuy@dwa'gufwmaerdEd
'kwd,ygarmucsKyf?ax&m0g' Ak'omoemjyKwuodkvf
5/ t*r[m*E0gpu y@dw b'Eukrm&
armfuGef;xdef; y&d,wdomoemwuodkvfwdkYjzpfonf/
oifwef;q&mq&mrwdkYrSm 1/ a'gufwmwifatmifat; B.Sc,B.L, Dipl.Jur.(LL.M)
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/

Dr.Jur(LL.D)
OD;armfoef; B.Com, B.L, CPA, ACM (Lond), MBA,
M Phil, (Aston) Dip, GEP (Turin) PGDIM (New
Delhi), Dip French.
OD;wifhvGif M.A(Pali) (Ygn), M.A (Indo-Aryan)
(London)

"rmp&d,-OD;aX;vdIif ("rmp&d,)
OD;aomif;vGif B.A ("rmp&d,) (0#Houm)
OD;jrwfausmf (oD&dy0&"rmp&d,)
OD;tkef; B.Sc (Ygn;), B.Sc (For) Hons. (U.K)
a'gufwmrif;wifrGef B.Sc Hons. (Ygn); M.Sc.Ph (Illi
Nois-U.S.A)

9/ AdkvfrSL;BuD;tkef;cif (Nidrf;) B.Sc (Eng), Dip;B.Dh,

ar;cGe;f
jyKjyif&efcuf
a&tdrfysufukd
qufvufonfwkdif;xm;rnfavm /

www.snapshot-news .com

/
ref;wifharmf

twGJ? 4 ? trSwf ? 100 ? 22 .9 .2014 (wevFm)

oifw
h ,fvYkd uGsefawmfu tqdjk yKygw,f/ 'gayr,fh uGsefawmfwu
Ykd awmh funding aiGaMu;rSw
d hJ twGuaf Mumifh
tultnDawmif;wJhtcgrSm EdkifiHwumtzGJUtpnf;awG uvnf; vdkvdkvm;vm;ay;wJhtwGufaMumifhrdkY e,fu
owif;axmufawG 'Da&mufvmw,f/
cifAsm;wdkYukd bmaMumifh uGsefawmfu 'Dvdkzdwf&ovJvdkYajym&if taMumif;awGSdygw,f/ yxrwpfcsufu
uGsefawmfwkdY tckvkyfaewJh rD'D,mjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rSm uGsefawmfwdkY tNrJwrf;ajymw,f/ A[krD'D,m 0g'
(media praism) qdkwm bmukdajymwmvJqdkawmh ESpfckSdw,f/ wpfu ykdifqdkifrIyg/

"mwfykH- YOH
&ef u k e f puf w if b m 19
&efukef? A[ef;? zdk;pdefvrf;&Sd csufx&D,rf[dkw,fwGif 2014 puf wifbm 19 &ufaeY naeydkif;u
jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme jynfaxmifpk 0efBuD; OD;&JxG#fESifh e,fowif;orm;rsm;ESifh awGUqHkcJhonf/ xdkodkY awGU
qHk&mwGif jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;OD;&JxG#frS
'DuGefz&ifhvkyfr,fqdkuwnf;u EdkifiHwumtzGJUtpnf;awGeJY paqG; aEG;uwnf;u uGsefawmfwdkYu
tqdkjyKwmyg/ e,frSm owif;axmuf awGSdaew,f/ 'Dowif;axmufawGu &efukefrSmSdwJh pme,fZif;orm;
awGvdkyJ owif;vkyfief;ukd vkyfaewJholjzpfw,f/ 'DvlawGtm;vHk;uvnf; wwfEdkiforQ EdkifiHwumeJY xdawGUrISd

13

(pmrsufESm 14 okdY )

jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;OD;&JxG#f e,fowif;orm;rsm;ESifUawGq

Y Hk

yef;csaD usmo
f &l ed f
'kw,
d tBurd w
f pfu,
dk af wmfyef;csjD yyGJ

'kwd,tBudrfajrmufwpfukd,fawmfa&aq;yef;csDjyyGJ

yef;csDausmfol&def&JU 'kwd,tBudrfwpfukd,fawmfyef;csDjyyGJukd trSwf

201(ajrnD)? 36-vrf;(tay:bavmuf)? ausmufww
H m;NrdKUe,f? &efuek f
NrdKUrSm zGihfvSpfxm;wJh The Last Leaf yef;csDjycef;rSm 4-10-2014 &uf
uae 14-10-2014 &uftxd cif;usif;jyorSmjzpfygw,f/
jycef;zGifhvSpfjyocsdefuawmh aeYpOf eHeuf 9 em&Duae nae 6
em&Dtxdjzpfygw,f/
HTA

yef;csDrsKd;jrwfrif;(qifjzLuRef;)&JU 'kw,
d tBudraf jrmufwpfu,
kd af wmf
a&aq;yef;csDjyyGJukd trSwf 3 yxrxyf? e0a'vrf;? '*kHNrdKUe,f? &efukef
NrdKUrSm zGifhvSpfxm;wJh Green Art Gallery rSm 21-9-2014 &ufuae
30-9-2014 &uftxd cif;usif;jyoxm;rSm jzpfygw,f/
jycef;zGifhvSpfjyocsdefuawmh aeYpOf eHeuf 9 em&Duae nae 6
em&Dtxdjzpfygw,f/
HTA

,ciftywfrStquf
uRefawmfwkdYwpfawG av;rsufESmbk&m;u jyefvmMuawmh aeYv,f
12 em&DausmfygNyD? 'geJY bke;f BuD;ausmif;ukd r0ifawmhyJ pm;aomufqidk u
f dk
wkdufkdufoGm;Muygw,f/ pm;aomufqkdif emrnfu ]]vlxk}}wJh? qkdifu
cyfoefo
Y efyY g/ xrif;aMumf? acgufqaJG Mumfutp wkwpf mtpk&H ygw,f/
tJ'DrSm pm;aomufNyD;wmeJY uRefawmfwkdY&JU blrdeufoef? anmifESpfyif
ausmif;ukd jyefcJhMuygw,f/ tJ'DrSmyJ cPwpfjzKwfem;a&rkd;csKd;NyD;wmeJY
wa&;warm tdyfMuygw,f/ 'gayr,fh nae 3 em&Drxkd;cifrSmyJ raeYu
ra&;yJxm;cJhwJh pvif;kyfpkHausmif;ukd oGm;a&;MuzdkY pDpOfMuygw,f/
oGm;awmhr,fqu
dk mrS uRefawmfeYJ q&mOD;rsKd;Gew
Yf &Ydk UJ uifr&m tdwaf wG
ukd owd&ygawmhw,f/ uRefawmfwkdY uifr&mtdwfawG b,fae&mrSm
usefcJhovJ aemufaMumif;jyefpOf;pm;Muawmh jzpfEkdifajct&SdqkH;u
]]vlxk}}pm;aomufqkdifrSmyJ usefcJhzkdYrsm;ygw,f/ tJ'DrSm aocsmayguf
usefcJhNyDqkd&ifawmh arQmfvifhcsifp&mr&Sdawmh pm;aomufqkdif? xrif;qkdif
qkdwmrsKd;u vlt0iftxGuftrsm;qkH;ae&mrdkY wpfa,mufa,mufqDyg
oGm;NyDvdkYyJ oabmxm;NyD; pdwfavQmhvkduf&ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tu,f
rsm;qkdwJh aemufqkH;arQmfvifhcsufcyfyg;yg;av;eJY uRefawmfwkdYwpfawG
]]vlxk}}pm;aomufqkdifukd t&ifqkH;oGm;Muygw,f/ xrif;pm;aewkef;
um;ay:rSm vufvw
G pf y,fxm;cJv
h Ykd vl,o
l mG ;NyDvm;? 'grSr[kwf bke;f BuD;
ausmif;a&SU um;&yfxm;wkef;rsm; aysmufoGm;wmvm;? b,fvkdrS pOf;pm;
vkdYr&/
'gayr,fh uHaumif;axmufrpGm uRefawmfwkdY uifr&mtdwf ESpfvkH;
pvkH;ukd ]]vlxk}}pm;aomufqkdift0if0rSmyJ jyefawGU&ygw,f/ wu,fqkd
b,fvkdrS arQmfvifhcsifp&mraumif;? uRefawmfwkdYwpfawG pm;aomuf
qkdifu jyefvmwm ESpfem&DokH;em&D0ef;usif &SdaeNyDrdkY wjcm;vlwpfa,muf
a,mufqyD goGm;Nyv
D Ykd xifxm;ayr,fh ]]vlx}k }pm;aomufqidk &f iS &f UJ k;d om;
pGmMunfhIapmifha&Smufxm;rIaMumifh uRefawmfwkdY&JU uifr&mtdwfESpf
vkH;pvkH; tajctae rysufjyef&cJh&ygw,f/ uRefawmftzkdY ypnf;ocFg&?
vl o cF g &rk d Y jyef r &
awmh b l ; &,f v k d Y pd w f a vQmh

yef;csDrsKd;jrwfrif;(qifjzLuRef;) &JY

xm;ayr,fh pdwfxJrSm ESajrmpdwfu&SdaeqJrdkY rarQmfvifhyJjyefawGU&wJh

uifr&mtdwfukd jrifvkduf&awmh &ifxJrSm 0rf;ajrmufMunfEl;jzpf&wm
trSefyg/ 'DvkdeJY qkdif&Sifukd aus;Zl;pum;ajymNyD; uRefawmfwkdYwpfawG
pvif;kypf aHk usmif;zufudk yef;csDa&;zkYd xGucf MhJ uygw,f/ pvif;kypf aHk usmif;
ukad &mufawmh aysmufomG ;wJh uifr&mawGjyef&vdYk aysmfaewJh taysmfpw
d f
eJY wpfaeukerf a&;&ao;wJh yef;csDut
dk wk;d csa&;jzpfygawmhw,f/ b,fvkd
yJjzpfjzpf 'Dnaeawmh pvif;kyfpkHausmif; a&aq;um;aumif;av;wpf
um;&NyDaygh/
ausmif;a&mufawmh arSmifaeygNyD/ q&mawmfpDpOfxm;wJh xrif;pm;
NyD; atmufa&mufwmeJY wpfvrf;vkH;taysmfvGefNyD; pdwfxJurygayr,fh
ajymcsif&majymqkdcsif&mqkdcJhNyD; vlBuD;awGtay: t*g&0jzpfcJhwmawGukd
0efcsawmif;yefzkdYpDpOfMuygw,f/ q&mawGuvnf; MunfMunfEl;El;
cGihfvTwfaMumif;ajymNyD;? MunfEl;aysmf&TifpGm tdyf&m0ifjzpfcJhMuygw,f/
reufvif;wmeJaY &mufwahJ eYu a&;cJw
h hJ 0ufonf;tif;zufuydk J vu&f nf
aomufxu
G &f if; atmuf';dk a&;zkYd pDpOfMuygw,f/ tJ'rD mS wpfreufa&;NyD;
wmeJY q&mawmfausmif;rSm jyKvkyrf ,fh yef;csjD yyG?J a[majymyGu
J dk jyKvkyMf uzkYd
pDpOfMuygw,f/ reufykdif;a&aq;wpfum;pDcyfoGufoGufa&;?vuf&nf
aomufaecsdefrSmyJ tcrf;tem;pMuzkdY vmac:aeygNyD/ ausmif;a&muf
awmh ausmif;atmufrmS csdwq
f x
JG m;wJh yef;csDum;rsm;ukd vSnyfh wfMunfh I
aeMuwJh uav;vlBuD; 30 ausmfavmufukd awGU&ygw,f/ wpfae&mrSm
ukvm;xkdifrsm; cif;xm;NyD; a[majymyGJvkyfzkdYtwGuf pDpOfxm;ygw,f/
q&mawmfausmif;rSm csdwfqGJ jyoxm;wJh yef;csDum;awGu uRefawmfwkdY
arQmfvifhrxm;wJh emrnfausmfawG&JU yef;csDum;awGyg/ yef;csD0if;azjrifh?
vSbkef;atmif? rsKd;jrwfrif;wkdYtjyif uRefawmfwkYdq&mrauG;rsKd;GefY&JU
yef;csDum;awGuydk g jrifawGUcHpm;&ygw,f/ 'Dvydk ef;csDum;rsKd;awGudk tckvdk

yef;csaD rmifarmifvjS rif&h YJ

The Wet Canvas wpfukd,fawmfyef;csDjyyGJ

yef;csDarmifarmifvSjrifh&JU The Wet Canvas vkdYtrnfay;xm;wJh

wpfu,
dk af wmfyef;csDjyyGu
J dk tvkv
H rf;?&efuek Nf rdKUrSm zGiv
hf pS x
f m;wJh &efuek f
yef ; csD jycef ; rS m 16-9-2014 &uf uae 22-9-2014 &uf t xd
cif;usif;jyoxm;rSm jzpfygw,f/
jycef;zGifhvSpfjyocsdefuawmh aeYpOf eHeuf 9 em&Duae nae 6
em&Dtxdyg/
HTA

Ayeyarwaddy' Strength

a&aq;yef;csjD yyGJ

a&aq;yef;csDq&m 80 yg0ifjyor,fh Ayeyarwaddy' Strength

vkdYtrnfay;xm;wJh yef;csDjyyGJukd trSwf 134(ajrnD)? 35-vrf;(tv,f
bavmuf)? ausmufwHwm;NrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU rSm zGifhvSpfxm;wJh River
Ayeyarwaddy yef;csDjycef;rSm 27-9-2014 &ufuae 3-10-2014
&uftxd cif;usif;jyorSm jzpfygw,f/
jyyGJzGifhvSpfjyocsdefuawmh aeYpOfeHeuf 9 em&Duae nae 6
em&Dtxdjzpfygw,f/
HTA
NrdKUuav;rSm awGU&zkdYqkdwm tawmfukdcJ,Of;vSygw,f/ yef;csDum;
tm;vkH;[mvnf; q&mawmftykdifyef;csDum;awGcsnf;yg/ yef;csDum;awG
vSnhfywfMunfhtNyD;rSm uRefawmfwkdYwpfawGukd q&mawmfu NrdKUcHrsm;eJY
rdwq
f ufay;ygw,f/ aemufa[majymyGpJ wifwt
hJ cg/ q&mOD;vSwifxeG ;f ?
q&mrauG;rsKd;GefY? q&m yef;csDarmifausmfGefYwkdYu yef;csDeJYywfoufwJh
taMumif;t&mpkHukd a[majymMuygw,f/
a[majymyGJrNyD;cifuwnf;u ukdaZmfu uRefawmfwkdY ypnf;awGukd
aeom;wusum;ay:ukd wifaeygNyD/ a[majymyGJNyD;wmeJY uRefawmfwkdY
jyefMuzdYk um;ay:wufMuwJt
h cg b,ftcsdeu
f pDpOfxm;rSe;f rodvu
dk &f wJh
q&mawmf&JU acgufqGJaMumf? xrif;aMumfbl;awGukd awGUvkduf&ygw,f/
vrf;rSmpm;zkdYwJh aus;Zl;BuD;ygayh? q&mawmfOD;pEDrm&,f/
(a&SUtywfqufzwfyg&ef)

trsKd;om;ynma&;Oya'Murf;udk 0dkif;uefYuGuf&ef ausmif;rsm;wGif vdkufvHwdkufwGef;

&ef u k e f puf w if b m 10
EdkifiHawmforw vufrSwfxdk;&efom usef&Sdawmhonfh trsdK;om;
ynma&;Oya'rlMurf;udk ausmif;om;rsm; 0dik ;f uefu
Y u
G &f ef &efuek jf rdKUay:&Sd
wuodkvfausmif;rsm;odkY ausmif;om;or*rsm;u vdkufvHwdkufwGef;
a[majymvQuf&Sdonf/
&efukef&Sd wuodkvftoD;oD;rS ausmif;om;or*rsm;u pufwif
bm(10)&ufaeYwGif &efukefuGefysLwmwuodkvfa&SU ausmif;om;rsm;udk
oG m ;a&muf a ymmajymwd k u f w G e f ; cJ h a omf v nf ; ausmif ; om;rsm;u
aMumuf&GHU jcif;aMumifh pdwfyg0ifpm;rItm;enf;cJhonf/
&efukefpD;yGm;a&;wuodkvfausmif;om;OuX udkaZ,smvif;u
]]ausmif;om;awGu tjyifxu
G zf t
Ykd wGuu
f kd t&rf;cufcaJ ew,f? q&mr
awGuvnf;ausmif;xJrSm b,fvdkyHkpHrsdK;eJY ausmif;om;awGudkajymaevJ
qdkwmuRefawmfwdkYrod&bl;? t"du aMumufpdwfu ausmif;om;awG

twGuf tcuftcJjzpfaew,f? uRefawmfwYkd

u trsdK;om;ynma&; Oya' rlMurf;eJUyuf
oufjyD;awmh bmaMumifh'DOya'rlMurf;udk
twnfjyK&rSmvJ? b,folawGa&;qGJaeo
vJ? b,folawGyg0ifcGifh&ovJ? uRefawmf
wdkU ausmif;om;awG bmawGvkyfaeovJqdk
wm odapcsifwmyg}}[k ajymonf/
&efuek jf rdKU&Sd wuov
kd af usmif;rsm; tm;
vHk;odkU trsdK;a&;ynma&; Oya'rlMurf;ESifh
yufoufonfrsm;udk ausmif;om;or*rsm;
u xyfr
H vdu
k v
f aH [majymrIrsm;jyKvkyo
f mG ;
&ef pDpOfxm;aMumif;od&onf/ ArmEdkifiH
vHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*rsm;tzGJYcsKyfESifh
wuodkvfausmif;om;or*rsm;u trsdK;
om;ynma&;Oya'rlMurf;onf jynfolESifh
ausmif;om;xk wpf&yfvHk;udktajcrcHonfh
twGuf tjyif;txefqefu
Y sifuefu
Y u
G f Iwf
csaMumif; xkwfjyefaMunmxm;onf/
wuodkvfausmif;om;or*u udkzdk;om;u ]]'DOya'u A[dkcsKyf
udkifrIawGrsm;w,f? q&mawG&JU tcGifhta&;? ausmif;om;awG&JU tcGifh
ta&;udk ydwfyifxm;w,f? t"duu toif;tzGJY zGJYpnf;jcif;qdkif&m
Oya'awGrygbl;? ausmif;om;or*awG ausmif;xJrmS vGwv
f yfpmG zGpYJ nf;
cGifhr&wJhtajctaeawGygw,f/ 'DOya'u ausmif;om;eJYq&mudk udk,f
pm;rjyKbl;}}[kajymonf/
trsdK;om;ynma&;Oya'rlMurf;udk jynfolYvTwfawmfwGif twnfjyK
vdu
k o
f nft
h csdeu
f p jrefrmEdik if t
H ES&H adS usmif;om;or*rsm;u oufqikd f
&m ausmif;rsm;wGif qEjyrIrsm;jyKvkyfvmcJhMuonf/ vuf&SdwGif ,if;
trsdK;om;ynma&;Oya'rlMurf;onf jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfu twnf
jyKxm;jyDjzpfjyD; Edik if aH wmforwOD;ode;f pdef vufrw
S af &;xd;k twnfjyK&ef
apmzd k ; cG m ;
om usef&Sdaeonf/

xdkif;EdkifiHa&muf jrefrma&TUajymif;tvkyform;rsm;twGuf ONE STOP SERVICE

jzifv
h ufrw
S jf yKvyk af y;aerI tvkyo
f rm;rsm;tqifrajy

&ef u k e f puf w if b m 18
xdkif;EdkifiH?rJaqmufjrdKUa&muf jrefrma&TUajymif;tvkyform;rsm;tm;
w&m;0if tvkyform;rSwfyHkwifjcif;udk xdkif;tpdk;&bufu One Stop
Service jzifhjyKvkyfay;aerIwGiftvkyform;rsm;tqifrajyrIrsm;ESifh MuHK
awGUae &aMumif;od&onf/
tvkyf iS af xmufccH sufvt
kd yfjcif;?xdik ;f &Jrsm;u aiGyt
kd rsdK;rsdK; awmif;
aejcif;wdkYaMumifh ,ckuJhodkYtqifrajy&jcif; jzpfaMumif; rJaqmuftajc
pdu
k f jrefrmjynfom;rsm;ta&;yl;wGv
J KS yfmS ;a&;aumfrwD(JACBA) uOu|
OD;rdk;MudK;uajymonf/
,if;aumfrwDtaejzifhpufwifbmv(16)&ufaeYurJaqmuf jrdKU
e,f? wmhcdkifu xdkif;tvkyform;&Hk; wm0efSdolrsm;ESifhawGUqHkjyD; jrefrm
tvkyform;rsm;tqifajyvG,fulpGm w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwifvufrSwf&Sda&;
udkaqG; aEG;cJhonf/
]]xdkif;EdkifiH&Jhtvkyftudkifae&mcsxm;a&;pepfutvkyfSiftrnfcHrS
tmrcHrSvkyfvdkY&r,fhpepfjzpfaew,f/ tmrcHcsuf&rSvufrSwfu ay;wm
jzpfwJhtwGuftqifrajybl;? vufrSwf&oGm;&ifvnf;xdkif;&JawGu
yHpk t
H rsdK;rsdK;eJaY iGnpS af wmif;aewmawGw
dS ,f/aemufxikd ;f &yfmG vl MuD;awG
qDrSmvufrSwfuvkyfcdkif;ao;w,f?tJh'DrSmydkufqHawmif;w,f? tJh'Dawmh
tvkyform;awGuukefusp&dwfoufomwma&G;jyD;w&m;r0ifwJh &yfGm
vlMuD;vufrSwfawGvkyfaew,f? w&m;0ifwJhvufrSwfudkukefusp&dwf
rsm;vdkYrvkyfMuawmhbl;}}[kOD;rdk;MudK;uajymonf/
xdik ;f Edik if aH &mufjrefrma&TUajymif;tvkyo
f rm;rsm;w&m;0ifvufrw
S &f &ef

tqifrajyjzpfaerItm; jrefrmEdkifiHSdtvkyform;a&;&m0efMuD;XmeodkY
wifjyoGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;vnf;OD;rdk;MudK;uqufvufajymonf/xdkif;EdkifiH
a&muf jrefrmtvkyform;rsm;tm; ,ckpufwifbmvqef; ydkif;wGif xdkif;
tpdk;&u One Stop Service (aeYcsif;jyD;pepf)jzifh vkyfaqmifay;aeonf/
xdik ;f Edik if ?H wmhcjf ynfe,ftwGi;f tvkyo
f rm;wpfoed ;f av;aomif;udk One
Stop Service (aeYcsif;jyD;pepf)jzifh tvkyform;vufrSwfjyKvkyfay;oGm;
Edkif&ef vsmxm;aMumif;od&onf/
tqifrajyrIrsm;pGmSdonfhMum;rSjrefrmEdkifiH\e,fpyfjrdKUjzpfonfh
xdkif;EdkifiH? rJaqmufjrdKUodkY aeYpOfa&TUajymif;tvkyform;rsm;pGm vma&muf
tvkyfvkyfaeMuqJjzpfonf/]]jrefrmjynfrSmu bmrSvkyfp&mrSdawmh
'Dbufuv
kd mjyD;tvkyv
f yk w
f m?'Dbufa&mufawmh pdu
k yf sdK;a&;vkyif ef; awG
rSmbJtrsm;qH;k vky&f wmyJ/ olwrYkd vkycf sifwhJ MuHcw
k ?f yef;pdu
k ?f ajymif;ckw?f
yef;csdK;? tJh'DvdktvkyfawGrSmyJtrsm;qHk;vkyf&wmyJ/ 'DrSmu&JudkaMumuf
ae&wmyJ?xdkif;&JawGuawGU&if ydkufqHay;qdkjyD;awmif;awmhwmyJ? pkrd
aqmif;rd r[kwfayr,fh taetpm;acsmifjyD; jrefrmjynfrSm tvkyfr&Sdwm
xufpm&ifawmh 'DrSmuenf;enf;tqifajyygw,f}} [krJaqmufa&muf
a&TUajymif;tvkyform; wpfOD;uqdkonf/
xdik ;f Edik if aH &mufjrefrma&TUajymif;tvkyo
f rm;rsm;tm; tult nDay;
a&;twGuf xdkif;EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m vlxktajcjyKtzGJYtpnf;rsm; yl;aygif;
uGef&ufMuD;wnfaqmuf&efxdkif;EdkifiHSdjrefrmtzGJYtpnf;toD;oD;u
vkyfaqmifvSsufSdaMumif;od&onf/
apmzd k ; cG m ;

rl;,pfaq;0g;rIEiS hf axmif(6)ESpu
f scaH e&wJh
okyaf qmif&w
J u
kd f c&pf,mefb&k m;ausmif;
trIausat;vTm w&m;Hk;udka&mufrvmwJhtwGuf
axmif'Pf(1)ESpf xyfcscv
H u
kd &f jyef
&ef u k e f puf w if b m 18
(2013)ckEpS t
f wGi;f yJc;l jrdKUay:rSmaq;ajcmufawGet
YJ wl tzrf;cHc&hJ vdYk
vufSdaxmif'Pf(6)ESpfuscHae&wJhokyfaqmif&Jwdkufudk &efukef Adkvf
waxmifjrdKUe,fw&m;Hk;uaxmif'Pf(1)ESpfxyfrHcsrSwfvdkufygw,f/
yJcl;rSmtzrf;rcH&cif okyfaqmif&Jwdkuf[m &efukefjrdKUrSm&SdwJh pdefY
ar&Db&k m;ausmif;ud0k ifa&mufjyD; bk&m;ausmif;wGi;f omoemawmfnKd ;EGr;f
apatmifjyKrlaqmifu
G rf aI wGuv
kd yk af qmifcw
hJ maMumifb
h &k m;ausmif; om
oemhtusdK;aqmifOuXOD;&pfcsuf(c)OD;cifarmifOD;u yk'fr 295^ 295
(u)ESifhtrIzGifhcJhwmudk(2014)ckESpfpufwifbm(18)&ufaeYrSmtckvdk trdefY
csvdkufwmyg/
yk'fr295 ESifhyk'fr 295(u) wpfrIqDtwGuf tvkyfESifhaxmif'Pf
wpfESpfpDcsrSwfcHcJh&wmjzpfjyD; trIESpfrIvHk;twGuf wpfaygif;wnf;uscH
ap&ef w&m;Hk;utrdefYcsrSwfwmjzpfwJhtwGuf axmif'PfwpfESpfom

xyfrHuscH&rSmjzpfjyD; csKyf&ufudkawmh xkwfESKwfcHpm;cGifh&SdrSmjzpfygw,f/

Adv
k w
f axmifjrKd Ue,fw&m;olMuD;OD;0if;azcdik u
f ]]csKyf&ufcpH m;cGihf adS yr,fh
&JwdkufucsKyf&ufcHpm;cGifhenf;ygw,f/ ausmufwHwm;u aq;rISdcJhwJh
twGufudkcsKyf&ufcHpm;cGifhenf;enf;yJ&rSmyg}} vdkYajymygw,f/
wpf a ygif ; wnf ; axmif ' Pf wpf E S p f c srS w f v d k u f w J h ,ck t rI u d k
w&m;vdk pdefYar&Dbk&m;ausmif;OuXOD;&pfcsufwdkYbufu okyfaqmif
&Jwdkuf&Jh awmif;yefrIaMumifh ESpfOD;ESpfzufjyef ausat;xm;jyD;rS tckvdk
w&m;kH;utrdefYcsvdkufwmyg/ AdkvfwaxmifjrdKUe,f w&m;olMuD;OD;0if;az
cdkifu ]]'DtrIuaus at;vdkYr& bl;?a*gyu tzGJYuausat;cGifhwifay
r,fhvdkYoufqdkif&mudk [dkbufuqufwifoGm;w,f?b,ftqifh xd
a&mufvJuRefawmfrodbl;? 295 eJY 295 (u)kwfodrf;vdkYawmh&w,f/
kyfodrf;vTmuvkyfxHk;vkyfenf; t&&JwyfzGJYujyD;awmhrSOya'Hk;? tJh'DurS
wpfqifhw&m;Hk;udkwifjy&r,f? uRefawmfwdkYqDrSmuw&m;vdkbufu
wifjyxm;wmwpfckyJSd ao;w,f}}vdkY w&m;vdkausat;jyD;om;trIudk
trdefYcsrSwfjcif; ESifhywfoufvdkY rD'D,mrsm;udkSif;jyygw,f/
okyfaqmif&Jwdkuf[m(2013)ckESpf? arvtwGif;u &efukef? Adkvf
waxmifjrdKUe,fAv
kd af tmifausmfvrf;ESiAhf v
kd cf sKyfvrf;ay:Sd pdeaYf r&D bk&m;
ausmif;twGi;f c&pf,mefbmom0ifwYkd txGwt
f jrwfxm;&m bk&m;ocif?
r,fawmf*lawGudk ausmcdkif;jyD;&Sdcdk;atmf[pfjcif; awGjyKvkyfcJhygw,f/
tJ'h t
D jyif ]]ESv;kH om;rSxu
G af y:vmaom emusifrpI mom; bk&m;ocifa&SU
arSmuf 'l;axmufjcif;udk uREkfyfESpfoufyg\/'gayr,fhwpfpHkwpfa,muf
uuREkfyftm; tl;vdkYajymw,f? uREkfyfuawmhw&m;rQwrIudk,HkMunf
w,f}}vdkY jrefrmbmomjzifht"dyg,fSdwJhAGDEdkif;qdkif;bkwfudkudkifjyD; awmh
vnf; bk&m;ausmif;twGif;qEjyatmf[pfrIawGjyKvkyfcJhwmyg/okyf
aqmif&Jwdkufu Arm- &Srf;-tm&yfvlrsdK;vdkYolYudk,fol xGufqdkxm;zl;jyD;
Ak'bmomudk ul;ajymif;vmwmMumjrifhjyDjzpfaMumif; (2013)ckESpftwGif;
u Hk;xkwfppfaq;&mwGifajymqdkcJhzl;ygw,f/
apmzdk;cGm;
xGufouf0ifouf
pnf;0g;csufnD
reufrSn vdkufae&/ /
jrifhOD;OD;jrifh

(1974)ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif OD;armifarmifww

d \
f aemufq;kH c&D;

"mwfyHk - apmzdk;cGm;
(1974)ckEpS f OD;oeft
Y a&;tcif;wGiyf g0ifvKS yf&mS ;cJo
h nfh ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifOD;armifarmifwdwfonfpufwifbmv(11)&ufaeYu xdkif;
EdkifiHrJaqmufjrdKUwGif avjzwfa0'emcHpm;&`yD;uG,fvGefcJhonf/ OD;
armifarmifwdwf\kyftavmif;udk rJaqmufjrdKUe,f&Sd awm&jrefrm
bkef;MuD;ausmif;wGif ig;&ufxm;cJhjyD; pufwifbmv (15)&ufaeYwGif
rJaqmufjrdKU jrLeDpy,fo
k efwiG rf ;D oj*dKvfco
hJ nf/ OD;armifarmifww
d \
f
aemuf q H k ; c&D ; ud k ( 1974-75-76)ck E S p f a usmif ; om;vI y f S m ;rl r sm;wG i f
yg0ifco
hJ nfh ausmif;om;rsdK;quf acgif;aqmifrsm;? xdik ;f Edik if H rJaqmufjrdKU
tajcpdkuf jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD;rS
&Jabmfrsm;? tjcm;aomEdkifiHa&; orm;rsm;ESifhrJaqmufa&mufjrefrm
aGUajymif;tvkyform;rsm;vdkufygydkYaqmifcJhMuonf/
OD;armifarmifwdwf\udk,fa&;tusOf;&J a bmf a rmif a rmif w d w f (1950-2014)
jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD; (ausmif;
om;wyfrawmf)wyfzGJU0if &Jabmfarmifarmifwdwf(uy^4492)udk tz
OD;dk;xGef;? trd a':odef;GefYwdkYrS 1950jynfhESpf arv 23 &ufaeYwGif
yJc;l wdik ;f a'oBuD; u0NrdKUe,f arG;zGm;cJo
h nf/ arG;csif; (4)a,mufteuf
ti,fq;kH om;jzpfonf/ yJc;l NrdKU txl; o'gtvGwf ynmoifausmif;wGif
rlvwef; atmifjrifonftxd ynmqnf;yl;cJhNyD; 1965 ckESpfwGif
yJc;l txufwef;ausmif; (txu-1)rS e0rwef;atmif jrifco
hJ nf/ 1970
ckESpfrS pwif &efukef 0dZm-odyHwuodkvf (RASU) wGif pdwfynm
t"du bmom&yfjzifh ynmqufvufqnf;yl;cJhNyD; 1981 ckESpfwGif
0dZmbGJU&&SdcJhonf/ 1970-73 txd &efukefNrdKU? trSwf(1) wuodkvf
t&Hwyf&if;wGif oifwef;rsm;wufa&mufcJhonf/ awmfvSef a&;e,fajr
wGiv
f nf; Diplomatic Training, Mental Health and Counseling Training
ESihf tjcm;aom oifwef;rsm;wufa&mufco
hJ nf/ ynmoifMum;pOf umv
ESifh ruG,fvGefrDtcsdeftxd tawG;tac:qdkif&mpmayrsm; okawoe
pmayrsm;ESihf awmfveS pf mayrsm;tm; rsm;pGmavhvmqnf;yl;cJo
h nf/ ynm
oifaepOfumv 1974 ckESpf ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI (OD;oefYta&;awmfyHk)

wGif rEav;aqmif A[dktvkyftrIaqmif aumfrwD0iftjzpf vHkNcHKa&;?

jyefMum;a&;? b@ma&;qdkif&m vkyfief;rsm;wGif wm0efcHyg0ifcJhrIjzifhppf
tmPm&Sifrsm;\ zrf;qD;rIcH&um &efukef tif;pdef pHjytusOf; axmifwGif
(5)ESpfMum tusOf;cscHcJh&onf/ 1979 ckESpf azazmf0g&D (11)&ufaeYwGif
tusOf;axmifrS vGwfajrmufcJhNyD; arG;zGm;&mZmwd&GmwGif ausmif;q&m
tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOfumv rdcifBuD;
\ usef;rma&;aMumifyh cJ ;l NrdKUodjYk yefvmNyD; usL&Siq
f &mtjzpfvnf; aumif;?
pufa&wGif;wl;azmfaom tvkyftjzpfvnf;aumif;? b0udk &yfwnfcJh&
onf/ 1982 wGifppftmPm&Sifrsm;rS yk'fr(5)jzifh w&m;pGJNyD;axmif(2)ESpf
xyfrH csrSwfcJhjyefonf/ axmifrSvGwfajrmufNyD; arG;zGm;&mZmwdteD;
atmifaumif;GefYaus;&Gm? u0NrdKUe,f? yJcl;wdkif;wGJzuftv,fwef;
ausmif;tkyftjzpf xyfrHwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhjyefonf/
1988 ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDvlxkta&;awmfyHkBuD;wGif bGJU&ausmif;om;
rsm;or*(yJcl;NrdKU)tBuHay;tzGJU0iftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1988
ckESpf? pufwifbmv 18 &ufwGif EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmuf
a&;tzGJUrS ppftmPmodrf;rIaMumifh ppftmPm&Sifpepftm; wdkufzsuf&ef
twGuf u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;tHk; (KNU)e,fajrodkY xGufcGmvmcJh
onf/ atmufwdkbmv (2)&ufaeYwGif vGwfajrmufe,fajrodkYa&muf&Sd
NyD; jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm; 'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD; (ausmif;
om;wyfrawmf)odkY oHvGifpcef;? wyf&if; (208^209)rS pwif0ifa&muf
um wm0efrsm;udk ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;'Dru
dk &ufwpfwyfO;Df (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf)wGif wm0ef
xrf;aqmifpOf umvtwGif; 1988-89 wGif oHvGifpcef;aumfrwD
Ou|ESifh u&ife,fajr 'kOu|tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1989-90 wGif
t&HA[dkaumfrwD(jyefMum;a&;Xme)? w&m;a&;XmetzGJU0ifESifh ppfa&;Xme
wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ppfaxmufcsKyfwm0efESifh DAB
ppfaMumif;? trSwf(15) ppfaMumif;rSL;wm0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;? pwkw
tBudrf nDvmcHoufwrf;wGif e,fajr(5)tzGJUacgif;aqmiftjzpfvnf;
aumif;? jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;Xme (Rehabilitation Center)wGif tzGJU0if

tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1996 ckESpf aygif;pnf;a&;nDvmcHoufwrf;umv

wGif A[dkaumfrwD0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1999 ckESpf owrtBudrf
nDvmcHoufwrf;twGif; PP21 wm0efudk A[dkaumfrwDwm0efjzifh rJ
aqmufe,fajr wm0efcHtjzpfvnf;aumif;? q|rtBudrf? t|rtBudrf
ESifh e0rtBudrfnDvmcHoufwrf;twGif; A[dkw&m;olBuD;Ou|tjzpf
vnf;aumif;? e0rtBudrfnDvmcHoufwrf;twGif; a&mifeDOD;tajccH
ynmtxufwef;ausmif;ausmif;tkyt
f jzpfvnf;aumif;wm0efrsm;udak us
yGepf mG xrf;aqmifEidk cf o
hJ nf/ txufygwm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifaepOfum
vrSmyif 1990-95 ckESpftwGif; zmyGefa'otwGif;wdkufyGJrsm;? aemfw
wdkufyGJrsm;? rme,fyavm umuG,fa&;ESifh acG;tdyfawmif wdkufyGJrsm;wGif
pGrf;pGrf;wrHwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf/ if;tjyif pnf;Hk;a&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? oabm
w&m;a&;ESihf Ekid if aH &;tHwrk I qdik &f mvkyif ef;rsm;wGiv
f nf; wm0ef,al qmif
&GufcJhonf/ trSwfw&taejzifh ru'w (5)ESpfajrmuf ESpfywfvnfESifh
tjcm;aom *kPjf yKyGrJ sm;wGiv
f nf; pdw"f mwfjriw
hf ifa&; tEkynmzefw;D rI
rsm; vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJhovdk a'gif;tdk;a0pmapmifwGif armifarmifwdwf?
rif;wduuavmiftrnfrsm;jzifh uAsmrsm; 0wKwdkrsm; a&;om;azmfjyum
tEkynmu@wGifvnf;tm;BudK;rmefwufyg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ xl;
jcm;csuftaejzifh&JabmfarmifarmifwdwfonfjrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;
om;rsm; 'Dru
kd &ufwpfwyfO;D (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf)\ nDvmcHwikd ;f wGif
nDvmcHu,
kd pf m;vS,t
f jzpf wufa&mufciG hf yHrk eS &f &Scd o
hJ w
l pfO;D wnf; aom
tzGJU0ifjzpfonf/ rdciftzGJUtpnf;\ wm0efay;csuft& EkdifiHa&; ppfa&;
vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&GufaepOfrSmyif 'Drdkua&pDvlYtcGifhta&;ESifh vlxk
pnf;Hk;a&;tygt0iftjcm;aomynm&yfrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJhjcif;
tjyif olwwfuRrf;aomynm&yfrsm;udk oifMum;ydkYcsonfh ausmif;q&m?
oifwef;q&mtjzpfvnf; ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/ ruG,v
f eG rf D

tcsdeftxd EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; toif;

(jrefrmEkid if )H AAPP-B tBuHay;ESihf Burmese Migrant Worker Education
Committee(BMWEC)wGif em,utjzpfvnf;aumif;? Social Action
for Women (SAW) a&TUajymif;jrefrmausmif;wGif t*FvdyfpmESifhjrefrmpm
q&mtjzpfvnf;aumif;? r,fawmfaq;cef; (MTC)wkwftyfpdkufXme
wGifvnf;aumif;? uav;tcGifhta&; umuG,fapmifha&SmufrI aumfrwD
wGif aumfrwD0ifESifh uav;arG;pm&if;XmewGifvnf; ay;tyfonfhwm0ef
rsm;udkxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 2014 ckESpf 'ortBudrf nDvmcHNyD;aemuf
vlBuD;a&m*ga0'emaMumifh kyfydkif;qdkif&mtm;enf;oGm;aomfvnf; ppftm
Pm&Sifrsm;udk tHI;ray;vufravQmhbJ wdkif;jynfESifh jynfolvlxktwGuf
toufay;qyf&ef pdwf"mwfcGeftm;ravQmh rmef tjynfh7Sdaeolwpf
a,mufjzpfonf/ 2000 ckESpfwGif Social Action for Women (SAW)
tzGUJ rSa':arMunfEiS v
hf ufxyfxrd ;f jrm;cJNh yD; ruG,v
f eG rf t
D csdet
f xd rdom;
pkESifhtwl aysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrUpGmaexdkifcJhonf/
apmzd k ; cG m ;

&Jabmf armifarmifwdwfpsmyeodkY 74-75-76 EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;rSay;ydkYaom 0rf;enf;aMumif; o0PfvTm

ukdarmifarmifwdwf(&Jabmfarmifarmifwdwf) pdwfynm? &efukef wuokdvf? 74
'DZifbm ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI ABSDF ausmif;om;wyfrawmf A[kdaumfrwD0ifa[mif;?
w&m;olBuD;Ou|a[mif;? EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;a[mif;? touf 66 ESpfonf 2014 ck
ESpf pufwifbmv 11 &ufaeYwGif vlBuD;a&m*gjzifhuG,fvGeftedpa&mufcJhonfukd Mum;
od&onfhtwGuf ukdarmifarmifwdwf\ usef&pfolrdom;pk? ausmif;om;wyfrawmf acgif;
aqmif&Jabmfrsm;? EkdifiHa&;vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;ESifhxyfwl jynfwGif;? jynfy&Sd 74-7576 Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh vnf; ESajrmaMuuGrJ qk;H jzpf&ygonf/ vli,fausmif;om;
b0tpuyif rw&m;rIukdqefYusifpdwftajccHjzifh tmPm&Siftqufquftm; awmfvSef
wkdufyGJ0ifcJhouJhokdY ppftmPm&SifpepfusqkH;a&;twGuf vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;ukd
toufxufqkH; *kPfa&mifxGef;ajymifpGmwkdufyGJ0ifcJholwpfOD;vnf;aumif;? ukd,fusKd;pGefY
tepfemcHay;qyfco
hJ t
l jzpfvnf;aumif;? &moufyefawmfveS af &;orm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
wkdufyGJ0ifcGyf a'gif;tvHawmfatmufrS ,kHMunfcsufukd tckdiftrmukdifpGJ wkdufyGJ0ifcJhrI
rsm;ukd orkdif;rSwfwrf;wGif uAnf;wifcJhNyD;jzpfygonf/
cspfvSpGmaom &JabmfBuD;armifarmifwdwf oifhtm; uREkfyfwkdY&Jabmf &Jbuftaygif;rS
aumif;&mok*wdvm;ygapaMumif;? qkawmif;&if; av;eufpGmOD;Gwftav;jyKvkduf yg
onf/
ta&;awmfykHpdwf"mwfjzifh - &Jabmfrsm;
74-75-76 EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pk
&ufpGJ/ 2014 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 15 &uf

"mwfyHk - apmzdk;cGm;

ppfukdif;awmifdk; oDw*ltm,k'geaq;kHawmfwGif b,fvf*sD,H? *smrPD? rav;&Sm;?

tar&duefEkdifiHawmfrS orm;awmfBuD;rsm; txl;uktpDtpOfjzifh ukoay;rnf
ppfukdif;awmifkd; oDw*ltm,k'geaq;kHawmfwGif 2014 atmuf
wkdbm? Ekd0ifbmvrsm;wGif EIwfcrf;uGJ? tmacgifuGJtxl;uktpDtpOf
tjzpf *smreDEkdifiHrS Dr.Julia Berkei OD;aqmifonfh EIwfcrf;uGJ? tm
acgifuGJ txl;ukq&m0efrsm;onf 29-9-2014 rS 3-10-2014
aeYtxdvnf;aumif;? b,fvf*sD,HEkdifiHrS Dr.Bart De Van OD;aqmif
onfh EIwfcrf;uGJ? tmacgifuGJtxl;ukq&m0efrsm;onf 21-11-2014
rS 29-11-2014 aeYtxdvnf;aumif;? rsufpt
d xl;uktpDtpOftjzpf
rav; &Sm;EkdifiHrS Dr.Peter Kong OD;aqmifonhf rsufpda&SUcef;^ aemuf
cef;cGJpdwftxl;ukq&m0efrsm;onf 19-10-2014 rS 26-10-2014
aeYtxd vnf;aumif;? taxGaxGcGJpdwftxl;uktpDtpOf? vnfyif;
BuD;cGJpdyftxl; uktpDtpOf? taxGaxGtxl;uktpDtpOf? vufwkwyf
qifjcif;ESifh EIwfcrf;uGJtmacgifuGJcGJpdyftxl;uktpDtpOftjzpf tar&d
uefEkdifiH Aloha Medical Mission rS Dr.Carl Lum OD;aqmifaom
taxGaxGtxl;uk? cGJpyftxl;uk? vnfyif;BuD;a&m*gcGJpdyftxl;uk?
vufwkwyfqifjcif;ESihf EIwfcrf;uGJtmacgifuGJcGJpdyf txl;ukq&m 0ef
rsm;onf25-10-2014 rS 30-10-2014aeYtxdvnf;aumif; vm
a&muf a0'em&Sifrsm;tm; cGJpdyfukoay;rnfjzpfaMumif;od&Sd&onf/

vQyfwpfjyufowif;*sme,fodkY ay;ydkYvmMuonfrsm;udk rSwfwrf;

wif xkwfEkwfwifjyygonf/ vQyfwpfjyufpmwdkufyHk;u@odkY rnfol
rqdk taxmuftxm;cdkifvHkpGmjzifh a&;om;ay;ydkYEkdifygaMumifhvnf; tod
ay;tyfygonf/

vQyfwpfjyuf
Q: yef;csDarmifarmifvSjrifh&JU a&aq;yef;csDum; ao;ao;av;awG
bmaMumifh a&mif;aumif;wmvJ[if/
atmif a rmif a rmf
A: wcsKdUu ao;rS BudKufw,fqdkvm;ygyJuG,f/

Q: xl;tdrfoif&JU orD;av; rduGefaxmu olYtazoDcsif;awG

jyefqdkNyD; pD;&D;xGufr,fqdkwm [kwfvm;[if/
xl ; xl ;
A: rduGefaxmav;&JUtar roG,fudkom wdkufdkufar;Munfhvdkuf
&if owif;vnf;jzpfwmayghuG,f/

Q: MPT u bmaMumifh 0,folwdkif; 0,fvdkYr&atmif cufae&

ao;wmvJ ar;ay;prf;yg&Sif/
o&zD O D ;
A: vG,faewmudk cufatmif vkyfwwfMuw,fqdkwJh oDcsif;vnf;
t&Sdom;ayghuG,f/

Q: owif;orm;awG&JU

vHkNcHKa&;udk b,folu wm0ef,lay;rSmvJ

odyg&ap/
a':azmh
jynfolawG&JU vHkNcHKa&;udkaum b,folu wm0ef,lay;aevdkY
wkef;/ "mwfrvdkufatmifawmif udk,fh[mudk,f Munfha&SmifvdkY ajymae
rSawmh urf;ukefaeygNyDayghAsm/
A:

tcsyfydkaemufausmzHk;rStquf
bmomw&m;rwlayr,fh wdkif;jynfeJYvlrsKd; rwlayr,fh wlnDwm
awG&Sdw,f/ udk;uG,fwJhbmomw&m; rwlayr,fh wdkif;jynf? vlrsKd;?
tom;ta&mifrwlayr,fh wlwmawG&Sdw,f/ rif;wdkYwawGeJY eD;pyfwm
igajymr,fq&kd if cspfjcif;eJrY ek ;f jcif;b,fwidk ;f jynfub,fvrl sKd;rqdk twl
wlyJ/ cspfjcif;tay:rSmwdkYtm;vHk; vufwGJvrf;avQmufNyD;awmh tJ'Dcspf
jcif;uwdkY&JU common platform jzpfw,f/ rkef;jcif;qdkwJh qefYusif
bufoabmw&m;/ aemufwpfcu
k ygupwefw?Ykd tdE,
d wdYk qdNk yD;awmh
Ekid if aH wGev
YJ rl sKd;awG? ud;k uG,w
f b
hJ momawG rwlMuaomfvnf;yJ problem qdkwJhjyemawG jzpfvmw,f/ a&epfw,fqkdwm jzpfvmw,f/
jrefrmjynfvnf; trsm;BuD;jzpfw,f/ a&epfjcif;qdkwJhjyem jrefrm
Ak'bmomrSm jzpfovdkyJ tpvmrf? ygupwefrSmvnf; jzpfw,f/
Isalam eJY Buddhist eJY Label av;udk cPz,fxm;vdkuf/ a&epfcH&wJh?
a&jrKyf cH&wJh'kuqdkwm 'g common problem yJ/ trsm;eJYqdkifaewJh
tJ'Djyem 0dkif;0ef;NyD;awmh trsm;oabmwlajz&Sif;&r,f/ 'g EkdifiH
wdkif;? vlrsKd;wdkif; rSm&SdwJhwm0ef/ rwlwmav;awGudkMunfhNyD;awmh
wlnw
D t
hJ ay:rSm vufrwGEJ idk Mf u&if urmBuD;&JU jyemawGu &Si;f vdYk
&rSmr[kwfbl;/ b,fvkdrS ajz&Sif;EkdifrSmr[kwfbl;/
tJ'D&JU trSwfvuPm? tJ'D sign av;udkjyNyD;awmh/ a&jrKyfjcif;?
rD;avmifjcif;qdw
k hJ jyemawGuwdik ;f jynfev
YJ rl sKd;/ ud;k uG,w
f b
hJ mom

rwlayr,fh jyemawGwlaevkdY&Sd&if common problem vdkYac:w,f/

wlnDaewJh common problem udk wlnDwJhpdwf"mwfwpfck&SmrS ajz&Sif;
vd&Yk r,f/ tJ'aD wmh y&[dwtoif;tzGUJ tm;vH;k onf 'Dtwdik ;f yJ wdu
k f
wGef;w,f/ wlnDaomjyemawGtm;vHk;udk 0dkif;0ef;wlnDaom pdwf
"mwfeJY ajz&Sif;zdkY pdwf"mwfeJYqdk&mrSm tckvdk a&jrKyfjcif;wdkY? rD;avmif
jcif;wdkY? awmifNydKjcif;wdkY? rkd;acgifjcif;wdkY? iwfrGwfjcif;wdkY 'kuawG
z,f & S m ;wJ h a e&mrS m uk P mw&m;utm;vH k ; vuf w G J z d k Y common
platform jzpfw,f/ tJ'D common platform udk tck ygupwefoH
trwfBuD;eJY wGJNyD;awmhygupwefu a&ab;'kuonfawGudk vSLwJhyGJ
yg/ (300)ausmf aow,f/ (2 'r 5)oef; tdk;rJhtdrfrJhjzpfw,f/
tJ'gawGudk 0dkif;0ef;ajz&Sif;wJhae&mrSm tm;vHk; ukPmw&m;eJY wnD
wGwfwnf; ajz&Sif;ay;&vdrfhr,f/ ukPmqdkwm olwpfyg;'ku
a&muf&ifcHpm;wwfwJhpdwfu ukPm/ cHpm;aeHkeJY rNyD;bJeJY olwpf
yg;&JU'kuudk z,f&Sm;ay; vdkwJhpdwf/ tJ'DukPmpdwfxm;rsKd;u vlrsKd;
wdik ;f ? b,fbmomud;k uG,w
f hJ bmom0ifwikd ;f rqdk &St
d yfwhJ ESv;kH om;
&JU t&nftcsif;ygyJ/ tm;vHk;aus;Zl;wifygw,f/
(oDw*lq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rS ygupwef&Sd a&ab;'kuonfrsm;
twGuf tar&duefa':vm wpfaomif;vSL'gef;onfh tcrf;tem;
wG i f rd e f Y M um;aom Mo0g'rS )

rD'D,mtwwfynm? owif;udkb,fvdkjrifvJ ar;cGef;jzifh DVB Debate aqG;aEG;yGJjyKvkyf

&efukef?pufwifbm(20)
owif;rD'D,mESifhywfoufonfh DVB Debate aqG;aEG;yGJudkpufwif
bm(20)&ufaeUu &efukefNrdKU? Adkvfwpfaxmifbk&m;vrf;Sd Orchid Hotel
wGifjyKvkyfcJhonf/
tqdkygaqG;aEG;yGJudk Media Literacy;How to see the News?
arG;cGef;jzifh7 Days News rSOD;aomif;pkNidrf;? yJhwifoH*sme,frS roDwm
(prf;acsmif;)? tvHkNrdKUe,fjynfolUvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fOD;cdkifarmif&nf?
OD;aZmfaZmfrsKd ;vGiw
f Ukd uaqG;aEG;cJMh uNy;D wufa&mufem;axmifMuolrsm;uodvkd
onfrsm;udkar;jref;cJhMuonf/
aqG;aEG;yGJwGifjrefrmEdkifiHrSm q,fpkESpfcsDNyD;tm;enf;vSwJhynma&;
pepfusifo
h ;kH cJo
h nft
h jyifr'D ,
D mvkyif ef;tm;vH;k tay:qifqm jzwfawmuf
rItygt0ifuefUowfrIrsdK;pHkcsrSwfcJhonfhtwGuf rD'D,mtwwfynm
zGHUNzdK;rI tSdefavsmhuscH&onfhtaMumif;rsm;tygt0ifrD'D,m twwf
ynm? owif;tay:Ijrifo;kH oyfyEkH iS hf vufo
dS wif;avmutay:oH;k oyf
csufrsm;udkESpfbuf tjrifjzifhtacstwifaqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/

DVB tajctwifaqG;aEG;yGJtpDtpOfudk DVB Multimedia Group

rStywfpOfpaeaeUwkid ;f du
k u
f ;l um DVB kyo
f v
H ikd ;f rSwqifx
h w
k v
f iT ahf y;
vsufSdonf/
PK

XmetcsKo
dY wif;xkwfjyefrI tm;enf;wm&Sdaumif;&SdEkdif[k jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;OD;&JxG#fajymMum;

&ef u k e f puf w if b m 18
jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;OD;&JxG#fonf &efukef?
A[ef;? csufx&D,rf[dkw,fwGif 2014 pufwifbm 18 &ufaeYu
usif;yaom jrefrmhowif;rD'D,mzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;aqG;aEG;yGJwGif owif;
orm;tcsKdUESifh awGUqHk&m xkdodkYajymMum;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
]]uRefawmfxifw,fav wcsKdUXmeawGtaeeJY owif;xkwfjyefrI
tm;enf;wm &Sdaumif;&SdEkdifw,f/ wcsKdUusawmhvnf; wu,fvkyfae
wJh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;udk em;rvnfwm &Sdaumif;&SdEkdifw,f/ wcsKdUusawmh
vnf; uRefawmfwdkYu wdkif;a'oBuD;eJY jynfe,ftpdk;&udk csay;wJhtcg
rSm wu,fvufawGU taumiftxnfazmfwm wdkif;a'oBuD;eJY jynfe,f
tpdk;&awG&,f? tJ'Da'orSm&SdwJh wdkif;a'oBuD;eJY jynfe,fvTwfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,fawGuvkyfMuwm/ olwdkYbufydkif;rSmvnf; csKdU,Gif;tm;
enf;csuf&Sdr,f/ odkYaomf uRefawmfajymcsifwmu b,fpepfrqdk ajcmuf
ypfuif;oJvpJ if r&Syd gbl;/ csKdU,Gi;f csuf? tm;enf;csufawG&rdS ,f/ axmuf
jywJhtcgrSm wdwdusus axmufjyapcsifwmaygh/ r[kwfbJeJY 0g;vHk;&Snf
eJYodrf;NyD; dkuf&if wu,fvkyfaewJhvlawGtzdkYrSm pdwfraumif;jzpf&
w,f/ aemufwpfcgajymwJhvlu wm0efydkBuD;av? &mxl;ydkBuD;av uRef
awmfxifw,fav olajymwJhtcsufawGu ydkNyD;awmh wduszdkYvdkw,f
vdkY uRefawmfxifygw,f/ r[kwfbJeJY NcHKajymwJhtcgrSmawmh cHpm;wJh
vlawGvnf; ydkNyD;awmh 0rf;enf;wmaygh/
aumvm[vawG jyefYyGm;&jcif;taMumif;&if;xJrSm 0efBuD;XmeawG
&JU owif;xkwfjyefrI aES;auG;w,fqdkwmvnf; taMumif;wpfcsufygyg
w,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkY uRefawmfwdkYuvnf; jyefMum; a&;0efBuD;XmetaeeJY
uawmh orwBuD;u wm0efay;xm;wJhtwGufaMumifhrdkYvdkY 0efBuD;Xme
toD;oD;udk owif;xkwjf yefa&;pepfawG ydNk yD; awmhrS rSeu
f efvmatmifvYkd
uRefawmfwYkd oif wef;awGay;aewm&Syd gw,f/ odaYk omfvnf; 'g uvnf;
uRefawmfwb
Ykd ufuyJ oifwef;ay;wmayghAsm/ owif;xkwjf yefrI rSeu
f efzYkd

qdkwmvnf; qufqHa&;vdkw,f/ 'DqufqHa&;aumif;oGm; atmifvnf;

rMumcifrSmuRefawmfwdkYr@dKif av;ckMum;u wm0ef&SdolawGrSm wpf
a,mufeJYwpfa,muf olYvkyfief;obm0? udk,fhvkyfief; obm0tjrif
csif;zvS,fzdkY? wpfa,muftcuftcJ wpfa,mufwdkifyifzdkY uRefawmfwdkY
tpnf;ta0; BuD;wpfckvkyfzdkYvnf;&Sdygw,f/ 'gvnf; orwBuD;
TefMum;NyD;rS pme,fZif;aumifpDeJY ndEdIif;NyD;awmh uRefawmfwdkYvkyfr,f/
orwBuD;u uRefawmfwdkY 0efBuD;XmetoD;oD;udk ajyma&;qdkcGifh
&SdolcefYxm;zdkY TefMum;csufxkwfNyD;NyD/ 0efBuD;XmeawGtm;vHk;rSmvnf;
cefYxm;NyD;NyD/ olwdkYtwGuf vdktyfwJhoifwef;awGvnf; ay;NyD;NyD/ 'g
ayr,fh jyemu uRefawmfwdkYu wjcm;EkdifiHawGrSmvdk ajyma&;qdkcGifh
&Sdoludk oD;jcm;wm0efay;NyD; cefYxm;wmr[kwfbl;/ wjcm;wm0efxrf;
aqmif&wJhXmetBuD;tuJ? TefcsKyf? 'kTefcsKyfawGudk ay;xm;wJhtcg
usawmh olu olYXmeeJYywfoufvdkYuawmh ajzEkdifpGrf;&Sdw,f/ usefwJh
XmeawGeJYywfoufvdkY&Sd&if olurodbl;/ qdkvdkwmuawmh oufqdkif
&m0efBuD;XmeawGtwGif;rSm ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdoludk ajymEkdifzdkYtwGuf o
wif;tcsuftvuf rQa0ay;rItm;enf;aewJhtydkif;awG&Sdw,f/
'kwd,tcsufu olwdkYudk,fwdkifudku oufqdkif&m0efBuD;XmeawG
rSm ajyma&;qdkcGifh&SdoltaeeJY bmudkajymvdkY&w,f/ b,f[mudkawmh
b,ftqifhtxd twnfjyKrIajym&r,fqdkwJh wduswJhpnf;rsOf;owfrSwf
csufawG r&Sdbl;/
eHygwfoHk;uawmh uRefawmfwdkY&JU ajyma&;qdkcGifh&SdolwcsKdUu t&if
wkef;u pme,fZif;usifh0wfeJYrnDwJh pme,fZif;orm;tcsKdUeJYawGUNyD;wJh
tcgrSm olwdkYrSm cJrSefzl;wJh pmoli,fvdk jzpfaeNyD;awmhrS aMumufvefY
wmawGvnf; &Sdw,f/ 'DtajctaeawGaMumifh owif;xkwfjyefwJhtydkif;
rSm aES;auG;rIawG&Sdw,f/ 'gvnf; tm;vHk; yl;aygif;ndEdIif;NyD;awmh jyKjyif
zdkY BudK;pm;aeygw,f}} [lajymMum;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
owif;ESifh"mwfyHk-YOH

vQyfwpfjyufowif;*sme,fodkY qufoG,far;jref;vmMuonf
rsm;uk d rS w f w rf ; wif xk w f E I w f a zmf j yygonf /
vQyfwpfjyuf
[k w f u J h vQyf w pf j yuf o wif ; *sme,f u yg cif A sm .../
aMomf arqGdvm;? [kwfuJh ukdifZmyGJtrDta&mufjyefvmr,fvdkY
od&ygw,fAsm/ [kwfuJh ukdifZm arqdG arcvmyGJu b,furS
rvTifhbl;vdkYod&ovkd b,folUqDurS pyGefqmr,lbl;vkdYvnf; ajym
ygw,fAsm [kwfuJh BudKwifvufrSwfawGuawmh ra&mif;rDuukef
ESifhNyDvdkY ajym&rvm; rodygbl;Asm? [kwfuJh aMumfjimawGxJrSmawmh
usyfokH;aomif;? ESpfaomif;? wpfaomif;vkdYawmh aMumfjimxm;av
&JUAsm [kwfuJh? pme,f Zif;awGtwGufawmh OD;yD;ay:pDpOfwJhyGJqkd&if
...Roll No.23 yJayghAsm? OD;yD;ay:u tJonfhae&mqkd&if owif;
axmufawG ypnf;vnf;raysmuf? tJonfhae&mqkd&ifowif;
axmufawG ypn;f vnf;raysmufb;l wJ?h ypn;f awGcsxm;NyD; "mwfyHk
avQmufkdufae&ifvnf; pdwfcs&w,fvkdY ajymwmyJavAsm [kwfuJh?
ukid Zf m arqdG arcvmyGu
J awmh [k[
d mawGajymovkd qkd 0uf0ufuJG
r,fhyGJvkdY qkd&rSmayghAsm/ wcsKdUrsm; ukdifZmoDcsif;awmif tqkdusifhae
MuNyDvdkY od&ygw,fAsm [kwfuJh [kwfuJh/
[kwfuJh MoaemufxyfvmvwHyGJawGuawmh trsm;BuD;yJ&,f
vk d Y OD ; yD ; ay:u ajymygw,f A sm/
pdr;f rkrYd w
Ykd pfy?JG ApfwmcifnKd wpfyw
JG AhJ sm? pd;k ykid Bf uD;uvnf; wpfyJG
vmtkef;r,fvkdYMum;&ygw,fAsm? [kwfuJh yav;bdGKif;oef;EdkifBuD;
uvnf; wpfyGJpDpOfaejyefw,fvkdYMum;&ygw,fAsm? [kwfuJh tqkd
awmfa[mif;BuD;awG wpfaMumhjyefpifay:jyefa&mufvmwm[m ol
wkdY&JU tEkynmt&nf tcsif;ygyJAsm? [kwfuJh [kwfuJh/
[kwfuJh trdefY&SdygcifAsm/
&Jwu
kd t
f rIu aq;ajcmufrv
I Ydk vG,v
f ,
G af jym&r,fxifygw,f
Asm? bk&m;ausmif;trIuawmh wpfrIayghAsm? [kwfuJh &Jwkduf&JUaq;
ajcmufrIeJYywfoufvkdY omomxkd;xkd;a&;wJhol&,fvdkYawmh rawGU
&ygbl;Asm? [kwu
f hJ rl;,pfaq;0g;aMumifh aoqk;H MuwJh tEkynm&Sif
wcsKdUuko
d &l aJ umif;awGvdk *kPjf yKaeMuwJh udpu
awmh um,uH&iS f
awG&JU tvkdawmftwkdif; ygyJAsm? [kwfuJh [kwfuJh/

Lighting Festival Package

oDwif;uRwf 3 &uf 2 ntdyfc&D;pOf

qufo,
G Ef idk f
Aureum Palace Hotels & Resorts rS rD;xGef;yGJawmfumv 2014
atmufwdkbmv 1 &ufrS Ekd0ifbmv 30 &ufaeYtxd Lighting
Festival Package rsm;udk pDpOfay;aeaMumif;? Lighting Festival Package 2 ntdyf 3 &uf c&D;wGif yk*HESifh ykym;udk USD 270++? tif;av;
a'oc&D;udk USD 325++ EIef;xm;jzifh pDpOfay;xm;aMumif;? Package
wGifyg0ifaom tpDtpOfrsm;rSm 2 ntdyf Deluxe tcef;? aeYpOf eHeuf
pm? npm wpf&ufpD? yk*HESifhykym; toGm;tjyef? yk*HESifhykym; bk&m;zl;
vnfywfcGifh? tif;av;vnfywfcGifh? tif;wdefodkY avSjzifhvnfywfcGifh
ESifh [dkw,frS avqdyfodkY tBudKtydkYrsm;udkvnf; pDpOfay;xm;aMumif;?
jyifOD;vGifNrdKU 2 ntdyf? 3 &ufc&D;udk Aureum Palace Hotel & Resort? Pyin Oo Lwin \ Deluxe tcef;wGif 2 n? aeYpOf eHeufpm?
npm wpf&ufESifh kuaA'O,smOfodkY tcrJh0ifcGifhwdkYyg0ifNyD; wpfOD;vQif
USD 115++ om usoifhrnfjzpfaMumif;/ Aureum Palace Hotel &
Resort \ urf;ajc[dkw,frsm;jzpfMuonfh aiGaqmif 2 ntdyf? 3
&ufc&D;udk USD 150++ ESifh iyvD 2 ntdyf 3 &ufc&D;udk USD
255++ om usoifhrnfjzpfygonf/ xdk Package wGif 2 ntdyf Deluxe tcef;? aeYpOf eHeufpm? npm wpf&ufESifh tcrJh Spa Massage
0efaqmifrIwpfBudrfwdkY yg0ifaMumif;? azmfjyyg aps;EIef;rsm;onf wpfcef;
wGif 2 OD;wnf;cdk&rnfh EIef;xm;rsm;jzpfaMumif;? tao;pdwftcsuf
tvufrsm;ESifh [dkw,f Booking ae&mrsm;twGuf Kandawgyi Palace Hotel (Lake View Building), Kan Yeik Tha Road, Mingalar Taung
Nyunt Township, Yangon, Myanmar. Tel (95-1)399341-5, Fax: (951) 399 346, Email:sales2@aureumpalacehotel.com, reservationgroup
@aureumpalacehotel.com, Web: www.aurempalacehotel.com odkY
YOH
qufoG,far;jref;EkdifaMumif;od&onf/

,cif t ywf r S tquf

eef;,Gef;rSm 0efxrf;rsm;rsm;pm;pm;&Sd[efrwl? w&m;a&;0efxrf;rsm;
vnf; 0ifNyD;vkyftm;ay;aeMuwmawGU&onf/ eef;,Gef;w&m;kH;rSmvnf;
trIr&Sdonfhoabm eef;,Gef;onfoGm;a&;vma&;cufcJonfrdkY wEkdif;
ukdyif qkdifu,fu,f&Du usyf 7 aomif;rS usyfwpfodef;ausmftxd
aps;aygufonf[k Mum;&onf/ wEkdif;onf ucsifjynfe,f ppfukdif;wkdif;
a'oBuD;wkdY\ e,fedrdwfNrdKUjzpfonf/ wcsKdUu &efukefukdvmrnfqkdvQif
wEkdif;? jrpfBuD;em;bufrS avaMumif;vdkif;ESifhvmMu&onfhoabm/
uRefawmfwt
Ydk wGuaf ezkYd xkid zf Ydk pm;zkYd aomufzYkd eef;,Ge;f a'ocHrsm;tay:
rnfrQ0efro
d mG ;rnfvnf;[k pOf;pm;rdaomtcg tajy;tvTm;{nfch aH e&ol
rsm;ukd tm;emoGm;cJhonf/
uRefawmfwkdY rdwfaqGBuD; em*wkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifOD;*lpHusL;
uawmh bmvkdtyfovJ[k {nfh0wfaus>yefpGmar;&Smonf/ EkdifiHjcm;om;
rsm;twGufawmh tm;vkH;vkdtyfay;rnf/ odkYaomf urmywfaeMuolrsm;
jzpfonfhtwGuf jzpfovdkaewwfMu[efwlonf/ olwkdYu oDw*lq&m
awmfbk&m;rvmEkdifaomfvnf; eef;,Gef;aq;kHukd oGm;MunfhcsifMuonf/
ukovk&Yd vQif ukoay;csifonfrod? q&mrwpfO;D \ zcifjzpfoq
l idk u
f ,f
arSmufxm;onfukdawGUcJhMuonf[k od&onf/ tqkdyg vlemukd ppfukdif;

ykdYzkdYndEIdif;aeMuoHMum;&onf/ oDw*lq&mawmfbk&m;xHokdYvnf; tajc

taeawGvSrf;NyD;avQmufxm;Mu[ef&Sdonf/ eef;,Gef;jynfolUaq;kHqkd
onfuvnf; usef;rma&;0efBuD;vufatmufrSmjzpf b,fvf*sD,Horm;
awmfBuD;rsm; crsmvnf; apwemygonfqkdjim;vnf; tuefYtowfrl
abmifrsm;ukd ausmfvGef r&Ekdifwmawmh aocsmrnfjzpfonf/ b,fvf
*sD,Horm;awmftzGJUonf reuftapmBuD;awmifay:wufMunfhcsifonf
qk d oD w *l t axmuf t ul j yKtzG J U crsm acgif ; cJ u k e f M u&jyef o nf /
awmifay:wuf? awmwkd;um A[kokw&SmMuvkd[ef&SdykH&onf/ e,fajr
tajctaeu at;csrf;onfqkdaomfvnf; pdwfcs r&Ekdif? [kdwkef;uvkd
vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;u cufcJaewkef;jzpfonf/ ,cifu cED;rS jrpfBuD;
em;odkYav,mOfpD;? xkdrSwpfqifh wEkdif;? &SifabG&ef? eef;,Gef;ukd vm&
jcif;jzpfonf/ eef;,Gef;rS wpfqifhyef;aqmif(yefaqmif)ukdoGm;&jcif;jzpf
onf/ [kdwkef;u cED;rSvmvrf;twkdif;oGm;Mu&? cED;? v[,f? 'kH[D;?
eef;,Gef;? yef;aqmif(yefaqmif)c&D;onf wpfvcGJcefYMumwwfatmifrSwf
om;&zl;onf/ ckvrdk sKd;Ekid if aH wmftpDtpOfjzifh &[wf,mOfEiS v
hf m&onfrsKd;
r[kwf [kdwkef;u ppfum;? opfum;? Xmeqkdif&mum;rsm;om tm;ukd&
aomacwfvnf;jzpfonf/ wcsKdUu wwfEdkif&if qifiSg; oGm;wwfMu
onf[kqkdonf/
quf v uf a zmf j yygrnf /

onfwpfywf&SmazGay;apcsifwJh I SPY av;awGudkwifjyay;vdkufygw,f aysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrhapcsifygw,f/

1/ ig;rkefY 2/ yefum 3/ &wem*sdKifh 4/ ausmufql; 5/ a&olr 6/ ykvJ 7/ ck 8/ Mu,foD; 9/ opfawmufiSuf
10/ vdyf
&wemOD ; vd I i f

"rapwDacgif;avmif;awmfBuD;ukd aTwd*Hkukef;awmfay: tjrefqHk;wifvSL&ef pDpOfae? EdkifiHawmfukd wifjyNyD;rS w&m;0ifowif;xkwfjyefrnf[k

OD;pHvif;ajymMum;

"rapwDacgif;avmif;awmfBuD;ukd ok"rrPdaZmw"& OD;pHvif;

OD;aqmifonft
h zGUJ u aTw*d u
kH ek ;f awmfay: ta&mufyaYdk qmifrnf[k ajym
qdkvsufjrpfoHk;cGqdkifwGifq,f,la&;vkyfief;rsm;aqmifGufaecJh&m *,uf
rsm;pGmjzpfay:aeaMumif;avhvmawGUSd&onf/ pufwifbmv (18) &uf
aeY? rGef;vGJykdif;u vQyfwpfjyufowif;*sme,fu OD;pHvif;ukdqufoG,f
ar;jref;csuftjynfhtpHkukd odkYazmfjyvdkufygonf/
ewfpifwpf&mq&mawmfBuD;qD uRefawmfwdkYu a&mufNyD;NyD/ q&m
awmfrdefYMum;csufukd b,fvdkjznfhajymcsifygovJ/
bmrSajymp&mrSdbl;/ uRefawmfu bmowif;rSrxkwfbJxm; xm;
wmav/ uGsefawmfwu
Ykd awmh trSeaf jymr,fqt
kd jrefq;kH aTw*d u
kH ek ;f awmf
ay:wifzdkY uGsefawmfwdkY pDpOfaewmyg/
OD ; oef ; G e f Y u aumh a omif ; rS m ajymvd k u f a wmh tJ ' D o wif ; u
tawmf ysHUESHYoGm;w,fav/ tJ'gbmajymcsifvJ/
bmrSrajymcsifbl;av/ olUtodmPfeJY olUzmomol ajymwmukd;/
olwdkYjyefcsifvkdY jyefoGm;wmukd;/
OD;pHvif;wdkY qufvkyfaewkef;yJayghaemf/
qufvyk af eygw,f/ uGsefawmfwYkd uke;f awmfay: tjrefq;kH wifvLS zdyYk J
BudK;pm;aewmyg/ usefw[
hJ mawmh owif;awGbmawG rxkwjf yefb;l av/
owif;xkwfjyefawmhvnf; b,fvdkjzpfvmvJqdkawmh apmfum;wJholu
rsm;aewmukd;/
OD;0if;jrifhaum twlSdw,fr[kwfvm;/
[kwfuJh Sdygw,f/ tm;vHk; bmrSrjzpfygbl;/
owif;xkwfjyefrItykdif;uaum/
uGsefawmfrS owif;rSrxkwfao;wm/ uGsefawmfxkwfEdkifwJhtwdkif;
uGsefawmfhudp uRefawmf[mtm;vHk; uRefawmfodoavmuf uRefawmfh
[muRefawmfwm0ef,Nl yD; xkwcf w
hJ muk;d / tckvnf; aTw*d u
kH ek ;f awmfay:
tjrefq;kH wifvLS zdyYk J 'gyJ uGsefawmf pDpOfaewmyg/ Edik if aH wmfudk wifjyNyD;rS
w&m;0ifowif;xkwfjyefawmhr,f/
b,f a vmuf M umOD ; rvJ /

uRefawmfwdkYu jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efqdkawmh uRefawmfwdkYrSm

ajymvdkYr&bl;av/ Oyrmwpfck uRefawmfajymjyr,f/ vdkif;um;pD;wJhtcg
usawmh b,ftcsdefa&mufrvJar;vdkufvdkY um;orm;awGu tJ'Dvlukd
kdufawmifkdufcscsifwm/ oabmaygufvm;rodbl;/ tckvnf;uRefawmf
wdkYrSm ajymvdkYr&bl;/
OD;pHvif; usef;rma&;tajctae b,fvdkSdvJ/
usef;rma&;u bmrSrjzpfygbl;/ 'gayr,fh tvJawmh xdk;aewmMu
wmaygh (&,fvsuf)/ avjzwfwmwdkY? usef;rma&;raumif;wmwdkY?
OD;aESmufeJYtmHkaMumarsmaewmwdkY? ysufpD;oGm;NyDwdkY/ tvSLSifawGeJY
EdkifiHolEdkifiHom;? ckepfom;orD; awmifhwaewJhudpukd uGsefawmfu
tjrefqHk;aqmifGufzdkYyJ aqmifGufaewmyg/
ewfpifwpf&mq&mawmfBuD;eJY b,fvdkoabmwlnDcsufSdovJ/
bmrSrSdygbl;/ ewfpifwpf&mq&mawmfbk&m;u olUzmomol vm
w,f/ aygufaygufawGeYJ e*g;awGudk 'gejyKay;ygw,f/ arwmykaYd y;w,f/
tJ'gyJvkyfw,f/ uRefawmfeJYvnf; trSefajymr,fqdk&ifq&mawmfeJY 'Dvdk
wpfcgrSawmif t&ifurawGUzl;ao;bl;/
aTa&mife*g;rif;BuD; qDrD;ylaZmfaew,fvdkY owif;xkwfwmukd
q&mawmfu b0ifrusbl;/ vwfwavm xkwfrajymoifhao;bl;vdkY
ewf p if w pf & mq&mawmf B uD ; u trd e f Y S d w ,f /
'gvnf; uGsefawmfajymjyr,fAsm/ uGsefawmfhudp uGsefawmfodw,f/
uGsefawmfhudpu uGsefawmfuvGJNyD; b,folrSodwmrSr[kwfwm/ uGsef
awmfu
h pd uGsefawmfyv
J yk yf gw,f/ uGsefawmfuapmfum;aewJv
h al wG rapmf
um;&atmifqdkNyD;xkwfjyefay;wmSdygw,f/ uGsefawmfhukdb,f avmuf
txd apmfum;aeovJqdkwme*g;qdkwmSdvm;? rSdvm;aygh/ tJ'Dvdk r,Hk
wJh vlawmxJrmS q,fEpS af vmufoufoufvw
G pf m;NyD;usifch ikd ;f vku
d /f (10)
ESpfjynfhwJhaeYrSm e*g;taMumif;odoGm;vdrfhr,f/ vG,fwJhudpr[kwfbl;/
bk&m;ukdr,HkwJhvlawG avQmufajymaewm/ jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufu
wnf;u rkpvdEmtdkifrSm e*g;rif;ukd,fwdkif jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd yg;ysOf;
aomc&pfuwfNydKifyGJwGif'dkifvlBuD;tm; 'dkifvkyfjcif;rSydwfyifjcif;cH vdkuf&
onf/ rnfonfht&nftcsif;ESifhrjynfhpHkaomaMumifh[kqdkoenf;/
(1) rdef;cav;jzpfaomaMumifh
(2) bmoma&;udk rav;pm;aom wufwl;xdk;
xm;aomaMumifh
(3) bmoma&;qdkif&mbufvdkufjcif;rsKd;jzpf rnf
qdk;aomaMumifh

axmifNyD;rd;k cJ&h wJjh zpfpOfadS ewmyJ/ tckvnf; Edik if w

H umu N*dKvfwt
k vH;k
wpf&mavmufuacgif;avmif;Sd? rSdaeYwdkif;prf;aewmyJ/ 'gayr,fh b,f
avmufyJprf;prf; r&bl;av/ uGsefawmfwdkYu jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef?
jrefrmhtqifjh rifeh nf;ynmqdw
k m omreftqifrh S r[kww
f m/ t&d,m0dZm ?
t&d,ma'0gawGu Sad ewmuk;d / t&d,m0dZm ? t&d,ma'0g em;rvnfb;l
qdkawmh bdk;awmfodMum;qdkwma&m olwdkYodovm;/ "w&|? 0dlvu?
0dlyu? uka0&qdkwJh ewfrif;BuD;av;yg;ukd odovm;/ tck xGuf&yf
aygufyk*dKvfawG? q&mawmfBuD;awGSdw,f/ tck tbbdk;rif;acgifqdkwm
omrefrSr[kwfwm/ ar;omMunfhyg U U U acgifav;acgifqdkwm bmvJ
qdkwm/ olwdkYu 'gawGu em;rSrvnfwJhudp/ em;vnfatmifvnf;
rBudK;pm;MubJav/ olwdkYu tifwmeuftwdkif;yJ/ tifwmeufrSm azhpf
bkwfkdufwmukd txifBuD;aewmukd;/ jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efqdkwmukd
bmrSawmifem;rvnfb;l / txifvnf;rBuD;Mubl;/ 'Dacgif;avmif; awmf
BuD; ukef;awmfay:a&mufvmwJhtcgusrStm;vHk;u todtrSwfjyKMurSm
ukd;/ tJ'DtwGufacgif;avmif;awmfBuD; tjrefqHk;wifvSLzdkY pDpOfaewmyg/
tJ'MD um;xJrmS tzsufawGuawmh odwt
hJ wdik ;f yJ/ tckxufxv
d nf;
tzsufw
dS ek ;f yJ/ a&ikyo
f rm;awG [d[
k mauGs;? 'D[mauGs;? a&ikyo
f rm;awG
jyefoGm;rS igyJvkyfr,fqdkNyD; zsufwJhvlu Sdao;w,f/ trsm;BuD;yg/
uGsefawmfwdkYu 'gawGajymr,fqdk&if ajymvdkYrukefbl;/
aemufNyD; OD;oef;GefYu tzdk;tcr,lbJ vmvkyfay;w,fvdkY
ajymw,f / tJ ' g [k w f y govm;/
tJ'gukd tvSLSiu
f o
dk mG ;wdik w
f ,fav/ tvSLSiu
f o
dk mG ;wdik v
f Ydk tvSL
Sifawmif uGsefawmfhtay:pdwfuGufoGm;w,f/ aemufawmh 'DrSmvm
awmhrS uGsefawmfwdkYu twdtusSif;jyxm;wmukd;/ a&ikyform;wpf
a,mufukd ig;odef;ausmf? ajcmufodef;avmuf olwdkY&xm;NyD;NyD/ tm;vHk;
pm&if;Z,m;eJY uGsefawmfwkdYrSmSdygw,f/ av,mOfp&dwfawGutp pm;p
&dwf? qef? qD? qm;? yJ? ikwf? MuufoGef? tcsdKrIefY? ig;aowmu
tpaygh tm;vHk;pm&if;Z,m;eJYSdygw,f/ tJ'gawmif uGsefawmfwkdYu
vufrw
S x
f ;kd cdik ;f xm;vdaYk emf/ vufrw
S o
f mrxd;k cdik ;f &if b,favmufajymOD;
r,frodbl;/
a&ikyform;awGu aumhaomif;uyJwJh/ qvHkr[kwfbl;vdkYajym
w,f / qvH k r ygbl ; vm;/
qvHkajymwm uGsefawmf rajymygbl;cifAsm/ ukdoef;GefYu xm;0,f
om;av/ olvmawmhvnf; olUwl&,f? om;&,f? ajr;awG&,f tm;vHk;
ygwm/ tjyifvlqdkvdkY wpfa,mufyJygwm/ a&ikyfwmu tm;vHk;q,f
a,mufav/
tck oabFmay:rSm a&ikyform;b,fESa,mufusefao;vJ/
oHk;a,mufyJSdawmhw,f/
oH k ; a,muf w nf ; eJ Y quf S m aew,f a ygh a emf /
rvdkygbl; 'Davmuftxdvnf;/ uGsefawmfhudp uRefawmfvkyfae
w,f/ uRefawmfu SmazGa&;r[kwfbl;av/ ukef;awmfay:wifzdkYudpyJ
pDpOfaewm/
S m wmu awG U oG m ;NyD a ygh a emf /
[kwfw,f/ uGsefawmfu tckSmazGa&;r[kwfbl;/ ukef;awmfay:
tjrefq;kH wifzYkd pDpOfaewm/ usefwt
hJ ydik ;f uawmh aemufrS qufMunfMh u
ayghAsm/ ukef;ay:a&mufrS tm;vHk;ukd uRefawmf owif;xkwfjyefay;r,f/
ckepfom;orD;awG tjrefqHk;zl;awGU&rSmygAsm/
[k w f u J h / aus;Zl ; wif y gw,f /
5/ tm*sifwD;em;abmvHk;toif; San Lovenzo onf olwdkY\
abmvHk;uGif;topftrnfudk xkwfazmfaMunmcJhonf/ rnfol\
trnfudk *kPfjyK ac:wGifapoenf;/
(1) Jorge Luis Bores
(2) Pope Francis
(3) Morrissey
6/ acsmuvufonf -------twGuf toHk;0ifonf/

,cktywf bDbpD rD *Zif;rS ya[Vdwo

Ykd nftokypf akH umif;aumif;
wpfypJG m;vdu
k &f ovkt
d &om&Sad yvdrrfh nf[x
k ifygonf/ jrnf;Munfyh g/
1/ ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sdwpfa,mufonf ,lauEkdifiHrS pm;aomuf
qdkifwpfqdkif\ a&cJaowmxJudk 0ifa&mufppfaq;&m tHhMozG,f&m
xl;qef;aom tom;udk &SmazGawGU&SdcJhonf/ rnfonfhtom;rsKd;enf;/
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

MopaMw;vsawmacG;wpfrsKd;
jcaoFh
a0vig;
ajracG;

2/ The Church of England ESihf Vatican wdYk ESpzf ufNydKifupm;

3/ U2 tzGJUonf if;\ t,fvfbeftopf Songs of Innocence

udk iTunes toHk;jyKoltm;vHk;udk vdkcsifonfjzpfap? rvdkcsifonfjzpfap
tvum;ay;vkdufonf/ olwdkY\ oDcsif;acgif;pOf rnfodkY aygufzGm;
vmoenf;/
(1) William Blake \ uAsmrsm;xJrS
(2) uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;aom Steve Jobs \ pmrsm;
xJrS
(3) Romones \ oDcsif;pmom;xJrS
4/ 'gdkufwm Mel Brooks onf a[mvD;0k'f\ tcrf;tem;wpfck
wGif bdvyfajrwGif vufaAGESdyf&mwGif yHkrSefr[kwfbJ xl;jcm;rIwpfckck
vkyfxm;cJhonf/ bmrsm;jzpfoenf;/
(1) Gene Wilder [k qdkif;xdk;cJhonf
(2) vufudk ajymif;jyefESdyfcJhonf
(3) vufwpfzufwGif vufacsmif;ydkwpfck&Sdae
cJhonf

(1) rD;owform;
(2) u&m;tdk;
(3) a&aEG;tdk;
7/ wkwfEkdifiH Fujian jynfe,frS v,form;rsm;u olwdkYonf
pyg;txGufwdk;onfh enf;wpfck&&Sdxm;onf[kqdkonf/ rnfonfhenf;
jzpfoenf;/
(1) Ak'bmomaw;w&m;acGtm; v,fuGif;
xJwGif zGifhxm;jcif;tm;jzifh
(2) Mao \ Little Red Book xJrS pmydk'f
wcsKdUudk &Gwfqdkjcif;tm; jzifh
(3) ntcsdef &dwfodrf;jcif;tm;jzifh

(1) ud k v H b D , mtrsKd ; orD ; puf b D ; tzG J U &J U 0wf p H k a usmf M um;&yH k

vm; Feminist vm;
udkvHbD,mtrsKd;orD; pufbD;tzGJUonf tDwvD \ ta&;ygaom
pufbD;NydKifyGJwGif 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif vQuf&Sdonf/ ,cktcg pufbD;NydKifyGJ
taMumif; b,folrSta&;vkyfumrajymMubJudkvHbD,mtrsKd;orD; puf
bD;tzGJU\0wfpHkonfom urmausmf ajymprSwfjzpfvmcJh&onf/ aqG;
aEG;Mu&onf/ rSwfcsuftrsKd; rsKd;csMuonf/ xdk0wfpHkudk Bogota NrdKU
tpdk;&u pyGefqmay;jcif;jzpfonf/ trsKd;orD;\ cg;ESifhwifyg; wpf0dkuf
wGif tom;a&mift0wfpjzifhcsKyfxm;NyD; trsKd;orD;udk,ft*Fgae&mwGif
xif&mS ;pGmyHak zmfxm;aom 0wfpjkH zpfonf/ Union Cycliste Internationale
Y u
d m
(UCI) toif;Ou| Brian Cookson u Twitter ay:wGif 'g[m vlo
t wdkif;twmudk b,fvdkenf;eJYrS wdkif;wmvdkYr&atmifudk vufcHp&mr
[kwf wJhudpjzpfw,f[kqdkonf/ UCI rS udkvHbD,m pufbD;tzGJUcsKyfudk
pma&; ydkY olwdkY\ wm0ef&SdrIudkvnf; odap&eftoday;rnf[kqdkonf/
pufbD;tdkvHypfr,fa[mif; Nicole Cooke u 'g[m tm;upm;udk[mo
wpfck vkyv
f u
kd o
f vdyk /J a[h rde;f uav;awG ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f ,
kd u
f muG,Mf u?
kd nf/ wcsKdUu 'g[m Sexist trsKd;orD;rsm;udk
'D 0wfprkH sKd;udk No ajym[kqo
ESrd cf sjcif;[kqNkd yD; wcsKdUuawmh 'g[m Feminist trsKd;orD;0g'oauFw[k
qdkonf/ pmzwfoluawmh rnfodkYrSwfcsufjyKrnfenf;/ xdk0wfpHk'DZdkif;a&;
qGJol 'DZdkif;ynm&Sifuawmh 'D0wfpHk[m sexist vHk;0r[kwf a,musfm;
av;0wfpHkudkvnf; tvm;wl'DZdkif;xGifcJhonf[kqdkum ajz&Sif;cJhonf/
(2) ur m ausmf k y f & S i f r if ; om; *Ref x &mAd k w m ol Y u d k rd e f ; rvsm
vdifwlqufqHol[k pGyfpGJrIudk yxrqHk;tBudrf wkHYjyef
vlBudKufrsm;vSaom pG,fpHk&rif;om; usm;usm;vsm;vsm; *Refx&m
Adkwmudk ol\ av,mOfrSL;a[mif; Douglass Gotterba u olYtm;
tvkycf efcY phJ OftwGi;f olEiS *hf Refx&mAdw
k mwdYk vdiq
f ufqrH &I cdS o
hJ nf[x
k w
k f
azmfajymMum;cJhonf/ Gotterba onf *Refx&mAdkwm\ Alto av,mOf
ukrPDwGif (6)ESpfMum tvkyfvkyfcJhNyD; 1987 ckESpfwGif olY oabmESifhol
tvkyfxGufoGm;cJholjzpfonf/ ,cktcgwGif *Refx&mAdk wmESifh Gotterba
wdkYonf xdkpGyfpGJcsufaMumifh w&m;Hk;wGif trIjzpfae Muonf/ rif;om;
x&mAdw
k m\ a&SUae Martin Singer u 'g[m ]]emrnfausmMf um;olawGukd
pGyfpGJajymqdkrIygyJ? bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh ydkufqHvdkcsifvdkYyJaygh}}[k ajym
Mum;oGm;cJhonf/ *Refx&mAdkwmu ]]'Dvdk udprsKd;udk wjcm;vlawGqdk&if
uRefawmfxufydkNyD; jyif;jyif;xefxefwkHYjyefMurSmyg/ 'gayr,fh uRef
awmfhtaeeJY 'D rD'D,mudpawGudk vTwfxm;ay;xm;wm tMumBuD;ygyJ/
bmvdkYvJqdkawmh uRefawmfxdef;csKyfvdkY &wJhudprsKd;rS r[kwfwmyJ}}[k
qdkonf/ 'gaMumifhvnf; 'DudpBuD;utMumBuD;pGyfpGJajymqdkrI cHaecJh&
wmyJ[kxyfajymonf/ owif;axmufrsm;u 'Dvdk*Refx&mAdkwmudk vdif
wl qufqHolvdkY pGyfpGJwmudk apmfum;w,fvdkY ,lqovm;vdkYar;awmh
]]uRefawmfhb0rSm tapmfum;tcHvdkuf &qHk;uawmh uRefawmfhom;
aoqHk;oGm;wkef;uygyJ/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm uRefawmf[m [dk;atmufxJudk
jyKwfusoGm;ovdk cHpm;vdu
k &f w,f/ 'Dvkd vdiu
f pd r sKd;awGukd olrsm;awGu
awmhpdwf0ifpm;rSmaygh? 'gayr,fh uRefawmfrdom;pkudk'DvdkudprsKd;awGqGJ
toGif;rcHEkdifbl;}}[k ajzonf/ rif;om;u qufNyD; ]]wcsKdUrD'D,morm;
awG[m wu,fudktqifhtwef;r&Sd? atmufwef;usw,fvdkY uRefawmfcH
pm;&w,f}}[k ajymoGm; onf/ *Refx&mAdkwm\ touf (16)ESpft&G,f
om;onf 2009 ckEpS f wGif Bahamas wGif a[mvD;a';oGm;aepOftwGi;f
aoqHk;oGm;cJhonf/
(3) ISIS ud k ul y d k Y qD ; &D ; ,m;od k Y cd k ; xG u f o G m ;ol MopBwD ; ,m;
EkdifiHol q,fausmfouf ESpfa,muf udk,f0ef&SdaeNyD[kqdk
Sabina Selimovic (15)ESpfESifh Samra Kesinovic (16)ESpfwdkYonf
Oa&mywd k u f E k d i f i H j zpf a om MopBwD ; ,m;Ek d i f i H o l rsm; jzpf M uonf /
w e v F m a e Y o w i f ; r s m ; t & Kesinovic o n f w d k u f y G J w G i f
Sexist

Ooredoo

jrefrmu rdcifESifhuav;apmifha&Smufa&; App jzpfaom May May (arar) App

udk pwifrdwfquf

Myanmar Connect 2014 nDvmcHwGif Ooredoo

onf a'ocH jrefrmtifwmeuf ukrPDwpfckjzpfaom
Koe Koe Tech ESifh vufwGJ May May arar[laom
rdcifESifh uav;apmifha&Smufa&;usef;rma&; App udk
pwifrdwfqufvdkufaMumif; od&Sd&onf/
zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;wGif jynfoltrsm;\ usef;rma&;
u@rsm; jrifhwifa&;udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&mwGif
wpdkufrwfrwfxm;aom tzGJUtpnf; jzpfonfh PSI
ESifh twlvufwGJvQuf ,if; App udk wDxGifxkwfvkyf
jcif;jzpfNyD; 0efaqmifrIonf rdcifESifh&ifaoG;i,frsm;
\ usef;rma&; tajctaersm;ESifh owif;rsm;udk jrefrm
EdkifiHtrsKd;orD;xk\ vufzsm;rsm;rSwpfqifh owif;
tcsuf t vuf r sm; ,l a qmif a y;onf h 0ef a qmif
rIjzpfaMumif;? xdkYtjyif udk,f0efaqmifaepOf umvywf
vHk; udk,f0ef aqmif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufonfh
owif;rsm;udk yHkrSef&&SdaernfjzpfaMumif;? usef;rma&;txl;Muyfrwf
ukorIrsm; cH,loifhaom trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf oifhavsmfaom aq;uk
orI cH,jl cif; rsm;twGuf teD;pyfq;kH ESihf tvG,u
f q
l ;kH aq;Hak q;cef;ESihf
q&m0ef rsm;xHodkY vrf;Tefay;aom tpDtpOfvnf; ,if; App wGif
yg&Sdonf/ ,ckqdkvQif toHk;jyK&vG,fulaom xkd App udk Ooredoo
\ oHk;pGJol rdbjynfolrsm;onf Google Play Store wGif &,lEkdifNyDjzpf
aMumif;?
GSMA \ mWomen tpDtpOfu Ooredoo udk axmufyHhonfh
&efyHkaiGudk toHk;jyK 0efaqmifrIudk tpysKd;cJhMuaMumif;? oHk;pGJol
rdbjynfolrsm;udk ydkrdktusKd;&Sdaprnfh 0efaqmifrIrsm;ay;Ekdif&ef oHk;pGJol
rsm; toHk;jyKyHk tjyKtrlrsm;udk aocsmpGmavhvm ydkrdkxl;jcm;aom

10

t*Fg&yfrsm;ESifh zefwD;rIrsm; xyfrHjznfhqnf;xm;aMumif;?

Ooredoo udk oHk;pGJolrdbjynfolrsm;onf May May
arar App udk tcrJh&,lEkdifaMumif;? jrefrmjynfwGif

tem*wf rsKd;qufopfrsm;txd EkdifiHESifht0Srf;wGif&Sdaom

trsKd;orD;xk\ usef;rma&;udk tjyKoabmaqmifonfh
bufrS tusKd;xl;rsm;qufwdkuf&&Sdap&ef pD;yGm;a&;t&qGJ
aqmifEkdifaom yHkpHudk wDxGif&efvnf; Developer rsm;t
aejzifh tcdik t
f rmqH;k jzwfNyD;jzpfaMumif;? Ooredoo jrefrm
\ vlrIqufqHa&;ESifh jyefMum;a&; refae*sm a':oD&d
MumndKu ]]'Du a&SUavQmuf jrefrmEkdifiHwpf0Srf;vHk; u
trsKd;orD;xkudk 'DxufydkNyD;aumif;wJh usef;rma&;eJY
ywfoufwJh 0efaqmifrIqdkif&m App awGudk wDxGifoGm;zdkY
tpDtpOfawG trsm;BuD;&Sd ygw,f/ Myanmar Connect
2014 udk vmMuwJh {nfhonfawmfrsm; [m uRefrwdkY&JU
May May arar App udk tifrwef pdwf0ifpm;wmawGUMu&ygw,f/
wjznf;jznf;csif; uRefrwdkY&JU App udk oHk;pGJolawGrsm;vmawmhrSmjzpfovdk
aq;0g;eJY aq;ukojcif;u@rsm;tjyif tjcm;aomvlru
I @rsm;udyk g uRefr
wdkY App u tcGifhtvrf;awG tajrmuftrsm;ay;oGm; rSmjzpfygw,f}}[k
ajymMum;cJhonf/
May May ararqdkaom App onf Ooredoo jrefrm\ IdeaBox
tpDtpOfrSwpfqifhaemufqHk;ay: wDxGifarG;zGm;oefYpifvdkufaom App
jzpfygaMumif;? IdeaBox onf jrefrmjynfrS oH;k pGo
J rl b
d jynforl sm;\ b0rsm;
wd;k wufajymif;vJEidk af pMu&ef jrefrmhenf;ynme,fy,fukd zGUH NzdK;wd;k wufap
rnfh jrefrmbmompum;ESifh tifwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;ESifh Application
rsm;pGm ay:aygufvmap&ef txl;&nf&G,fcsufrsm; xm;&SdaMumif; od&Sd&
YOH
onf/

usqHk;uG,fvGefcJhNyD [kqdkaomfvnf; ,cktcg t*FgaeY pufwifbmv

16 &ufaeYowif;rsm;t& xkdrdef;uav;wpfa,mufrSraoyJ udk,f0ef
ygaqmifaeNyDjzpfaMumif;od&Sd&onf/ xkdowif;onf if;rdef;uav;ESpf
a,mufESifh MopBwD;,m;EkdifiHxJrS olrwdkYoli,fcsif;wpfa,mufESifh
Whats App rS wpfqifh rufaqhcsfydkY&mrSpHkprf;&&Sdvmaom aemufqHk;
owif;jzpfonf/ tqdkygrdef;uav;ESpfa,mufonf Chechen vlrsKd;pk
xJrS qD;&D;,m;Ekid if w
H iG af exdik o
f El pS af ,mufwEYkd iS hf vufxyf vdu
k o
f nf
[k,lqzG,f&Sdonf[k Central European News rS owif; ay;ydkYxm;
onf/ MopBwD;,m;&yfwyfzGJUESifh Interpol wdkYonf xdkrdef; uav;ESpf
G t
f aumifrh sm;ay:rSwpf qifo
h w
l EYkd pS f
a,muf\ Whats App ESihf azhbw
a,mufraoao;aMumif;? usef;rmpGm&SdaMumif; owif;ydkYvmonf/
aemufwGif aemufqufwGJudk qufvufpHkprf;vQuf&Sdonf/ MopBwD;
,m;&Jrsm;rSmxkdowif;\aemufuG,fwGif ISIS rS aomif;usef;ol
a,musfm;rsm;&S&d rnf/ xdu
k o
hJ aYkd omvlrsKd;onf xdrk ed ;f uav;ESpaf ,muf
tm;rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQvlrIuGef&ufudkvGwfvyfpGm toHk;jyKcGifhay;rnf
r[kwf[k,lqMuNyD; xdkrdef;uav;ESpfa,muf\ toufudkvnf; csKyf
udik x
f m;onf[rk w
S cf sujf yKMuonf/ tmPmydik rf sm;u ISIS onf xdrk ed ;f
uav;ESpfa,mufudktoHk;cs aemufxyf wyfom;rsm;&Ekdifap&ef
tvdkYiSm vli,frsm;udk pnf;Hk;odrf;oGif;aejcif;omjzpfaMumif;qdkonf/
MopBwD;,m;tpdk;&u tu,f 'Dvdk ISIS bufudk0if wdkufcdkufNyD;
MopBwD;,m;EkdifiHudkjyef0ifvmrnfqdkvQif rnfoludkrqdk MopBwD;,m;
EkdifiHom;tjzpfrS jzpfap cdkvHIcGifhrSjzpfap jywfom;pGmkyfodrf;ypfrnf[k
wevFmaeYu aMunmcsufxkwfjyefcJhonf/
(4) urmhukvor*\ Messenger of Peace trnf cefYtyfjcif;
cH & ol Leonardo Dicaprio
urmhukvor*taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf befuDrGef;u ,ck
tywf t*FgaeY nDvmcHwGif tar&duefrif;om; vD,dkem'dk'Dumy&Ddk
onf urmx
h yd w
f ef; rif;om;wpfa,mufrQomr[kwf ywf0ef;usifxed ;f
odrf;rI? umuG,frIwdkYudk tNrJwm0efododvkyfaqmifcJhol vlom;wpfOD;
Y yfco
hJ nf/
vnf;jzpfaomaMumifh olu
Y kd Messenger of Peace tjzpf ceft
&moDOwkqdk;0g;pGm ajymif;vJaerIudk umuG,f&ef urmwpf0Srf;vHk;wGif
xd;k azmufpmG wd;k jriahf qmif&u
G Ef idk &f ef[q
k o
kd nf/ 'Dumy&Do
kd nf 1988
ckESpfuwnf;uazmifa';&Sif;wpfckxlaxmif urmajrESifh vlom;wdkY
[efcsufnDpGmyl;aygif;aexdkifEkdifa&;wdkYudk 0g'jzefYvkyfaqmifcJhonf/
tckvmrnfh &moDOwktaMumif; nDvmcHwGif 'Dumy&Ddkonf rdefYcGef;
ajymMum;ayvdrfhrnf[k befuDrGef;u ajymMum;cJhonf/ xdknDvmcHwGif
urmhEkdifiHaygif; 120 rS acgif;aqmifrsm; wufa&mufMurnfjzpfonf/
'Dumy&Ddkuvnf; olYtaejzifh t&rf;*kPf,lygaMumif;ESifh vlYorkdif;
aMumif;wpfckwGif ta&;ygaomwm0efwpfckudk xrf;aqmif&awmhrnf
[k cHpm;&aMumif; ajymMum;oGm;cJhonf/
(5) atmf p umypf w d k ; &D ; ,uf \ uH M ur m
rSwfrdMuao;vm; awmiftmz&duwdkufu ajcESpfzufjzwfxm;wJh
vljzLtajy;orm; atmfpumypfwdk;&D;,uf 2013 ckESpf cspfolrsm;aeY
rSm olYcspfol armf',faumifrav;&Drmpwif;urfudk aoewf 4 csufeJY
ypfowfvdkufwJhtrIav/ oluawmh &Drmudk &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&SdeJY ypf
owfwm r[kwfbl;/ tdrfrSmazmufxGif;0ifwJhvlxifvdkY &Drm0ifaewJh
a&tdrfcef;xJudk aoewf 4 csufypfvdkufwm[k xGufqdkoGm;cJhonf/
w&m;olBuD; Thokozile Masipa taejzifh ypfwdk&D;,ufonf rdrdudk,f
rdrd umuG,fonfhtaejzifh aoewfjzifh ypfcwf&mrS olYcspfolaumifr
av;tm; rxifrSwfbJ owfrdoGm;onfqdkonfh tqdkudk vufcHrnf
vm;? tjypfcH,lxdkufaom vlowfrI[kqHk;jzwfrnfvm;? BudKwif BuH
pnf &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh ypfowfcJhonf[k oHk;oyfum tqHk;tjzwf
ay;rnfvm;qdkonfudk wpfurmvHk; apmifhqdkif;aecJhMuonf/ awmif
tmz&du EkdifiHonf tMurf;zufrIESifh &mZ0wfrIrsm; xlajymaomEkdifiH
jzpfonf/ aoewfudk vG,fvG,fudkif? vG,fvG,f toHk;csrIonf xdk
jzpf&yfBuD;u rD;armif;xdk;jyaeonf/ North Gauteng High Court rS
atmfpumypfw;kd &D;,ufukd tjypfc,
H x
l u
kd af om vlowfr[
I k NyD;cJah om
aomMumaeYu qHk;jzwfcsufcscJhonf/ xdkqHk;jzwfcsuftay:wGif raus
eyforl sm;u w&m;olBuD;udk Ncdr;f ajcmufaeavaomaMumifw
h &m;olBuD;
vlrJtrsKd;orD; Thokozile Masipa onf vHkNcHKa&;wdk; csxm;&av
onf/ atmfpumypfwdk;&D;,uftaejzifhb,fb,frQ tjypf'PfcH&
rnfukd atmufwb
kd mv(13)&ufaeYwiG t
f rdecYf srSwrf nfjzpfonfBudKwif
BuHpnf &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh ypfowfcJhonf[kom qHk;jzwfcJhvQif
(25)ESpaf xmifeef;pH&Ekid af omfvnf; ,cktrdeo
Yf nfrQrav;eufaom
aMumifhxdkxufayghavsmhaomjypf'Pfjzpfrnf[kcefYrSef;&avonf/

tajzrS e f r sm;
1/ jcaoFh
2/ bmoma&;qdkif&mbufvdkufjcif;rsKd;jzpfrnfqdk;aomaMumifh
3/ William Blake \ uAsmrsm;xJrS
4/ vufwpfzufwGif vufacsmif;ydkwpfck&SdaecJhonf
5/ Pope Francis
6/ a&aEG;tdk;
7/ Ak'bmomaw;w&m;acGtm; v,fuGif;xJwGifzGifhxm;jcif;
tm;jzifh

11

rnfokdYjzpfaom 8 Days wGifa&;om;cJhaom vrf;avQmuft,f'Dwm

tawG;rsm;ESifhywfouf a&;om;cJhaom pmrljzpfygonf/ a&;om;aom
uavmif&SifrSm a&eDrS w&m;kH;csKyfa&SUaejzpfygonf/
2014 puf w if b m 20 &uf
jrefrmEkdifiHpma&;q&mtoif;ynm&nfqkay;yGJokdYa&mufonf/ um;

vrf;ydwaf e tcrf;tem;NyD;rSa&mufomG ;jcif;jzpfonf/ q&morm;rsm;ukd

EIwfqufcsif oGm;a&mufawGUqkH&m 0efxrf;wpfOD;rS ]]EC r[kwf&if
b,folrS r0if&bl;}}vdkYrSmxm;w,f[kqkdojzifh vSnfhjyefcJh&onf/ aMomf
aMomf ..aMomf ../
I.B.C odkYa&mufonf/ awmf0ifOD;ukdudkaxG;*kPfjyKyGJjzpfonf/ oHt
rwfBuD;OD;armifarmifpdk;wifhzdwf ta&mufoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ Seating
Plan wGif emrnfpm&if;ryg tlaMumifaMumifESifhtjyifxGufxkdifaevkduf
vrf;avQmuft,f'DwmESifhywfouf y&dowfa&;ykdYxm;zl;aom
aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fukd jyefvnfzwfIjzpfcJhygonf/ 20-4-2012 ua&muf
&S d v maom pmrl j zpf y gonf /
vrf ; avQmuf t ,f ' D w m
]]AsKd U vrf ; avQmuf t ,f ' D w m}}
'D ]]vrf;avQmuft,f'w
D m}}ukd usKyfMunfrh &mMumNyD/ Munhrf &wJh
Mum;ubJ a'gufaxmufMunfhaerdw,f/ Munfhav usKyfwkdYa&eDukd 19-3-2012 rSma&mufvmwJh ]]vQyfwpfjyuf}}wGJ
(3)rSwf(80)pm(9)rSm ]]vrf;avQmuft,f'Dwm\ rSwfwrf;jzpfygonf/
rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufukdrQ xdckdufepfemap&efr&nf&G,fygaMumif;
kd; om;pGmtpD&ifcHtyfygonf/}}wJhav/ t[if; ...[if;vkdYbJ
usKyfoa&mf awmfawmf&,fvkdufrdygw,f/
26-3-2012 rSma&mufvmwJh ]]vQyfwpfjyuf}} wGJ(3)rSwf(81)
pm(38)rSmawmh ]]vrf;avQmuft,f'DwmrSwfwrf;wifygonf/ yk*vdcH
pm;csufrsm;ukdrSwfwrf;wifjcif;rQomjzpfygonf/ bmrSBuD;BuD;us,f
us,fr[kwfygcifAsm;}}wJh/ tvkdav; jrwfpGmbk&m;/ 'if; BuD;BuD;us,f
us,fr[kwfayvdkYomy/ t[if;[if;/ 'if;om BuD;BuD;us,fus,fvkyf
vku
d &f ifawmh befurD eG ;f awmifracsmifb;l a[hvYdk usKyf[pfatmfvu
dk cf sif
oAs/
2-4-2012 rSm a&mufvmwJh wGJ(3)rSwf(82)pm(35)rSm ]]vrf;
avQmuf'kdif,m&Donf vrf;avQmuft,f'Dwm\ rSwfwrf;rQomjzpf
onf/ onfhxufbmrSykdp&mtaMumif;r&SdygaMumif; kd;om;pGmtpD&ifcH
tyfygonf/}}vkdYqkdxm;jyefw,f/ ]]onfhxufbmrSykdp&mtaMumif; r&Sd
ygaMumif;}}qkdwmwpfcsuf/ tJ'Dvkd ykdp&mr&SdygqkdwmBuD;ukd ]]kd;om;pGm
tpD&ifcHtyfygonf}}qkdwmukdwpfcsuf/ usKyfodawmh odaew,faemf/
[if;/ xm;awmh bmrSrajymawmhygbl;/
9-4-2012 rSma&mufvmwJh wG(J 3)rSw(f 83)pm(6)rSma&;xm;avwJh
]]vrf;avQmuf'dkif,m&Dukd tm;ay;Muolrsm;ukd aus;Zl;wifygonf/
tm;r ay;Muolrsm;ukdvnf; aus;Zl;wifygonf}}qkdwmukd zwfvkduf&
awmhusKyfa'golykeftBuD;tus,fx/ e*dku aomufjrifuyfaewJhtxJ

rSm tJ'v
D rf;avQmuft,f'w
D mESmEkuv
dk ufo;D eJY xk;d ypfcsifpw
d af ygufvm
a&m/
b,fE,
S Ahf sm/ ]]tm;ay;Muolrsm;ukd aus;Zl;wifygonf/ tm;ray;
Muolrsm;ukdvnf; aus;Zl;wifygonf}}wJh/
usKyfodyftcH&cufw,fAsm/
usKyfodyfepfemw,fAsm/
2009 rwfv 20 &ufaeYxkwf ]]vQyfwpfjyuf}}wGJ(2)rSwf(52)
pm(35)rSm ]]vrf;avQmuft,f'Dwm[lonf vrf;avQmufaeY&onfh
t,f'Dwm[k rSwfom;ay;Muapcsifygonf/ vrf;avQmuft,f'Dwm[k
qkid ;f bkww
f yfxm;&NyDqu
dk wnf;u tb,frmS vQif k;H cef;twnfwus
&SdEkdifygtHhenf;/ tb,frSmvQif vufukdifw,fvDzkef;&SdEkdifygtHhenf;/
tb,frSmvQif taumif;qkH;um;&SdEkdifygtHhenf;/ tb,frSmvQif tif
wmeuf? vufyfawmhyfESifh a[mha[mh&rf;&rf;&SdEkdifygtHhen;f/ tb,frSm
vQif 0DpuDwjrjr? &SefydefwooESifh[kdw,fwumwGif ZdrfusEkdifygtHh
enf;/ vrf;avQmuft,f'DwmwGifyDatr&Sd/ pu&Daw&Dr&Sd? pufuyf
aMu;r&S?d tdwq
f rJG &S?d wynfrh &S?d orD;awmfr&S?d &nf;pm;awmfrnho
f rl &S?d
pyGefqmawmif;rnfholr&Sd/ rsufESmcsKdaoG;rnfholr&Sd? yDaur&Sd? jcif;uyf
rnfholr&Sd/ wu,fawmh vrf;avQmuft,f'Dwm[lonf ]]uavmif}}
trnfoufoufomjzpfygonf/ t,f'w
D mr[kwaf om? t,f'w
D mvkyf
ykdifcGifhvnf;r&Sdaom? t,f'Dwm&ykdifcGifhvnf;r&Sdaom vrf;avQmuf
t,f'Dwmomjzpfygonf/ Oyrmqkd&vQif OD;bkdcsKyfqkdaom yk*dKvfonf
OD;bkdcsKyfomjzpf OD;AkdvfcsKyfr[kwfovkd bkdBuD;qkdaom yk*dKvfonf
vnf; AkdvfBuD;r[kwfonfh oabmrsKd;jzpfygonf}} [laomta&;
tom;zwfcJh&onfukd jyefvnfowd&rdNyD; vrf;avQmuft,f'DwmBuD;
ukd oem;oGm;rdjyefonf/ tjrifruyfawmh/ a'gryGawmh/ Munhfr&wm
usKyf ( a&eD )
rsKd;rjzpfawmh/ oem;cspfav; cspfvmrdonf/

dk m;onf/ pdwx
f aJ wmh raumif;?
&onf/ zdw
f pf mxJrmS awmh Table 13 [kqx
zdwfMum;onfukdu BuD;yGm;a&;*sme,f? r[m*sme,f[kvdyfrl NyD;? Royal
Express ESifh ykdYjcif;jzpfonfqkdawmh vGJayraygh .../ 'DaeY wGwfyD
uHraumif;yg[k qkd&rnfvm;/ yg&rDbufrS vSnhftjyefq&mjrwfoQif
armifukdawGU um;BuKHwifac:vmcJhjzpfao;onf/ q&mjrwfoQif armif
u ckcsdeftxd ]]eHeufcif;}}tay: oHa,mZOfBuD;rm;oljzpfonf rSm
av;pm;zG,fjzpfonf/ 'DaeYkH;ukd FOREVER rSq&mOD;0if;armifvTwf
vkdufonfh uav;rsm;a&mufvmMuao;onf/ aus;Zl;yg q&mOD;0if;
armfcifAsm;/ eef;,Gef;rS rdwfaqGBuD;AkdvfBuD;pef;rif;zkef;vSrf;qufonf/
eef;,Gef;rSm pmMunhfwkdufyJ&SdNyD; pmtkyfr&Sd tultnDvSrf;awmif;jcif;
jzpfonf/ pmaytay:awmh tawmfoHa,mZOfBuD;onfh NrdKUe,ftkyfcsKyf
a&;rSL;BuD;jzpfonf/ q&mrsKd;omxuf DVB Debate twGufvSrf;zdwf
ao;onf/ BudKwifajymrxm; tcsdefr&awmh? q&m awmf0ifOD;pkd;GefY
zkef;vSrf;qufonf/ reufjzefawmf0ifESif;qDrSm ajcvsifawmifwuf
toif;rS owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ&Sdonf[k vSrf;ajymjcif;jzpfonf/ q&m
OD;0if;Nidrf;zkef;vSrf;qufonf/ tEkynmysKd;cif;(2)yPmr 13 OD;trnf
pm&if;udpvSrf;ajymjcif;jzpfonf/ umwGef;armifarmifatmifa&mufvm
onf/ q&mOD;0if;az? q&may:OD;ouf? q&mcifarmif&ifwkdY 3 OD;yef;csD
jyyGJAdEkd;rSmvkyfrnfhudpvmzdwfjcif;jzpfonf/ olESifhq&maZmfarmifxH
tyfxm;aom pmtkyf'DZkdif;udprNyD;Muao;[k od& aysmfoGm;onf/

kyf&Sif 10 um; yg0ifjyornfh Oa&mykyf&SifyGJawmf &efukefwGifusif;yrnf

EkdifiHaygif; ckepf
Ekid if rH S ky&f iS rf sm; yg0if
jyornfhOa&mykyf&Sif
yGaJ wmf(The European
Film Festival ) u d k
&efukefNrdKUaejynfawmf
ky&f iS f w
kH iG pf ufwifbm
25 rS atmufwdkbm
5&uftxdusi;f yjyKvkyf
oGm;rnf[kqdkonf/
Oa&mykyf&SifyGJawmfudk jrefrmEkdifiHqdkif&m qGpfZmvefoHHk;u jyif
opfoHHk;^jyifopf,Ofaus;rIESifh bmompum;Xme? tdkif,mvefoHHk;?
tpa&;oHHk;? tDwvDoHHk;? xdkenf;wl NAdwdoQaumifpDESifh *smref
,Ofaus;rIESifh bmompum;Xme Goethe-Institut wdkYESifhyl;aygif;um
pDpOfusif;yjcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;tjyif jrefrmEkdifiHqdkif&m Oa&myor*
udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUuvnf; kyf&SifyGJawmftm; axmufyHhulnDoGm;rnfjzpf
aMumif; od&Sd&onf/
kyf&SifyGJawmfumv 11 &uftwGif; pkpkaygif; kyf&Sif 10 um;
jyornfjzpfNyD; wpf&ufvQif nae 6 em&DcGJ wpfBudrf? rGef;vGJ 3

12

em&DcGJwpfBudrf jyooGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ 0ifaMu;rSm tcrJhjzpfNyD; vuf

rSwfrsm;udk kyf&SifrpwifrD wpfem&DrS kyf&SifjyocsdefrwdkifrD 15 rdepf
txd &&SdEkdifrnf[kqdkonf/
yg0ifjyoonfh kyf&Sifum;rsm;\ t&nftaoG;ESifh trsKd;rsKd;taxG
axG pHkvifrIaMumifh Oa&mykyf&SifyGJawmfudk vlodrsm;NyD; pdwful;,Of
Zmwfvrf;? rSwfwrf;um;rsm;ESifh umwGef;kyf&Sifrsm;yg0ifjyornfjzpf
aMumif;? ESpfpOf ESpfwdkif; rwlnDaom kyf&Sifum;rsm; wifqufjyoNyD;
,if;kyf&Sifrsm;teuf trsm;tjym;rSm EkdifiHwumqkrsm; &cJhonfh Zmwf
um;rsm;jzpfygaMumif;? ,refESpfuESifh EdIif;,SOfygu ,ckESpfwGif tvGrf;
ZmwfESifh [moZmwfjrL; kyf&Sifrsm; tenf;i,fydkaMumif;? NcHKiHkqdkygu
kyf&SifyGJawmfonf jynfhpHk<u,f0aom tpDtpOfwpf&yf&SdaeaMumif; od&Sd
&onf/
]]Oa&mykyf&SifyGJawmf[m jrefrmEkdifiHrSm tvG,fwulr&&SdEkdifwJh
Oa&mykyf&SifawGudk MunfhIcHpm;zdkY jrefrmy&dowfawGtwGuf BuD;rm;
wJhtcGifhta&;wpf&yf jzpfygw,f/ Oa&myeJY jrefrmtMum; ,Ofaus;rI
tjyeftvSefzvS,fa&;rSm wpfwyfwpftm; yg0if&wJhtwGuf uRefawmf
wdkY tvGefyJ0rf;ajrmufygw,f}}[k jrefrmEkdifiHqdkif&m Oa&myor*oH
trwf rpwm dkvefudkbD,mu ajymMum;cJhonf/
pdwful;,OfZmwfvrf;? umwGef;kyf&Sifrsm;ESifh rSwfwrf;um;rsm; wif

qufjyojcif;jzifh Oa&my kyf&SifyGJawmfonf Oa&my\ trsKd;rsKd;taxG

axG ,Ofaus;rI pHkvif<u,f0yHkudk azmfjy&ef &nf&G,fygaMumif;? cifrif
&if;ESD;rI? vlrIa&;udprsm;? uvJhpm;acsjcif;ESifh cGifhvTwfrI? tcspfESifh
*DwwdkYtaMumif; kyf&Sifum;rsm; jyooGm;rnfjzpfNyD; Oa&myom;wdkY\
b0aeenf;rsm;ESifh awG;ac:pOf;pm;yHkrsm;tay: jrefrmy&dowftaejzifh
xkd;xGifodjrifem;vnfrI &&Sdaprnf[kqdkonf/
Oa&mykyf&SifyGJawmfudk &efukefNrdKUwGif ESpfESpfq,fausmf ESpfpOf
usif;yjyKvkyfvmcJhNyD; ,ckESpfwGif 23 Budrfajrmuftjzpf jyKvkyfrnf
jzpfaMumif;? rlvu kyf&SifyGJawmftm; &efukefwGif trSefwu,f oHHk;
rsm;&Sdaom Oa&myor*tzGJU0if av;EkdifiH\ oHHk;rsm;u pDpOfusif;y
cJhNyD; ,if;wdkYrSm NAdwdoQoHHk;? tDwvDoHHk;? jyifopfoHHk;ESifh *smref
oHHk; wdkYjzpfaMumif;? tus,ftjyefYjzpfaom teuft"dym,ft& Oa&m
y ,Ofaus;rItrSwftom;rSm EkdifiHa&;t& aygif;pnf;rIwpf&yfxuf
ydkrdkus,fjyefYaomaMumifh Oa&mykyf&SifyGJawmfonf 2012 wGif tcef;
u@opf zGifhvSpfcJhNyD; tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;udk zdwfac:cJhaMumif;? jrefrmEkdifiH
wGif oHHk;wpfck zGifhvSpfrxm;&Sd&ao;aomfvnf; jrefrmESifh oHwref
qufqHa&;rsm;&Sdonfh Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;udk txl;ojzifh zdwfac:cJhjcif;
jzpfonf/ ,refESpfu tpa&;udk txl;{nfhonfawmftjzpf zdwfac:
YOH
BudKqdkcJhaMumif; od&Sd&onf/

wpfEikd if v
H ;kH So
d C
H mawmfrsm; oabmwlqEvufrw
S rf sm;jzifo
h C
H tzGt
YJ pnf;zGpYJ nf;ay;&ef
a&T0ga&mifawmfveS af &;(7)ESpjf ynfw
h iG af wmif;qdk

&ef u k e f puf w if b m 18
oHCtzGt
YJ pnf;tajccHpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wpfEikd if v
H ;kH So
d C
H m awmfrsm;
\ oabmwlqEjyKvufrSwfrsm;&,ltaumiftxnfazmfa&;qGJay;&ef
a&T0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;(7)ESpfjynfhtcrf;tem;wGif oHCmawmfrsm;u
awmif;qdkvdkufonf/
a&T0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;(7)ESpfjynfh tcrf;tem;udk pufwifbm (18)

&ufaeYu &efukefoCFef;uRef;jrdKUe,fSd "ryD,

ausmif;wGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf/ tcrf;tem;udk
a&T0ga&mifawmfveS af &;vSKyfmS ;rIBuD;wGiyf g0ifcMhJ u
onfh q&mawmfoC
H mawmfrsm;ESihf Edik if aH &; orm;
toD;oD;wwfa&mufcJhMuonf/
jrefrmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f ma&T0ga&mifawmfveS af &;(7)
ESpfjynfh tcrf;tem;wGifq&mawmf? oHCmawmf
rsm;u aMunmcsufig;&yfudk xkwfjyefaMunm
vdkufonf/ ,if;aMunmcsufig;&yfwGif vufSd
tcsdefoHCmawmfrsm;\ ausmif;uefrsm;tm;
t"rz ,fmS ;odr;f qnf;aejcif;udp& yfrsm;? &[ef;
oHCmawmfrsm; tay:w&m; pGq
J
kd w&m;H;k awmfoYkd
ouFef;0wfjzifhHk;csdef;wwfae&aom trIudp&yf
rsm;tjrefqHk;&yfqdkif;ay;a&;udkvnf;xnfhoGif;
awmif;qdkxm;onf/
vufEdS ikd if aH wmfoC
H mr[mem,utzGYJ MuD;
\ zGJUpnf;yHkESifhr@dKif(3) &yfonfqdkS,fvpf0g'udktajccHjyD; tenf;pkrS
trsm;pktay: A[dkpepfESifh csKyfudkifaeaom pepfjzpfaomaMumifh jynf
axmifpktpdk;&pepfESifhtnD jzpfay:vmap&efudkvnf; aMunmcsufwGif
oHCmawmfrsm;u xnfhoGif;awmif;qdkcJhonf/ (2007)ckESpfa&T0ga&mif
awmfvSefa&;wGif &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;vli,ftajrmuf
trsm;toufqHk;SHK;cJh&onf/
apmzdk;cGm;

csdefudkufAHk;rsm; qufwdkufawG&Y SdrIESifU aemufqufwGJjzpfpOfrsm;aMumifh jr0wDvlxkpdk;&drf

jr0wD puf w if b m 19
u&ifjynfe,f? jr0wDNrdKUwGif ESpf&ufqufwdkuf csdefudkufAHk;rsm;
awGU&SdrIESifh aemufqufwGJ jzpfpOfrsm;aMumifh jr0wDa'ocHjynfolvlxk
pdk;&drfaeMuaMumif; od&onf/
jr0wDNrdKUESifh xkdif;EkdifiH? rJaqmufNrdKUodkY qufoG,fxm;onfh cspf
Munfa&;wHwm;ab;wGif pufwifbmv (15)&ufaeYu csdefudkufAHk;
wpfvHk; awGU&Sd &Sif;vif;cJh&onfhtjyif pufwifbm (16)&ufaeYu
vnf; jr0wDNrdKUe,f w&m;Hk;a&SU vufzuf&nfqdkifwGif csdefudkufAHk;
wpfvHk; xyfrHawGU&SdcJhjyefonf/ jr0wDNrdKUrS udkEkdifatmifu ]]tJ'DaeY
w&m;Hk;a&SUu vufzuf&nfqdkifrSm AHk;awGUvdkY teD;em;wpf0dkufu aps;
qdkifawGvnf; apmapmpD;pD; ydwfodrf;ukefMuw,f/ w&m;Hk;vnf; Hk;csdef;
awG a&TUvdkufw,f? csdefudkufAHk;awGu ESpf&ufqufwdkuf awGUwmaMumifh

tm;vHk;aumif; AsKdY rsKd;udkrsKd;

Mo&opmayrSxkwfa0jcif;jzpfonf/ pma&;olrSm
]tm;vH;k aumif;AsKdU} (odkYr[kwf) oHwdkifMum;rS
[morsm;[kqdkonf/ &Sif*sme,fwGif tywf
pOf a&;cJhonfrsm;udk pkpnf;xkwfa0xm;jcif;
[kqdkonf/ pma&;olu ol\trSmwGif-tm;
vH;k aumif;AsKdUvdYk trnfay;xm;wJh a[m'Dpmtkyf
av;[m axmifxJrSmaexdkif&pOfumvudk jyef
ajymif; trSw&f aomtm;jzifh a&;zGUJ cJjh zpfwmyJjzpfyg
w,f/
weifhwydk;'kuawGMum;xJuppfppfaygufayguf
awGU&wJh&,fp&mtjzpftysufawGudkoHwdkifMum; u
[morsm;tjzpfjyefvnfrw
S w
f rf;wifrw
d myJjzpfygw,f/
BudKwifpum;cHvw
kd muawmh pmtkyyf g a&;om;
csufrsm;[m wpfpHkwpfOD;udkrQ xdcdkufepfemapvdkwJhqE
pdk;pOf;rQr&SdygbJ axmifwGif; twlaecJh&wJh &Jabmf&Jbuf
rsm;tm; cspfcif*kPfjyKaomtm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? ppf
tmPm&Siaf cwf tusOf;axmifrsm;taMumif; A[kow
k rQ a0aomtm;

vlawGvnf; awmfawmfxdwfvefYoGm;Muw,f}}
[kajymonf/ ,if;uJo
h AYkd ;kH awGU&Srd rI sm;ESiyhf wfouf
NyD;jynfe,ftpdk;&odkY tpD&ifcHpmwGif AHk;axmifol
rsm;onf EkdifiHa&;odumusqif;ap&ef jynfwGif;
jynfy&Sd tzsuftarSmufaqmif&Gufvdkonfh tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;\ vufcsufjzpfEkdifonf[k oHk;oyf
tpD&ifcHxm;aMumif; pHkprf;od&onf/
jr0wDNrdKUwGif ESpfpOfqufwdkuf csdefudkufAHk;
rsm; awGU&SdcJhNyD;aemuf pufwifbm (19)&ufaeY
wGif jrefrmppfwyfESifh DKBA wyfwdkYypfcwf rI
jzpfyGm;cJhNyD; DKBA wyf&if;rS AdkvfwpfOD; ao
qH;k NyD;usefwpfO;D jyif;xefpmG 'Pf&m&&Scd o
hJ nfjh zpf
pOfvnf; jzpfay:cJhonf/
KNU/KNLA \ e,fpyfvHkNcHKa&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;
a&; (txl;)AsL[mu pufwifbmv (17)&ufaeY
&ufpGJjzifh jrefrmtpdk;&ppfwyfrsm;taejzifh u&if
jynfe,ftwGi;f NrdKUwGi;f NrdKUjyif oGm;vmrIrsm; vH;k 0
rjyKvkyf&ef tjyif;txefwm;jrpfNyD; oGm;vmrnfqdkygu e,fpyfvHkNcHK
a&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;a&; (txl;)AsL[m? AsL[mrSL; AdkvfrSL;BuD;wdkuf*g;xHodkY
vltiftm;? vufeufta&twGuf? oGm;vmrnfhae&m tcsdefwdkYudk BudK
wiftoday;rSom oGm;vm&rnfjzpfaMumif; aMunmcsufwpfapmif xkwf
jyefcJhonf/ ,if;aMunmcsuftm; KNU/KNLA Nidrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD
A[dkXmecsKyfu AdkvfrSL;BuD;wdkuf*g;\ xkwfjyefcsufonf A[dkXmecsKyf\
TeMf um;csuf wpfpw
kH pf&mryg&So
d nft
h jyif A[dXk mecsKyfuv
kd nf; today;
taMumif;Mum;jcif;r&SdbJ Adkvfwdkuf*g;u if;\ oabmqEtavsmuf
xkwjf yefaMu nmjcif;jzpfonft
h wGuf KNU/KNLA Nidr;f csrf;a&;aumifpD
A[dkXmecsKyfESifhvHk;0rywfoufaMumif; pufwifbm(18)&ufaeYwGif jyef
vnfxkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/
apmzd k ; cG m ;
jzifhvnf;aumif; a&;zGJUwifjycJhjcif;jzpfygw,f/
txl;ajymMum;vdkwmuawmh axmifwGif;udk,fawGU rSwf
wrf;rsm;rSonf ]tm;vHk;aumif;AsKdU}pmtkyftjzpfodkY a&muf&Sd
vmap&eftwGuf uRefawmfhtm; zrf;qD;tusOf;cscJhaom
yk*Kd vfrsm;? uRefawmft
h m; vGw&f ufaphonftxd xde;f odr;f
xm;&Sad om tif;pdeaf xmif? om,m0wDaxmifwrYkd S axmif
tmPmydkifrsm;tm; aus;Zl;pum;qdkyg&ap/ txl;ojzifh
axmifwGif;qdk;wlaumif;buf aecJhMuwJh &Jabmf&Jbuf
5(n) rsm;? &Sif *sme,frmS tywfpOfa&;&ef wdu
k w
f eG ;f NyD;
pmrsufESmay;cJhwJh &Sif*sme,f t,f'DwmcsKyfudkvGrf;
a0Ekdif eJYwuG &Sif*sme,f0dkif;awmfom;tm;vHk;udk ydk
ydkaus;Zl;wif&ygaMumif; .../
rsKd ; ud k r sKd ;
[lazmfjyxm;onf/ aqmif;yg; (23)yk'f
yg0ifonf/ udk,fawGU 0wKwdkrsm;[k qdkaomf
&Ekdifaumif;rnfxifonf/ rsufESmzHk;ESifh twGif;umwGef;
ausmufql;rS a&;qGJxm;onf/ wefzdk; (1700)jzpfonf/

wpfaeYaomtcg uREkfyfwkdY\ rdwfaqGESpfOD;jzpfMuukefaom

OD ; tm* ES i f h OD ; ygywk d Y o nf ..../
OD ; tm*
AsKdUq&mBuD; trsKd;om;vTwaf wmfOu|BuD;u tawmfjywfom;
yguvm;As ..b,fvkdwkef;/
OD ; ygy
aMomf tJ'geJYywfoufvkdY jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xm jynfaxmifpk
0efBuD;ajymxm;wmav; em;axmifMunfhygvm;As/
OD ; tm*
b,frSm ajymwmwkef; ../
OD ; ygy
csufx&D,rfrmS vkyo
f mG ;wJh rD',
D muGezf &ifrh mS owif;Xmewpf
cku ar;cGe;f xkwo
f mG ;wmav;ukd jyefajzoGm;wmav;ay;em;axmif
csifvkdYyg/
OD ; tm*
aMomf tJonfvkdvm; vkyfprf;ygtkef; .../
OD ; ygy
'DvkdAs/
]]cifAsm;ajymwmuawmh 'DuGefz&ifheJYawmh rqdkifbl;aygh/
odkYaomf uGsefawmfajzyghr,f/ 'gu bmvJqdkawmh uGsefawmfwdkYjyef
Mum;a&;0efBuD; Xmewifr[kwb
f ;l / 0efBuD;Xmetm;vH;k eJo
Y ufqikd w
f hJ
ar;cGef;jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh yxrqHk;uawmh
uRefawmfwkdYtpdk;&opfvufxufrSm bmvkyfw,fqkdwm uRef
awmf ajymjyyghr,f/ uGsefawmfwdkYtpdk;&opfwufuwnf;ukdu
pDrHudef;awGeJY ywfoufvdkYSd&ifwif'gazmfwJhtcsdefuaepNyD;awmht
aumiftxnfazmfwJhtcsdeftxd yGifhvif;jrifomrISdzdkY? wm0efcHrISdzdkY
orwBuD;uTefMum;cJhw,f/ tJ'Dtwdkif;vnf; uGsefawmfwdkY
taumiftxnfazmfcJhw,f/ vkyfaqmifzdkY ysufuGufwJholSd&if
ta&;,lw,f/ ynma&;? usef;rma&;rSm ausmif;awGaqmufwm?
aq;cef;awGaqmufwm 'Dvkd udpr sdK;awGq&kd if oufqikd &f ma'orSm
wm0ef,laewJh wdkif;a'oBuD;tpkd;&? jynfe,ftpdk;&awGu teD;
uyfBuD;MuyfNyD;vkyfay;Edkifatmif uGsefawmfwdkYu0efBuD;Xmeu wm
0efrawmhbl;? olwdkYukd vTJay;cJhw,f/ qdkvdkwmu uGsefawmfwdkYu
'DpDrHudef;awGtm;vHk;ukd yGifhvif;jrifomrIeJY wm0efcHrItjynfheJY Sd
atmif aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf? oefYSif;aomtpdk;& pHawG
eJYukdufatmif uGsefawmfwdkYvkyfcJhw,f/
tJ'Dawmh trsdK;om;vTwfawmfOu|BuD;taeeJYajymwmukd
uGsefawmfwdkYzwf&ygw,f/ uGsefawmfwdkYu 'Dae&mrSmaxmufjycsif
wmu tpdk;&0efBuD;Xmeaygif;(30)ausmfxJrSm tm;enf;wJhol
tcsdKUSdaumif;SdEdkifw,f/ 'DvdkSdvdkYSd&if trsdK;om;vTwfawmfOu|
BuD;taeeJY b,fXmeu b,fvdkjzpfw,fqdkwmukd wdwdususajym
oifw
h ,f/ tJ'v
D rkd [kwb
f J tm;vH;k NcHKNyD;ajymwJt
h cg uGsefawmfwv
Ykd kd
taumiftxnfazmfwhJ 0efBuD;XmeawGtaeeJY pdwrf aumif;jzpfwm
aygh/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh olU&JUxrf;aqmifwJhwm0efvnf; tifr
wefjrifrh m;ygw,f/ wm0efjrifrh m;wJv
h Bl uD; wpfa,muftaeeJY ajym
r,fqdk&if ykdNyD;awmhrS wdwdususajymjcif; tm;jzifh uGsefawmfwdkYu
ta&;,lzdkYtoifhSdygw,f/ wu,fvkdY uGsefawmfwdkYta&;,lrI r
auseyfbl;qdk&ifvnf; t*wdvkdufpm;rI wdkufzsufa&;aumfrSifu
wpfqifhvnf;ta&;,lvdkY&w,f/ 'gu uGsefawmfyxrqHk;ajymcsif
wJhtcsuf/
aemufwpfcg 'kw,
d tcsufuawmh trsdK;om;vTwaf wmfOu|
BuD; OD;cifatmifjrifu
h t&iftpd;k &vufxufrmS wke;f u wyfrawmf
rSmvnf; tqifhjrifh&mxl;awG xrf;aqmifcJhw,f/ aemufNyD; ,Of
aus;rI0efBuD;Xme&JU 0efBuD;wm0efvnf; xrf;aqmifcJhawmh ol
vnf;yJ 'Dvdkaqmufvkyf a&;vkyfief;BuD;awGukd aqmifGufcJhwmyJ/
tJ'aD wmh 'Dvv
kd uft
dS pd;k &&JU vkyaf qmifcsufudk ola0zefr,fq&kd if
wpfuawmh wdwdususajymoifhw,f/ ESpfuawmh t&iftpdk;&
vufxufu vkyfcJhwJhpDrHudef;vkyfief;BuD;awG&JU yGifhvif;jrifomrI?
wm0efcHrIeJY tcktpdk;&vkyfaqmifaewmawG EdIif;,SOfNyD;ajymr,f
qdk&ifawmhykdNyD;awmhrS w&m;rQwr,f/ jynfolawGtaeeJYykdNyD; pOf;
pm;csifhcsdefEdkifpGrf;Sdr,fvdkY xifygw,f/}}
OD ; tm*
tJonfawmh cifAsm;qkdvkdcsifwm bmwkef;vdkY .../
OD ; ygy
aMomf onfyGJav;uawmh Munfhaumif;aeNyDvdkY a[;a[;/
OD ; tm*
aw*sif;qkd;
ta&;xJ oluyGJoGif;csifao;? tpkd;&eJY vTwfawmfqkdwm
acgif;eJY yef;As/ od&vm; acgif;eJYyef; ../
OD ; ygy
Ekd; Ekd; wdbl;av*sm .../
(okdYESifh olwdkYESpfOD;onf rajyrvnfjzpfum vrf;cGJcJhjzpfacs
awmh ownf ; .../)

13

rsuEf mS zH;k rStquf

,ciftywfrStquf

rD'D,mukrPDBuD;awGuyJ jzpfjzpf? tpdk;&wpfckwnf; uyJjzpfjzpf

rD'D,mukd vuf0g;BuD;tkyfxm;wJh[mrsdK; U U U / 'kwd,u bmvJqdkawmh
media concentration ukd rD'D,mawGtm;vHk;u aps;uGuf oabmt&
&ef u k e f r S m yJ vmaqG ; aEG ; vd k Y S d & if tJ ' D r D ' D , mawG u &ef u k e f ?
rEav;vdkYqdkwJh NrdKUBuD;awGrSmSdwJhpdwf0ifpm;wJhowif;ukdyJ a&;r,f/
cifAsm;wdkY wdkif;&if;a'oawG? e,fawGowif; ra&;bl; r[kwfbl;?
a&;w,f/ b,fvdktcgrsdK;a&;vJ/ vlawG pdwf0ifpm;r,f? conflict
jzpf&if cifAsm;wdkYa&;r,f/ jyemawGjzpfae&if a&;r,f/ odkYaomf
tJ'v
D jkd yemBuD;awGr[kwb
f eJ YJ cifAsm;wdYk e,fawGrmS jzpf
aewJhudpawG trsm;BuD;Sdw,f/ cifAsm;wdkYe,fawG t
aMumif;? wdik ;f &if;om;awG taMumif; 'DbufrmS &efuek w
f Ykd
bmwdrYk mS Sw
d hJ NrdKUBuD;awGrmS Sw
d v
hJ al wG odoifw
h t
hJ aMumif;
awG trsm;BuD;Sdw,f/ kd;&m,Ofaus;rIawG? bmompum;
awG? "avhxHk;pHawG? ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;qdkif&m
udpawG? ynma&;? usef;rma&;vdktyfcsufawG/ 'gawGu
sensational ayghAsm/ vlawGyq
JG rl ,fo
h wif;r[kww
f t
hJ cgrSm
Mum&ifvlawGarhoGm; wwfw,f/ odkYaomf cifAsm;a&;xHk;
rrSefbJ b,favmufyJa&;a&;rygEdkifbl;/ 'gaMumifhrdkY uGsef
awmfwdkYu rD'D,mA[k0g'vdkYajym&if ykdifqdkifrI&,f? rD'D,m
rsm;&JUwnfSdaerI&,f uGsefawmf uGJjym;jcm;em;apcsifw,f/
'gaMumif h r d k Y uG s ef a wmf w d k Y & J U trsm;jynf o l 0 ef a qmif r I
rD',
D mOya'xJrmS tJ'gukx
d nfx
h m;wm/ eHygwf wpfuawmh
uGsefawmfw&Ykd UJ trsm;jynfol 0efaqmifrrI 'D ,
D mawG[m wdik ;f
&if;om;bmomawGeJY rjzpfrae xkwfvTifhay;&r,f/ HI;HI;?
jrwfjrwf'grqdkifbl;/ 'gutrsm;jynfoltay: wm0efSdrI
awGeJY uGsefawmfwdkYuay;&r,f/
NyD;&if 'kwd,u uGsefawmfwdkYu bmvkyfay;&rvJqdk
awmh yHkESdyfrSmvnf;vkyfay;&r,f/ cifAsm;wdkYrD'D,mi,fawG &yfwnfEdkif
zdkYtwGuf vdktyfwJhenf;ynm? twwfynmqdkif&mtultnDay;&r,fqdk
wmygw,f/ odkYaomf 'DOya'u rvmao;bl;/ rvmao;ayr,fhvnf;
uGsefawmfwdkYaSUykdif;rSm aqG;aEG;cJhovdk cifAsm;wdkY 'DOya'BuD;jzpfatmif
xdkifapmifhaevdkY r&bl;/ &Edkifoavmuf uGsefawmfwkdYu qufNyD;awmh
taumiftxnfazmfr,fqdkwJhpdwfeJY cifAsm;wdkYukd uGsefawmfawGu
'gawGvkyfaew,f/
e,fowif;axmufawGeJY bmukdvkyfcsifwmvJvdkYar;&if wdkif;&if;
om;owif;axmufawGaum? uGsefawmfwdkYaum ajym&if uGsefawmfwdkYu
eHygwfwpfu txl;ojzifh wdik ;f &if;om;owif;axmufrsm;ukd ajymcsifwm
u uGsefawmfwdkYrSm 'DuaeY kyfjrifoHMum;rSm wdkif;&if;om;bmompum;eJY
toHvTifhaewmawGSdw,f/ NyD;&if a&'D,dkrSm uGsefawmfwdkYtoHvTifh
4if;wkdYyl;aygif;yg 0ifrSvnf;vlukeful;olrsm;ukd w&m;pJGta&;,l
tjypfay;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifhatmifjrifonfh w&m;pJGqkda&;
vkyfief;ukdaz:aqmifEkdifrnfjzpfonf/ w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;twGuf vnf;
taxmuftuljyK&m usrnf jzpfonf/
tpkd;&rsm;onftajccHtm;jzifhvlukeful;cH&olrsm;ukdpdppf&ef? 4if;wkdY
\ tcGifhta&;rsm;ukdtumuG,fay;&efESifh vlukeful;cH&olrsm;ukd t
axmuftyHY tultnDay;&efwm0efukd,fpD&dSMuonf/ xkdokdYaomvlukef
ul;cH&olrsm;tm;tumuG,fay;onfhvkyfief;rsm;? 0efaqmifrIrsm; aqmif
&GufMu&mwGif EkdifiHwumtzJGYtpnf;rsm;ESifh tpkd;&r[kwfaomtzJGY
tpnf;rsm;onf uRrf;usifolrsm;jzpfMuonf/
okaYd Mumift
h pd;k &rsm;ESix
hf o
dk aYdk omtzJt
YG pnf;rsm;wkt
Yd Mum; rdwzf uf
aygif;pyfvkyfaqmifMu&rnfjzpfonf/txl; ojzifhw&m;pJGtzJGY
tpnf;rsm;ESifh vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;|mersm;? EkdifiHwumtzJGY
tpnf;rsm;? tpk;d &r[kwaf omvlraI &;tzJt
YG pnf;rsm;? t&yfzuf
qkdif&mtzJGYtpnf;rsm;wkdYonf tvGefta&;ygonfh tzJGYtpnf;
rsm;jzpfMuonf/
(*) uav;ppfom;pkaqmif; rIEiS t
hf rcidk ;f aprItygt0if jynf
wGi;f vluek u
f ;l rIwiG yf g0ifusL;vGeo
f nfh ppfzufqidk &f mxkjd ypfru
I sL;
vGefolrsm;? wm0ef&dSolrsm;ukdpkHprf;ppfaq;rIrsm;wkd;jrifh aqmif&Guf
oGm;&ef?
(C) ILO \vkyfief;pDrHcsufwGifaz:jyxm;aom wyfrawmf
om;rsm;tygt0if tpk;d &trIxrf;rsm;usL;vGeo
f nfh trcidk ;f aprIjypfrI
yaysmufa&; vkyfief;ukdqufvuf taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&Guf
oGm;&ef?
(i) jynfwGif;ESifhe,fpyfjzwfausmfvlukeful;rI trIrsm;w&m;pJGqkd
a&;? pkHprf;ppfaq;a&;ponfhvkdtyfonfhvkyfykdifcGifhrsm;tm; vlukeful;rI
wm; qD;ESdrfeif;a&; &JwyfzJGYodkYay;tyfxm;&ef?
2013ckESpfESpfqef;wGifvlukeful;rIwm;qD;umuG,fa&;A[dktzJGYrS vl
ukeu
f ;l rIwm;qD;ESrd ef if;a&;&Jwyf zJzYG pYGJ nf;um bwf*sufvsmxm;owfrw
S f
aqmif&GufcJYrI ukdtodtrSwfjyKaMumif;tpD&ifcHpmwGifaz:jyxm;onf/
okdYaomftrI zGifhrI?trIppfrIESifhw&m;pJGqkdrIponfhw&m;pD&ifa&;vkyfief;pOf
wGife,fajrcH&JwyfzJGY0ifrsm;\ vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ESifh ra&maxG; ap&ef&Sif;
vif;onfhvkyfief;pOfvkdtyfaMumif;ukdaxmufjyxm;onf/
(p) t rckdif;aprIESihfuav;rsm;ppfrIxrf;aqmifaprI wkdYyg0ifonfh
vlukeful;rIrsm;wGifywfoufonfh trIxrf;rsm;ukdppfzuf^ t&yfbufrS
w&m;pJq
G rdk rI sm;ukd xifomjrifom&do
S nft
h csuftvufrsm;pk aqmif;xm;&dS
rIpepfxm;&dS&ef?
(q) vufeufukdiftzJGYtpnf;rsm;wGifwm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom
uav;rsm;tm;az:xkwfumwyfrS EkwfxGufcGifhjyK&ef?
(Z) UN \ vkyfief;pDrHcsufygtwkdif;ppfbufqkdif&moifwef;rsm;?
wyfom;opfpkaqmif;onhf|mersm;? wyfpcef;rsm;okdY EkdifiHwumapmifh

14

aewmSdw,f/ tJ'DtwGufukd uGsefawmfwdkYu u&ifeJYArm pvkyfovdkyJ

wdkif;&if;om;bmom tcsyfykdawGxkwfw,f/ tJ'D[mawGtwGuf owif;
awG&zdkYtwGuf jrefrmhtoHeJYkyfjrifoHMum;uvnf; wdkif;&ifom;awG
avhusifhNyD;awmh vTwfxm;wmawGSdw,f/ e,fawGrSm uGsefawmfwdkY&JU
news studio awGSdw,f/
odkYaomf 'DrSmu 'gawGrvHkavmufao;bl;/ tJ'Dawmh uGsefawmf
wdkYu cifAsm;wdkY BNI uyJjzpfjzpf? ukd,fh[mukd,f wdkif;&if;om;rD'D,mvkyf
aewJh vlawGudk arwm&yfccH sifwm/ wpfu cifAsm;wd&Yk UJ owif; tpDtpOf
Sd&if uGsefawmfwdkYukday;yg/ ay;&ifuGsefawmfwdkYu cifAsm;wdkY&JUwdkif;&if;
om;bmomeJY xnfhNyD;awmhrSxkwfvTifhay;r,f/ 'gu cifAsm;wdkYqDu

ajymwm/ 'kwd,wpfcsufu cifAsm;zmomcifAsm;wdkYajymaevdkY? cifAsm;wdkY

bmomeJYcifAsm;wdkYjyefajymaevdkYr&ao;bl;/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh ukdf,fh
vlrsdK;awGukd odoifhwJhtaMumif; cifAsm;wdkYuajymwm/ odkYaomf ckeu
uGsefawmfajymovdkyJ/ 'DbufrSmSdwJh wjcm;wdkif;a'oBuD;eJY jynfe,frSm
SdwJhvlawG? &efukefeJYaejynfawmfrSmSdwJh jynfolawG? rl0g'csrSwfolawG
odoifhwJhcifAsm;wdkY&JUa'otaMumif;t&mawG cifAsm;wdkYvlrsdK;eJYywfouf
wJhtaMumif;t&mawGSdao;w,f/ tJ'gawGukdvnf; cifAsm;wdkYu uGsef
awmfwu
Ykd adk y;yg/ uGsefawmfwu
Ykd jrefrmbmomeJaY zmfjyay;yghr,f/ 'Dvv
kd yk f
rS cifAsm;wdb
Yk momeJcY ifAsm;wdYk toHviT jhf cif;onf cifAsm;wdrYk mS Sw
d hJ jynfol
awG&JUtodynmjrSifhwifzdkY? cifAsm;wdkY&JU culture identity vdkYac:wJh
cifAsm;wd&Yk UJ pmaywd?Yk ,Ofaus;rIwYkd raysmufysufzYkd cifAsm;wdv
Yk yk af qmifEikd f
pGr;f Srd ,f/ 'gayr,fch ifAsm;wdaYk 'o&JUjyemawGudk odzw
Ykd ikd ;f &if;om;wpf
MunfhtzGJYrsm; pdppfcGifhjyKrIukdvkdufemaqmif&Guf&ef?
(ps) wyfajy;uav;rsm;? wyfrSxGufajy;&efBudK;yrf;tm;xkwfonfh
uav;rsm;tm;zrf;qD;jcif;? axmifcsjcif;rsm;rjyK&ef?
(n) jynfwiG ;f wGiv
f u
l ek u
f ;l cH&olrsm;tm; jyefvnfvaTJ jymif;ay;a&;
vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;ESihf w&m;0ifpdppfrIrsm; wdwdusustaumiftxnf
az:aqmif&Guf&ef?
(#) vlukef ul;cH& olrsm;\a*[mrsm;?trsdK;om;vlukeful;cH&ol
rsm; tul t nD a y;a&;? wyf r S x G u f v monf h uav;rsm;twG u f

jyef v nf aygif ; pnf ;

a&;ponf h v k y f i ef ; pOf r sm;uk d OD ; pm;ay;
aqmif &G u f a y;&ef ? xk d o k d Y taumif x nf a z:aqmif &G u f & mwG i f j ynf
wG i f ; jynf y vl r I a &;toif ; tzJ G Y r sm;wk d Y E S i f h y l ; aygif ; aqmif & G u f & ef ?
2010ckESpfaESmif;ykdif;wGifusif;yaomjrefrm-xkdif;ESpfEkdifiH trIrsm;yl;
aygif;ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;a&;(6)Budrfajrmuf tpnf;ta0;wGif vlukeful;cH
&olrsm;ukjd ynfvnfyaYdk qmifa&; pHEeI ;f (SOP) a&;qJMG u&efpwif oabm
wlcJYMuonf/ 2013ckESpfrwfv(15)&ufaeYwGif ESpfEkdifiHvufrSwfa&;xkd;
twnfjyKEkdifcJYMuonf/
xkdpHEIef;rsm;jzifhvJTajymif;vufcHMu&efjrefrmEkdifiHzufrS vlrI0efxrf;
OD;pD;|meESifh xkdif;zufrSxkdif;EkdifiH? vlrIzHGNzdK;wkd;wufa&; ESifhvkHNcHK a&;0ef
BuD;|mewkdYukd t"duaqmif&GufMu&rnfhol rsm;tjzpfowfrSwfcJYMuonf/
ESpEf idk if yH ;l aygif;aqmif&u
G cf rYJ aI Mumifh vluek u
f ;l cH&ol(500)ausmf ukjd refrm
jynfzufrSjyefvnfvufcHjcif;?jyef vnf0ifqHYaygif;pnf;ay;jcif;ESifh jyef
vnfxlaxmifay;jcif;wkdYvkyfaqmifay;EkdifcJYonf/
(X) vlukeful;cH&olrsm;ukdA[kdjyKonfhcsOf;uyfrIrsdK;jzifhvlukeful;rI

ckew
YJ pfcck spfMunf&if;ES;D rIqw
kd m cifAsm;wd&Yk UJ taMumif;awGudk usefa'ou
vlawGodzdkYvnf; vdkw,f/ tJ'gvkyfEdkifzdkYu national language jzpfwJh
jrefrmeJYjrefrmhtoHwdkY? owif;pmwkdYuaevTifhay;r,f/ vlawGzwfcsif
onfjzpfap? zwfwJhol enf;onfjzpfap? rsm;onfjzpfap uGsefawmfwdkYu
odatmif/ 'grSomvQif wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDGwfa&;qdkwm tjyef
tvSefSdvmr,f/ wpfa,mufeJY wpfa,muf em;rvnfvdkYSd&if jyem
jzpfzdkY ykdtcGifhta&;rsm;w,faygh/ 'gu tifrwefSif;wJhudpyJ/ 'gukd
uGsefawmfwkdYuvkyfcsifw,f/ vkyfcsifwJhtwGufaMumifhrdkY uGsefawmfwdkY
trend BuD;wpfckvHk; 'DyHkpHeJYoGm; aew,f/ oGm;aewJhtcgrSm 'gukd
uGsefawmfwdkY &efukefrSm ajymaeovdk? aejynfawmfrSm ajymaeovdk
r&wJhtwGufaMumifh 'DuGefz&ifhrSm e,fu vlawGzdwfygvkdY/
'gu yxrtqif h y J S d y gao;w,f / NyD ; vd k Y S d & if 'D v d k
uGefz&ifhrsdK;wifr[kwfbl;/ aemufxyfvnf; rMumcifrSm
a&'D,dkoifwef;awG ay;zdkYSdw,f/ tJ'Dtcgus&if uGsefawmf
wdkYu e,frSmrvkyfwJh vlawGvnf;ac:r,f/ tpdk;&&JUEdkifiHykdif
rSm vTifhaewJhvlvnf;ac:r,f/ wdkif;a'oBuD;? jynfe,frSm
SdaewJh a&'D,kd*sme,fvpfZiftwGuf pdwf0ifpm;wJhvlawG
ac:NyD;awmhoifwef;ay;xm;r,f/ bmvdkYoifwef; ay;xm;
vJqakd wmh aemifwpfcsderf mS a&'D,adk wGudk e,fawGrmS vkyyf idk f
cGiahf y;vdu
k &f if vkyw
f wfwo
hJ l rSb
d ;l jzpfr,f/ vkyw
f wfwo
hJ l
rSd&if bmjzpfrvJ/ cifAsm;wdkY 'DuaeY printed media vdkjzpf
r,f/ vkyfcsifpdwfyJSdw,f/ vkyfief;oabmobm0 em;r
vnfawmhtrSm;rsm;wmaygh/ trSm;rsm;awmh tck uGsefawmfwYkd
aqG;aEG;ae&wJh usifh0wfjyemwdkY? Oya'jyemwdkYqdkwm
jzpfw,f/ 'gawG aSmifvkyfEdkifzdkYtwGuf uGsef awmfwdkYu
vmr,fhESpftwGif;rSm cifAsm;wdkYwawGukd U U U /
uGsefawmfwdkYuawmh e,frSmSdwJhowif;axmufawGukd
wpfa,muf wnf;uyJ conflict owif;vnf; a&;Edik &f r,f/
wpfa,mufwnf;uyJ kdufNyD;awmhrS a&'D,dkvnf; ajymEdkif
&r,f/ ku
d Nf yD;awmh wDAu
D v
kd nf; twdak v;ykEYd ikd w
f [
hJ mrsdK; uGsefawmfwu
Ykd
vkyfay;apcsifw,f/ 'gu uGsefawmfwdkY&JUarQmfrSef;csuf/ 'gaMumifh
cifAsm;wdkYukd ac:wm/ 'gukd uGsef awmf Sif;jywm/ tckNyD;vdkYSd&ifawmh
cifAsm;wdkYu vufawGUe,frSm vkyfae&wJh tcgrSmSdwJh tcuftcJawG?
aemufwpfcg uGsefawmfwdkY&JU wdkif;&if;om;tpDtpOfawG/ wdkif;a'oBuD;
awGuvmwJh owif;axmufawGvnf; e,frmS vkyu
f idk af e&wJh tcuftcJ
awGSdw,f/ uGsefawmfwdkY bufu jznfhqnf;ay;apcsifwmSd&if ajymyg/
xdkYaemuf wufa&mufvmonfh owif;orm;rsm;\ wifjycsufrsm;
tay: jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;OD;&JxG#fjyefvnfaqG;aEG;ndEIdif;cJhaMumif; od&Sd
&onf/
owif ; ES i f h " mwf y k H - YOH
wkdufzsuf&ef? w&m;pD&ifa&;wGifvlukef ul;cH&olrsm;yg0ifatmif pnf;&kH;
rnfh0efxrf;wpfOD;cefYxm;aqmif&Guf&ef?
(!) oHt&m&dSrsm;jynfywGiftdrfaz:rsm;tay: vlukeful;rIusL;vGefrI
r&daS pa&;twGuEf idk if jH cm;a&;0efBuD;|merS0efxrf;rsm;tm;todynmay;&ef?
tjcm;aomEkid if rH sm;rSot
H &m&drS sm;onfwm0efus&mEkid if rH sm;okt
Yd rIxrf;
aqmifonfh tcgtdraf z:rsm;rdcifEidk if rH aS c:oGm;avY &dMS uonf/xkt
d cgtdrf
az:rsm;tay:vlukeful;rIykHpHrsdK; usL;vGefMuonfhjynfyowif;rsm;&dS vm
Muonft
h wGux
f dk tcsufux
dk nfo
h iG ;f wku
d w
f eG ;f xm;jcif;
jzpfonf/
uav;oli,frsm;tm; ppfrIxrf;jcif;rSumuG,f
wm;qD ; aerI
2004ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv(4)&ufaeYwGif EkdifiHawmfrS
t&G,fra&mufao;ol uav;oli,frsm;tm;ppfrI xrf;
jcif;rSumuG,fwm;qD;xdef;odrf; a&;aumfrwDukdpwifzJGY
pnf;cJYonf/ 2004ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvrS 2012ckESpf?
ZGefvtxd UN Country Task Force on Monitorting
and Reporting (UN-CTFMR) ESifh Plan of Action
vufrSwf ra&;xkd;rDStxd?taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh
wyfrawmfokdYa&muf&dSaeonfh touf(18)ESpfr
jynf h a o;ol ( 597)OD ; uk d w yf r awmf t pD
tpOfjzifh rdb^tkyx
f efd ;f olrsm;xHvaTJ jymif;
ay;cJYonf/
2012ckESpf?ZGefv(27)&ufaeY ukvor*\
uav;ppfonfrsm;ESifh vufeufukdif y#dyuqkdif&mtxl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
Ms.Radhika Coomaras -wamyESihf umuG,a
f &;0ef BuD;XmerSwm0ef&o
Sd l
wkdY Plan of Action ukd vufrSwf a&;xkd;cJYMuonf/wyfrSwm0ef&dSolrsm;
onf CTFMR ESifhtpnf;ta0;rsm;jyKvkyfjcif;? t&m&dSppfonfrsm;tm;
pGr;f &nfjrio
hf ifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;? toufi,f&,
G o
f rl sm;tm;rdb^tkyx
f ed ;f
olrsm;ESifhaygif;pnf;ay;jcif;? e,fjcm;apmifh wyfrsm;wGifynmay;&Sif;vif;
rIrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;? wkdif;ppf|mecsKyfrsm;wGifoif wef;ay;jcif;? tdwfaqmif
uwfrsm;ukpd pfonfrsm;okjYd zefaY 0ay;jcif;? wdik ;f a'oBuD;ESijhf ynfe,f toD;
oD;wkdYwGif Billboard rsm;pkdufxljcif;? EkdifiH ykdifa&'DvD,kd? &kyfjrifoHMum;?
owif;pmrsm;wGif 2013ckESpf? Edk0ifbm vrSpNyD;(6)v wmaMumfjimrsm;
xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;? wkdif;ppf|mecsKyf? e,fjcm;apmifhwyfrsm;tyg
t0ifwyf&if;^ wyfzrYGJ sm;oko
Yd mG ;a&mufppf aq;jcif;wkjYd yKvkyEf idk cf MYJ uonf/
2015ckESpftpD&ifcHpm
tar&duefEkdifiHrSxkwfjyefrnfh2015ckESpf vlukeful;rIwkdufzsufa&;
qkdif&m tpD&ifcHpmtwGufjrefrmEkdifiH\ vlukeful;rIwkdufzsufonfhtqifh
owfrSwfcsufonf2014ckESpftpD&ifcHpm\ axmufcHtBuHjyKcsuf (13)
csuf tay:taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&GufrItay:wGifrlwnfaeayonf/
0if;EkdifxGef;

a&&SnfzGHUNzdK;wkd;wufaom rD'D,mywf0ef;usif
wnfaxmifEkdifa&; ESifhjrefrmhowif;rD'D,mzGHUNzdK;wkd;
wufa&;twGuf jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme ,leufpukd
ESijhf ynfwiG ;f jynfyrD',
D mtzGUJ tpnf;rsm; yl;aygif; usif;
yonfh wwd,tBudrfjrefrmhowif;rD'D,mzGHUNzdK;a&;
nDvmcHukd &efukef csufx&D ,rf[kdw,fwGif 2014
pufwifbm 18? 19 &ufrsm;u usif;ycJh&m 2
&ufwkdifwdkifa&mufjzpfcJhonf/
,cifu onfvn
dk v
D mcHueG zf &ifu
h dk ESpBf udru
f sif;
yzl;aomfjim;vnf; wwd,tBudrw
f iG f ykrd
dk pdw0f ifpm;
zG,faumif;vmcJhonf/ onfrSmvnf; jynfwGif;?
jynfyowif;rD'D,mrsm; ykdrkdvrf;yGifhvmonfhoabm
jzpfEkdifaumif;ovkd? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme jynf
axmifp0k efBuD; OD;&Jx#G u
f ,
dk w
f idk f 2 &ufv;Hk vk;H ? tcsdef
jynfhpdwf0ifwpm;wufa&mufaqG;aEG;jcif;? owif;
orm;rsm; ar;jref;orQukd 'kdifcHajzMum;ay;jcif; wkdY
aMumifhvnf;jzpfEkdifaumif;onf/ jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;
OD;&JxG#fonf aqG;aEG;yGJ&vm'frsm;ukd ukd,fwkdifwuf
wuf<u<uaqG;aEG;cJhonfrsm;rSmvnf; rSwfom;p&m
jzpfonf/
'gaMumifhrdkY uGsefawmfajymwmu legal case / legal case qdkwm
'DrmS ajymaevd&Yk wmr[kwb
f ;l / pmcGsefvmT eJY udpr sdK;/ [dw
k pfcg 'DAb
D v
D nf;
uGsefawmfajymw,f/ emotionally vkyfraeeJY/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh
owif;rD',
D mOya'eJjY zpfjzpf U U U Oyrm ykid ef ufusL;vGerf aI ygh/ ykid ef ufusL;
vGefrIqdkwm twdkifcH&wJhol&JU right yJav/ cifAsm;wdkYvkyfzdkYu eHygwfwpf
u Oya'rsOf;aMumif; b,fae&mrSmSdw,fqdkwm owif;axmufqdkwm
Sif;Sif;ajym&&if vlvnfusw,fAsm? 'Dem;uuyfavQmufwJhaumifyJ/
'Dbufukd rausmfbl;/ 'Dem;ukduyfNyD;awmhrS avQmufwJhvl/ eHygwfwpfu
tJ'gukdodatmifvkyf&r,f/ ESpfu cifAsm;wkdYjzpfoGm;NyDqdk&if bmvkyf&rvJ
qdkawmh ckeuvdk ukd,fh&JU legal tzGJUav;eJY 'gukd a&qHk;ajrqHk;vdkufMunfh/
tJ'grS pD&ifxHk;jzpfoGm;r,f/
'D u aeY rD ' D , morm;awG & J U vk y f i ef ; aqmif G u f r I e J Y y wf o uf w J h
pD&ifxHk;qdkwm rSdoavmufyJ/ toa&zsufrIwpfckyJ Sdw,f/ tJ'Dawmh
rD'D,morm;wpfa,muf&JU[mukd b,f[mukd ykdifeufusL;vGefrI ajrmuf
w,f? rajrmufb;l qdw
k m cifAsm;wdu
Yk dk pD&ifx;kH Sv
d m;vdYk ar;r,f/ pD&ifx;kH
rSdbl;/ t"duu tJ'gu owif;rD'D,morm;awGukd OD;pm;ay;vkyfyg
qdkwm tJ'gajymwm/ uGsefawmfwdkYbufuvnf; vkyfrSmyg/ uGsefawmfwdkY
,cif t ywf r S t quf
ckawmh q&m'*kefwm&mvnf;r&Sd? q&myg&*lvnf;r&Sd?
q&myg&*lq;Hk oGm;awmhq&m'*kew
f m&mukzd ek ;f ESiv
hf rS ;f ar;&m
]]q&myg&*l uG,fvGefoGm;NyDvdkYMum;&awmh pdwfr
aumif;yg/ olu tdEd,pmayxJu 0wKawGeJY jrefrmpm
ayavmuudk qufoG,fay;wJhvljzpfawmh tdEd,eJY jrefrm
,Ofaus;rI qufoG,fa&;rSm tifrwefaumif;wJh vuPm
vdkYqdk&rSmyg/
'gaMumifh q&myg&*l uG,v
f eG jf cif;twGuf bmomjyef
ay;wJh 0wK awGawmhzwf&rSmr[kwfawmhbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh
pmayqufoG,fa&;rSmqHk;HI;rIwpf&yfjzpfw,fvdkYqdk&rSmyg}}
'*kefwm&m
(w,f v D z k e f ; ay:rS ajymjyay;csuf )
[kqcdk o
hJ nf/ q&myg&*ltwGuf pmtkypf x
k w
k Mf uawmh?
q&m'*kef wm&mu ]]pma&;q&myg&*l}}[kacgif;pOfay;um
pma&;q&myg&*l
aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fa&; ay;cJhonf/
'*kefwm&m
'kw,
d urmppfNyD;pumvu uRefawmfonf yg&*lEiS o
hf pd jyKaomum
v? olub0wpfckrSxGufvmonf/ uRefawmfuvnf;pma&;pqkdygawmh/
olonf uRefawmfwkdYtodkif;t0kdif;okdYa&muf&dSpumv? uRefawmfwkdY
oGm;av&mygwwfonf/ uRefawmfwkdYpkpnf;onfhae&mokdY olupka0;
onf/ xkt
d cgu olonf tdE,
d tzGUJ tEGUJ rsm;ukd bmomjyefpjyKvmonf/
olonf tAygvD? pdMwavcg? 'dAsm? nDawmfrif;eefpaom pmtkyfrsm;ukd
bmomjyefptcg/ onfawmhrS olonf tdEd,ausmfMum;aom pmayrsm;
ukd bmomjyefaeonf/ xkdtcgu uRefawmfonf ol\ tdEd,pmay
rS ausmfMum;aom 0wKbmomjyefrsm;ukzd wf&if; olu tdE,
d 0wKrsm;ukd
bmomjyefyguvm;[k odvmonf/
,if;tdEd,0wKrsm;rSm ausmfMum;aom 0wKrsm;jzpfonf/ if;0wK
(pmusefaeonf ...) uRefawmfu xkdtcsdefwGif ukdae0if;wdkYESifhtwlae
onf/ xdktcsdefwGif uRefawmfonf ausmufukef;wGifaepOf cPcP
vmvnfonf/ tpuawmh r&dyfrd/ aemufusrS uRefawmfaeaom
49 vrf;&SdtdrfwGif cifrmvmausmif;wufaeonfukd odvkduf&onf/
uRefawmfu vltaMumif; odyfrod/ uRefawmfpdwf0ifpm;onfu
vlwpfa,muf\ b0ESifh ol\ pdwf0ifpm;rIrsm;/ xkdtcgu uRefawmf
onf ukudKif;wGifae&if; [kd;oGm;'DoGm;/ uRefawmfu eHeufapmapm
tdyf&mxNyD; yg&*laeaom uif;bJvrf;okdYoGm;onf/ a&mufvQif olUukd
ac:um uefawmfBuD;odkY vrf;avQmufxGufonf/ tjyefwGif olUtdrfem;
vufzuf&nfqkdifwGifxkdifMuonf/ oluvnf; vlvGwf? uRefawmfu
vnf; vlvGwf? tpuawmh onfavmufygyJ/
odkYESifh uRefawmfwkdYESpfa,mufcifrifoGm;Muonfaum/ wpfa,muf
ESihf wpfa,mufpw
d jf cif;wlawmhr[kw/f vGwv
f yfwmjcif;awmh wlonf/

vnf; wcsdKU case awG uGsefawmfwv

Ykd ckd sif&if vku
d rf mS yJ/ pD&ifx;kH jzpfvmrS
aemifrmS uGsefawmfwo
Ydk mG ;rSm/ toGiu
f ;l ajymif;wJt
h cg usawmh olUae&m?
ukd,fhae&m rSdbl;/ rSdawmh 'gaMumifhrdkYvdkY tajccH Oya'rSm ay;xm;wJh
pmcG s ef v T m wd k Y b mwd k Y q d k w m oH k ; wJ h v l u oH k ; w,f / Oyrm
q&mra':MuifaX;vm;/ a':MuifaX;qdk&if 'gu pD&ifxHk;jzpfoGm;NyD/
0efxrf;wpfa,mufukd EIwfeJYxGufcdkif;vdkY r&bl;/ oabmu tJ'gu
rSefw,fav/ aemuf 'gu pD&ifxHk;jzpfoGm;NyD/ uGsefawmfajymwm
owif;rD',
D morm;awG&UJ cifAsm;wdYk tJ'grsdK;pD&ifx;kH rsdK;jzpfatmif uk,
d &hf UJ
legal team eJYvkyf&r,f/ uGsefawmfwdkYem;vnfxm;wmu Oyrm owif;
rD'D,mOya'ay:vmw,f/ tJ'DrSm wcsdKU[mawGu owif;rD'D,mOya'
ua&m owif ; tcsuf t vuf a wmif ; cH w ,f q d k & if yH k p H a wG b mawG
vdw
k mayghAsm/ tJ'gu uGsefawmfwaYkd jymwmu tJ'grsdK;uawmh apmif&h r,f/

bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh wdkifr,fqdk&if b,fvdkwdkif&rSef;

rodbl;/ Oyrmowif;rD'D,mOya'xJrSmowif;axmuf
wpfa,mufowif;,lwmukd Oya'eJY rwm;&bl;vdkYyg
w,fqdk&if &Jwpfa,mufuwm;w,fqdk&if pavQmuf
vdkY&NyD/ olu enf;Oya'rSr[kwfbJ/ 0ifNyD/ apmifh&
r,fhudpSdw,f/ Oyrm pmwifr,fAsm/ press council
zGJUr,fqdk&ifvdkw,f/ owif;tcsuftvufawmif;cH
w,fq&kd if yHpk yH g&r,f/ tJ'gusawmh cifAsm;apmif&h r,f/
pmeJaY &;NyD; b,fvykd pkH eH aYJ wmif;r,f/ cifAsm; owif;,lwhJ
tcgrSm rwm;zkq
Yd &kd if uGsefawmfwu
Ydk vkyzf &Ykd ao;w,f/
time frame usawmh enf;Oya'rSm xnfhrSmaygh/ time
frame rSrygbJeJY/ tar&dum;rSmawmif stick eJYxGufvm
wm/ rSefw,f/ av;? ig;rSm qufaqG;aEG;vdkY&NyD/
'gaMumifh uGsefawmfajymwm/ pme,fZif;aumifpDvdkwm
u wu,fh legal team vdkwm/
consultant awGimS ;rS/ q&muka
d Z,smwdv
Yk rkd sdK; iSm;
ay;rS/ [kwfw,f/ uGsefawmfwkdY0efBuD;XmeawGvnf;
tBuHay;awG iSm;xm;wmyJ/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh uGsef
awmfwEYkd ikd if rH mS u t&ifwek ;f u olrsm;Edik if t
H m;vH;k rSmu
Xmewdkif;rSm Oya'tBuHay;tzGJUqdkwm Sdw,f/ trSefu
olrsm;EdkifiHrSmu 0efBuD;csvdkufwJh rSwfcsufwpfckonfyifvQif leally
ukduf? rukdufqdkwm legal team u twnfjyKrS XmewGif; TefMum;
csufxkwfvdkY&w,f/ r[kwf&if a':MuifaX;wdkYjzpfovdkrsdK; jzpfr,f/
'gaMumifrh Ykd cifAsm;wdu
Yk u
dk sG efawmfajymwm/ cifAsm;wdYk 'Dvrkd sdK;awG avQmuf
NyD;awmh jiif;aer,fhtpm; wu,fjzpfoifhwmu case wdkif;? case wdkif;
rSm legal fund xlaxmifNyD;awmhrS pD&ifxHk;jzpfatmifvkyfvkdufav/ o
abmuav[kwfw,fr[kwfvm;/ 'grsdK;vkyfrS pD&ifxHk;wpfcktxd vdkuf
ppfapcsifw,f/ wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,mufu pD&ifxHk;SdrSukd;um;vdkY&rSm/
uav;oli,fOya'u rD'D,mukdwm;wmr[kwfbl;/ rD'D,morm;u
olU&JUtvkyfayghaemf em;vnf&r,f/ rD'D,mOya't& vkyfw,fqdkayr,fh
uk,
d &hf UJ vkyif ef;cGief yYJ wfoufwOhJ ya'ayghAsm/cifAsm;ukrP
aD xmif w,fqkd
&if tenf;qH;k awmh bGKd ifvmOya'em;vnf&r,f/ [kww
f ,f r[kwv
f m;/
'gukd vkyfief;rvkyfatmifwm;wJhOya'vdkY oGm;ajymvdkYr&bl;/ odkYaomf
(62) Oya'[kww
f ,f/ 'gukd uGsefawmfwzYkd sufr,f/ (32) ta&;ay:pDrcH suf
uGsefawmfwzYdk sufw,f/ 'Dvrkd sdK;ajymwm/ jynfaxmifp0k efBuD;u pdw0f ifw
pm;aqG;aEG;kHrQruw&m;a&;rSyk*dKvfrsm;ukdvnf; vSrf;ac:um 0ifa&muf
aqG;aEG;apojzifph um;0kid ;f rSmyk
d pdw0f ifpm;p&maumif;vmcJah csawmhonf/

xkdYESifh cifrifoGm;Muonf/
olonf uRefawmfwkdYESifhtwlygvmonf/ b,foGm;oGm; b,fvm
vm? olu tdEd,0wKrsm;ukd bmomjyefavh&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh olUukd
tdEd,0wKbmomjyeform;[k em;vnfxm;onf/ olonf uRefawmfwkdY
ywf0ef;usifEiS o
hf ifjh rwfum uRefawmfwt
Ydk odik ;f t0kid ;f okaYd &mufvmonf/
tJonfwkef;uawmh uRefawmfwkdYu cyfvwfvwft&G,f? oluvnf;
b0wpfckrS ajymif;vmonf/ olonf A[ef;&Sd tdrfwpftdrfwGif iSm;ae
onf/ uRefawmfESifheD;aeaomaMumifh rMumcPa&mufwwfonf/ xkdY
aMumifh &if;ES;D rIw;dk vmawmhonf/ xkaYd emuf uRefawmf 1963 wGit
f zrf;cH
&onf/ xkdYaemuf 1967 wGif a&muf^xGufvmonf/
uRefawmfESifh oltquftoG,frysuf/ a&mufonfhtcga&muf?
a&mufvQif tMumBuD;aewwfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H uRefawmhfrdwfaqGrsm;
ESifhvnf; awGUwwfonf/ uRefawmfu &,fp&m armp&majymonfhtcg
ajym? ponfhtcgp? olut&,ftarmrysuf? uRefawmfu AdkvfaZ,s
om;orD;rsm;ESifh &if;&if;ESD;ESD;aeonf/ olwkdYuvnf; uRefawmfESifh &,f
&,farmarm&if;&if;ES;D ES;D aeMuonf/ uav;rsm;uuRefawmfu
h rdk aMumuf?
onfawmh uRefawmfESifholu&if;ESD;pGmjzifhtwGif;tjyif0if xGufaeMu
onf? pMuaemufMu/
uRefawmfu uav;rsm;ESifh a&maESmwwfonf/ uRefawmfu olUukd
tNrJpwwfonf/ oluawmh bmrQrajym/ wpfcgwpf&H uRefawmfu
&,fp&mrsm; nyf ajymvQif olu w[m;[m;? uRefawmfaemufwwf
ajymifwwfajymonfukd olodonf/ wpfcgwpf&Huav;rsm;ESifh? wpfcg
wpf&Hwpfa,mufwnf;/
uRefawmfu olUukd pwwfonf/ q&mygu uRefawmfhxuf 2
ESpf i,fonf[kajymwwfonf/ olUukd toufar;r&/ &Sufwwfonf/
olu wpfcg,rumav;bmav;rSD0Jwwfonf/ uRefawmfu cyfNyKH;NyKH;/

oH;Hk rsm;oGm;vQif wpfcu

G w
f pfzvm; rS0D o
J nf/ olUukd vlawGu
b,fvkd xifonfrod/ oluawmh tNyKH;rysuf/ t&,ftarm
rysuf/ uRefawmf wkdYuawmh olUukd vlBuD;[koabmrxm;/
oluawmh vlBuD;/ okdYESifh uRefawmfwkdYESifh vkH;vm; axG;vm;/
tjyifuawmh b,fvkdYxifrnfrod/
uRefawmfESifhukdwmuawmhaumif;aumif;odonf/ w
u,fawmh uRefawmfu 2 ESpBf uD;onfajymonfuo
dk u
l BudKuf
ykHr&/ olu olUtoufrajymwwf/ &Sufwwfolonf/ olESifh
uRefawmfu &,fp&marmp&majymaewwfNrJ/
olUtoufu uRefawmfhxuf 2 ESpfi,fonf/ okdYaomf
uRefawmfu pNyD; 2 ESpfBuD;onf[kajymvQif csufcsif;jyef&Sif;
onf / uRef a wmf p onf u k d ol u ponf [ k r xif / ol U uk d
olrsm;u cefn
Y m;atmifaeNyD;vQif olUukd kad oav;pm;rS olu
BudKuf[efwlonf/ toufESifhywfouf rSefwm ajymr&/
olt&ufaomufonfukd p olpdwfrqkd;/
wpfaeYwGif olonf A[ef;ae a&TayguHodkYajymif;oGm;onf/
awmjyefwpfa,mufESifhywfouf ajymif;oGm;onf/ 'gukdBudKufovm;?
rBudKufovm;? bmrSrajymcJh/ olu olUpmtkyfrsm;ukd xm;apaom 2
xyfwkduftdrfukd yg&*loQefwdedauwef[k emrnfay;onf/
uRefawmfwkdYuawmh cyfNyKH;NyKH;ai;MunhfaeMuonf/ ,if;pmMunfh
wkdufzGifhyGJwGif olu *kPfw,l,ljzpfaeonf/ olUpmMunhfwkdufukd vl
trsm;BuD;jzifh zGifhvSpfvkdufonf/ olu ,if;pmMunfhwkdufzGifhyGJukd *kPf,l
aeonf/ uRefawmfu ,if;pmMunfhwkdufzGifhyGJokdY a&mufcJhonf/
ukdwmu ]]olbmrS rodbl;}}[kajymvkdufonf/ uRefawmfuvnf;
]]olbmrS rodbl;}}[kajymvkdufonf/
olUyg&*loQefwdedauwefpmMunfhwkdufonf ,ckoem;p&mjzpfaeay
NyD/ uRefawmfwkdYu q&myg[k ac:onf/ pma&;q&m q&myg&,fu
cspfp&m .../
rdwDvmuefawmfatmufu zm;aumufcJhyg/
'*kefwm&m
omrdkif;crf;
25-7-2011
&Sif;&Sif;qkd&vQif q&mygESifhq&mwmwdkYonf jrefrmpmayynm&Sif
BuD;rsm; jzpfonf/ q&m'*kefwm&mESifhywfouf q&myg&*l&,f&,f
armarmajymcJhwmawG trSwf&rdao;onf/ q&myg&*lajymjycJhonfrsm;
ukd q&m'*kefwm&mu NyKH;vkdYaeonf/ ]]onfvlbmrS odwmr[kwfbl;?
olUtxifolavQmufajymaewm}}[kqkdum jiif;cJhonfrsm;vnf; trSwf&
vmonf/ ckawmh q&m'*kefwm&monf olvJavsmif;&rnfh omrdkif;crf;
rS *lArd mefEiS yhf wfouf a0zefcsufay;Ekid pf rG ;f r&SaD wmh aecsifonfh omrdik ;f
crf;rS q&mhukd uRefawmfwdkY xm;&pfcJh&NyD ...wnfh/
a&SUwpfywfqufzwfyg&ef

15

,cif t ywf r S t quf

ar; - ae0if ; u tJ ' D v d k a jymcJ h wmvm;/

ajz - vH;k 0 0efct
H wdtusajym oGm;w,fawmh
r[kwb
f ;l aygh/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmfwYkd tJ'v
D kd aqG;aEG;
cJhMuw,f/ ae0if;uwDwdkudk t&rf;udktxifBuD;
av;pm;cJhw,f/ abmhpeD;,m;rSm rlqvifawG&,feJY
y#dyuawG ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;NydKuGJcJhwm wDwdk&JU vuf
xufrSmr[kwfbl;/ jrefrmEkdifiHrSm vGwfvyfrIr&Sdbl;/
tvdkawmh r&bl;/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm zdESdyfrIatmufrSm?
odyfawmh rvG,fvSbl;/ NyD;awmh tar&d uef&JU0g'
[mvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf tE&m,frsm;w,f/ jref
rmEkdifiH&JU Ak'bmomwefzdk;awGudk qHk;HI;apEkdifw,f/
tawG;tac: a[mif;xJuaekwfw &ufkef;xGuf
EkdifzdkYcufcJw,f/ jrefrm jynfNydKuGJ&if wkwfu odrf;
oGm;r,f/ pD;yGm;a&;IaxmifhuMunfh&ifvnf; tusKd;
r&Sdbl;/ wdkif;jynfEkdifiHi,favao;av tusKd;,kwf
av? tJ'g[m ae0if;&JUtawG;tac:tdkif'D,mawGyJ/
olYEkdifiH&JUtE&m,faemuf(2)ckutar&duefeJYrlqvif/
MopBwD;,m;EkdifiH[m vlrsKd;aygif;pHkaewJhEkdifiHyJ/
MopBwD;,m;ppfwyf[m ausmif;awGrSm oifwef;ay;
w,f/ MopBwD;,m;,Ofaus;rI? ynma&;eJY armf'ef
acwfopf vlaerIpepfeJY tuRrf;t0if&SdNyD; em;vnf
atmifvdkYtrSefwu,fppfwyfqdkwm vlYtzGJUtpnf;
twGuf aumif;wJhtzGJUtpnf;wpfckyg/
ar; - jref r mEk d i f i H r S m tajctaeuawmh qk w f , k w f a ew,f /
tjzpf r S e f u awmh qd k ; oxuf qd k ; vmaewmygyJ /
ajz - jrefrmEdkifiHrSm tdkif'D,mtawG;tac:opfawG? pD;yGm;a&;udk
OD;aqmifEkdifr,fh acgif;aqmifopfawG vdktyfaew,f/ MopBwD;,m;EkdifiH
om; urmhukvor*twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfa[mif;? olaumif;rlvu csuf
EkdifiH(tck)bufuvmwmyJ? oluajymw,f 'Drkdua&pD[m acgif;aqmif
rIaumif;rSom tvkyfjzpfEkdifw,fwJh/
ar; - q&mu ae0if;a&m*gbmukdukcJhwmvJ? olU&JU pdwfpkduf
vuPmu b,fvkd&SdcJhvJ/
ajz - t"du uawmh ausmkd; <uufom;awG? tkd;tqufawG
emusifwmyJ tJ'Dtemuacgif;xJtxd a&mufw,f/ vufawGxdvnf;
a&muf w,f/ t&rf;emusifwhJ a0'emrsKd; *syef-jrefrmppfyu
JG &cJw
h mwJ/h
ol&JU pdwf"mwfykdif;qkdif&muawmh t&rf;xufjrufw,f? BuHUckdifw,f?
oluRef awmfhukd EkdifiHa&;Zmwfvrf;aygif;rsm;pGm ajymjycJhw,f/
ar; - ol [ m t&rf ; uk d ol U uk d vk y f B uH c H & rS m aMumuf v k d Y pd w Z
a0' em vkdjzpfNyD; acgif;rSm qkdifu,f OD; xkwfvkdrsKd; OD;acgif;xdckdufrIukd
t umtuG , f a y;wJ h OD ; xk w f r sKd ; tNrJ a qmif ; xm;avh & S d w ,f q k d w m
aum [k w f v m;/
ajz - uRefawmfoleJY a*ghzf upm;cJhw,f/ tJ'Dvkdaqmif;wmrsKd;
rawGUcJhygbl;/ ukd,fwkdY wif;epfwkdYqkdwm ppfwyfrSm wu,fay:jyLvmjzpf
wJh tm;upm;aygh/ ae0if;uuRefawmfhukd a*ghzfupm;zkdYoifay;cJhw,f/

uRefawmf rBudKuf
bl ; / rd k u f r J w J h
(Stupid) tm;u
pm;enf;vkdYyJ xif
w,f / uRef a wmf h
twGufawmh/
ar; - ae0if ;
uku
d o
k ay;cJv
h Ydk b,f
vk d t usKd ; tjrwf a wG
&cJhygovJ? vuf
aqmif b,f v d k r sm;
&cJhzl;ovJ/ ae0if;uolUpuFmylu q&m0efawGukdausmufoHywjrm;
vuf a qmif awG a y; cJ h z l ; w,f M um;zl ; vd k Y /
ajz - BuD;BuD;us,fus,fbmrS r&cJhzl;ygbl;/ vufMu,foD;avmuf
yJ&cJhwmyg/ usefwmukd,fh ykdufqHeJYudk,f0,fwmrsKd;ygyJ/ ae0if;u rSefrSef
uefuefvlwpfa,mufyg/ uRefawmfhukd awmh bmvmbfrsKd;rS ray;cJhbl;/
ar; - q&mjref r mEk d i f i H r S m x&d e f e if a y;cJ h z l ; w,f M um;ygw,f /
b,f v k d rsm;ay;cJ h y govJ /
ajz - ausmf0if;pDpOfcJhwmyg/ ppfwyfXmerSmyg/ AkdvfrSL;vm; arar
0if;eJYvnf; odcJhygw,f/
ar; - tckaemufqkH;jrefrmEkdifiH eJYywfoufvdkY vIyf&Sm;rIav;rsm;

nDrav; trnf;pHy,f
tkdif;pHy,fvdkrsdK; trnf;pHy,fvdkY
trnfajymif;ay;NyD; ac:awmh
ighnDru rsufESmplykyf/
owif;awGxJ ...NrdKUrSmvnf;
a'gif;tvHqGJvdkY acR;oH&TJ&TJaeylxJ/
vufyHawmif;rSmvnf; rw&m;rIudkusdefqJvdkY
armif;jyeftefwk tnmaEGxJ/
eD&JwJhtonf;ukd acgif;rSmaqmif;vdkY
jzLqGwfwJh tzdESdyfcHcspfpdwfeJYol
olYudkvGefcJhwJh wpf&ufuawGUawmh
rnf;ydefacsmifEGrf; [Jh b,fvdkyHkjzpfqdkawmh v,form;xkeJY twlae twlwdkuf
ta&jym;awGvnf;arSmifus ckrS emrnfeJYydkvdkufzuf
tdk ! vSygbdnDrav; &Jabmftrnf;pHy,f
&ifrSm tJ'Dvdkigjrnfwrf;rdygw,f/
ArmhacsmtdrmefawG Armh*lpwDemawG ArmhtcReftjr
awmfvSefaw;csD&JabmfrawGxJ
nDrav; trnf;pHy,f[m nDrav;trnf;pHy,fjzpfw,f/
rSm;aewJh reufjzefawGudkuefausmuf
rw&m;wJh Oya'awGudk vufzsHeJYaxmuf
wdkif;wcGifrSm trSefw&m;aygufzdkY ...
tckvnf; wkdufyGJ&Sd&mwdkif;qD ola&mufaewwfcJhNyD/ /
pHndrf;OD;
(nDi,fr jzLESif;axG;twGuf*kPfjyKwmyg/ olY zbtaumifhtrnfu Jasmine Black
jzpfygw,f)

16

&S d & if od c sif y gw,f /

ajz - uRefawmfhukd EkdifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xmeu
Mr.Burma vkdYac:w,f/ uRefawmfhukd uGefjrLepf
vk d Y v nf ; ac:Muw,f / uRef a wmf M opwD ; ,m;
Ekid if rH mS jrefrmjynftwGuf trsm;BuD;wku
d cf u
dk af y;vIUH
aqmfay;um uG,fay; cJhygw,f/
uRef r eJ Y y a&mf z uf q ma'guf w m Franz
Gerstenbrand &JUpum;vufqy
Hk aJG v;[mvnf; 'DrmS
tqkH;owfcJhygw,f/ toufukdawmh rar;cJh&ay
r,fh 90 eD;yg;&SdaeNyDvdkYcefYrSef;rdygw,f/ pum;ajym
ae&if;eJYzkef;awG 0if0ifvmvdkYajz&if; olUkH;cef;xJu
ae0ifvkdufxGufvkdufeJY tm;vkH;aygif;tcsdef 2 em&D
ausmf ukefrSef;rodukefqkH;cJhygw,f/ uRefrukdajym
ae&if; ya&mfzufqmBuD;[m wajz;ajz;eJY t&rf;yif
yef;vmykH&ygw,f/ uRefr ar;wmawG odyfrMum;?
em;rvnfovkdjzpfvmvdkY pum;yGJukd jzwfcJh&yg
w,f/ olUpma&;ruvnf; taemufuaewHcg;
acgufNyD; owdvmay;ygw,f/ b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpfOD;
ae0if;eJY tBuD;tus,fywfoufcJhwJh q&m0ef
BuD;wpf a,mufqDu OD;ae0if;&JU b0wpdwfwa'
oav; ukdodcGifh&? rSwfwrf;wifcGifh&cJhygw,f/
uRefrukd 'DtaMumif;a&;&if tpkd;&ukdvnf; owd
xm;zkdY? jrefrmhaxmufvSrf;a&;[m NAdwdoQEkdifiHeJY
*smrPDEkdifiHu x&defeifawG&cJhwmrkdY t&rf;aumif;
aMumif;eJY 'gawGudk rarhzrYdk mS vdu
k o
f vkd oleYJ ae0if;
awmvkdufjzpfykH/ auwDu pDpOfay;vkYd vkdufjzpfcJhykH?
olawmvkdufwmvnf; BudKufaMumif;eJY ae0if;u
awmh olUukd taemufEkdifiHom;rkdY NAdwdoQawGvdk
awmvk d u f 0 goemygr,f v k d Y x if c J h a Mumif ; ajym
cJhw,fvkdY ajymygw,f/ trSefwu,fawmh ae0if;
[m arsmufwpfaumifukdypfNyD;aooGm;wmawmif
tif rwef p d w f r aumif ; jzpf a ecJ h o l j zpf a Mumif ; ?
ol[mwu,fh ukd Ak'bmomtppfjzpfaMumif;wkdYukd
rjyefcifav;rSm ajymjycJhygw,f/ ae0if;qDuae
oloif,lavhvmcJhwmawG trsm;BuD;&SdcJhaMumif;eJY olUtjrifawmhae0if;
aMumifh jrefrmEkdifiHtckcsdef xdrNydKuGJyJ&SdaecJhw,fvkdY ajymcJhygw,f/ oleJY
qufajymp&m? qufar;p&mpum;awG&Sdaeao;ayr,fh olUtouf
t&G,fukd axmufvkdY tJ'DrSm&yfwefYNyD; NyD;cJh&ayr,fh xyfNyD;tcGifh&&if
xyfar; NyD;wifjyay;ygOD;r,f/ odcsifwmrsm;&Sd&if uRefrukdwkdufkduf
jzpfap? vQyfwpfjyuf*sme,frS wqifhjzpfapar;jref;ay;zkdY awmif;qkd
Ekdifygw,f/ uRefrtD;ar;vfuawmh nwemeister@gmail.com yJjzpfyg
w,f/
av;pm;vsuf
pkd;jrwfEG,f

q&mxDvmppfoal &;om;cJo
h nfh orkid ;f armfueG ;f wifpmtkyjf zpfonfh
pD;qif;&pfavOD;{&m0wDpmtkyu
f kd 'kw,
d tBurd f jyefvnfxw
k af 0
uAsmq&mMuD; xDvmppf ola&;om;cJhaom pmayvuf&m
rsm;xJrS jrefrmhordkif;rSwfwrf;wif 0wK&Snfwpfyk'fjzpfonhf
pD;qif;&pfavOD; {&m0wDpmtkyfudk q&mMuD;uG,fvGefjcif;(5)
ESpjf ynfh 'kw,
d tMudrt
f jzpf Mo*kwv
f wGif jrefrmaTjynfpmtkyf
wdkufrS jyefvnfxkwfa0cJhonf/
tqdkygpmtkyfonf q&mxDvmppfoluG,fvGefjyD; aemuf
ydik ;f (5)ESpt
f wGi;f jyefvnfxw
k af 0onfh yxrqH;k pmtkyjf zpfum
(1949)ckESpfrS (1962)ckESpftxd (13)ESpfumvtwGif; jrefrm
EdkifiH\ordkif;aMumif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;rygaom
yuwddk;&Sif;aomwyfrawmf ajcvsifwyfom;wpfa,muf\
b0ud k &otjrif E S i f h y g cd k i f r mpG m a&;om;xm;aomord k i f ;
aMumif;qdkif&mpmtkyfjzpfaMumif;ESifhzcifjzpfoluG,fvGefcgeD;
aemufqHk;awmif;qdkcJh aomqEt&xkwfa0jcif;jzpfaMumif;
q&mxDvmppfol\o m;jzpfolOD;&J&ifhpdk;(pma&;q&m&J&ifhppfol)
uajymonf/
pD;qif;&pfavOD;{&m0wDpmtkyw
f iG q
f &mxDvmppfol ud,
k f
wdkifyg0ifjzwfoef;cJh&onfh(1949)ckESpfausmif;om; &JacgifwdkU
\wdkufyGJrsm;? ppfoifwef;umvESifhEdkifiHjcm;ynmoifb0rsm;?
pmayavmutawGUtMuHK? (1954)ckEpS b
f &k ifah emifppfqifa&;? (1955)ckEpS &f efMuD;atmifppfqifa&;? (1959)ckEpS f
jrpf0uRef;ay:awmfy'dkuftifwJwkdufyGJ? (1960) ckESpf armifawmrl*sm[pfwdkufyGJESifh rJacgifppfqifa&;ESifh
jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;aemufydkif;umvrsm;udk tydkif;tvdkufyg0ifxnfhoGif; a&;om;xm;onf/
q&mxDvmppfolonf uAsmudk(14)ESpfom;t&G,fup a&;om;cJh&m uAsmtyk'fa&(1000)ausmfa&;
om;cJhNyD; pmtkyftjzpf uAsmpmtkyf (23) tkyfESifh 0wKpmtkyf(11)tkyf yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhjyD;jzpfonf/ 'kwd,tMudrf
pD;qif;&pfavOD;{&m0wDpmtkyfudkxDvmppfol\ pmayrsm;udk wpfOD;wnf;rlydkifxkwfa0onfh jrefrma&Tjynfpm
tkyfwdkufrS q&mxDvmppfol\ZeD;jzpfol a':vS,Of,Ofpdk;rSrlydkifjzifhom;jzpfol OD;&J&ifhpdk;xkwfa0oltjzpf
wm0ef,lum Mo*kwfvwGifpmrsufESm (600) ausmfr*Zif;qdk'ft&G,fjzifhxkwfa0xm;NyD;wefzdk;(5000)jzifh
PK
pmayAdrmef pmtkyfta&mif;qdkifrS jzefUcsdoGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;od&onf/

IFC

ESifh dk;rbPfwdkY jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd tao;pm;ESifh tvwfpm;

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf b@ma&;tultnD wdk;jrifUay;oGm;&ef
oabmwlvufrw
S af &;xd;k

wevF m om;orD ; taygif ; wd k Y o nf

onf&ufydkif;twGif; c&D;,m,Drsm;
rnf/ vkyfief;twuftusjrefrnf/ t
qHk;tjzwfrrSm;&ef ta&;BuD;onfh&ufpGJrsm;jzpfrnf/
cspfolESifhoabmxm;rwdkufqdkifwmrsdK;&Sdrnf/ BuHpnf
xm;onfrsm; vufavQmhjcif;jzifht&if;rIH;&efBudK;pm;
oifah omtcsdejf zpfonf/ ynma&;rqd;k yg/ xDx;kd &efrmS
(8)tp (2)tqHk;jzpfrnf/ usef;rma&;*kpdkuf/
,Mwmacsvdkonf&Sdaomf/ / Adkvfwpfaxmif
bk&m;apwDyakH wmftm;oufapha0iSuo
k v
kd ,
f v
l u
kd yf g/
taqmif v d k y gu/ / Adkvfwaxmif apwDyHk
awmfudk aqmifxm;vdkufygav/

Mumomyaw;om;orD;taygif;wdo
Y k nf
c&D;,m,Dxu
G &f onf&adS omf BuHpnf
xm;onfrsm; tqifajyacsmarGUrnf[k
rSwyf gav/ vkyif ef;opfajymif;a&TUvkyu
f ikd &f ef &nf&,
G f
onf&Sdaomf aemufwpfvSrf;qkwf&efjzpfonf/ teD
a&mif ypnf;0ifvmvQif vHk;0vufoifhrcH&efwnf;/
cspfolESifh pdwftcefYroifhjzpfwwfrnf/ xDxdk;vdkonf
&Sdaomf(9)tp (7)tqHk;xdk;ygav/ usef;rma&;*kpdkuf
yg&ef/
,Mwmacsvdkygu/ / usdKufxD;dk;yHkawmf tm;
arG;aeYwGifoufaphvSLyg/
taqmifjyKvdkonf&Sdaomf/ / usdKufx;D d;k apwD
yHkawmftm;aqmifygav/

t*F g om;orD ; taygif ; wd k Y o nf

c&D ; &S n f x G u f & ud e f ; BuH K &rnf /
&ef o l u d k r d w f a qG j zpf a tmif v k y f v Qif
vkyfief;wGifus,frnf/ paeeHxGufwwfrnf/ kwfw
&ufxcd u
kd 'f Pf&mtemw&jzpfued ;f BuHKrnf/ pd;k &drzf ,
G f
r&Sd tdrfwGif;a&;tIyftaxG;&Sdrnf/ rdbusef;rma&;
tnHhxJa&mufaeonf/ *kpdkufrayghESifh xDxdk;vdkvQif
(5)tp (1)tqHk;xdk;yg&ef? cspfolESifhtqifajyrnfh&uf
tydkif;tjcm;jzpfrnf/ usef;rma&;rqdk;yg/
,MwmacsvdkvQif/ / ykyg;awmifuvyf yHkawmf
tm;? oufapha0iSukodkvf,l&efjzpfonf/
taqmif j yKvd k y gu/
/ ykyg;r,fawmfBuD;
yHkawmftm;aqmifygav/

aomMumom;orD;taygif;wdkYonf
oifajymqdkorQ atmifyGJ&rnfh um
vjzpf o nf / oH a ,mZOf t rQif w ef ;
wwfrIuoifhwufvrf;udk eif;acsoGm;zG,fjrifonf/
ta0;a&mufrw
d af qGwpfO;D xHrS arQmfvifrh xm;ygaom
tultnDxl;&wwfrnf/ ta&;wBuD;qHk;jzwf csuf
rsm; ,ck&ufyikd ;f twGi;f oifqifjcifEikd &f efvt
kd yfonf/
a&T0if aiGxGufrnfhudef;jrifonf/ xDxdk;&efrSm
(6)tp (3)tqHk;jzpfonf/ usef;rma&;raumif;vS
,Mwmacsvd k o nf & S d a omf / / ql;avapwD
yHkawmftm;arG;eHxmifhwGifoufaph? rGef;rvGJrDvSL'gef;
yg&ef/
taqmif j yKvd k y gu/ //ql;avapwDyHkawmfudk
(3)&ufaqmifyg&ef/

Ak'[l;om;orD;taygif;wdkYonf
ynm*kPjf rifrh m;rnf? bmyJvyk v
f yk f
xajrmufatmifjrifzG,fudef;jrifonf/
pyfw&l ,
S ,
f mvkyif ef;vkyv
f Qifawmh vlrsdK;jcm;? bmom
jcm;ud k v H k ; 0vuf a &S m if & ef j zpf o nf / t*F g eH t usd K ;
ay;xl;wwfrnf/ &nf;pm;opfESifhvnf;tvkyfjzpfrnfh
oabmjrifonf/ xDxdk;vdkvQif (2)tp(4)tqHk;xdk;
vkdufygav/ usef;rma&;rqdk;vS/
,Mwmacsvd k v Qif / //r[mjrwfrkedyHkawmftm;
oufaphukodkvf,l'gejyK/
taqmif j yKvd k y gu/
/ r[mjrwf r k e d yH k
awmfudkaqmifyg/

paeom;orD ; taygif ; wd k Y o nf
0ifaiGESifhxGufaiG&efjzpfaernfhudef;
jrifonf/ i,f&,
G o
f w
l pfO;D uoifu
h kd txl;
wvnfpw
d 0f ifpm;aewwfrnf/ BuHK&mus&mvkycf sif&m
vkyjf zpfcsif&mjzpfecsifonfph w
d u
f kd a&SmifMuOf&efvt
kd yf
onf/ a&TrpkygESifh olwpfyg;em;a,mifwwfonfh
tusifhu oifhudk'kuay;zG,fjrifonf/ cspfol\ NiLpl
jcif;cH&udef;&Sdonf/ xDxdk;vdkvQif(2)tp(1)tqHk;
xdk;yg/ usef;rma&;rqdk;vS/
,Mwmacsvd k o nf & S d a omf / / omrn q&m
awmfyHktm;arG;aeYwGifoufaph'gejyK/
taqmifjyKvdkygu/ //omrnq&mawmf yHak wmf
tm;aqmif&efjzpfonf/

&m[k o m;orD ; taygif ; wd k Y o nf

BuHpnfxm;onfrsm;aygufMum;wwf
rnf/ vlUtBuHacG;OD;onfhudef;BuHKrnf/
a&TESifhywfouf a&mif;rSm;0,frSm;? Asmrsm;&rnfh
ud e f ; jrif o nf / tI y f x J r S m &S i f ; atmif a eEd k i f y grS
wefumusrnfhumvjzpfonf/ tdrfeD;em;jcif; wpfck
vyfwpfOD;u oifhtay:txl;wvnfwdrf;nGwfae
zG,fjrifonf/ olwpfyg;tyludk,fhtyljzpfrnf/ xDxdk;
vdkygu (4)tp(2)tqHk;xdk;vdkufyg/ usef;rma&;rnHh/
,Mwmacsvdkygu/ / a&Twd*HkyHkawmftm; ta&SU
(7) tdrf? taemuf(7)tdrfa0iSyg/
taqmif j yKvd k o nf & S d a omf / //a&Twd*HkapwD
yHkawmftm;aqmifyg/

we*FaEGom;orD;taygif;wdkYonf
cspfolESifhvrf;cGJ&wwfrnf/ aMuuGJ
0rf;enf;zG,f&myHkjyifwpfyk'fem;qif&zG,f
&Sdrnf/ vkyfief;opfwpfckoufhudkurf;vSrf;vmonf
&Sad omfaumif;tH?h a&vrf;c&D;udak wmha&Smif&ef vdt
k yf
rnf/ rdbtNidK tjyifrcH&atmif*kpdkuf&efjzpfonf/
tdrfeD;em;csif;wpfOD;u oifhudk&efvkyfvmvQifonf;
cHvdkufygav/ xDxdk;&efum;(7)tp(2)tqHk;wnf;?
usef;rma&;rqdk;ygav/
,Mwmacsvdkygu/ / ol&wDr,fawmfyHktm;
a&T&nfavmif;(7)&ufom;orD; taygif;tm;ukov
kd f
jyK&efjzpfonf/
taqmif j yKvd k o nf & S d a omf / //ol&wDr,f
awmfyHktm;a&Tcs(7)&ufaqmifxm;yg/

(31)bH k o m;rsm;Nid r f ; at;csrf ; ajrh w &m;awG U Muygap/

a'gufwm*rD&
acwaejynfawmf

urmb
h Pftyk pf 0k ifjzpfaom IFC onf d;k rbPf
tm; tar&duef a':vm 5 oef;&Sd ajymif;vJtoHk;
jyKEkdifaomacs;aiG (convertible loan) ay;&ef oabm
wlvdkufNyDjzpfNyD; aiGxkwfacs;ol\ risk management
ac: xdcdkufqHk;Hk;rI&SdEkdifonfh vkyfief;udprsm;tm; pDrH
aqmif&GufrIESifh corporate governance ac: tzGJU
tpnf ; twG i f ; tk y f c sKyf p D r H c ef Y c G J r I yd k r d k a umif ; rG e f
vmap&ef ulnDonfh dk;rbPf\ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;
r[mAsL[mvkyfief;pOfudk tultnDay;axmufyHh rnf
jzpfygaMumif;? if;oabmwlnDrIonf tvkyftudkif
rsm; ydkrdkzefwD;Ekdif&efESifh dk;rbPf\ b@ma&;qdkif&m
wdk;jrifhay;&ef txl;vdktyfvQuf&Sdaom jrefrmEkdifiH\
pD;yGm;a&;u@wpfcjk zpfonfh tao;pm;ESit
hf vwfpm;
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; wdk;jrifhacs;ay;Ekdif&ef vkyf
aqmif&mwGif tultnDay;Ekdif&ef arQmfvifhxm;yg
aMumif;?
,ck a cs;aiG o nf IFC \ d k ; rbPf t wG u f
yPmrb@ma&;qdik &f m tultnDjzpfNyD; oGi;f ukev
f yk f
ief;&Sirf sm;? ydu
Yk ek v
f yk if ef;&Sirf sm;tm;b@ma&; axmuf
yHhay;&efbPfrsm;\ vkyfudkifEkdifpGrf;&nfudk wdk;jrifh
jcif;qdkonfh IFC \ Global Trade Finance tpDtpOf
twdkif; vmrnfhESpfrsm;wGif tar&duefa':vm oef;
30 txd wdk;jrifhay;oGm;zdkY&SdygaMumif;? if;aemufxyf
dk;rbPftm; wdk;jrifhulnDaxmufyHhrnfh tpDtpOfrsm;
tm; IFC \ pDrHcefYcGJrItzGJUESifh bkwftzGJUwdkYrS aemuf
vufawGU uGi;f qif;avhvmrIEiS hf oabmwlnrD t
I qifh
qifhwdkYjzifh aqmif&GufoGm; rnfjzpfaMumif;?

jrefrmEkdifiHtaejzifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm txD;usef

jzpfcJhonfhtajctaerS kef;xGufvmcJhonfjzpf&m
b@ma&;qdik &f m0efaqmifrrI sm; ta&;wBuD;vdk tyfrI
onfvnf; BuD;xGm;aeygaMumif;? t&G,fa&mufNyD;ol
70 &mcdkifEIef;ausmfonf aiGacs;jcif;? t&pfusay;acs
jcif;ESifh tjcm;b@ma&;qdkif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;jzpf
onfh tmrcHxm;jcif;? aiGvTJjcif;ponfh acwfrDbPf
pepfwdkYESifh &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifjcif;r&SdMuygaMumif;? xdkY
tjyif t&G,af &mufNyD;olrsm;\ 5 &mcdik Ef eI ;f om ud,
k f
ydkifemrnfESifh bPfpm&if;&SdMuaMumif;?
]]jrefrmEkdifiHrSm tao;pm;eJY tvwfpm;vkyfief;
awG&JU vkyfief;vnfywfzGHUNzdK;EkdifzdkYtwGuf b@ma&;
qdkif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;&&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufa&;u
r&Sdrjzpf ta&;ygygw,f/ dk;rbPf&JU pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;
wdk;wufzdkYtwGuf IFC tzGJUBuD;eJY yl;aygif;NyD; EkdifiH&JU
pD;yGm;a&;eJY vlrIa&;u@awG zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;rS t
a&;ygvSwJh tao;pm;eJYtvwfpm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
awGudk ydkNyD;axmufyHhay;EkdifawmhrSmudk txl;yJ *kPf
,lryd gw,f/ uRefawmfw[
Ykd m Ekid if t
H wGi;f &Sd tao;pm;
ESifhtvwfpm; pD;yGm;a&; OD;aqmifbPfwpfckjzpfvmzdkY
&nf&,
G x
f m;NyD; tm;aumif;wuf<uwJt
h ao;pm;eJY t
vwfpm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;u@ ay:xGef;vmzdkYtwGuf
yg0ifaqmif&GufoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f}}[k dk;rbPf\
trIaqmif Ou|ESifh trIaqmift&m&SdcsKyfjzpfol
OD;odrf;a0ac: Mr.Serge Pun u ajymMum;oGm;cJh
aMumif;od&Sd&onf/
YOH

'kw,
d tBurd f jrefrmUNird ;f csr;f a&;yGaJ wmf (2014)ukd
pufwifbm(21)&ufaeYwGif atmifqef;tm;upm;uGif; jyKvkyfrnf

&ef u k e f puf w if b m (18)

(2014)ckESpf pufwifbm(21)&ufaeYwGif us
a&mufaom EkdifiHwum Nidrf;csrf;a&;aeY txdrf;trSwf
'kwd,tBudrf jrefrmhNidrf;csrf;a&;yGJawmf (2014) cspf
Munfa&;abmvk;H yJu
G dk &efuek Nf rdKU atmifqef;tm;upm;
uGif; usif;yrnfjzpfaMumif; OD;aqmifpDpOfol Zm*em
u(2014)ckESpf pufwifbm(18)&ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKU
Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;&Sd Home Media ajymcJhonf/
Zm*emu ]]tpDtpOfawG rpwifrDu apmzkd;cGm;
OD;aqmifwJh *DwtzGJUu Nidrf;csrf;a&; aw;oDcsif;rsm;
azsmfajzNyD; jrefrmjynfpwm;? [m; ig;aumif? oD;
av;oD;? wdYk vl&iT af wmftzGUJ awGu (10)rdepfpD azsmfajz
wifqufwmawG xnhx
f m;ygw,f/ xl;jcm;rI taejzifh
jrefrmvlrsKd;wd&Yk UJ tav;xm;wJah tmifoajyjzifh jyKvkyf
xm;wJh Nidrf;csrf;a&;opfyifukdxm;&SdrSmjzpfNyD; trsm;
jynfoal wG&UJ jzpfapcsifwt
hJ aMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;NyD;
opfyifrSm csdwfqGJxm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'D Nidrf;csrf;a&;
opfyifudk trSww
f &taeeJY oifah wmfwhJ wpfae&mrSm
pdkufrSmjzpfygw,f/
Nidrf;csrf;a&;abmvkH;yGJukd upm;&mwGif EkdifiHa&;

tusOf ; om;rsm;u wpf o if ; ? aemuf w pf o if ; u

ky&f iS o
f bif*w
D uwpfoif;wdyYk g0ifupm;rSmjzpfygw,f/
uAsmq&mrsm;tzGJU? pma&;q&mrsm;tzGJU? Pen
Myanmar wdkY tp&SdwJh pmayynm&SifawGu a[m
ajymwmawG? uAsm&GwfjywmawG jyKvkyfzdkY pDpOfxm;
ygw,f/
xdkyGJawmfudk t&yfbuf tzGJUtpnf; (62)zGJUu
csDwufNyD;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk awmif;qkdMurSmjzpfyg
w,f}} [k ajymcJhonf/
tqkdyg abmvkH;toif;rsm; upm;NyD;wGif qk
zvm;ES p f v k H ; uk d E S p f z G J U pvk H ; ud k ay;tyf o G m ;rnf j zpf
aMumif; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ukdpdwf0ifpm;olwkdif; vma&muf
EkdifNyD; uGif;0ifaMu;rSm tcrhJjzpfaMumif; MPC Center
rS abmvkH;uefwwfolrsm;tm;vkH;ukd zdwfac:xm;
aMumif; od&onf/
jrefrmhNidrf;csrf;a&;yGJawmf usif;ya&;A[dkaumfr
wD0ifrsm;jzpfMuaom Zm*em? aZmfoufaxG;? aebkef;
vwf? ukdukdMunf? apmzdk;cGm;wdkYu rD'D,mrsm;ESihf
awGUqHkajymMum;cJhjcif;jzpfNyD; pma&;q&m ol&0gu
pkd;pHxkduf
tcrf;tem;rSL;vkycf o
hJ nf/

17

2014 pufwifbm
(27)&ufrS2014 atmuf
wdkbm (4)&ufaeYtxd
&efuek f A[ef; urmat;
bk&m;vrf; trSwf (113^
3-bD)&Sd AdEdk; yef;csDjy
cef;wGif 0if;az ay:OD;
ouf cifarmif&ifwdkY\
yef;csDvuf&mrsm; jyo
rnf[kqdkonf/ ay:OD;
oufonf 1993 wGif
vnf; aumif;? cifarmif
&if o nf 2014 wG i f
vnf;aumif; uG,v
f eG cf hJ
NyD;jzpfonf/

YOH

tEk y nmysKd ; cif ; (2) t

wGuf avQmufvTm&Sif (227)
a,mufrS yPmrtqifh (13)
OD;udak &G;cs,fxm;aMumif;
q&mOD;0if;Nidrf; (a&T
tjrKawr* Zif;?
tvif;wef;*sme,f
t,f ' D w mcsKyf ) rS
xkwaf zmfajymMum;cJh
onf/
(1) oHomrkd; odrfh
(5 ay 4 vufr^ 100 aygif)?
(2) ydkifNzdK;ok (5 ay 4 vufr^
105 aygif)? (3) arql; armif
(5 ay 8 vufr^ 124 aygif)?
(4) Zmenfatmif^ a&T orD; (5
ay 4 vufr^ 102 aygif)? (5) eef;pEmvS xGef; (5
ay 4 vufr^ 100 aygif)? (6) arjrwfEkd;cif^
a&T&nfokefokef (5 ay 5 vufr^ 108 aygif)? (7)
&wemAdk? (8) ul;ul; Zifatmif (5 ay 5 vufr^
100 aygif)? (9) eef;ac;rdk^ac;rdk (5 ay 4 vufr^
102 aygif)? (10) ydk;tdtdcefY (5ay 4 vufr^ 100
aygif)? (11) cdkifoZif,k0g (5 ay 8 vufr^ 115
aygif)? (12) [efoDouf vGif^ [efoD (5 ay 7
vufr^ 108 aygif)? (13) cif,Gef;0wDOD;^ ppf,Gef;

0wDOD; (5 ay 6
vufr^ 110 aygif)/
tqdkyg yPmrtqifhrS2014atmufwdkbm (7)
&ufaeYwGifxyfrH(7)a,mufa&G;cs,frnfjzpfNyD;aemuf
qH;k tqifu
h rkd l 2014 Ek0d ifbm(11)&ufaeYwiG f a&G;cs,f
rnf[q
k o
kd nf/ ta&twGurf nfrQa&G;cs,frnfqjkd cif;
udkrlxkwfjyeftoday;xm;jcif;r&Sdao;[kqdkonf/
YOH

tar&duef a':vmoef;(60)cefY wefzkd;&Sd(32)xyf jrifhaom Illustra EkdifiHwumtqifhrD uGef'kdudk

PSWN ukrP
rD S aqmufvyk &f efppD Ofae
&ef u k e f puf w if b m (10)
PSWN ukrPDtaejzifh tar&duefa':vmoef;(60)cefY 0ef;usif
cefYwefzdk;&SdNyD; (32)xyf jrihfaom Illustra EkdifiHwumtqihfrDuGef'kdudk
&efukefwkdif;a'oBuD;? wmarGNrdKUe,f zdk;pdefvrf;ay: (2014)ckESpf ESpfukef
ykdif;rS pwifwnfaqmufoGm;rnfjzpfNyD; (2017)ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif
NyD;pD;rnf[k cefYrSef;xm;aMumif; PSWN ukrPD\ Ou| OD;0if;EdkifaZmf
u ajymcJhonf/
]]&efukefwkdif;a'oBuD; tpkd;&tzGJU&JU cGihfjyKcsufudk (2013)ckESpf
atmufwkdbmv(14)&ufaeYuae &&Sdxm;ygw,f/ pifumylEkdifiHrS ynm
&Sifrsm;ukd ac:,lNyD; aqmufvkyfa&;p&dwfukd tMurf;wGufcsxm;wmawmh
tar&duefa':vmoef;(60)avmuf&Sdygw,f/ EkdifiHwum ynm&SifawG
ukd zdwfac:NyD; aqmufvkyfzdkY jyifqifaeaomfvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHom;ykdif
ukrPDwpfckyg/ &S,f,m&SifawGtrsm;BuD;vnf; rygbl;/ jrefrmEkdifiHom;
awG taeeJY EkdifiHwum tqifhrDaexdkifEkdifatmif pDpOfchJwmyg/ jrefrm
EkdifiH\ wpfjcm;NrdKUe,frsm;rSvnf; Illustra uGef'dkrsm;ukd tcGihfta&;&Sd&if
csJUxGifcsifygw,f/ tckyxrqkH; Illustra uGef'kdudk aqmufvkyfrJh ajrrSm
wpf{ueD;yg;&Sad yrJh (50) &mcdik Ef eI ;f 0ef;usifuo
kd m aqmufvyk Nf yD; xdu
k eG 'f kd
&JU(50)&mcdkifEIef;rSm aexdkifol&JU 0efaqmifrIt wGufay;xm;rSmyg/

18

ajrykdifqdkifrIu uRefawmf wpfOD;wnf;ydkifjzpfayrJh rMumrDxGufvmrJh

uGef'kd Oya't& tdrf&mpDrHcefYcGJa&; aumfrwDudkvJ ajymif;ay;oGm;rSmyg/
uGef'kd&JU tjyiftqifudkawmh EdkifiHwum tqifhrDjzpfatmif aqmufvkyf
oGm; rSmjzpfNyD; tcef;uawmh (208)cef;yg0ifygw,f}} [k OD;0if;Ekid af Zmfu
qufvufajymcJhonf/
PSWN ukrPD\ ya&m*sufrefae*sm OD;jrihf OD;uEkdifiHwum
tqihfrD Illustra uGef'dkpDrHudef;ESihf ywfouf vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;
ukd &Si;f vif;cJh &mwGif ]]aqmufvyk af &; tif*sife,
D mrsm;? enf;ynmrsm;ukd
Meinhardt? ykp
H 'H ZD idk ;f DPA ESifh Foreign Main Contractor rsm;udk Ekid if jH cm;rS
wif'gESiafh c:,lcyhJ gw,f/ Murf;cif;? ygau;? eH&rH sm;ukd ausmufjym;rsm;ESifh
*smreDEkdifiH\ emrnfausmf wHqdyfrsm;tokH; jyKxm;ygw,f/ wpfpuefYudk
wpfvTmavmufa&muf&SdEkdifwJh "mwfavSum; (5)ckESifh
EkdifiHwumtqihfrDvkHNcHKa&;pepfukdokH;xm;NyD; (32)vTmrSm (8)vTmu
um;yguifESihf trsm;okH;ae&mrsm;yg0ifygw,f/ um;yguifu wpftdrfukd
wpfpD;ESihfay;xm;NyD; {nfhonftwGuf (20)&mcdkifEIef;ygw,f/ (24)em&D
rD;&apzdkY ukd,fykdifrD;pufyg0ifNyD; a&rsm;ukdt0DpDwGif;wl;umjzefYa0ay;zdkY
pDpOfxm;ayrJh a&oeYfpufeJY oefYpifNyD; (PH7)tajctaeokdY a&mufatmif
pDpOfxm;ygw,f}} [k (2014)ckESpf pufwifbm (9)&ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKU

r*FvmawmifnGefYNrdKUe,f jrefrmh*kPf&nfvrf;? a&Tjr,mtdrf&m? wkduf

trSwf(D^E)wGif zGihfvSpfxm;aom ta&mif;jycef; ajymcJhonf/
tqkdyguGef'kdrS tcef;rsm;udk pwifa&mif;csaeNyDjzpfNyD; pufwifbm
v(21)&ufaeYtxd 0,f,lonfhtcef;rsm;ukd ajcmuf&mcdkifEIef;aps;avQmh
pkd;pHxdkuf
ay;oGm;rnfjzpfaMumif; od&onf/

tpf r taeeJ Y ol U uk d e*d k t qd k a wmf a wG & J U toH r D a tmif b,f v d k

train vk y f o vJ /
a':xm;/
/ tck a wmh ol q d k w mvnf ; acwf a [mif ;
oDcsif; jreEm U U U eef;awmfaSU&JUoDcsif; U U UtJonfhjreEmrSm ajym&
&ifawmh pdefygwDoDcsif;/ tJonfawmh ukd,fu jyefem;axmif&wm/
acwfa[mif;qdkawmh ykdta&;BuD;w,f/ tckacwfu ukd,fSdaew,f?
ukd,fhvdk vlrsdK;trsm;BuD;Sdw,fqdkawmhawmfao;w,f/ 'gayr,fh acwf
a[mif; oDcsif;usawmh pdefygwDukd aocsmjyefem;axmif&w,f/ jyefem;
axmif N yD ; awmh rS m ;wmawG v nf ;
jyefjyif? olUukjd yefem; axmifcikd ;f &w,f/
rqdk;ygbl;/ aumif;ygw,f
jreEm/
orD ; tcuf q H k ; [mav;wpf c k
qk d j yygvm;/
cifykd;yef;csD/
/
( oDcsif;qdkoH )
tif; U U U aemufwpfck
em;axmifcsifao;w,f/ tJ'guawmh
tefwDxm;&JUoDcsif;ayghaemf/ eufjzef
(odkYr[kwf)b,faomcg oDcsif;av;ukd
em;axmif c sif w ,f / bmjzpf v d k Y v J
qd k a wmh 'D o D c sif ; av;u OD ; wd k Y r S m
awmh jyemav;awG S d w ,f / bm
jyemSdovJqdkawmh tefwDxm;u
euf j zef ( od k Y r [k w f ) b,f a omcguk d
qd k w J h o D c sif ; av;uk d taru tNrJ q d k
w,f / tazeJ Y t areJ Y u td r f a xmif
a&;tqif r ajywJ h t wG u f a Mumif h nD
ti,fqHk;av;ukdayGUcsDNyD;awmh
taru 'DoDcsif;av;ukd tNrJqdkw,f/
qd k a wmh 'D o D c sif ; av;u pd w f x J r S m
tNrJzDvifjzpf&wmayghaemf/ 'DoDcsif;ukd
wpf c g tef w D x m;wd k Y u 0g;c,f r rS m
oDcsif;oGm;qdkMuw,f/ q&mrBuD;cif
ES i f ; ,k y gw,f ? tef w D x m;ygw,f U U
U tJ o nf w k e f ; u a':rmrmat;yg
w,f / uk d n D x G # f w d k Y v nf ; ygMuw,f
aygh a emf / tJ o nf h t csd e f w k e f ; uqd k & if
tef w D x m;&J U trsd K ;om; q&mBuD ;
PHOTO : YOH
OD ; Munf c if u vnf ; qH k ; NyD ; umpav;
ayghaemf/ a':rmrmat; tazu vnf; qHk;NyD;umpav; jzpfaew,f/
[kwf/
tJ o nf a wmh orD ; qk a wG & atmif t "d u drive vk y f a y;wm tefwDxm;u pifay:rSm qdkwJhtcgusawmh qdkvnf;qdkNyD;a&m tefwD
xm;eJYa':rmrmat;u zufNyD; uefYvefYumMum;rSm idkMuwmayghaemf/
b,folwkef;/
tJ o nf h j rif u G i f ; BuD ; jrif x m;wJ h t cgusawmh wjcm;tqd k a wmf
cifykd;yef;csD/
/ araryg/
tck orD ; qk (14) qk & w,f / tck q d k & if jref r moH r S m wpf a ,muf q d k w J h t cgrS m tJ o nf h o D c sif ; uk d ay;rqd k a pcsif b l ; /
wu,fh*E0if oDcsif;awGayghaemf/ wcsdKUqdk&if aemufwpfa,mufjyefqdk ol q d k w mvnf ; Bud K uf v nf ; rBud K uf b l ; aygh a emf U U U yG i f h y G i f h v if ;
vdkYr&wJh oDcsif;awGukd jyefqdkcGifh&wJhtay:rSm orD;&JUcHpm;csufayghaemf/ vif ; ajym&if / tJ o nf h t qd k a wmf e J Y OD ; wd k Y e J Y v nf ; rk e f ; &if r k e f ; tqif h
cHpm;csuf qdkwm vlwdkif;ajymaeuspum;vHk;jzpfaew,f/ cHpm;csufa a&muf o G m ;zl ; w,f a ygh a emf / 'D o D c sif ; uk d orD ; u raMumuf r G H U qd k w J h
v;ajymygOD; qdkwm vlwdkif;ajymaeMuw,f/ tJonfvdk r[kwfbl;/ twG u f awmf a wmf v nf ; tH h t m;oif h w ,f / csD ; vnf ; csD ; usL;w,f /
b,fvdkcHpm;csuf oDcsif;awGqdkwmvJ/ tapmu tefwDxm;ajymoGm; orD ; enf ; enf ; qd k j yygOD ; U U Utef w D x m; aS U rS m aygh a emf /
ovdk orD;tG,frSm cHpm;csufawmh xnfhvdkYr&bl;/ i,fao;w,faygh
/ (.oDcsif;qdkoH )
cifykd;yef;csD/
aemf/ odkYaomf tefwDxm; i,fi,fav;rSm tefwDqdkwJh armifqdkwJh
tef w D x m; U U U b,f v d k a evJ /
wpfvHk;av;u tm;vHk; *Gsrf;ypfoGm;w,f ayghaemf/ orD;u cHpm;csuf
aumif;ygw,f/ [drk mS oGi;f awmh 'Dxufyadk umif;wmayghaemf/ tcku
mood uk d b,f v d k xnf h , l o vJ /
yg;pyfuD;eJYqdkvdkufwmayghaemf/ [dkrSmu wu,fhuD;eJYqdkawmh ykdaumif;
cifykd;yef;csD/
/ orD;uawmh i,fao;wJhtwGuf ygw,f/
tefwDxm;oDcsif;awGukd wcsdKUtqdkawmfawGvnf; jyefqdkMuw,f
aMumifh tJ'gawG rodao;ygbl;/ 'gayr,fh tarxm;oifwJhtwdkif;?
vrf;TefwJhtwdkif; cHpm;csufav;r[kwfygbl;/ tvdkvdkESpfNyD;awmh aygh a emf / tJ o nf h t ay:rS m tef w D x m;tjrif a v;vnf ; od c sif w ,f /
&ifxJrSmqdkcJhwmyg/ &ifxJrSmESpfNyD;awmh 0rf;AdkufxJuvmwJhtoHeJY qdkcJh wcsd K Uqd k & if pmom;awG v nf ; rS m ;Muw,f a ygh a emf /
wmyg/
a':xm;/
/ pmom;rSm;wmawmh 'Dacwf&JUxHk;pHvdk jzpf
'D o D c sif ; q,f y k ' f u k d orD ; Mum;zl ; vm;/
aeNyD/ pmom;awGurSm;wmu qdkMur,faysmfMur,frSm uav;awG
oDcsif;NydKif&ifawmifrS olwdkYu atmf&D*sife,foDcsif;ukd em;raxmifbJ
cifykd;yef;csD/
/ rMum;zl;ygbl;/
wpfcgrS em;raxmifzl;wJhoDcsif;awGukd orD; b,fvdkqdk,lovJ/ jyefqdkaw;ukd em;axmifvdkufwm/ jyefqdkaw;urSm;awmh olwdkYu
cifykd;yef;csD/
/ tJ o nf h t xJ r S m ES p f y k ' f ? oH k ; yk ' f trSm;BuD;jzpfa&m/ tJ't
D rSm;BuD;ukd qdMk ur,f? aysmfMur,fuav;awGudk
avmufawmh em;axmifzl;ygw,f/ tara':wifwifjrqdkwJh wpfausmh jyifay;&ygw,f/ tJonfvdktrSm;awGSdw,f U U U 'Dacwfu U U U /
tef w D x m;wd k Y a cwf w k e f ; uqd k & if "mwf j ym;&zk d Y bk w f u ae
ESpfausmhaw;ukdoDwdkY? wrmvrf;wdkY? eufjzef(odkYr[kwf)b,faomcgwdkY
tqifhqifhppfMuw,fav/ ppfNyD;awmhrSomvQif "mwfjym;&Muwmukd;/
orD;em;axmifzl;ygw,fSifh/
tJonfawmh tJonfhtqdkawmfBuD;awGqdkwJhoDcsif;ukdaum orD; tck a cwf u awmh vG , f v G , f q d k a eMuw,f / tJ o nf h t wG u f oD c sif ;
awGu ykdysufpD;vG,fw,fvdkYajymvdkY&vm;/
jyef e m;axmif a o;vm;/
a':xm;/ / [kwfw,f/ [dkacwfwkef;uawmh ukd,fa&'D,dk toH
cifykd;yef;csD/
/ tJ o nf v d k em;raxmif z l ; ygbl ; /
'Dbufacwfayghaemf U U U tefwDeDeD0if;aTwdkY? rrpdk;pEmxGef;wdkYqdkwm vTifhw,f qdkygawmh/ toHu a&'D,dkyJSdwmukd;/ uufqufawmif
em;axmifzl;w,f/
ray:ao; zwJhacwf/ a&'D,dkrSm ukd,fqdkvkdufvdkYSd&if oDcsif;u aumif;
aMomf / trS e f r S m av orD ; U U Url & if ; oD c sif ; uk d qd k N yD ; em;axmif oGm;vdkYSd&if jrefrmhtoHrSm request awmif;Muw,f/ cP U U U
vdkYSd&if orD;qdkwJhyHkpHajymif;oGm;r,fvdkYxifvm;/
cP awmif;Mu&if "mwfjym;ukrPDawGu vdkufvmNyD; "mwfjym;oGif;
cifykd;yef;csD/
/ [kwf/ xifygw,f/
w,f / tJ o nf v d k p epf a ygh a v/ tJ o nf a wmh uk d , f h a tmif j rif r I q d k
bmvd k Y em;raxmif j zpf w mvJ /
wmuawmh ukd,fhukd,fukd aMumfjimvdkuf U U U bmvkyfvkduf acwfr[kwf
cifykd;yef;csD/
/ tJonfhoDcsif;awGuvnf; Sm&cuf bl;av/ ukd,fhzmomukd,fqdkHkyJ/ ukd,faumif;vdkYSd&if ausmfMum;oGm;
w,fayghaemf/ NyD;awmh orD;wdkYtckacwfrSmSdaewmuvnf; jyefqdkxm; wmyJ/
wmawGyJqdkawmh orD;vnf; em;raxmifjzpfbl;/
jzpfapcsifwJhtwGufaMumifhyg/
tazeJ Y t ar emrnf a jymygOD ; /
cifykd;yef;csD/
/ azazuawmh OD;oef;xGef;0if;yg/
araruawmh a':cifat;odef;yg/
ol w d k Y a &m *D w rsd K ;k d ; S d v m;/
cifykd;yef;csD/
/ rSyd gbl;/ araruawmh oDcsif;qdw
k m
0goemygygw,f/
tdrfrSmqdkw,f/

19

quf v uf a zmf j yygrnf

,cifwpfywfrStquf

'gayr,fh emrnfSdaewJhtqdkawmfawGu 'DoDcsif;awG rqdkEdkif

Mubl ; / bmaMumif h v J /
a':xm;/
/ tJ'gu tajccHaygh/ tajccHvdkwm/ nDxG#f
ajymoGm;ovdkyJ tajccHu r[m*DwukdaMunufovm;/ b,favmuf
tajccHcdkifovJqdkwmukd 'Duav;u r[m*Dwukdvnf; cdkifvdkY olvnf;
,Hk,HkMunfMunfeJY 'DoDcsif;awGukd qdkcdkif;vdkufwmayghav/ tJ'gu
jrefrmrIrSm? jrefrmh*DwrSm jrefrmh*DwtajccHav;awG wwfvmvdkY Sd&if
'DoDcsif;awGqdk&wm acwfuawmh acwftavsmufayghav/ cHpm;csuf
csif;u rwlbl;aygh/ r[m*Dwqdk&if vnf;
toHay:rSmrlwnfNyD; 'JhyJqdkoGm; Muw,f/
acwf o D c sif ; usawmh cH p m;csuf u sawmh
Oyrm b,foDcsif;ukd b,fvdkcHpm; U U U
olU&JUpmom;tvdu
k f b,fvckd pH m; qdrk ,fqkd
wmav;acwf u awmh ajymif ; w,f a ygh /
tJ'gav;awG oifvkdufawmh 'Duav;u
tukef&w,f/
aMomf U U U [k w f u J h / tJ o nf a wmh
olU&JUtajccHSdvdkYom 'DoDcsif;awG qdkEdkif
wmaygh a emf /
a':xm;/
/ 'gaygh / [k w f
w,f/
tJ o nf a wmh 'D u aeY uav;awG
'D v d k o D c sif ; awG q d k z d k Y b,f v d k w G e f ; tm;
awG a Mumif h ol w d k Y q d k j zpf w mvJ / ol w d k Y
tbd k ; awG aMumif h v m;/ ol w d k Y t od k i f ;
t0dkif;aMumifhvm;/ olwdkYukd,fwdkif ADZu
ygvmwmvm;/
a':xm;/
/
olvnf;
ADZrygbJeJYawmh r&bl;/ ADZuvnf; ygrS/
b,favmufBuD; rdbawGu wdkufwGef;
aomfjim;vnf; uav;u pdwfrygbl;/
aemufNyD;awmhvnf; tajccH rcdkifbl;qdk
&ifawmhrjzpfEdkifbl;/ tcku olu tajccH
vnf;ckdifw,f/ rsdK;dk;ADZvnf; Sdw,fav/
ol U tbd k ; u 0g;c,f r OD ; &J a rmif v d k Y
od&w,fav/
a':xm;/
/ [kwfygw,f/
a':xm;/
/
olUta':uvnf; arGuf0g/ olUtajccH
av;uvnf; aumif;ygw,f/
tJonfawmh olUoDcsif;q,fyk'frSm ol cufcufcJcJqdkcJh&wJhoDcsif;
awG u b,f o D c sif ; awG j zpf r vJ /
a':xm;/
/ olu cufcufcJcJqdkcJh&w,fqdkawmh b,f
oDcsif;qdkcJh&ovJ/ orD;ajymygOD;/ orD; b,foDcsif;rSm cufaevJ/
cifykd;yef;csD/
/ orD; ykwfwvkwfuefoDcsif;rSm cuf
w,f/
bmaMumif h cuf o vJ /
cifykd;yef;csD/
/ tJ'D ykww
f vkwu
f efu orD;twGuf
uD;uvnf; jrifhw,f/ NyD;awmh enf;enf; pdrf;wJhoDcsif;vdkjzpfaew,f/
aMomf U U U tJ o nf a wmh orD ; uk d ar;vd k u f O D ; r,f tpf r aemf /
orD;u tck 'DoDcsif;q,fyk'fukd xkwfwJhykd*sLqmvnf; Sdw,faygh
aemf / oif a y;wJ h bG m ;bG m ; tef w D x m;vnf ; S d w ,f / aemuf w pf c g
orD ; tbd k ; uvnf ; orD ; uk d aoaocsmcsm guide vk y f a y;yH k & yg
w,f a emf / orD ; u qk a wmif r S (14) qk & awmh orD ; u (11) ES p f r S m
(14) qk&w,fqdkawmh yg&rDu racbl;vdkY ajym&rSmayghaemf/ tJonf
awmh 'D o D c sif ; awG q d k & vd r f h r ,f v d k Y orD ; arQmf v if h c J h z l ; ovm;/
cifykd;yef;csD/
/ i,fi,fav;uwnf;u jrefrmoH vnf;
0goemygygw,f/ arQmfvifhcJhzl;ygw,f/
(11) ES p f t G , f r S m igawmh tacG x k w f & r,f h t qif h a &muf N yD v d k Y
arQmfvifhcJhzl;ovm;/
cifykd;yef;csD/
/ tJonfvdkawmh rarQmfvifhcJhbl;/
orD; b,ftG,frSm oDcsif; pqdkwmvJ/ orD;tbdk;taMumif;?
wpf c g rd b taMumif ; ? orD ; ta': oif a y;cJ h z l ; ovm;/ tJ ' gav;
ajymjyygOD ; /
cifykd;yef;csD/
/ orD; ESpEf pS o
f rD;? oH;k ESpo
f rD;avmuf
pNyD; pqdkwmyg/
aMomf /
cifykd;yef;csD/
/ tJonfhuae trsm;BuD;qdkvmyg
w,f/ NyD;awmh arG;aeYyGJSd&if oGm;qdkay;ygw,f/ bdk;bdk;uawmh kyfSif
awG bmawGkdufawmh odyfrtm;awmh orD;ukd rjyEdkifygbl;/ a':a':u
olU[mol yGJawGqdkae&vdkY rtm;bl;/ araruayghaemf U U U orD;wdkY
r[m*Dw q&mrBuD;Sdygw,f/ q&mrBuD;a':wifhwifh0if;qD aeYwdkif;
reufwdkif; araru orD;ukd oGm;oGm;oifay;ygw,f/
aMomf tazeJYtartaMumif; ajymjyOD;/ olwdkYu olwdkYukd,fwdkif
tqd k a wmf r jzpf c J h v d k Y orD ; uk d tqd k a wmf j zpf a tmif twif ; acsmuf
cswmvm;/
cifykd;yef;csD/
/ r[k w f y gbl ; / uk d , f h o rD ; av;uk d

wGifusif;yaom 14th Photo City "mwfykHjyyGJ

yg0ifjyocJhaom "mwfykHynm&Sifrsm;ESifh awGUqkHcJh&m
"mwf y k H - xif v if ; (Golden Arrow)
uk d x if v if ; wd k Y q d k & if tazuvnf ; ynmS i f a ygh a emf / tJ ' grsd K ;
qufeJYqdkifvm;/
rsdK;qufeJYvnf; rqdkifygbl; ukdcdkif/ bmvdkvJqdkawmh [dkoif;vdkYawmh
ajymwmr[kwfygbl;/ wcsdKUvnf; tazu "mwfyHkq&mrdkY om;u "mwfyHk
q&mjzpf&r,fvdkYawmh yHkaoBuD;awmh r[kwfygbl;/ uGsefawmfhtjrifajym
wmayghaemf/ pdwf0ifpm;rItay: rlwnfygw,f/ tvkyfwpfckukd wpdkufrwf
rwfvkyfzdkY vkdtyfwmayghaemf/ [dkwkef;u uGsefawmfhtbdk;awGajymzl;wmrSm
vkyfief;wpfckvkyf&if (10) ESpfavmufu tusdK;cHpm;zdkY r&Edkifbl;ayghaemf/
(10) ESpfausmfaemufykdif;rS 'Dvkyfief;&JUtusdK;ukd cHpm;Edkif&w,fwJh/
t"duuawmh tvkyfukd [dkajymif;'D
ajymif ; rvk y f z d k Y ol u ajymwmaygh /
uGsefawmfh zukv
d nf; 'Dtvkyv
f yk af wmh
wpdkufrwfrwfvkyfzdkY oluajymwm/
uGsefawmfwdkYtvkyfusawmh service
vkyfief;jzpfawmh wpdkufrwfrwfvkyf
wm yk d a umif ; w,f / service
ay;aewmukd; ukdcdkif&/ 'D service
vkyfief;xJrSm uGsefawmf wpdkufrwf
rwfvkyfvmwm ykdtqifajyygw,f/
q&mwd k Y a cwf w k e f ; u emrnf
wpfvHk;&zdkY awmfawmfvnf;
cJ , Of ; w,f / awmf a wmf v nf ; xl
axmif & w,f / tck u awmh 'pf * spf
w,facwfajymif;oGm;vdkYvm;
rod b l ; U U U "mwf y H k a wG v nf ;
vkyfief; vkoHk;vmwmvnf; trsm;
BuD ; awG U &w,f / aps;awG v nf ;
tNyd K if t qd k i f aps;uG u f z suf w m
awGvnf; awGU&w,fayghaemf/ tJ'g
awG u "mwf y k H y nmS i f w pf a ,muf
twGuf tEkwfvuPmjzpfw,fvdkY
ajymvd k Y & vm;/
&wmayghaemf U U U uGsefawmfh
tjrifqdk&if/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh
"mwfyHkq&mwpfa,muf &yfwnfzdkYqdk
wm income SdrS &yfwnfvdkY&rSm/
ukdcdkifBuD;pOf;pm;Munfh/ b,fvkyfief;
rqdkaygh/ csrf;omvdkYvkyfw,fqdk&if
awmh jyemrSdbl;/ &wJh0ifaiGwpf
ckeJY &yfwnf&r,fqdk&if olUrSmxdkuf
oifhwJh tEkynmaMu;&rS &yfwnfvdkY
&rSmuk;d / 'Dvt
kd NydKiftqdik af wGvyk v
f mw,fqw
kd m aps;awGavQmhw,fq&kd if
aSUtwGuftvm;tvmawmh raumif;bl;aygh/ uGsefawmfjrifwmaygh/
tck "mwf y H k j yyG J v k y f M uawmh 'D " mwf y H k w pf y H k & J U prize wef z d k ; uk d
b,folu jzwfay;vJ/ Oyrm yef;csDq&mawGyJqdkygpdkY/ yef;csDjycef;ujy&if
percentage b,favmufay;&r,fqdkwm SdNyD;om;ayghaemf/ "mwfyHk
awG u sawmh tJ ' D v d k S d o vm;/
"mwfyHkawGuawmh trSefawmh rSdygbl;/ 'gu bmvJqdkawmh
"mwfyHkorm;wpfa,muf&JUukd,fykdifqHk;jzwfcsufayghaemf/ 'DyHkwpfykHukd
'D a vmuf & rS a &mif ; r,f v d k Y uk d , f u qH k ; jzwf x m;&if 'D a vmuf & rS m yJ
a&mif;aygh/ 'gu olvnf;olU&JUwefzdk;wpfckukd? olzefwD;xm;wJhtEkynm
wpfcu
k dk owfrw
S v
f u
kd w
f mayghaemf/ trsm;uae owfrw
S w
f ,fqw
kd mawmh
rS d y gbl ; / uG s ef a wmf x if w ,f U U U b,f r S m rS r S d b l ; / 'gayr,f h
tMurf;zsif;awmh? tajccHtm;jzifhawmh Sdw,f/ yHkwpfyHkayghaemf/ Oyrm
uGsefawmfwdkY image bank wpfckaxmifawmh tMurf; generally owfrSwf
ay;&w,f U U Y olU&JUtEkynmaMu;ukd/ owfrSwfNyD;rS 0ifwJhvluvnf;
tqifajyw,f/ pOf;pm;vdkY&atmif/ yHkawGu trsm;BuD;ukd;/ tJ'Dvdkjzpfvm
w,f/ 'gayr,fh solo artawGusawmh olUpdwfBudKufowfrSwfvdkY&w,fav/
olUzmomol b,favmufowfrSwfrSwf? b,fvdkyJvkyfvkyf olU own
decision yJ/
tJ ' D a wmh jycef ; awG u percentage owf r S w f c suf a wG tck v wf
wavmrS m rS d b l ; aygh /
uGsefawmfwdkYyGJukdvm;/
wjcm; photo gallery awG r S m vnf ; od y f r awG U &bl ; aygh a emf /
yef;csDrSmawmhSdw,f/ yef;csDrSm percentage b,favmufay;&r,fqdkwm
Sdw,f/
rsm;aomtm;jzifh yef;csDu gallery eJY percentage eJY tay;t,lvyk Mf u
wmSdw,f/
yef;csDeJY"mwfyHk obm0rwlwmwpfckonf "mwfyHku aumfyDyGm;ay;
Muw,f a ygh a emf / aumf y D y G m ;wmuk d wcsd K U0,f o d r f ; csif w J h v l a wG u
rBud K uf b l ; / od k Y a omf "mwf y H k q &muawmh ol U uk d , f y k d i f j zpf w J h t wG u f ?
olU rightjzpfwJhtwGuf b,fESyHktxd yGm;r,fqdkwJhrlSdw,fvdkYajymMu
w,f / tJ ' grsd K ; pH a wG u k d b,f o l u owf r S w f a y;vJ /
'D[mukd b,folu owfrSwfvmvJqdkawmh uGsefawmf wdwdusus
rodb;l / limited edition qdw
k m knowledge av;wpfcu
k akd wmh Edik if jH cm;rSm

20

"mwfyHkq&mawG vkyfMuw,f/ 'g "mwfyHkq&mawGuyJ pOf;pm;NyD;rS

'D[mav;ukd aG;cs,fvu
kd w
f ,fvYkd uGsefawmfxifygw,f/ ud,
k yhf u
kH ,
dk f
vnf; wefz;kd wpfc&k atmif? uk,
d &hf UJ [do
k if;udv
k nf; image jrSiw
hf ifwhJ
taeeJYvkyfw,fvdkY jrifygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh limited edition qdkwm
uGsefawmfwdkY"mwfyHkrSm ay:vmw,f/ zvifacwfwkef;uqdk&if wpfcg
wnf; olu yHkukdxkwfay;vdkufwm/ xkwfxm;NyD;om;/ one to ten
(10) yHkukd xkwfxm;NyD;om;/ olUu tJ'D e*wpfukd trsm;taSUrSm
rD;dIUypfvkdufw,f/ 'DyHkaemufxyf xGufp&mrSdawmhbl;av/ NyD;awmh
"mwfyHkq&mu Oyrm eHygwfwpfckudk odrf;xm;vdkufw,f/ wl;? o&D;?
zdk;? zdkufqdkNyD; aps;awG wpfcka&mif;/ aemufqHk;ukefcgeD;av wefzdk;
wpfckSdoGm;atmif 'gvkyfNyD;awmh limited edition qdkNyD; vkyfa&mif;
w,f/ tJ'DtaMumif;av;ukdawmh [dkwkef;u uGsefawmfMum;zl;w,f?

zwfzl;w,f/ tck ukdrdk;rif; (Rays)uvnf; limited edition vkyf

xm;w,fayghaemf/ 'g olUpdwful;yg/ olUukdar;&ifawmh ykdwdusr,f/
aemufwpfcku "mwfyHkeJYywfoufvdkY pmtkyfxkwfMuwJhtcgrSm
jref r mEd k i f i H t aMumif ; uk d Ed k i f i H j cm;om;awG u yJ pmtk y f v k y f N yD ;
vk y f p m;aeMuwmrsm;w,f / jref r mEd k i f i H u "mwf y H k y nmS i f a wG u
international xk w f z d k Y bmvd k Y r pOf ; pm;MuwmvJ /
r[kwfbl;As/ t"duu xkwfa0oleJY reD;pyfwmvnf; ygwm
ayghaemf/ aemufNyD;awmh 'D[mxkwfzdkYtwGufukdvnf; vkyfEdkifwJhol
Sm;w,fAs/ xkwzf BYkd udK;pm;w,f/ uGsefawmfoo
d avmufq&kd if BudK;pm;
Muygw,f/ tckaemufykdif; "mwfyHkq&mawGvnf; ukd,fhzmomukd,f
xkwfzdkY vkyfaeMuw,f/ trSefuawmh aoaocsmcsmvkyfzdkYawmh
aumif;wmayghav/
[d k w avmuqd k & if 7 Days in Myanmar qdkNyD; vmvkyfoGm;
w,fav/
ol u vmvk y f w mu t"d u u bmvJ q d k a wmh local
photographer awG&JUtjrifeJY International rSmSdwJh photographer
awG&JUtjrifawGukd vdkcsifvdkY/ uGsefawmfu xkwfa0ol side uae
pOf;pm;wmav/ tJ'Dtcgusawmh olwdkYukdac:vdkufwmaygh/ wdkif;jynf
wdkif;u emrnfBuD;"mwfyHkq&mawGukd olwdkY choose vkyfNyD;rS
'Dac:vmNyD;rS kdufcdkif;vdkufwm? assignment ay;wm/ 'D[muvnf;
bmvJqakd wmh Edik if w
H um culture exchange awGrmS trsm;qH;k 'Denf;ukd
oHk;w,f/ uarm'D;,m;u pmtkyfawGqdk&ifvnf; tJ'DvdkyJ/ EdkifiH
wumu "mwfyHkq&mawGukd ac:wm/ local "mwfyHkq&mvnf;
kdufw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh olu tjrifrwlbl;/ photographer
wpfa,mufu 'D angel wpfckukd tedrfhjrifcsifjrifr,f/ aemuf
wpfa,mufu tjrifhjrifcsifjrifr,f/ oloHk;wJh focal length range
uvnf; olu 'gukdoHk;csifayr,fh aemufwpfa,mufu wjcm;
range ukdoHk;r,f/ tJ'Dvdk tjrifawG rwlEdkifbl;/ tJ'gaMumifhrdkYvdkY
olu tJ'Dvdkac:&w,fvdkY uGsefawmfxifwmayghaemf/ uGsefawmfqdk&if
vnf; olwdkYae&mu pOf;pm;&if tJ'DvdkyJac:r,f/
uGsefawmfwkdYjrefrmEdkifiH&JU"mwfyHktqifhu EdkifiHwumeJY ,SOfr,f
qdk&if b,favmufrSmSdw,fvdkY ajymvdkY&ovJ/
,SOfvdkY&w,f/ b,fae&mjzpfjzpf uGsefawmfxifwm anyway
/ tck EdkifiHwum"mwfyHkq&mawG jrefrmjynfukd vmcsifw,f/

uGsefawmfwdkYu bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh t&ifwkef;u jrefrmjynf&JU"mwfyHk

q&mawGukd vlrodvnf;qdkawmh uGsefawmfwdkYwdkif;jynfu ydwfqdkYrIawG
rsm;aew,f/ 'Dwdkif;jynfrSm b,f"mwfyHkq&memrnfBuD;vJ/ olU&JU skillukd
b,fvrkd w
S ikd ;f wmvdYk r&bl;/ tck tGev
f ikd af ;cwfa&mufvmawmh tGev
f ikd ;f
ay:rSm jrefrmjynfu"mwfyq
kH &mawGtrsm;BuD;Sw
d ,f/ olwpYkd w
d 0f ifpm;wm
travel qdk travel taMumif;/ vlawGqdk&if vlawGtaMumif;/ tJ'gawGukd
webpage awGudk 'Du"mwfyq
kH &mawGu tckwifxm;NyD/ wifxm;wJt
h cg
usawmh EdkifiHwumu tm;vHk;u pdwf0ifpm;w,f/ Oyrm tck travel
eJYywfoufr,fqdk&if tckvufSd ausmfausmf0if;wdkY? atmifjynfpdk;wdkYSd
w,f/ olwq
Ykd &kd if travel photo guide awGvyk af ew,f/ 'g international
u olwdkYukd ac:wm/ tGefvdkif;rSm olwdkYpum;ajymw,f/ [dkbufuae
photo tour awGvmw,f/ location awGukd vdkufjyw,f/ olwdkYvdkcsifwm
qifay;w,f/ olwdkYkdufxm;wJhyHkawGuvnf;
olwq
Ykd u
kd rf mS yHak ygif;wpfaxmifavmufw
dS ,f/
tJ ' gawG u k d Ed k i f i H w um"mwf y H k q &mawG u
study vkyfw,f/ vkyfNyD;rS 'Dukdvmw,f/ tJ'D
awmh vmr,fh&moDqdk&if 'DaumifawGqdk&if
tvk y f u k d rtm;&bl ; / awmuf a vQmuf
tvkyfSdw,f/
t&ifwkef;u yk*Harmifarmifvkyfovdkaygh/
tif;/ yk*Harmifarmifvkyfovdk/ yk*Harmif
D rkd sKd ;
armifwaYkd cwfu analogue acwfaygh/ tJ'v
photo tour guide awG/ tck tJ'DtvkyfawG
uG s ef a wmf w d k Y j yef v k y f & w,f / travel k d u f w J h
"mwfyHkq&mawGayghaemf/
"mwf y H k e J Y y wf o uf & if usef w J h a e&mrS m
rlykdifcGifhwdkYbmwdkY ajymMuw,fayghaemf/ q&mwkdY
todkif;t0dkif;rSmaum rlykdifcGifheJYywfoufvdkY
jyifqifxm;wm? vkyfukdifxm;wm Sdovm;/
tJ'geJYywfoufNyD; uGsefawmfwdkY (10)
Budrfajrmuf workshop awmh wufvdkufw,f
As/ wufvkdufawmh tckaemufqHk; vTwfawmf
ukdwifvdkufawmh final proof uawmh uGsef
awmfwdkYvnf; rodvdkuf&bl;/ uGsefawmfwdkYu
vnf; uGsefawmfwdkY side uae vdkcsifwm
awmif;qdkw,f/ tJ'D workshop awGrSm uGsef
awmfwdkYvdkcsifwmawmif;qdkw,f/ awmif;qdk
wmukd government side eJY lawyer side
uae 'gukd jzpfoifh? rjzpfoifh aqG;aEG;NyD;rS
uGsefawmfwt
Ykd qdak wGwifoiG ;f cJw
h ,f/ 'gayr,fh
PHOTO : YOH
'Dtqdkukd aemufqHk; proof vkyfrSmu odyHeJY
enf;ynmvm; rodbl;As U U U 0efBuD;Xmeuae
vkyfrSm/ olwdkY&JUrlMurf;ukd uGsefawmfwkdYrMunfh
vdu
k &f bl;aygh/ olww
Ykd ifvu
kd w
f m vTwaf wmfu
proof jzpf&ifawmh &rSmayghaemf/ t"duawmh rlykdifcGifhqdkwm law u
strong jzpfrS uGsefawmfwdkYuvnf; aemufu artist &JU life u
SifoefvdkY&rSm/ tJ'DvdkSdw,f/
uGsefawmf ukdarmifarmifvSjrifheJYawGUvdkY ar;wJhtcgrSmvnf; olu
tJ ' D v d k a jymMu? qd k M uwJ h t cgrS m wJ h ? k y f S i f a wG ? *D w awG ? pmayawG ?
obifawGuyJ ajymaeMuwmyJwJh/ olwdkYyef;csDeJYywfoufvdkY xJxJ0if
0ifajymr,fhol wpfa,mufrSrSdbl;wJh/ olwdkYtcef;u@ukd odyfpdwf
0if p m;wJ h o l rS d b l ; vd k Y ol u oH k ; oyf w ,f /
uGsefawmfu tJ'gawmh rodb;l As/ olwYkd tJ'w
D ek ;f uawmh uGsefawmf
wdkY zdwfawmhzdwfw,fAs/ eD;rSzdwfwmayghaemf/ aejynfawmfoGm;wuf&
w,f/ pDpOfay;rIvnf; rSdbl;/ ukd,fuom pdwf0ifpm;vdkYom ukd,fhtpD
tpOfeJYukd,f? ukd,fhp&dwfeJYukd,f oGm;NyD;rS ajymqdkcJhMuwmav/ tJ'DvdkrsdK;
av;awmh Sdw,f/
tck uGsefawmfMunfhwJhtcgrSm wcsdKUyef;csDq&mrsm;u "mwfyHkawG
ul ; cswm S d M uw,f / tJ ' geJ Y y wf o uf v d k Y b,f v d k r sm; tumtuG , f
vkyfxm;MuvJ/
tJ'gawGu copyright law wdwdususxGufvmNyDqdk&if olwdkYem;
vnfvmvdrrhf ,f/ PpGr;f tm;&JUrlyidk cf iG ahf wGu b,fvkd v
dS q
J w
kd m odvm
&if olwdkYaSmifrSmyg/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh 'gawGu tJ'Dtcsdefusawmh
NidvmEdik w
f m aocsmw,f/ 'Dpw
d u
f ;l ukd b,fuptaumiftxnfazmfv/J
ppdwful;vdkufuwnf;ukdu own idea SdwJhvlu right u wpfpdwf
wpfykdif;oufqdkifaeNyDav/
tck v d k 'D j yyG J a wG v k y f w J h t cgrS m uwf w avmuf p mtk y f x k w f w J h
tqif h a vmuf y J S d M uw,f a ygh a emf / 'geJ Y y wf o uf v d k Y ajymwma[m
wmawG ? 'guk d develop jzpf a tmif v k y f w mawG tm;enf ; aewm
bmaMumifhvJ/
tJ'gu organizer eJv
Y nf; vdw
k ,f/ artist awG&UJ tawGUtBuHKvnf;
vkw
d maygh/ 'gawGudk uGsefawmfwt
Ykd NrJwrf;awmh discuss vkyaf eygw,f/
Edik if jH cm;rSmqd&k if uGsefawmfwu
Ydk exhibition wpfcv
k yk Nf yDq&kd if exhibitor
&JU workshop awGawmufavQmufvkyf&w,f/ 'grS vmMunfhwJh y&dowf
u pdwf0ifpm;w,fav/ qGJaqmifvdkYvnf;&w,f/ ol share vkyfvdkY
vnf;&w,f/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmayghaemf/ tJ'DvdkrsdK;pDpOfwm/

quf v uf a zmf j yygrnf

,cifwpfywfrStquf

The Yangon Gallery

odef;wpfaxmifausmf &wm&Sdw,f
r[kwfvm; tJ'gqdk acgif;avmif;
wpf v H k ; 0,f v d k Y & NyD ? 0,f N yD ; &if
nbuf tJ o nf h
acgif;avmif;udk jrpf
xJoGm;csxm;vdkuf/
reufusawmh acgif;
avmif;awGUNyDqdkNyD;
jyefq,fvu
kd ?f acgif;
avmif;uawmh
enf ; enf ; ao;oG m ;
w,f? tJ'g orkdif;
okawoDawG trSwf
rSm;vdq
Yk Nkd yD;ajymvdu
k f
&if NyD;a&m? vlawG
pd w f n pf a ewmawG
aysmf o G m ;rS m aygh /
kyf&SifokyfaqmifvGifrdk;eJY yef;csDarmifarmifvSjrifh&JU wpfudk,f r[kwfbl;vm;tpfudk&m acgif;avmif;&SmawGUNyDaemfvdkY
awmfyef;csDjyyGJusif;ywJh &efukef tvHkvrf;u &efukef*,fv&DrSm ajymjyoGm;ygw,f/ [kwfuJh kyf&SifokyfaqmifvGifrdk;&JU
qHkjzpfygw,f/ ZeD;
jzpfol aroleJYtwl
vG w f v G w f v yf v yf
aygh a ygh y g;yg;a&muf
vmwJ h vG i f r d k ; u
"rapwDacgi;f avmif;&Sm
azGae wmeJyY wfouf
NyD; olY&JU [momPf
eJ Y acgif ; avmif ; &S m
enf;udk ajymjyoGm;cJh
ygw,f / ]]acgif ;
avmif;&Smwm vG,f
vG , f a v;yg tck
tvS L aiG a wG usyf

acgif;avmif;&Smenf;yg OD;pHvif;BuD;udk vGifrkd;enf;av; vufwdkYvdkuf&if

b,fhES,fhaervJAsm/

21

jrefrmEdkifiHe,fpyfa'ozGHUNzdK;a&;em,u awmf0ifzGHY NzdK;a&;azmifa';&Sif;Ou|BuD;

OD;udkudkaxG;tm; *kPfjyKyGJusif;y

&ef u k e f puf w if b m 20
2014 pufwifbm 20 &uf eHeufydkif;u &efukef? jynfvrf;?
IBC cef;rwGif jrefrmEkdifiHe,fpyfa'ozGHUNzdK;a&;toif; em,u awmf0if
zGHUNzdK;a&;azmifa';&Sif;Ou|BuD; OD;udkukdaxG;tm; *kPfjyKyGJwpf&yfusif;y
cJhonf/
tqdkygtcrf;tem;wGif pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0efBuD;
Xme jynfaxmifpk0efBuD; OD;0if;jrifhu *kPfjyKtrSmpum;ajymMum;cJhNyD;
bD'aD tOu|tNidr;f pm;oHtrwfBuD; OD;armifarmifp;kd wif?h bD'aD ttoif;
em,uq&mBuD;OD;oef;OD;wdkYu *kPfjyKpum;ajymMum;cJhMuonf/
xdkaemuf em,uOD;udkudkaxG;u bD'Dattoif;odkY 2014 ckESpf
wGif usyf odef;ESpf&mvSL'gef;cJhNyD; bD'Dattoif;\ *kPfjyKvufaqmif
udk toif;\udk,fpm; &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmfOu| OD;pdefwif
0if;u csD;jrifhcJhum em,uOD;udkudkaxG;u aus;Zl;wifpum;qdkcJhonf/
xkdYaemuf trSwfw& pkaygif;"mwfyHkdkuful;Muum aeYv,fpmjzifh
wnfcif;{nfhcHcJhonf/
owif;ESifh"mwfyHk-YOH

yef;yefaeqJ

MPT

atmf&D'l;qif;uwfrsm; aps;uGufwGif;odkY a&muf&SdvmcsdefwGif MPT

onfvnf; ydkrkd;&Sif;rsm;jyKvkyf qif;uwfrsm;udk a&mif;csvQuf&Sdjyef
&m toHk;jyKvdkolrsm;? tjrwfwifa&mif;csvdkolrsm; 0dkif;0dkif;vnfvQuf/
arwmydkYolrsm;tMum;rSyif yef;yefvQuf&SdqJjzpfaMumif; avhvmawGU&Sd&
onf/
owif;ESifh"mwfyHk-YOH

udkifZm arqGd arcvmwdkYonf i,fi,fwkef;u oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpf

onf/ olwdkYonf wpfacwfwpfcgu tEkynmavmuxJodkY a&muf&Sd
Ekdif&ef q,fausmfouft&G,frSmyif rqkwfrepf BudK;pm;cJhMuolrsm;vnf;
jzpfonf/ olwdkYonf umvwpfckwGif udk,fydkift&nftcsif;jzifh vif;
vufawmufycJhaom tEkynmMu,fyGifhrsm;vnf;jzpfonf/
olwo
Ykd nf umvwpfcw
k iG f atmifjrifru
I kd axG;ayGUum wpfa,muf
wpfae&m wpfajrjcm;pD a0;uGmoGm;cJhMujyefonf/
onfhaemuf olwdkYonf udk,fhvrf;udk,fazmuf udk,fhvrf;udk,f
avQmufum udkifZm? arqGd? arcvm[l xlaxmifEkdifcJhMuonf/

22

onfhaemuf olwdkYonf olwdkYoDcsif;rsm;udk jyefqdkaerIrsm;tay:

MunfEl;vsuf&Sd&mrS olwdkYoHk;OD; tEkynmcspfpdwfjzifh jyefvnfaygif;pnf;
um olwdkYoDcsif; olwdkYjyefjyMurnfqHkaomtcg pdwf0ifpm;oltaygif;
wdkYonf. . ./
olwdkYonf i,fi,fwkef;u oli,fcsif;rsm; taotcsmjzpfcJhMu
olrsm;jzpfonf/ ckvnf; olwdkYonf tEkynmoli,fcsif;rsm; tao
tcsmjzpfaeMuqJjzpfonf/
qefeDtkef;cdkif
Photo-YOH

a&&SnfzGHY NzdK;wdk;wufonfU rD'D,m0ef;usifwnfaxmifEkdifa&; tBuHjyKaqG;aEG;yGJusif;y

&ef u k e f puf w if b m 19
a&&SnfzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufonfh rD'D,m0ef;usif wnfaxmifEkdifa&;
twGuf wwd,tBudrf jrefrm owif;rD'D,mzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;nDvmcH
udk ,aeYwGif 'kwd,aeYtjzpf &efukefNrdKU csufx&D,rf[dkw,f quf
vuf usif;ycJhonf/
tqdkygnDvmcHwGif pme,fZif;aumifpDESifh wdkifMum;rIrsm;tay:
ajz&Sif;a&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;? rD'D,mu@udk pD;yGm;a&;t& a&&Snf&Sifoef
Ekdif&ef pDrHcefYcGJjcif;? rD'D,m? Nidrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufjcif;ESifh jynfolY
vlaY bmiftzGUJ tpnf;rsm;? rD',
D mOya'jy|mef;NyD;umv vGwv
f yfpmG xkwf
azmfajymqdkcGifhtay: Oya'\ tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm; ponfh u@
rsm;tm; aqG;aEG;cJMh u&m wufa&mufvmMuonfh jynfwiG ;f jynfy owif;
rD'D,mrsm;u od&Sdvdkonfh tcsufrsm;tm; ar;jref;NyD; oufqdkif&mu@
tvdkuf yg0ifaqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/
naeydkif;wGif jrefrmowif;rD'D,mzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;nDvmcHusif;y
onfh ESpf&ufwmtwGif; aqG;aEG;cJhMuonfh tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh pyf
vsOf; jyefvnfoHk;oyfaqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/
wwd,tBudrfusif;yonfh jrefrmrD'D,mzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;nDvmcH
odkY jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme jynfaxmifpk0efBuD; OD;&JxG#fESifhtwl wm0ef
&Sdolrsm;? vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;? ,leufpudk? EkdifiHwum rD'D,m
tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;? jrefrmEkid if H pme,fZif;aumifp(D ,m,D)? jynfwiG ;f owif;
rD'D,mrsm;ESifh zdwfMum;xm;ol (200)0ef;usifcefY wufa&mufcJhMuonf/
naeydkif;wGif jrefrmwdkif;rfrS *kPfjyK{nfhcHyGJ usif;ycJhaMumif; od&Sd
owif ; ES i f h " mwf y H k -YOH
&onf/

Maung Maung Hla Myint

THE WET CANVAS Solo Art Exhibition Yangon Gallery wG i f usif ; y
yef;csDynm&SifarmifarmifvSjrifh\ The Wet Canvas wpfudk,fawmfyef;csDjyyGJudk 2014 pufwifbm
16 &ufrS pufwifbm 22 &uftxd &efukef? tvHkvrf;&Sd &efukef*,fvm&DwGif aeYpOf jyovQuf&SdaMumif;
od&Sd&onf/ ]]uRefawmfu a&aq;udk onfvdka&;vdkY&w,f onfvdka&;&if&w,fqdkwm jyay;csifwm?
yef;csDtpnf;tHk;rSmvkyf&if; yef;csD um;ra&;Ekdifbl;vdkYajymaeMuwJholawGudkvnf; odapcsifvdkY a&;jy
wmyg}}[k qdkonf/ yef;csDarmifarmifvSjrifh\ a&aq;yef;csDum;rsm;udk jynfwGif;jynfyrS yef;csDum;pk
aqmif;olrsm;rS trsm;tjym;0,f,lpkaqmif;aeMuaMumif;vnf; od&Sd&onf/
owif;ESifh"mwfyHk-YOH

23

FOREVER GROUP & MYANMAR

FASHION DESIGNERS GROUP yl;aygif;
pD p Of w if q uf a om MDG MYANMAR
FASHION FAIR 2014-2015 yGJukd 2014

pufwifbm 19? 20 &ufrsm;u &efukef

prf;acsmif; &Sifapmykvrf;&Sd MYANMAR
EVENT PARK wGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJhaMumif;
od&Sd&onf/
YOH

24

1976 rwfv (24)&uf

jrpfv,fa&mufrS ]]nDav;wdkY orefjyefvSnfhcJhygOD;}}qdkwJh toH
Mum;vdkY urf;pyfudk jyefvSnfhMunfhvdkufawmhrS *sDo&D;eJY 0dkif;csdefxm;wJh
ppfAdkvf? ppfom;tkyfwpftkyfudk vSrf;awGUvdkuf&ygawmhw,f/
olwdkYaoewf&JU usnfxGufEIef; tuGmta0;udkvnf; em;rvnf/
udk,fhqD usnfa&mufEkdif ra&mufEkdifudkvnf; rcefYrSef;wwf/ tJvdkeJY
oHk;a,mufom; wdkifyifNyD; oreform;udk jyefvSnfhcdkif;vdkufw,f/
uRefawmfvnf; owdw& pvG,fodkif;vG,fNyD; aygifMum;usaewJh vG,f
tdwfxJ vufEdIuf/ pm&GufawGudk vHk;acsNyD; a&xJudk ESpf? puLom;
El;rS vufvTwf/ tBudrfBudrf azsmufzsufcJhyg&JU/ urf;pyfeJYeD;vmawmh
vIy&f mS ;vdYk r&awmhb;l / pm&Guaf wGu usefaeao;w,f/ vG,t
f w
d v
f u
kd f
ypfcsvdkuf&ifvnf; ay:wifBuD;/ a&ikwf&SmvdkY txkyfvdkuf txnf
vdkufrdoGm;&if jyemu wavS BuD;ajz&Sif;zdkYrvG,f/
vG,ftdwfxJ u bmpm&GufawG
usefvdkYusef rSef;rod/
tJ'geJY ppfaMuma&;rSm vdk&
r,f& ]]oydwfpcrf;udk nydkif;u
vlwpfa,muf a&mufvm
aMumif ; }} yH k y ef ; oP m ef a jymjy
]]olYudk,fol qifrvdkuf oabFmusif;u
udkbdkauvdkYajymNyD; &efyHkaiG (500)usyfeJY pm&Guf
vdyfwpfvdyfay;oGm;aMumif;}}? ]]tvkyfIyfaewm
eJY pm&Gufvdyfudkjznf rMunfhrd? bmawGygrSef;rod
aMumif;}} xGufqdkNyD; BudKumxm;vdkuf&w,f/
wu,fawmh uRefawmf Zmwfvrf;qifajymjyxm;
wJh udkbdkauqdkwJh emrnfeJY vlyHkyef;u uRefawmfh
Zmwd tif;0awmifaps;BuD;ae aA'ifq&mOD;wif&JU
om;yg/ b,faxmufawG b,favmufawmfawmf
&SmrawGU? tajzray:Ekdifygbl;/
Bud K umxm;&wmuvnf ; bmpm&G u f a wG
usefaerSef;rodvdkYyg/ rEav; rdIif;&mjynfhaumfrwD
0ifOD;apmvGifeJY &efukefrdIif;&mjynfhaumf rwD0if
ocifbarmifwdkY&JU tjyeftvSefay;pmawGvm;/
'grSr[kwf uRefawmfwdkY rdIif;&mjynfhoydwftwGuf
pm&Gufpmwrf;awG dkufay;NyD; oydwfwyfzGJU csDwuf
&mvrf;aMumif;wpfavQmuf tjyifpnf;u apmifh
a&Smufay;MuwJh&JabmfawGxkwfa0xm;wJh ]]rD;
armif;pmapmif}}awGrsm; usefaervm;rodEkdifvdkY
BudKumNyD; Safe Side vkyfxm;&wm/ bm rdrd udkbdk
auyJ/
1969 &efukefpufrIwuodkvfudk pa&mufw,fqdk&ifyJ uRefawmf
wdkYvdk pml; uAsml;awGtwGuf tcGifhtvrf;awGu qD;BudKaeygawmh
w,f/ wpfywfwpfBudrfxkwf pmul;pufpmapmif ]]pufrIowif;pOf}}?
]]ESpfvnfr*Zif;}}? aemuf ]]rGef;wnfhae&dyfuAsm0dkif;}}/ tEkynme,f
y,ftoD;oD;rSm ausmif;jyifyavmutxd c&D;aygufaeolawGudkvnf;
awGUqHk&if;ESD;cGifh&ygawmhw,f/ wuodkvfrdk;0g? rjrifhcdkif? &ifarmif?
rpEm? armifpdef0if;(ykwD;ukef;)? NyHK;(ajrvwf)/
tJ'DvdkeJY uAsmvufwnfhprf;Mu&if; a&;oltcsif;csif; aoG;wlarT;
wl pkrd&mu bkef;EG,fvif;eJY &if;ESD;cJh&/ ajr0g(wefYqnf)? cdkifatmif
(NrdKUa[mif;)? armifjrifhpH? armifqef;GefY(a&ausmf)wdkYeJY wGJcJhMu/ aemuf
0goemwlcsif; pkNyD; ausmif;a&SU bDyDtdkifrSwfwdkifrSm pG,fawmf&dyfpmay
tiSm;qdkifav;zGifhjzpfcJh/ azawmh armifawmh Best Seller awGrwif/
uav;awGtdyfaxmifxJu rkefYzdk;udk vkr,lcsifvdkY umwGef;? kyfjyrwif?
wpf&ufiSm;c (10)jym;/ ysHUESHYa&;t"du/
pG,fawmf&dyfrSmyJ pkaygif;avhvm tjrifcsif;zvS,f/ pkaygif;aqG;
aEG; pkaygif;a0zef pkaygif;pmtkyfxkwf/ ausmif;jyify uAsmtkyf pmay
tkyfawGeJYvnf; awGUqHk jiif;cHk/ tJ'DvdkeJY bkef;EG,fvif;oli,fcsif; armif
aA'g(xeD;)eJY tquftoG,f&/ wpfckaom pmqdkawmfaeY/ irkd;&dyfacsmif;
eab;u udkaA'g&JU wHigwJav;rSm/ RIT tkyfeJY awmifOuvmvli,f
tkyf/ pmaya&;&maqG;aEG;? ukvm;yJ[if;? ig;[if;eJY xrif;avG;/ rkdk;
pifpifvif;wJhtxd/ aemufqHk; ed*Hk;csKyfu vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;rS
wpfyg; tjcm;r&Sd/
1970 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;u wdk;wufwJhvli,fawG "m;aoG;tm;arG;
jyifqifaeMuwJhumvyg/ aemufqHk;aeY ESpftkyfwGJ (teD? teuf)aMumifh
Auy&JU U.G awG tusyftwnf;awGUaecsdef/ au'gopfpkaqmif;a&;
em;xm;csdef/ OD;EktzGJU PDP &JU AHk;cGJrIudk rESpfNrdKUwJhumv/ wdkif;&if;om;
awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; Armwdkif;&if;om;rsm;tay: tuefY
owfBuD;rm;csdef/ tJ'DvdkumvrSm vli,fawG[m eD;pyfrsKd;wl&mpkMu?
oef&moef&m emrnfay;Mu/ wyfOD;? tzGJU? tkyfpk/ mPfoGm;ovdk ppf
tkyfpkqefYusifa&; vQKdU0SufvIyf&Sm;aeMuygw,f/
tJvdktcsdefrSmyJ ol&Jaumif; tmZmenf&SpfOD; tusqHk;cHum uRef;
zsufodrf;a&;wdkufyGJ atmifyGJcHjyefvmMuwJh udkudk;uRef;jyef&JabmfBuD;
rsm; vGwfajrmufvmMuawmh yGJu ydkpnfoGm;awmhw,f/
pmaye,frSmvnf; rdk;a0? Ia'gifh? jynfolYMu,f? csif;wGif; wdkYu
trSefw&m;bufu jynfolYtwGufpmayeJY wm0efauscJh/ tJ'Dumvu
BBC? VOAqdkwm t*Fvdyfacwf0efxrf;tbdk;BuD;awG yifpifpm;awG
om em;axmifwJhtoH/ vli,ftrsm;pkuawmh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
&JU a<u;aMumfoH jynfolYtoH rDwm (60)udkyJ wdwfwqdwf vQKdU0Suf
em;axmifcJhMu/ tif'dkcsKdif;em; oHk;EkdifiHu jynfolY'Drdkua&pDawmfvSef
a&;awG tm;aumif;armif;oef jzpfaecsdef/ ta&SUawmiftm&S&JU yef;Ek
a&mifESpfumvrsm;/
uRef;jyefawG tdraf &mufvYkd pmaye,fx0J ifum awmfveS pf mayvdiI ;f
awGvnf; xefvma&m Adkvfae0if;u taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;jyvdkY pmayqif

qmawG wif;usyf? *sme,fawG &yfpJ ydwfyifcHvdkuf&ygawmhw,f/

tJ'DvdkeJY ausmufyHkESdyf(pmul;puf)xkwfpmayacwfxvmyga&m/
rqv Adkvfae0if;&JU 1974 zGJUpnf;yHkudk vTwfawmfrSm jy|mef;vdkuf
w,fqdk&ifyJ oydwfwdkufyGJ NrdKUjyvIyf&Sm;rIawG 0kef;ueJ 0kef;ueJ yGJMurf;
ukefawmhw,f/ 74-tvkyform;oydwf? 74-OD;oefY? 75-tvkyform;
oydwfESpfvnf (a&Twd*Hkta&;tcif;)/ 'DMum;xJrSm urm&Gwf&Jpcef;?
vdIif&Jpcef;? EkdifiHawmfaumifpDHk; *dwfwHcg;ta&;tcif;/ NrdKUjy'Drdkua&pD
vIyf&Sm;rI&JU 'Da&jrifhopfumv/
tJ'DumvrSmyJ pmul;pufuAsmpmtkyfawGMum;u eD&JwJh Mu,fwpf
yGifh ]]rD;armif;}}qdkwm xGufvmygw,f/ jynfolYtoHrDwm 60 xJu
aqmif;yg;awG? The Call pmapmifxJu uAsmawG bmomjyefNyD; azmfjy

Muygw,f/ jynfolY'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;twGuf wdkufarmif; atmif

armif; a<u;aMumfoHawGyg/
76 rdIif;&mjynfhoydwfazmfumeD; oroDoDrSm bkef;EG,fvif;uwpf
qifh rD;armif;oHk;apmif? aemufqHk;xkwfawG uRefawmfhqD a&mufvmvdkY
zwfNyD; vG,ftdwfxJxnfhxm;vdkufygw,f/ oydwfNydKuGJ? uRefawmfwdkY
zrf;rd? pm&GufawG mPfpGrf;&SdorQ azsmufzsufvdkufayr,fh ]]rD;armif;}}
ygoGm; roGm; raocsm/
ausmif;om;qdk;vdkY Adkvfae0if;u uifyGef;wyfNyD; zrf;qD;cHvdkuf&
wJh qH&SnfoHk;a,muf/ ,kwd&Sd&Sd ajz&Sif;EkdifvdkY ]]'DoHk;aumif aq;aMumif
NyD; oydwfxarSmufwmyguGm}}vdkY axmufAdkvfrSL;u rSwfcsufay;xm;
wJhtcsdef/ tvkyform;awGcsnfh vSdrfhzrf;aeawmh udk,fhvdyfjym udk,frvHk
jzpf&ao;/ udkbdkauukd qifrvdkufoabFmusif;uvdkY ajymvdkufvdkYrsm;
qifrvdkufuvlawGcsnfh zrf;aewmvm;/
pd;k &drrf w
d t
hJ wdik ;f ygyJ/ axmuf-MuyfBuD; rk;d ode;f u rD;armif;oH;k apmif
udk uRefawmfha&SUu pm;yGJay: 0kef;ueJ ypfcsNyD; tHhausmftdkufwifeJY
]]rif;vG,ftdwfxJu rdwm? bmjiif;csifao;vJ}}wJh/ 'DwpfcsDvnf;
uRefawmfhe,fom; udkbdkauuyJ uRefawmfhudk u,foGm;wm/
aemufusNyD;rS tzrf;cH&wJh udak A'guvnf; d;k d;k om;om; uRefawmf

wdkYqDu aygufw,fxifwmaygh/ umuG,fEkdifcJhygw,f/

axmifusNyD; owif;pmzwf&rS AuytEG,f0if rD;armif;qdkNyD; azmf
jyxm;wmawGU&/ armifped (f yDuif;jyef)qdyk gvm;? tJ'u
D pkd ed [
f m ppfawmif;
puLpuf 0efxrf;/ tpdk;&ynmawmfoiftjzpf wkwfjynfudk puLpuf
ynmoGm;oifbl;w,f/ 67-wkwf Armta&;tcif;aMumifh oifwef;
rNyD;cif wkwfuarmif;xkwfvdkY jyefvm&wJhol/ 'gudk Adkvfae0if;&JU
axmufowif;pmawGu aemufqHk;aeYxJ ygwJh yDuif;jyefvdkvdk yHkrSm;
dkuf Psy War vkyfcsvdkufwm/
AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmu rdom;pkvdkuf awmcdkoGm;&mu ygoGm;wJh udk
atmifausmfaZm/
udkudk;uRef;jyef udkjrat;(crHk)eJY udkxGef;atmifausmf (a&ausmf?
Auy awmjyef? uG,fvGef)
udkarmifarmifat;(c)armifaA'g(xeD;)
a'guf w mvS j rif h ( ajrmuf O u v m)wd k Y OD ; aqmif w ,f q d k N yD ;
azmfjyxm;w,f/
udpk ed [
f m &Spaf v;vH;k ta&; awmfyt
kH NyD; ajrmufyikd ;f AB udk awmcdk
usqHk;cJholjzpfw,f/
bmyJajymajym
rD;armif;tky[
f m 74-75-76 ausmif;
om;&J a bmf a wG t wG u f tbd " r m
eJYtawGUtBuHK orkdif;pm tkyfBuD;yg/
ol w d k Y q D u oabmw&m; awG e J Y
ausmif;om;xk[m ydkNyD;awmufajymif
vmcJh&w,f/ oHrPdom;usvmMuw,f/
bk&ifudkykvifay:u qGJcs&wJhowd awGydkNyD;
cd k i f r mvmMuw,f / rD ; armif ; tk y f tif ; pd e f u d k
a&mufvmrSaxmif[mEkdifiHa&;oifwef;ausmif;jzpfoGm;awmhw,f/
uRef;jyefawGuvnf; udu
k u
kd Ref; &uf(40) wdu
k yf /JG uRef;odr;f
(53) &ufwdkufyGJpOfawGudk tao;pdwfajymjy? uRef;oDcsif;awG
qdkjy/ EIwfwdkufcsay;? tJ'DrSm xl;jcm;wmu udkpdefyg/ olu
wkwfpm? wkwf pum; wwfw,f/ wkwftyf pdkufynmwwfw,f/
uRefawmfwu
Ykd kd oif ay;&JU/ armfMo0g'oDcsif; awGuv
kd nf; wkwv
f akd &m
Armvdkyg qdkjy oifjyoGm;cJhol/
tJ'Dacwf tJ'Dumv&JU ykcHk;ay:wifay;vdkufwJh orkdif;wm0efudk
ausausyGefyGef xrf;&GufEkdifcJhwJh rD;armif;yg/ &Jabmfudkpdefvnf; a&muf
av&mrSm qdkaeMuoDcsif;awG oifMum;aerSmudk Mum;a,mifrdyg&JU/
* ]]'kdY&Jabmfrsm;[m x tcuftcJeJYawGU&if
atmifjrifrIudkMunfh&r,f x aea&mifjcnfudkjrif&r,f
&Jpdwfxufoefap&r,f x 'dkY &Jpdwf xufoefap&r,f}}
* ]]azmufjyefa&;orm;rSeforQ x puLusm;csnf;yJ
olwdkYtjrifuawmh x aMumufp&myJ
'gayr,fh x wu,ftiftm;&Sdwmr[kwf
wu,ftiftm;&Sdwmu x jynfolawGomjzpfw,fx}}
* ]](vlxk[m x orkdif;zefwD;olyg
vlxk[m x ol&Jaumif;rSefaywmx)2
(&JabmfawG[m)2 jynfolawG&JUom;aumif;jzpf&rSm
jynfolawG[m x wnfxGifEkdifpGrf;rSm
rukefcrf;EkdifwJh x tiftm;pGrf;aywm
jynfolawGOD;pD;um x atmif&rSm
jynfoludktm;udk; x awmfvSefppfETJum
&efolawGtukeftpif x tjyKwfacsrIef;&rSm xx}}
* oEd|mefcs
toufpGefY&efraMumuf
tcuftcJausmfvTm;
atmifyGJt&,l
atmifyGJ&atmif,l}}
udkwifat;MuL
20?8?2014

jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzGJY XmecsKyfodkY wdkifMum;xm;aom rdk;wm;av;aus;&GmrS

odef; 470 ausmf azmufxGif;rI w&m;cHray:ao;
ppfudkif;wdkif;a'oBuD;? uomNrdKUe,f? rdk;wm;av;aus;&GmwGif
Mo*kwv
f (15)&ufaeYu tdrw
f pftrd f azmufxiG ;f cd;k ,lcv
H u
kd &f aMumif;
owif;&&So
d nf/ azmufxiG ;f jcif;cH&aom tdr&f iS t
f rnfrmS rd;k wm;av;
aus;&Gm tv,f&yfae OD;jrifhol(c)OD;wif0if;vdIif (55 ESpf)jzpfNyD; xdk
azmufxGif;cH&rIaMumifh aiG (33)odef;ausmf? a&Tvuf0wfypnf;rsKd;pHk
(64)usyf (5)rl;om;? pkpkaygif; umvwefzdk; (47435000)ygoGm;cJhyg
onf/ cd;k rIEiS yhf wfouf uomNrdKUr&Jpcef;rS (y) 164^2014 jypfrq
I ikd f
&m Oya'yk'fr (380)jzifh trIzGifhxm;NyD; pcef;rSL; 'k&JrSL;rkd;ol&defrS
trIppftjzpf aqmif&Gufum w&m;cHzrf;Ekdifa&; BudK;yrf;aeonf[k
qdkaomfvnf; &uftawmfMumonftxd w&m;cHray:ao;ojzifh
w&m;vdk\ orD;jzpfol rat;oufjzLrS jrefrmEkdifiH&JwyfzGJUXmecsKyfodkY
pma&;wdkif Mum;xm;cJhNyD; jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf wpfveD;yg; Mumjrifh
onftxd w&m;cHrsm; zrf;rda&;rSm a0;uGmaeqJjzpfojzifh w&m;vdrk sm;
taejzifh e,f&Jrsm; pHkprf;aejcif;xuf CID uJhodkYaom rIcif;uRrf;usif
olrsm; wm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;apvdkaMumif; w&m;vdkrdom;pkrS
qE&adS eMuygonf/ rk;d wm;av;aus;&GmrSm tdraf jc (1000)&Sd &GmBuD;wpf
&GmjzpfNyD; ,ckvdk aetdrfazmufxGif;cdk;,lcH&rIrSm yxrqHk;tBudrf
jzpfaMumif; od&Sd&ygonf/ xdknu azmufxGif;cH&aomaetdrfrSm

(2)tdrfjzpfNyD; yxrtdrf azmuf xGif;aepOf tdrf&Sifrsm;EdI;oGm;cJhojzifh

'k w d , td r f (OD ; jrif h o l ) ud k quf v uf azmuf x G i f ; &mrS od e f ;
[m*sLvD - uom
(47435000)zdk; yg&SdoGm;jcif;jzpfygonf/

25

jyefMunfhvdkufr,fqdk&ifawmh tEkynmSifawGukd ,lxm;wJhZeD;r,m;/

Oyrm ajywDOD;eJYtl0Jqdk&if rwlbl;aygh/ wpfa,mufuvnf; rif;om;?
wpfa,mufuvnf; rif;orD;ukd;/ olwdkYusawmh wpfa,mufvnf;
rif;om; U U U vQrf;vQrf;awmuf/ wpfa,mufusawmh kd;kd;trsdK;orD;/

PHOTO:YOH

tEk y nmavmuxJ a &muf v mwJ h t cgusawmh uk d a usmf o l q d k ; orQ?

aworQukd apmapmu bbOD;wifO;D u ajymygw,f/ ukad usmfol t&uf
aomufw,fqdkwm r,Hkbl;wJh/ bbukd ajymvkdufygw,f/ bb
r,HkrSdygeJYukd,fawGUyg/ aomuf&ifvnf; b,favmufqdk;w,fqdkwm
vnf; ukd,fawGUygyJ/ b,favmuf aomif;usef;w,fqdkwmvnf;
ukd,fawGUygyJ bb&,f/ tJ'gukd a[m'DtEkynmavmuuaeNyD;awmh
y&[dwvkyfief;avmuxJa&mufvmwJhtcgrSm aTZD;uGuf tifrwefqdk;
ygw,f/ a,mufsm;ukd qd;k qd;k 0g;0g;ukd trke;f cHNyD;awmh 'Dvv
kd rf;ay:a&muf
atmifvdkY bmomw&m;ukd ukdif;dIif;atmifvdkY trsm;BuD;jyKjyif&ygw,f/
tJ'gukd bbOD;pdefwifwdkYvnf; awmfawmfoabmusygw,f/
uGsefrqdkvdkwmu olwdkYZeD;armifESH[m b,fawmifyHeJYnmawmifyH
vdyk gyJ/ 'gayr,fh aemufu rdbausmaxmufaemufcH w
dS ikd ;f ZeD;r,m;u
twif;odrf;oGif;wdkif;? ausmfol yg&wmr[kwfygbl;/ olUukd,fydkift&nf
tcsif;rSd&if ausmfolqdkwm urmrausmfygbl;/ ukdausmfolukd,fwdkif
tif r wef ES v H k ; om;vS y gw,f / aemuf w pf c k u ol U uk d u G s ef r awmf
awmftHhMowmu ukdausmfolonf b,ftvkyfvkyfvkyf 0D&d,Sdw,f/
BudK;pm;rISdw,f/ uGsefrxifw,f U U U kyfSifkdufuGif;awGwkef;uvnf;yJ
rif;om;aemufusvdkY ysufw,fqdkwm uGsefrrSdbl;vdkYxifwmaygh/
bmjzpfvv
Ykd q
J akd wmh uGsefrwdeYk YJ wGv
J yk af ewJt
h csderf mS vnf; ol kyf iS f u
dk f
ae&wkef;yJ/ aemufydkif;usawmhrSom kyfSifkdufcGifh olUukdydwfvdkufwm/
tJ'DvdktcsdeftcgrSmvnf; olu b,favmufyJ rl;aeae olU&JUtvkyfukd
ausyGefatmif? vkyfEdkifatmif ol apmapmoGm;w,f/ ol tvGeftuGsHr
vkyfbl;/
'DvdkyJ tckema&;ulnDrItoif;usawmhvnf; tvkyfwpfckvkyfr,f
qdk&if qHk;jzwfcsufcdkifrmw,f/ 0D&d,tifrwefapmw,f/ ol0D&d,apm
wJ h u d p a wG u tck t csd e f t xd uG s ef r wd k Y e J Y jyemjzpf a ewk e f ; yJ /
tifrwefukd 0D&d,apmw,f/ tJ'Dawmh uGsefrajymcsifwmu ukdausmfol
ukd,fwdkifvnf; wu,fukd ukd,fpGrf;ukd,fpSdNyD; tifrwefESvHk;om;vS
ygw,f/ raTZD;uGufuvnf;yJ tdrfaxmifa&;oufwrf;wavQmuf

26

tJ'DvdktcgrsdK;rSm jzpfavhjzpfxSdwJhtaetxm;u tJ'Datmifjrifxif

Sm;wJhrif;om;awGrSm 0dkif;0dkif;vnfaew,f/ NyD;awmh tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u
uGsefrwdkYodxm;wmu ausmfolukd vlysdKav;vdkY odxm;wm/ tJ'Dvdk
0ddkif;0dkfi;vnfaewJhrif;om;wpfa,muf&JUrdef;r[m b,favmuf&ifxJ
aomuawGrsm;rvJ/ b,favmuf ylyefaomuSdrvJ/ a,mufsm;ukd
[dkem;pdwfrcs? 'Dem;pdwfrcs tJ'Dvdkjzpfae&rSmaygh/ uGsefru tJ'Dvdkxif
wm/ 'gayr,fjh yefMunfv
h u
kd w
f t
hJ cgusawmh tJ't
D csdet
f cgrSm aTZ;D uGuf
u uav;ESpfa,mufudk ynmwwfawGjzpfatmif? ynma&;? bmom
a&;? usef;rma&;? vlrIa&; a[m'Dav;ckpvHk;ukd ol aumif;aumif;
xdef;ausmif;EdkifcJhw,f/
tJ'Dvdkaumif;aumif;xdef;ausmif;EdkifcJhwJhtwGuf tcktcsdeftcgrSm
olwo
Ykd m; jynfoed ;f ausmef o
YJ rD;jrifrh &kd Of ;D wdu
Yk tckq&kd if tm;vH;k odygw,f/
wpfa,muf tif*sifeD,m? wpfa,mufu q&m0ef/ wjcm;EdkifiHawGrSm/
'DrSmu olwdkYvifr,m; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfae&w,f/ tJ'gu
bmjzpfvv
Ykd /J tJ'gu aTZ;D uGux
f ed ;f ausmif;cJv
h /Ykd aTZ;D uGux
f ed ;f ausmif;
Edkifatmif aTZD;uGufu uav;awG&JUbmomw&m;/ bmomw&m;qdk&if
uav;awG u ol w d k Y x uf a tmif ajymwmqd k w m awmf a o;w,f /
aemuf N yD ; awmh uav;awG & J U bmoma&;tod / tJ ' D u av;awG & J U
bmoma&;? vlrIa&;? usef;rma&;? ynma&;ukd rdef;rvkyfwJhvlu
xdef;ausmif;Edkifovdk 'Duav;awG&JUynmoifMum;zdkY p&dwfpuukd
ausmfolu SmazGay;cJhEdkifw,f/ tJ'Dawmh uGsefru olwdkYvifr,m;ukd
armifwpfxrf;r,fwpfGufvdkY rajymcsifbl;/ armifwpfxrf;r,fwpfxrf;
vdkYyJ ajymcsifygw,f/ NyD;awmh uGsefru bmw&m;rS rvkyf&ao;bl;/
uGsefr w&m;rSb
d ;l vdYk ajymvnf; uGsefruk,
d u
f sG efr 0efcyH gw,f/ bmjzpf
vdv
Yk q
J akd wmh uGsefr w&m;vnf; rxdik &f ao;bl;aygh/ xdik v
f nf; rxdik zf ;l
ao;ygbl;/ w&m;bmrSrodawmh w&m;pum;awG uGsefrrajymwwfbl;/
raTZD;uGufu w&m;pum; tifrwefajymwwfwm/ olu w&m;
taMumif;vnf; odyfem;vnfwm/ em;vnfNyD;awmh &rf;NyD;awmh ajymae
wm r[kwfbl;/ wu,fhAk'&JUtqHk;treJY? Ak'&JU0g'? ax&0g'ukd

wu,fajymwwfwm/ ol tNrJajymavhSdwJhpum;wpfckSdw,f/ 'Db0rSm

ol r*f&oGm;csifw,fwJh/ uGsefru r*fqdkwm tckSmzwfae&wkef;
Sdao;w,f/
tJ'Dawmh bmoma&;vkyfwJhtcgusawmhvnf; olu wu,fhbm
oma&;tESpfukdvkyfw,f/ tckwpfcg ukdausmfolu apwDwnfw,f/
uGsefrwdkYu vlrIa&;vkyfaeawmh uGsefru bk&m;ausmif;uef? Z&yfBuD;
awGaqmuf? NyD;awmh ypnf;awG? aTawG? aiGawG Xmyem/ tckvdk
'Dtcsdef'DacwfrSmawmh vlrIa&;eJYywfoufvdkY wdkif;jynfrSmvdktyfcsufawG
ynma&;? usef;rma&; trsm;BuD;Sw
d ,f/ 'Dypn;f awGudk tJ't
D xJxnfNh yD;
awmh Xmyemwm uGsefr i&JawmhBuD;rvm;rodbl;/ tJ'Dudpukd uGsefr
enf;enf;av;ayghaemf/ avhvmwmaygh/ tck apwDwnfawmh tJ'DvdkyHkpH
rsdK;r[kwfbl;/ olU&JUpdwf? olU&JUtawG;tac:eJY y&[dwapwDqdkwm
rSdao;bl;/ NyD;awmhvnf; tJ'DvdktukeftusawGcHNyD;awmhrS vkyfaewm
vnf;r[kwfbl;/ trsm;jynfol ckESpf&ufom;orD;&JUtvSLawGeJYvkyf
aewm/ tJ'DrSm uGsefr wpfckoGm;owd&w,f/ y&[dwapwDqdkwmawmh
jrefrmjynfrmS awmh rSad o;bl;/ igharmifav;u 'gukd pdwu
f ;l rdwmyJqNkd yD;
uGsefr tJ'gav;ukdvnf; oabmusrdw,faygh/ aemufwpfck bmoGm;
owd&ovJqdkawmh uG,fvGefoGm;NyDjzpfwJh q&mBuD;OD;rdk;[def;(om;*sm
e,fausmf)uvnf; vlawGrwnfwJhapwDukd olwnfxm;wm/ tckwnf
vufpjzpfygvdrfhr,f/ aemufuawmh vkyfaerSmaygh/ tJ'gu bmvJqdk
awmh cifyeG ;f BuD;q,fyg;apwDw/hJ q&mBuD;OD;rd;k [de;f u wu,fv
h ufawGU
orm;yJ/ uGsefrwdkYema&;ulnDrItoif;u vkyfaqmifcsufygwJh a&a0;?
xm;0,facsmif? xdefyifpmtkyfrSmvnf; olygw,f/ bbOD;rdk;[def;
uAsmwpfcyk gw,f/ igao&if a&td;k rcGeJ w
YJ /hJ td;k pm;uGrJ ,fqNkd yD; awmhaygh
aemf/ ig ao&if &ufrvnfeJYbmnm U U U / wu,fhukd vufawGUusus
vkyu
f idk af qmifu
G af ewJh q&mBuD;/ uGsefrwd&Yk UJ bmomw&m;rSm uGsefrwd&Yk UJ
Ak'bmomw&m;rSm tckvli,fawG wjznf;jznf;eJY enf;enf;ayghaemf
rdbeJY? q&morm;eJY? aus;Zl;Sdzl;wJhvleJY tJ'DvdkcsdKU,Gif;csufuav;awG
Sdaewm cifyGef;BuD;q,fyg;qdkwmvnf; wu,fygyJ/ Sdoifhw,f/
cifyGef;BuD;q,fyg;bk&m;ukd q&mBuD;OD;rdk;[def;u wnfw,f/ aMomf
pma&;q&mawG? tEkynmorm;awG olwdkYawG;wwfvdkufwmaemf/
tck uk d a usmf o l u y&[d w apwD u k d jynf N rd K UrS m wnf w ,f /
trsm;BuD;yJ 0dkif;NyD;awmh vSLMuwef;Mutm;ay;Muygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh
uGsefrajymcsifwmu olwdkYZeD;armifESH[m tvkyfawGvkyfwJhtcgrSm
b,fawmifyHeJYnmawmifyHvdk twlwlyJ/ toGifrwl tdrfolrjzpfqdk
wJ h p um; uG s ef r wd k Y jref r mpum;yH k r S m S d w ,f / ol w d k Y E S p f a ,muf u k d
uGsefrMunfv
h u
kd w
f mu toGiw
f w
l mu trsm;ukad pwemxm;wJyh &[dw
vkyfief;BuD;wpfck/ a[m'Dema&;ulnDrItoif;BuD;ukd olwdkYu tifrwef
apwemxm;NyD ; awmh epf 0 if a ewJ h w pf c k / tJ ' D w pf c k a Mumif h ol w d k Y
vifr,m;ukd toGifwlw,fvdkY ajymvdkY&w,f/ usefwJhae&mrSmusawmh
ukad usmfou
l tifrwefpw
d Ef v
S ;kH aysmhaysmif;w,f/ wpfcck k jzpfvmvdYk &dS if
olUrSmcHpm;vdkYrNyD;Edkifbl;/ tifrwefukd olcHpm;wwfw,f/ cHpm;wwfvdkY
vnf; tEkynmorm;jzpfwmukd;/ aTZD;uGufuawmh wpfpHkwpfckjzpfNyDqdk
&if tifrwef tonf;rmw,f/ cPyJ/ vTwfueJ a[mueJ 'dkif;ueJ
ajymxnfhvdkufwmyJ/ b,folemoGm;? emoGm; b,folUrS ol*krpkdufbl;/
NyD;&if igajymwm vGefoGm;ygvm;vnf; oljyefrawG;bl;/ aMomf ighaMumifh
olwpfyg; pdwq
f if;&JomG ;rSmygvm;vnf; ol jyefrawG;bl;/ olrsm;aMumifh
ig pdwfqif;&Jae&ygvm;vnf; ol jyefrawG;bl;/ bmrSrawG;bl;/
ESpfa,mufpvHk;[m wjcm;udpawGrSm awmfawmfrsm;rsm; rwlbl;/
'gayr,fh toGifwlwmonf bmvJqdkawmh tifrwefrS ta&;BuD;wJh
a[m'Dy&[dwaygh/ uGsefrwdkY jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf t&ifwkef;uawmh
ema&;ulnDrItoif;aygh/ bbOD;okcwdkY? q&mBuD;OD;atmifoif;wdkY
pwnf w k e f ; uawmh tok b wpf c k w nf ; yk d Y z d k Y y J / tJ ' D a emuf y k d i f ; rS m
usef;rma&;? ynma&;? obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&; tm;vHk;aygh/
tckqdk&if NrdKUe,fawGrSmvnf; uGsefrwdkY ausmif;awGaqmufaew,f/
a[m'Dae&mrSmawmh tifrwefukd toGifwlw,f/ uGsefrwdkYarmifESroHk;
a,mufuvnf; 'DvdkyJ/ apwemwlNyD;awmh tvkyfSif;? tajymSif;?
tawG;Sif;? tmCmwuif;vdkY? wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf tNidK;taw;
uif;vdkY uGsefrwdkY 'Dvkyfief;BuD;awG atmifjrifvmwmyg/
'Dvkyfief;BuD;atmifjrifvmw,fvdkYajymwJhtcgrSm ausmfoleJYaTZD;
uGuf&JUr*Fvmoufwrf;rdkYvdkY rk'dwmpum;ajym&wm jzpfw,f/ odkYaomf
vnf;yJ 'gBuD;awG[m uGsefrwdkYoHk;a,mufaMumifh? olwdkYESpfa,muf
aMumifh r[kwfygbl;/ uGsefrwdkYtoif;rSmSdwJh toif;oltoif;om;
om;orD;awG? 0efxrf;awG? tvSLSifawG? tvSLUtpfrawG jynfolvlxk
wpf&yfvHk;aMumifh uGsefrwdkYtm;vHk; atmifjrifygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh
uGsefrwdkYema&;ulnDrItoif;rSm jynfolwpf&yfvHk;u tm;ukd;tm;
xm;jyK&wJh y&[dwZeD;armifEEHS pS af ,muf qufNyD;awmh Edik if 0hH ef? omoemh
0ef? y&[dw0efawGukd vufwGJnDnD aSUukdcsDNyD;awmh qufvuf ysHoef;
Edik Mf uygapvdYk qkreG af umif;awmif;&if; ed*;kH csKyfygw,f/ tm;vH;k ukad us;Zl;
wifygw,f/
/

pmrsuf E S m 27 ok d Y

,cif w pf y wf r S tquf

a':oef ; jrif h a tmif

tJ'Dvdk od&wJhtcgrsdK;rSm ykdNyD;awmh uGsefr tdrfaxmifa&;wpfckrSm
rdef;rwpfa,muf[m tifrwef tc&musw,fqdkwmrsdK;ukd uGsefrawGU
w,f/ tJ'Dawmh tc&musw,fqdkwm aumif;ygw,f/ odyftc&mus
vGef;awmhvnf; raumif;bl;aygh/ raumif;wJhrdef;rawG trsm;BuD;Sdyg
w,f/ a,mufsm;ukd ukwfuaeukdifNyD; vkyfcsif&mvkyfwmawGSdygw,f/
'gayr,fh oluw
k u
f aeukid w
f muawmh aumif;wJb
h ufudk oluidk w
f maygh/
'gayr,fh wpfcgwavus&if oleJYuGsefreJYvnf; jzpfw,f/ uGsefrwdkY
armifESru wpfzuf? olu wpfzufaygh/ uGsefrajymcsifwmu vlwpf
a,mufatmifjrifxifSm;vmNyDqdk&if uGseffrwdkYuawmh tJ'Dvlatmifjrif
xif S m ;vm&if vl U avmuBuD ; u 'D v l u k d y J csD ; rG r f ; csif M uw,f /
uGsefrwdu
Yk awmh vlwpfa,muf atmifjrifausmfMum;vmNyDq&kd if aemufcH
background bmS d v J / ol U twG u f w G e f ; tm;ay;awG bmvJ q d k w m
uGsefrMunfhygw,f/
tJ'Dawmh ausmfol atmifjrifxifSm;wJhtEkynmSifwpfa,muf
jzpfcJhwm[m olU&JUausmaxmufaemufcH background u bbOD;pdef
wifeJYBuD;BuD;yJ/ rdbESpfyg;u olU&JUaemufcH background yg/ 'gayr,fh

(181)&ufajrmufaeY rdacsmif;uef oydwpf cef; ESpjf crf;uGJ

OD;Munfpdk;xGef;
tm;vHk; usef;rmygapvdkY &ifxJvdIufvdIufvSJvSJqkawmif;ygw,f/
bmjzpfvv
Ykd q
J akd wmh wpfaeYu 'Duadk &mufvmwJt
h cgusawmh awmfawmf
tvkyfIyfMuw,f/ um;awGvnf; tvkyfIyf? [dkbufu aq;cef;vnf;
tvkyfIyf/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh rusef;rmMuvdkY/ tJ'Dawmh usef;rmyg
apqd k w m uG s ef a wmf wu,f v d I u f v d I u f v S J v S J qk a wmif ; ygw,f /
trSefawmh umcsKyfBuD;xHay;pmqdkwm uGsefawmfrzwf&ao;ygbl;/
oluvnf; xHk;pHtwdkif;ajymcsvdkufwmaerSmaygh/
'gayr,fh uGsefawmfajymcsifwmu armifarmifhtwif;awGajymcsif
wm/ aSUu a':oef;jrifah tmifu awmfawmfajymoGm;awmh bmajym&rSe;f
awmif rodb;l jzpfaew,f/ 'gayr,fh olu uGsefawmfx
h uf uHq;kd wmu
armifarmifet
YJ wlwl ol t&ufraomufz;l bl;/ 'gav;uawmh uGsefawmf
uomw,f/ tJ'aD wmh aTZ;D uGuef aYJ rmifarmifw/Ykd armifarmifudk rBudKuf
wmawG trsm;BuD;ygw,f/ rBudKufwJhtxJrSm tckawmif uGsefawmf
rBudKufwm/ ajymzdkY[mukd BudKajymrxm;bl;/ ajymzdkY[mukd BudKajymxm;
r,fqdk&if uGsefawmf wdkufyHkeJYbmeJY cefYcefYnm;nm;av; Munfhaumif;
atmifvmrSmaygh/ toufuvnf; BuD;vmawmh tdrftdkawmh usm;uef&
owJh? rdef;rtdkawmh yef;yef&owJh/ uGsefawmfwkdYusawmh *dkufav;
qdkufav;eJY tJ'Dvdkvm&rSm/ olu ajymrxm;awmh uRefawmfvnf;
zkdz&Jvm&w,f/ zkdz&Jwufajym&wmayghav/ EdkYrdkYqdk&ifawmh pnf;xm;
&rSmaygh/
oleJYuGsefawmfeJYu xHk;pHtwdkif;aygh/ tJ'DvdkygyJ/ ckeu olwdkYoHk;
a,muf&efjzpfovdk uGsefawmfeJYoleJYu kdufuGif;wdkif;? kdufuGif;wdkif;
&efjzpf&ygw,f/ b,fawmhrSvnf; uGsefawmf olUukd nSmnSmwmwm
rvkyfygbl;/ oluvnf; uGsefawmfhaSUrSmawmh b,fawmhrSjyefNyD;awmh
rajymygbl;/ uG,f&mrSmqdk&if ol uGsefawmfhukd yg;pyfu yGpdyGpd tNrJ
wrf;Sdygw,f/ 'gawG cPcPawGUygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh odyfawmh
tcsdK;wnfv
h w
S m r[kwaf yr,fh bmoGm;wlaevJqakd wmh ESpaf ,mufpvH;k
uawmh aumif;atmifawmh vkyfcJhMuwmawGcsnf;ygyJ/ awmfawmfpHkyg
w,f oleJYuGsefawmfeJY kdufwm/ arwmzGJUZmwfvrf;awGvnf; kdufw,f/
vQdKU0Sufonf;zdkZmwfvrf;awGvnf; kdufw,f/ pGefYpm;cef;Zmwfvrf;awG
vnf; kdufw,f/ &mZ0ifum;awGvnf; kdufcJhw,f/ olUuGsefrcHNyDu
oleYJ u
dk w
f myg/ aemufq;kH wpfcu
k sawmh bmku
d v
f q
J &kd if 'd;k ukd uGsefawmf
wdkYkdufMuw,f/
'dk; qdkwm rl;,pfaq;0g;qefYusifa&;um;yg/ tJ'gkdufawmh ykdNyD;
awmh &efjzpf&w,f/ bmaMumifh&efjzpf&ovJqdkawmh olwdkYudk uGsefawmf
reuf (7) em&Dcsdef;w,f/ rif;wdkY (7) em&DvmcJh/ b,fvmcJh&rvJ/
wuodkvfabmvHk;uGif;vmcJh/ abmvHk;uGif;rSm abmvHk;uefcdkif;wm/
abmvHk;uefcdkif;awmh olwdkYu abmvHk;rSruefwwfwmAsm/ tJ'Dawmh
bmjzpfvJqdkawmh Mumawmh olwdkYruefcsifbl;/ olwdkYeJYwGJNyD;uefzdkYu
tJ'Dwkef;u taumufcGeftoif;wdkYbmwdkYeJY wGJwGJNyD; uefcdkif;w,f/
[dkvlawGuvnf; olwdkYruefwwfawmh ruefbl;/ tJ'Dawmh b,foleJY

uef&ovJqdkawmh aemufuygvmwJh rdwfuyform;awGeJY abmvHk;uef

&w,f/ rdwfuyform;awGqdkawmh odrSmayghaemf (&,fvsuf)/ tJ'D
avmuftxd avhusifhcJh&w,f/ awmfawmfvnf; olwdkY uGsefawmfhukd
yGpdyGpdajymwmayghav/
uGsefawmfuvnf; olwdkYukd cdkif;wmyJ/ olwdkYtazawmifrS olwdkYukd
tJ'Davmufcdkif;ovm;rodbl;/ uGsefawmfu zdcdkif;NyD;awmh vkyfcJhMuawmh
aemufusawmh bmjzpfoGm;ovJqdkawmh jrefrmEdkifiHkyfSiftpnf;tHk;rSm
olwdkYu abmvHk;vufaG;pifjzpfoGm;w,fAs/ tJ'Davmuftxdukd
olwBYkd udK;pm;cJMh uwmayghav/ 'gav;awGvnf; uGsefawmfwYkd bmyJjzpfjzpf
twlwuGvufwGJNyD;awmh kyfSifxJrSmvkyfcJhwmav;awG uGsefawmf
oGm;owd&ygw,f/ aTZD;uGufuawmh uGsefawmfeJYodyfNyD; tap;ruyf
bl;/ bmjzpfvdkY tap;ruyfovJqdkawmh armifarmifeJYuGsefawmfeJY
wGJNyDqdk&if aTZD;uGufu odyfrMunfawmhbl;/ 'DvlBuD;eJYawGU&if rl;wmyJ
qdkNyD;awmh 'grsdK;av;awGjzpfjzpfvmwmayghav/ rl;wmu wjcm;yJ?
tvkyv
f yk w
f mu wjcm;yJ/ tJ'w
D ek ;f u tvkyv
f nf; vkycf MhJ uwmayghav/
tvkyfvkyfwJhtcgusawmh q&mwynfhyJ/ rl;aewJhtcgusawmh vnfyif;
zuf/ tJ'DvdkaecJhMuwmqdkawmh U U U /
'gayr,fh tJ'gwpfckuawmh olu uGsefawmfhxuf omw,fAs/
bm omovJ q d k a wmh uG s ef a wmf h x uf yk d a omuf E d k i f w ,f / ol u
ykv
d nf;aomufEikd w
f ,f? tMumBuD;vnf; aomufEikd w
f ,f/ uGsefawmfom
t&ufawGjywfoGm;r,f? oluawmh qufvufcsDwufwkef;yJ/ tJ'D
avmuftxd olu/ bbOD;wifOD;vnf; tm;emygw,f U U U 'Daumif
aomufwJhtaMumif;awG ajym&wm/ wu,f aomufcJhzl;wmyg/
'DvdkeJY olu apmapmu a':oef;jrifhatmifajymovdkyJ olu

wu,fah umif;wJah e&mav;a&mufomG ;wmyg/ 'Dtvkyu

f awmfw
kH efv
kH l
rvkyfEdkifygbl;/ uGsefawmfhZeD;eJYuGsefawmfeJYvnf; awmfawmfpum;rsm;yg
w,f/ ckeu a':oef;jrifhatmifu ajymoGm;w,f U U U a,mufsm;
wpfa,mufxifSm;wmu rdef;r&JUtultnDr&bJ rjzpfygbl;qdkwmav;
uawmh 'gav;u onf;ajcBudKufpum;av;yg/ uGsefawmfwdkYonf;ajc
awmh r [k w f y gbl ; / rd e f ; rawG o nf ; ajcaygh / tJ ' gawG a jymae&if
uGsefawmfwdkYrdef;rawG odyfBudKufwmaygh/ a':oef;jrifhatmifajymwm
[kwfw,faygh/ 'Dvdkawmh axmufcHrSmayghav/
'gayr,fh 'g wu,fyg/ uGsefawmfvnf; 'gukdawmh vufcHygw,f/
uGsefawmfwaYkd ,mufsm;awG tm;BudK;rmefwuf cGet
f m;aumif;aumif;eJv
Y yI f
Sm;Edkifatmif trsdK;orD;awG&JUtaxmuftyHhu trsm;BuD;vdkygw,f/
wu,ftaxmuftulvykd gw,f/ rde;f rawG&UJ taxmuftuleYJ uGsefawmf
wdkYuaSUukdqufoGm;ae&wmyg/ tJ'Dawmh aTZD;uGuf&JUtaxmuftyHh
av;awG[mvnf; armifarmifhtay:rSm trsm;BuD;Sdw,f/ armifarmif
uk d , f w d k i f u vnf ; ck e uvd k bmrqd k Bud K ;Bud K ;pm;pm;vk y f c sif w m?
tm;wufoa&mvkyfcsifwm? aemuf heart & soul U U U wu,fh&ifxJ
uae vkyfwJhtusifhav;awGSdawmh 'Dvkyfief;BuD;ukd atmifjrifw,f/
atmifjrifawmh uGsefawmfajymjyw,f/ armifarmifeJYywfoufvm&if
uGsefawmf b,fawmhrS taumif;rajymbl;/ uGsefawmfhrdef;reJYajymNyDqdk&if
uGsefawmfajymw,f/ 'Daumif tusifhaumif;wJhaumif r[kwfbl; U U
U tJ'u
D pajymwm/ tusifah umif;aumif;? raumif;aumif; Sirf vkyEf ikd f
wJhtvkyfwpfckukd olvkyfaewmwJh/ uGsefawmfhrdef;ru 'Dvdkajymygw,f/
'gvnf; rSefwmyJ/ uGsefawmf 'Dtvkyf rvkyfEdkifbl;/ tckvkdtouf
tG,fqdk ykdrvkyfEdkifbl;/
tJ'Dawmh 'gav;wpfckuawmh armifarmif[m wu,fukd av;pm;
xdu
k pf &m? uGsefawmfwo
Ykd il ,fcsif;wpfa,muftaeeJY (odrYk [kw)f wlav;
wpfa,muftaeeJY uGsefawmfu wu,fhukd olUtwGufawmh *kPf,l
p&mav;wpfck jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvekd YJ olu 'Dbufukd a&mufa&mufvmawmh
uGsefawmfeJY wpwp a0;oGm;w,f/ uGsefawmfu kyfSife,fxJrSmyJ
kyfSifukdoHa,mZOfwG,fNyD;awmh usef&pfw,f/ oluawmh 'Dbuf
vlraI &;udpa wGrmS vkyo
f mG ;w,f/ uGsefawmfwEYkd pS af ,mufu a0;a0;oGm;
ovdk cHpm;&w,f/ 'gayr,fh uGsefawmfwpfckawmh wGufygw,f/
wpfcsdefcsdef oleJYuGsefawmf jyefukdqHk&OD;rSmyg/ aocsmayguf qHk&OD;rSmyg/
tJ't
D cgrSm ol[m uGsefawmft
h rd u
f dk um;eJaY &mufcsifa&mufvmygvdrrhf ,f/
tJ'Dus&ifawmh uGsefawmfwkdYxyfNyD;awmh qHkMuvdrfhOD;r,fxifygw,f/
tJ'DqHkr,fhtcsdef[m wpfcsdefcsdefayghav/ tJ'DwpfaeYaeY wpfcsdefcsdefrSm
uGsefawmfwjYkd yefqMkH uwJt
h cgrSm 'Daumifav;? cHpm;wwfwahJ umifuav;
uGsefawmfhaMumifh? oleJY&efjzpfaeusvlBuD;aMumifh? olrauseyfwJhvlBuD;
aMumifh rsuf&nfrusygapeJYvdkY uGsefawmf 'Dae&mrSm qEjyK&if;eJY
ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f/ tm;vHk;ukd aus;Zl;wifygw,f/

27

quf v uf a zmf j yygrnf

pmrsuf E S m 26 rS tquf

&ef u k e f puf w if b m 20
&efuek f jrdKUawmfcef;ra&SrY mS oydwpf cef;zGihf qEjyaewJh rdausmif;uef
oydwfpcef; jynfolrsm;[m pufwifbm(20)&ufaeYnaeydkif;u ESpfjcrf;
uGJoGm;cJhygw,f/rdausmif;uefoydwfpcef; aejynfol wpf0ufausmfu
tdrfjyefvdkMujyD; usefwpf0ufcefYu qEazmfxkwfawmif; qdkaewJhtcsuf
awG r&rcsif;tdrfrjyefvdkaMumif; tjrifoabmxm;uGJvGJcJhwmaMumifh
oydwfpcef;zGifhvmcJhwJh(181)&ufajrmufaeYrSm ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;wmyg/
rdausmif;uefoydwpf cef;jynforl sm;&Jh epfemcsufrsm;udk vdu
k v
f pkH pkH rf;
azmfxkwfay;aewJhjynfolYvTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f OD;cdkifarmif&Du
oydwfpcef;ydwfodrf;udk,fhtdrfudk,fjyefjyD;rdausmif;uefqHk;SHK;ajr ae&m
rsm;ESifhyufoufjyD; tpdk;&taejzifh vkyfaqmifay;vmr,fh tajctaeudk
apmifhqdkif;Mu&ef ajymqdktjyD;rSm tckvdkuGJuGmrIawGjzpf cJh&wmyg/

awGtaeeJY oydwfpcef;kwfodrf; jyD;apmifhMunfhMu&efvdkaMumif;?vuf&Sd

wGif vTwfawmfwGif;aqmif&GufaejyDjzpfjyD; vTwfawmfuqHk;jzwfonfudk
tpdk;&taejzifhvdkufemaqmifGufazmfaqmifay; &rnfjzpfaMumif;?vTwf
awmf\qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; tm;tpdk;&u vdkufemaqmifGufay;rIrSdygu
Oya'vrf ; aMumif ; twd k i f ; qH k ; jzwf a y;Ed k i f r nf j zpf a Mumif ; ?od k Y t wG u f
tdrfjyefjyD;awmh tpdk;&&JhaqmifGufay;r,fhtajctaeudk tcsdeftwdkif;
twmwpfcx
k d apmifq
h ikd ;f Mu&efvakd Mumif;? tdrjf yefyguvnf; pdw0f rf;ruGJ
bJjyefMu&efESifh rdrdaMumifh oydwfpcef;jynfolrsm;pdwf0rf;uGJrnfudk
rvdkvm;aMumif;? tpdk;&aqmifGufay;rIrsm;rSdygu aejynfawmf txd
vrf ; avS s muf c sD w wf q E j yrnf u d k t m;ay;aMumif ; rd a usmif ; uef
oydwfpcef;jynfolrsm;udk pufwifbm(20)&ufaeY naeydkif;u vm
a&mufSif;vif;ajymqdkcJhygw,f/
rdacsmif;uefoydwpf cef;jynfow
l pf0ufu OD;cdik af rmif&nf ajymMum;
csuftwdkif; udk,fhtdrfudk,fjyef apmifhqdkif;Murnfjzpfaomfvnf;
?wpf 0 uf u jyef p &mtd r f r S d w J h t wG u f quf v uf q E j ytpd k ; &\
vkyfaqmifay;vmrnfudkapmifhqdkif;oGm; rnfjzpfwjhtwGuf tcsif;csif;
pdwfuGrf;uGJrIawGjzpfcJhygw,f/
rdausmif;uefoydwfpcef;udkjyD;cJhonfh (2014)ckESpf rwfv(4)
&ufaeYu pwifjyD; &efukefjrdKUawmfcef; raSUrSmzGifhvSpfcJhwmyg/rdausmif;
uefoydwfpcef; acgif;aqmifOD;pdefoef;udkawmh oydwfpcef;zGifh qEjyrI
aMumifh &efukefjrdKYwGif; jrdKYe,fav;jrdKUe,fu yk'fr(18)?pnfyifyk'fr pwhJ
hyk'frawGeJYw&m;pGJjyD;jyD;cJh&JhoDwif;ywfupvdkY axmif'Pf pkpkaygif;
(2)ES p f c srS w f x m; ygw,f / oyd w f p cef ; rS m ouf M uD ; &G , f t d k a wG r sm;
pGmyg0ifaejyD;?jyD;cJw
h MhJ o*kwv
f twGi;f utouf(70)ausmf tzGm;tdw
k pfO;D
OD;cdkifarmif&Du jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u jynfolYudk,f usef;rma&;csdKUwJhvdkYuG,fvGefoGm;cJh&wmvnf;Sdygw,f/
apmzd k ; cG m ;
pm;vTwfawmfwGifaqmif&Gufay;aerIudk rdacsmif; uefoydwfpcef;jynfol

tNid K ;wBuD ; eJ Y z suf q D ; w,f v d k Y ajymvd k Y & vm;/

tJ'Dvdk,lqrdwmyJ/ bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh q&mOD;bMunfum;awG
'Dvdkjzpfjzpfaew,f/
aemuf w pf c k uG s ef a wmf o d c sif w mu yef ; csD u m;twk a ygh a emf /
ajymr,fqdk&if aS;q&mBuD;awG&JUyef;csDum;awGukd twka&mif;w,f?
twk v k y f M uw,f / uG s ef a wmf h r d w f a qG w pf a ,muf q d k & if twk u k d
twkrSef;odoGm;wJhtcsdefrSm twkukdodrf;xm;w,f/ tm;vHk;ukdvnf;jy
w,f U U U 'gu twk ? 'gu tppf a ygh a emf / tJ ' D a wmh yef ; csD u m;
twkawGukd b,folawGqGJaeMuvJqdkawmh yef;csDq&mawGujzpfae
w,f / tJ ' D v d k rormrI a wG u sawmh tpf u k d w d k Y t aeeJ Y 'D y ef ; csD q &m
tay:rS m blacklist oG i f ; rvm;/ ol w k d Y u d k b,f v d k o wf r S w f r vJ /
yef ; csD v d k Y a um owf r S w f r vm;/ uG s ef a wmf w d k Y q D r S m qd k & if a wmh
pmayeJ Y y wf o uf v d k Y S d & if cd k ; csw,f a ygh a emf / 'D v l u rormbl ; /
ol r sm;pmcd k ; csw,f q d k w J h [ mrsd K ; I H U cswmwd k Y ? a0zef w mwd k Y S d w ,f /
yef ; csD a vmurS m tJ ' grsd K ; rpOf ; pm;Mubl ; vm;/
uGsefawmfwdkYyef;csDavmurSmvnf; tJ'gawGMum;wJhtcgusawmh
'DvdkygyJ ajymMu? qdkMu/ odkYaomfvnf; 'grsdK;vkyfwJhvlawGudkuvnf;
awmfawmfrsufESmajymifwdkuf&Jw,f/ olwdkYrSm tSufqdkwm vHk;0rSdMu
bl;/ 'gayr,fhvdkY xdyfqHk;uwufNyD;awmh ae&mvdkcsifwJholawGjzpfae
w,f/ tJ'DvdkvlrsdK;awGu vkyfMuwm/ tJ'Dvdk uGsefawmfwdkYrSmvnf;
oGm;awGU&w,f/
tpfukdwdkYyef;csDeJYywfoufvdkY bmac:rvJ rlykdifcGifhyJ qdkMuygpdkY/
tEkynm Pypnf;ykdifqdkifcGifheJYywfoufvdkY b,fvdkOya'a&;qGJxm;
wmSdovJ/
tJ'DOya'awGuvnf; tcktcsdeftxdawmh bmrSa&;qGJxm;wm
rSdbl;aygh/ oGm;ajymvkdYSd&if Oya'vrf;aMumif;t&awmh ynmSif&JU

tkef;oD;av;awGukd ,pfrsKd;cGefaumuf
r,fqkdawmh tukefvkH;tvefY xnufjzpfukefMu
w,f/ aemufaewmvm;vTwfawmfBuD;&,faygh? tkef;
oD;qkdwm tkef;oD;av; AkH;oD;rSr[kwfwm? b,fhES,fh
tke;f oD;ukd ,pfrsKd;tcGeaf umuf&rvm;aygh? bmwJh tke;f oD;
u uaZmfcsufvkdY &w,fqkdvm;? zpfrSzpf&avuG,f? wu,f
awmh tke;f oD;qkw
d m oDcsif;awmif&adS o; ]rk;d &Gm&if rk;d a&csKd;r,f
ararvm&if EkdYpkdYr,f? azazvm&if tkef;oD;cGJ pm;r,f}wJh
tkef;oD;eJYajym&&if jrefrmhkd;&mpm;p&mawGukdu trsm;BuD;
tkef;EkdYacgufqGJ? tkef;oD;aygifrkefY? tkef;,kd? tkef;xef;nuf?
aygifrkefYtkef; EkdYprf;? tkef;oD;aMumf? tkef;EdkYqHjyKwf? tJ'gawGu
aps;oufoufomompm; vkdY&wmawG tkef;oD;ukd tcGefaumuf&if
jrefrmh;dk &mrkeaYf wGyg/ aps;wuf ukeaf wmhrmS aygh [kwzf ;l vm;? acsmif;om?
iyvD? aiGaqmif? armif;ruef? pufpJ? urf;om,mwkdYrSm yifv,fxJa&
pdrf&if; tkef;oD;vwfvwfqwf qwfcJGpm;&wmrsKd;awG tkef;a&vwf
vwfqwfqwfaomuf&wmrsKd;awG bmjzpfuek rf vJ? &efuek f A[ef;Mum;
awm&vrf;xJu tkef;oD;onf wpfa,mufukd tcGefaqmif&r,fqkd

28

pdwfauseyfavmufwJh taetxm;rsdK;avmuf
awmh ajzSif;vdkY&wmawGajzSif;ay;vdkufwmeJY
wif;wdro
f mG ;MuwmawG Sw
d ,f/ tck uGsefawmf
wdkYvnf; rlykdifcGifhqdkwJh[mawGeJYyJ uGsefawmfwdkY
vnf; tpnf;ta0;awGwuf&? bmawGwuf&
eJY/ odkYaomfvnf; rlykdif cGifhwufvkdufwJhtcgus
awmh uGsefawmfwdkYynmSifawGtwGuf bmrS

tmrcHcsufay;wmwdkY? aqG;aEG;wmwdkY rawGUbl;As/ Oya'awGawmh

olwdkYawmh xkwfxm;wmayghav/ bmawGukdyJ aZmif;ay;NyD;ajymaevJ
qdkawmh xkwfa0olwdkY? yef;csDum;jzefYwJholwdkY tJ'DvlawG cdkifrmzdkY
twGufukdyJ aZmif;ay;NyD; ajymaeMuw,f/ tJ'D&JUtpnf;ta0;awGrSmus
awmh a':aqGZifxdkufajymwJhpum;av;u tcktxd uGsefawmfhacgif;
xJrSm pGJaewmaygh/ jrefrmvlrsdK;awGu ukd,fu ul;&ifaumif;w,fwJh/
ukd,fh[m olrsm;ul;NyDqdk&if atmfaeMuwmyJqdkwJh pum;av;uawmh
uGsefawmfh&ifxJrSmtcktxd rSwfxm;NyD; odrf;xm;wmaygh/

wmodovm;vkdYar;wmh olwkdYvnf; Mum;ae

wmwJh tJonfvdk tcGefaqmif&r,fqkd&if
ckvkdrsKd; tkef;oD;wpfvkH; 500 eJYa&mif;yghrvm;
ar;wJhtcg b,fa&mif;EkdifygawmhrvJwJh ck
atmiftkef;oD;wpfvkH;ukd bkef;BuD;ausmif;rSm
vkduf0,f&wm wpfvkH; 200 EIef;wJh 0,fNyD;
a&mif;&wmwJh wpfvkH; 500 eJYa&mif;awmh
wpfaeY usyfESpfaomif;zkd;a&mif;&zkdYawmif
tEkdifEkdifwJh pnfyifaMu;? vkdif;aMu; uvnf;
&Sdao;wmwJh [kdwkef;u tkef;oD;wpfvkH;usyf
40 EIef;0,fa&mif; &awmh ukd,fukd,f0,fwJh tcktkef;oD;wpfvkH;ukd
usyf 200 eJY0,fNyD; jyefa&mif;? ckcsdefrSm tcGefvmaumuf&if tkef;oD;awG
0,fr,fh olr&SdbJ tkef;oD;av;awGeJYa&mNyD; xkdifikdaezkdY yJ&Sdawmhw,fwJh
uk d u k d u k d
...wJh ...wJh ukdukdukd/
Photo - MK Media

tck uG s ef a wmf w d k Y a wG U ae&wmu anmif O D ; zd k ; csd K qd k v nf ;

rMumcP pme,f Z if ; awG u k d ajymwmqd k w mS d w ,f / ol U yH k u k d a wmh
b,f o l u ul ; a&;vk d u f j yef N yD a ygh a emf / ol U "mwf y H k e J Y ul ; a&;wJ h [ meJ Y /
tJ ' grsd K ; uk d a omif ; a0qd k v nf ; rMumcPajymw,f / ol U yH k u l ; a&;
vdkufjyefNyDqdkwm/ uGsefawmfwdkYvnf; tul;cH&wmSdygw,f/ tJ'grsdK;
eJYywfoufvdkYSd&if pnf;rapmifhwJhtay:rSm tpfukdwdkYtaeeJY 'DvlawGukd
awareness vk y f z d k Y S d o vm;/ 'grS r [k w f rod v d k Y b J v m;/
trSefawmh uGsefawmfu yef;csDvnf;a&;w,f? "mwfyHkvnf; kduf
w,fqdkawmh uGsefawmfu ynmSifawGukdawmh tJ'D&JUwefzdk;av;awG
ayghaemf/ rul;a&;eJYvkdY rqdkvdkygbl;/ ul;a&;/ awmifBuD;oef;a0wdkY?
ukdjrwfcdkifwdkYqdkwm a&;apcsifvdkYukd ay;aewm/ odkYaomfvnf; ukd,fa&;
w,fqdkwJh[mav;ukd report av;vkyfvkdufwmeJY 'DyDwdeJYyJ "mwfyHk
q&mawG [dkoif;jzpfaewmyg/ uGsefawmfvnf; 'Dtwdkif;ygyJ/ ukdjrwfcdkif
odwJhtwdkif;yJ/ uGsefawmfhyHkawGqdk&if uGsefawmf yef;csDq&mawGukd
tukefay;wmyJ/ 'gayr,fh uGsefawmfawmh 'Dvdka&;vdkufw,fqdkwJh
tJ'yD w
D ad v;eJyY /J apmapmu ajymovdyk J tJ'v
D rkd ay;bJev
YJ nf; cd;k aMumif
cd;k 0Suv
f yk o
f mG ;wJh vlawGuvnf; Sw
d ,fayghaemf/ tJ'gaMumifrh Ykd uGsefawmf
tNrJajymw,f/ "mwfyrkH ul;a&;eJv
Y Ykd rqdb
k ;l / vky/f ajym/ wwfEikd &f ifawmh
ukd,fh[mukd,f uifr&mwpfvHk;0,f/ tJ'DvdkyHkpHvkdufkduf/ NyD;&if a&;qdkNyD;
awmh uGsefawmf tNrJwrf;ajymygw,f/ 'gayr,fhvnf; wcsdKUe,fbuf
awG bmawGusawmhvnf; vufvSrf;rrDvdkufwJhvlawGusawmhvnf;
'gawGu rMum;vdkuf? rodvdkufbl;ayghAsm/
tpfukdzefwD;cJhwJh tEkynmawGvnf; trsm;BuD;Sdw,fayghaemf/
uufqufumAmacwf? ykdYpfuwfacwf? kyfSifykdpwmacwf trsm;BuD;
vkyfcJhzl;w,f/ tJ'DvkyfcJhwJhtvkyfawGxJrSm tpfukd tm;t&qHk; record
jzpf c J h w m bmvJ /
uGsefawmftm;t&qHk; record jzpfcJhwmuawmh uufqufumAm
acwf tcsdefwkef;u 'guawmh uGsefawmfu xdyfuae vkyfukdifay;ae&
wmqdkawmh 'Dtykdif;ukd oGm;NyD; tm;&rdw,f/ bmaMumifhvJvdkYqdkawmh
yH k w l y ef ; csD e J Y v nf ; jyvd k Y & w,f / cH p m;rI y ef ; csD e J Y v nf ; jyvd k Y & w,f /
commercial vkyfwmcsif;twlwl tJ'Dvdkav;awG jycGifhav;awG&awmh
'D&JUvkyfief;awGukd ykdNyD;awmh tm;&wmayghaemf/
tJ'Dawmh tckMunfhwJhtcgrSm 'pf*spfw,facwfajymif;vmvdkYyJvm;
rajymwwfbl;/ kyfSifykdpwmu vHk;0aysmufoGm;wJhoabmjzpfaew,f/
t&ifwkef;uqdk&if kyfSifykdpwma&;&if aomMumrSm b,folUyHkwifrvJ
qdkwm apmifhMunfh&ovdk ukd0okefa&;wmSdw,f? tpfukda&;wmSdw,f?
OD;ndK0if;a&;wmSdw,f/ tNydKiftqdkifa&;MuwJhacwf aysmufoGm;wm
bmaMumifhvJ/
aysmufoGm;w,fqdkwJhtykdif;usawmh eHygwfwpfuawmh xkwfvkyf
olawG&JUtm;enf;csufayghaemf/ olwdkY&JU'gawGu rvdktyfbl;qdkNyD;
0d w f a vQmh w J h t yk d i f ; / uG s ef a wmf w d k Y t &if w k e f ; uawmh H k B uD ; awG r S m
tjynfhjyifqifMuw,fqdkwm xkwfvkyfolawGutNydKif [dkoif;jzpfw,f/
NydKifvmwJhtcgusawmh tJ'Dwkef;uawmh Hkwifwmukdu tNydKifwifMu
wm/ aemufyidk ;f tNydKifwifwt
hJ cgusa&m tm;enf;olawGu aps;uGupf ;D
yGm;a&;t& vlrMunfhawmh olwdkYu tvSnfhusayghaemf/ 'DtywfNyD;
bmnmwpfvSnfhpDvdkufwJhtcgvnf;usa&m apmapmuvdk HkBuD;awG
qifwJhtykdif;u avsmhoGm;NyD;awmh wpfbkwfcsif;jzpfvmw,f/ wpfbkwf
a&;ae&if;uae tck ADEdkif;qkdwm ay:vmawmh aps;uvnf; oufom
w,f/ NyD;awmh e,fawG,loGm;awmh topfcsyfuGsyf,lr,fqdkvnf;
'DyHkpHtwkdif; ygoGm;w,f/ [dkt&ifwkef;u vufeJYa&;pOftcgwkef;u
&efukefa&;NyD;awmh acgufNyD; e,fykdYvkdufwmeJY yGJMunfhwJhzsmvdk GJNyD;awmh
bmrSMunfhvdkYr&awmhbl;/

quf v uf a zmf j yygrnf

jrefrmhyef;csDq&mBuD;OD;armifarmifvSjrifhESifhawGUqkHcJhonfrsm;rS ...

Zmwf&JU tpeJY tqHk;[m tifrwefrSudk kyf&SifZmwf0ifcef; qef

vSygw,f/ 'gayr,fh wu,fjzpfysufcJhwmyg/
Zmwfvrf;zGifhawmh awmifBuD;aq;Hkay:rSm trsKd;orD;vlemoHk;OD;
ukwifjcif; qufvsuf wufa&mufaeMuw,f/ tv,fukwifu trsKd;
orD; (vifa,musfm;jzpfou
l ya'o&mZfqefu
Y sifol awmfveS af &; orm;^
towfcH&)u trTma,musfm;av;ESpfOD; arG;w,f/ uyfvsuf ukwifu
wpfa,mufu om;tdrfxkwf&NyD; aemufwpf
a,mufu uav;taoarG;w,f/ tJ'DrSm
trTmESpaf ,muf&UJ aemifa&;udMk unfNh yD; rdcif&if;
jzpfolu olYuav;wpfa,mufpDudk ab;uk
wif w pf z uf w pf c suf u trsKd ; orD ; ES p f O D ; qD
arG;pm;zdkYay;vdkuf&w,fqdkNyD; Zmwfudk uefYvefY
umvSpfygw,f/
Zmwfodrf;rSm 0efBuD;csKyfb0eJY aoG;uif
qma&m*gcHpm;&if; (pifumyl aq;HkrSm) qHk;yg;cJh
wJh 2007 atmufwdkbm (12)&ufaeYudk a&;yg
w,f/
Zmwf&JU ed*Hk;aemufqHk;pmaMumif;awGu
awmh
t&ifuqdkvQif ]]nnf;u aq;HkvmNyD;
a,musfm;jyKpkw,f? bm w,feJY wu,fwrf;
us a,musfm;em;ruyfb;l ? bmjzpfw,f nmjzpf
w,f } }ES i f h pae aemuf a eusjzpf o nf u d k
owd& rdaomfvnf; onfuaeYawmh pzdkY
aemufzYkd aeae omom pum;yif ajymvdpk w
d rf &Sd
jzpfoGm; onf/ olYudkrS r[kwf/ b,folYudkrSyif
pum;vnf; rajymcsifawmhyg/ rsufpdudk tom
arS; rSed ;f aevdu
k f onf/ rav;uawmh rSed ;f ae
aom uRefawmfhudk taESmifht,Suf rjzpfap&ef
twG u f bmrQrajym? y&d w f w&m;acG u d k
wd;k wd;k av; zGiahf y;oGm;onf/ rav;zGiahf y;oGm;
aom y&dwfudkem&if; uRefawmf &Gwfaeus
twdkif; EIwfrScyfwdk;wdk;av; &Gwfvdkufonf/
]]bk&m; ud;k uG,yf g\/ w&m;ud;k uG,yf g\/
oHCm udk;uG,fyg\}} (pm-573? 574)
'Dae&mrSm twKywdNyD;ygw,f/
trTmnDjzpfol (AdkvfcsKyfwifxGef;)uawmh
tJ'Daq;HkrSmyJ 2007 pufwifbm (19)&ufu
uG,fvGefoGm;cJhaMumif; yg;yg;0g;0g;av;
wdkYxd oGm;ygw,f/ avm
uBuD;xJ q,fih g;rdepfjcm;
0ifa&mufvmMuNyD; wpf
vjcm;vdYk jyefxu
G o
f mG ;Mu
yHku kyf&Sifomqdk rif;wdkY
[m ukvm;um; qefveG ;f
vSouGmvdkY MobmjyKMur,f
xifyg&JU/ 'gayr,fh wu,fjzpfoGm;
cJhwmygvdkY pmtkyfu tav;teufwifjy
xm;ygw,f/
wpftkyfvHk;udkzwfMunfhNyD; wJhtcg
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;pdk;0if;qdkwm[m ppfAdkvfcsKyf
wcsKdUrSm awGU&wwfwhJ pdww
f pkd w
d q
f ;kd wwf
wmrsKd;uvGJNyD; wdkif;jynfeJY jynfolawGtay: apwem&SdcJhwm? &nfrSef;
csufBuD;vSwm? tvkyfudk rqkwfrepfvkyfwm? tajrmfjrif&Sdwm? NcdK;NcH
a&mifh&Jwwfwm pwJh aumif;uGufawG^twk,lp&mawG ay:atmif
a&;jyEkdifcJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh oleJY wu,f ezl;awGU'l;awGU qHk^BuHKzl;
olawGu oleyYJ wfoufNyD; a&;xm;Muwmudk (tGev
f ikd ;f ay:rSm) zdw&f wmu
awmh ckpmtkyf&JU tarSmifbufjcrf; jzpfaewwfygw,f/
'DESpfckMum;rSm trSefw&m;uawmh yg;yg;&Sdaeavrvm;ygyJ/
AdkvfcsKyfawGtrsm;pk[m *rD&awG ,HkMunfwwfwm rsm;yHkay:w,f/
wavmav;uyJ *sme,fwpfapmifrSm aA'if? tMum;tjrifeJY a&SU
jzpf a[majymrIawGudk tajccHNyD; wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfcJhaom AdkvfcsKyf
awG&JU ,HkMunfrItaMumif;udk ckvdk zwfcJh&ygw,f/
,if;pDrHudef;taMumif; rEav;tajcpdkuf aA'ifynm&Sif ya&m
zuf a'gufwmjrwfopfu ,ckvdkajymonf/
]]pkMunfeJYMuufql/ 'guuufuif;}}
aA'if? tMum;tjrifESifh a&SUjzpfa[majymrIrsm;onf jrefrmhEkdifiH
a&;avmuwGif acgif;ESifhyef;uJhodkY wGJvsuf&Sdaeonf/ xdkt&mrsm;onf
jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;Zmwfvdkufausmfrsm; ujyaeonfh EkdifiHa&;ZmwfcHk\ uefY
vefYumaemufuG,frS ta&;ygonfhudprsm;jzpfonf/
,ckaqmif;yg;twGuf rEav;ESifh &efukeftajcpdkuf aA'if? euwf
odyH? tMum;tjrifESifh a0'ynm&Sifrsm;tm; 7 Day News u ar;jref;
cJh&m jrefrmEdkifiHudk tkyfcsKyfonfh tpdk;&xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
aA'if? tMum;tjrifESifh a&SUjzpfa[majymrIrsm;udk ESpfESpfumum ,HkMunf
olrsm;jzpfaMumif; ajzMum;cJhonf/
]]jrefrmEkdifiHrSm acgif;aqmifvkyfcJhMuwJholawGxJrSmawmh euwf

aA'ifudk r,HkwJholudk rawGUzl;ao;bl;}}[k jrefrmEkdifiHa0'okawoe

tzGJUOu| OD;cifatmifAdkvfu ajymonf/
EkdifiH\ tqifhjrifhacgif;aqmifrsm;wGif vufqGJawmfa&SUjzpfa[m
Mum;onfh ynm&Sifrsm;udk,fpDudk,fpD&SdMuNyD; ta&;ygvSonfh qHk;jzwf
csufrsm;? pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf 'gZifESifhcsDaom a&SUjzpfa[mMum;onfh
ynm&Sifrsm;xH qnf;uyfMuonf/

(7day twGJ (13) trSwf (25) armifwm? xGef;cdkif)

'Dpmtkyf&JU pm-76 rSm ]]*rD&vm;}}qdkwJh acgif;pOfeJY a&;xm;wm
av; zwf&ygw,f/ ,m,D wyfcGJrSL;(AdkvfrSL;)tqifheJY axmufvSrf;a&;
t&m&Sd(tdkiftdk)wm0efxrf;aqmifaewkef;u tawGUtBuHKyg/
armfza'orSm zrf;qD;rd Auy ESpfa,muf&JU vufudk BudK;wkwf?
ajcaxmufxdyfwHk;cwfNyD; ajrusif;xJxnhfxm;? tay:u opfom;tkyf
NyD; &JabmfESpfa,muf tapmihfcsxm;wJhMum;u reufrkd;vif;rSmawmh
tJ'D tusOf;om;awG usif;xJrSmr&SdbJ aysmufqHk;oGm;ygowJh/ xdyfwHk;
awGuvnf; aomhcwfxm;vsufom;eJY csnfxm;wJh BudK;awGuawmh
ajyNyD; tyHkvdkufuav; usef&pfw,fqdkygw,f/
]]AuywdkYonf kyf0g'Drsm;jzpfonfqdkaomfvnf; olwdkYwGif tif;
tdkifvufzGJUESifh taqmifrsm;&Sdonf/ *gxmrE&m;awGvnf;oHk;wwfonf
[k Mum;zl;onf/ wpfcgwav rsufESmcsif;qdkifaeaom wyftcsif;csif;
rawGUrjrif&avmufatmif "mwfdkuf "mwfqifawG &Sdonf[kvnf;
qdkMuonf/ uRefawmfuawmh xdktajctaersm;udk ,Hkawmh r,HkMunf
yg/ odkYaomf tjzpftysufuawmh jzpfysufcJhNyD; jzpfonf/}}vdkY a&;om;
azmfjyxm;ygw,f/
ppfqdkwm aoab;eJY tpOfwGJae&awmh ppfqifae&wJhbufwdkif;
vdkvdk[m aMumufpdwfpdk;rdk;rI aeYpOf cHpm;ae&wwfygw,f/ tJ'DrSmwif
,HkMunfrIyHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;&SdMuyHk ay:aygufvmygawmhw,f/ AuyawGxJrSm
tJovdk tif;tdkifrEmeftm;udk;wm? Muufacgif;aA'ifeJY wdkif;&if;om;
tvdkuf dk;&m,HkMunfrIawGuawmh &Sdwwfygw,f/ (wu,fawmh tJ'D
wkef;u Auyqdkwm[m Armu enf;enf;av;&,f/ e,fpyfa'ou
wdkif;&if;om;awG[m xkeJYxnfeJYjzpfwmudk;/ tJ'Dawmh awmifay:wdkif;

&if;om;awG dk;&m"avh ,HkMunfrIrsm;/ tusifhpdkufrsm;qdkwm azsmuf

r&ovdk aysmufroGm;cJhygbl;/) xGufaygufydwfatmif t0dkif;cHxm;&wJh
Mum;xJ 0wfjzLpifMu,fwpfa,mufu tdyfrufxJrSm qkwfvrf;ay;vdkY
AuyawGvufu vGwfcJhzl;aMumif;vnf; zwf&ygw,f/ ,HkMunfolawG
tzdkYawmh tHbeef;awGjzpfNyD; r,HkwwfolawGtwGufawmh enf;enf;
cufygvdrfhr,f/
]]Oyrm ppfonfwdkif;vdkvdk tarhxbDudk aqmifxm;Muonfu
rsm;onf/ tarhxbDudk aqmifxm;vQif tE&m,fuif;onf? touf
ab;udk xdcdkufapaom Oy'frsKd; rjzpfEkdif[k ,HkMunfMuonf/ awmf
awmfrsm;rsm;udk,fwdkifuvnf; vufawGUtjzpftysufrsm;ESifh Oyrmay;
ajymMuonf/ tarhxbDpudk udk,fESifhruGmaqmifxm;vQif touf
tE&m,frS uif;a0;EkdifonfrSm rSefoifhoavmuf rSefEkdifaomfvnf;
usqHk;&Jabmfrsm;tm;vHk;wGif tarhxbDp odkYr[kwf txufqifhp &Sdae
Muonfuawmh awG;p&mwpfcsufjzpfonf}}vdkY a&;om;xm;yHkav;u
jrefrmppfonfwdkY&JU b0,HkMunfrIuav;awGudk vSpfjyvdkufwmygyJ/
(Auy wyfwdkY autdkifat wyfwdkYrSmawmh tJvdk xbDpaqmifwJh
tavhtx rawGU&yg/)
'Dazmfjycsufav;awG[m AdkvfcsKyfBuD;pdk;0if;qdkwJh ta&;cHyk*dKvf&JU
,HkMunfrIqdkif&m pdwfaepdwfxm;udk vSpfueJ jrifvdkufcGifh&wmvdkY qdk
csifygw,f/
wyf&if;rSL;wpfa,mufrSm pDrHcefYcGJrItmPm? aiGaMu;oHk;pGJcGifh
tmPm? w&m;pD&ifrItmPm tjynfht0&SdNyD; 'DvdkusifhoHk;EkdifrI tm
Pm[m wyf r awmf r S m ...
umuG , f a &;OD ; pD ; csKyf ?
wdkif;rSL;eJY
wyf & if ; rS L ;wd k Y r S m om&S d w ,fqdkygw,f/ tJ'g[m wdkif;jynfudk ppf
wyfu tkyfcsKyfaecsdefrSm &SdcJhzl;wJh tajctaeyg/ 'Drdkua&pDacwfvdkY
pmwef;xdk;xm;wJh 'DuaeY &ufpGJawGrSmawmh tmPmeJYvkyfydkifcGifh cGJa0
rIawG[m 'Dtwdkif;&Sdaeao;vm;vdkY awG;rdygw,f/ wpfacwfwpfcgu
awmh wdkif;rSL;qdkwm a'oE&bk&ifwpfyg;jzpfcJhwm rsufjrifudk,fawGU
ygyJ/ ArmjynfBuD;udk ppfwdkif;BuD;awGtvdkuf tpdwfpdwfydkif;NyD; udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfcGifh& bk&ifawG wifajrmufxm;ava&mhovm; xif&ygw,f/
tJonfhumvu wdkif;rSL;wpfa,mufawmif 'DavmuftmPmjyif;&if
umcsKyfuawmh qdkzG,f r&Sdawmhyg/
'gayr,fh ]]tmPmqdkwm tqdyfjzpfonf}}qdkwJh ta&;tom;rsKd;
twGufawmh AdkvfcsKyfBuD;^0efBuD;csKyfudk,fwdkif&JU rSwfcsuf^aumufcsuf
jzpfcJh&if aumif;avpGvdkY awG;rdw,f/ ckawmh olYtaMumif; a&;om;
azmfjywJh pma&;ol&JU 0gusawGomjzpfaeavawmh uRefawmfhrSm rcsifh
r&J jzpf&ygw,f/ tJovdk wu,fawG;cJh? trSefjrifcJh&ifawmif tmPm
a&tvsOfxefjyif;pGm pD;aewJh olYacwfumvrSm olYtaeeJY bmudkrS
ajymif;vJatmif aqmif&GufEkdifcJhr,f rxifyg/
'DpmtkyfxJu pmwpfydk'frSm ckvdkygygw,f/
]]yH k r S e f t m;jzif h qd k v Qif a wmif r S
&JabmfawGqdkwmu aoG;qdk;csif onf/
wpfcgw&H aoG;qdk;Hkru cyfdkif;dkif;jzpf
csifonf/ &Jabmfwpf a,muftaejzifh
xdo
k aYkd om pdwaf epdwx
f m;&Srd v
S nf; a&SU
wef;&efolESifhawGUaomtcg wGef;wif
wGef;wdkufvdkY&onf/ cyfaysmhaysmhqdk
vQifawmh bmrQvkyfr&awmh}}qdkwJh
a&;om; csufrsKd;rSmawmh ajymp&mawG
trsm;BuD;jzpfvmygw,f/ udk,fhvuf
atmufu ppfonfawG dkif;ae^Murf;aewmudkyJ oabmus auseyfae
wJhyHkaygufaeygw,f/ tJ'Dacwf&JU Armppfwyfqdkwm ppfwdkufcdkif;zdkY
&nf&G,fcsufwpfckwnf;eJY vlMurf; vl&rf;vlrdkufawG arG;xm;^ pkxm;
ovdkjzpfaewJh okyfay:ygw,f/
wyfudkwnfaqmuf&mrSm ppfonf awGudk arG;jrL&mrSm usifh0wf
pnf;urf;eJw
Y nfaqmuf&^arG;jrL&ovdk pdw"f mwfev
YJ nf; wnfaqmuf&
ygw,f/ 'gawG[m ppfwuodkvf oifdk;awGrSmrygbJ r&Sdbl;xifyg
w,f/ pdwfaumif;apwemaumif; pnf;urf;aumif;&SdwJhwyfom vlxk
axmufcHrI&rSmyg/ vlxkeJY wpfom; wnf;jzpfrS vlxkqDu arwmudk
&rSmyg/ wdkuf&Jcdkuf&J owfjzwf&JzdkYom t"duxm; armif;ESifaer,fqdk
ppfyGJEkdifaumif;Ekdifr,f ('gvnf; odyfawmhraocsm? ppfyGJwpfyGJ&JU tqHk;
tjzwfqdkwm Murf;jcif;&rf;jcif;wpfckwnf;tay:rSm tajcrcH) wyfu
awmh vlxek YJ uif;uGmoGm;rSmaocsmaeygw,f/ atmhEv
S ;kH emp&mvlawGeYJ
om pkpnf;xm;NyD; wyfrSL;jzpfoludk,fwdkifu tJvdkvlawGudk 'Dtwdkif;
avhusifharG;jrLxdef;odrf;xm; wwfw,fqdk&ifawmh 'DwyfawG[m
wyfq;kd awGomjzpfNyD; vlxt
k rke;f udo
k m vufc&H MuawmhrmS yg/ ppfajrjyif
rSm trdeaYf y;yHrk wlwhJ wyf ESprf sKd;&Syd gw,f/ wpfwyfu ]]igh aemufvu
kd cf }hJ }
vdYk atmfNyD; acgif;aqmifu a&SUudt
k &ifajy;wufomG ;ygw,f/ aemufwpf
rsKd;u ]]wuf}}vdkY atmfNyD; &JabmfawGudk owfuGif;aouGif;qD
armif;wifvYkd olu aemufu vdu
k yf gw,f/ uRefawmfwYkd Armhwyfrawmf
[m b,fwyftrsKd;tpm;vnf; odcsifol rsm;ygvdrfhr,f/
AdkvfcsKyfpdk;0if;[m tJvdk vlrdkufarG; pdwfxm;&SdwJhvlvm; awG;p&m
jzpfvmygw,f/ 'gayr,fh um,uH&Sifudk,fwdkifa&;xm;wm r[kwfawmh
vnf; 'g olYoabmxm;ygyJvdkY wpfxpfcsa0zefzdkY cufygw,f/

29

Q:

Zmwfum;aumif;&if NyD;a&m zvifb,favmufukefukefqdkwJh

kyf&SifzefwD;ol wpfpkeJY EkdifiHjcm;aiG ,dkpD;wJhvrf;aMumif;udk ydwfqdkY
wm;qD;zdkY vrf;p&SmvmwJh wufcgp awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&eJY pawGU
wJh oabmyJ/
A: Ek d i f i H a wmf z G H U Nzd K ;wd k ; wuf z d k Y t wG u f ]]aiG 0 if a umif ; atmif
taMumif;&if;&Smonf? aiGxGufenf;zdkY tNrJyJBuHpnf}} AdkvfcsKyfatmif
qef;&JU jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; oDcsif;xJuvdk/ 'grsKd; pdppfwmudk uRef
awmfwdkY tjypfajymcGifh r&Sdygbl;/ odkYaomf jrefrmhkyf&Sif bmaMumifh
usqHk;&ovJqdkwJhtaMumif;udk ajym&NyDqdk&ifawmh zvif azmazmoDoD
roHk;EkdifawmhvdkYygqdkwJh tcsufudk xnfhrajymvdkY rjzpfygbl;/
Q: wpfckvnf;&Sdao;w,f/ bBuD;atmif? tpdk;&qdkwm tvum;
ae&if; Oya'awG? pnf;urf;pnf;rsOf;awG xkwfaewm r[kwfbl;/
ajymaeus ajym&&if ]]bmrSrjzpf&if bmrSrjzpfbl;}}ayghAsm/
A: 'gvnf; xnfhajym&rSmygyJ/ [dk;q&mBuD;awG wifpm;ajymqdkcJh
MuwJh ]]tEky#davmr kyf0g'}}oabmw&m;vdkaygh/ bmudp b,f
taMumif;t&mrS xD;xD;BuD; jzpfay:vmwm r&Sdbl;wJh/ tm;vHk; qufpyf
NyD;rS jzpfay:vm&wmwJh/ tJ'Dawmh ckajymr,fhtaMumif;udka&mufatmif
awmfawmf&Snf&Snfa0;a0;ajym&rSm/ 'gudk twdkcsKH;NyD; ajym&r,fqdk&if
ppfBudKacwfuky&f iS u
f rk P
t
D ajctaeeJY ky&f iS x
f w
k v
f yk af &;yHpk aH wG
ppf N yD ; acwf r S m rwl a wmh b l ; / [d k w k e f ; u ynmonf a wG
awmfawmfrsm;rsm; 'DbufacwfrmS vcpm; rvkyMf uawmhb;l /
qdkvdkwm ZmwfTef;? 'gdkufwm? rif;orD;? aw;*Dw q&m?
tJ'gawG vcpm;b0uxGufMuw,f/ tjyifrSm udk,fhb0
udk,fkef;Muw,f/ 'gayr,fh uifr&meJY puftzGJU? zviful;
aq;tzGJU/ pwl'D,dkrSm qufwifqifwJh vuform;tzGJU?
tJ'gawGuawmh (vc)pm;b0eJY ukrPDrSm usefcJhMuw,f/
ajymcJh zl;wJt
h wdik ;f zvifu tjyify*k v
u
d ukrP
rD mS 0,fvYkd
&wmqdkawmh/ b,folrqdk t&if;tESD; uav;&Sd7if
uk r P D a xmif N yD ; Zmwf u m;d k u f v d k Y & wmaygh /
ukrPDBuD;awGtaeeJYuvnf; [dkt&ifvdk wpfaeY
xJrmS ESpu
f m; oH;k um;rdu
k Ef idk Mf uawmhb;l / 'Dawmh
NcHp&dwfeJY NcHvkyfom;p&dwfausatmif tjyif ukrPD
tao;awGqDu vkyfief;awGvufcHMu&w,f/ quf
wifaqmufzdkY pwl'D,dkNcHawGyg iSm;w,f/ ukrPDao;ao;av;
awGvnf; trsm;BuD;ay:vmw,f/ wcsKdUu tvkyw
f u
kd f H;k cef;awGeYJ
pepfwusyJ/ wcsKdUusawmh vrf;ab; vufzuf&nfqdkif/
Q: vrf;ab;vufzuf&nfqdkifrSm Hk;cef;zGifhwmvm;/
A: at;aygh vufzuf&nfqdkifrSm xkdifNyD; olwdkY dkufvufp Zmwf
um;awGxJu rif;om; rif;orD;awG wGJdkufxm;wJh Zmwf0ifcef; "mwfyHk
awGjyNyD; [dk; apmapmydkif;u ajymcJhzl;ovdk/ NrdKUe,f kyf&SifHkydkif&SifawG
qDu BudKwif (Booking Money)aiGawG vufcHw,f/ 'grsKd;awGu
trsm;tm;jzifh rjynfhpHkwJh ynmonfwpfydkif;? xkwfvkyfolwpfydkif;awG
u vkyfcJhMuw,f/ awmfwJh rSefwJh vlawGusawmhvnf; Zmwfum;NyD;
atmif dkufEkdifwJhvlawG&Sdovdk Zmwfum;u wdk;vdkYwef;vef;? dkufxm;
wJhzvifu wpf0ufwpfysuf tvkyfvnf; rqufEdkif/ ynmonfawG
udkvnf; okckraMu; ray;/ e,form;awG Zmwfum;vmawmif;awmh
vnf; r&/ olwdkYvkyfwm dk;dk;om;om;ygvdkY ajymay;csifayr,fh rajy;
aomf uef&m&Sdaew,f/ Zmwfum;rNyD;bJ dkufypfwJh zvif[m jzKef;ypf

e*wpfzvif

tkyful;NyD; ayghpwpfzvif

ovdk jzpfraebl;vm; 'Dawmhvnf; Xmeqdkif&mtaeeJY ajymp&m jzpfvm

&awmhwmaygh/
Q: Xmeqdkif&mqdkawmh jyefMum;a&;Xmeaygh/
A: jyefMum;a&;Xmevufatmufaygh/ 'gudkvnf; Mum;zl; zwfzl;
odzl;wmawG ajym&&if &SnfrSmyJ/ uRefawmfwdkYEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&awmh
EkdifiHacgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJY tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;awG
r&Sd&Smawmhbl;/ vGwfvyfa&;&zdkYtwGuf twlkef;uefcJhMuwJh wjcm;
acgif;aqmifawGvnf; pdwf0rf;uGJNyD; vufeufudkifNyD; awmcdkukefMuNyD/
ajray:rSm usefcJhwmu zufqpfqefYusifa&; jynfolYvGwfajrmufa&;
(zqyv)tpdk;&/ tJ'Dtpdk;&u olwdkYtpdk;&&JU oabmxm; 0g'awG
jzefY csdzdkY? odapzdkY jynfolvlxkMum;rSmcsjyzdkY jyefMum;a&;&SdzdkYvdkw,f/
'DtwGuf owif;pm? pmapmifawG xm;&SdcJhovdk kyf&SifESifh jyZmwfXmeqdk
wmudkvnf; xm;&SdcJhw,f/
tJ'DXmerSm vlBuD;ydkif;u pmayeJYkyf&Sifynm&SifawGjzpfwJh q&mBuD;
OD;nmP/ kyf&SifzcifBuD;OD;tkef;armif&JU a,mufz/ yxqHk; "mwfyHkq&m
jzpfcJhwJh vef'eftwfOD;armifarmif/ udkZm*em&JU zcif q&mOD;eef;GefY
aqG tJvdkyk*dKvfBuD;awG yg0ifOD;pD;cJhw,fvdkY od&w,f/ 'DXme&JU wm0ef
uawmh EkdifiHawmfrSm ta&;wBuD; tcrf;tem;awG? jzpfpOfawG kyf&Sif
eJY rSwfwrf;wifwmaygh/ Oyrm NAdwdoQ atmifvHawmfudk jzKwfcsNyD;
jrefrmhMu,fig;yGifh atmifvHawmf wufvmwJh vGwfvyfa&;&wJh tcrf;
tem;eJY tJ'DaeYu &SdcJhMuwJh yk*dKvfrsm;/ ]]rl;&ifrarmif;eJY? armif;&if
rrl;eJ}Y }qdw
k hJ aqmify'k ef YJ vrf;tE&m,fZmwfvrf;wd/k wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd;
rsm;eJY if;wdkYaexdkifMuwJh awmawmifobm0/ 'grsKd;awGdkufNyD; t&yf
wum e,fwum vSnfhjywmaygh/ jyZmwfydkif;usawmhvnf; [dkacwfu
emrnfBuD;cJhwm a0omvDjyZmwfwJh/ rlvemrnf b,fvdkac:vJqdkawmh
]]jynfaxmifpk}}jyZmwfwJh/ 'gayr,fh a0omvDqdkwJhemrnfu vlod
ydkrsm;w,f/ Zmwfvrf;uawmh a0omvDwdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyf
MuwJh nDaemifom;csif;awG t&rf;udk nDGwfMuw,f/ 'gudk &efolEkdifiH
tkyfESifhtoH xyfwlul;xm;onfh ayghpwpfzvif

30

u 0ifwdkufcsifawmh ykPm;wpfa,mufudk twGif;vlvkyfcdkif;NyD; tcsif;

csif; &efwdkufay;w,f/ nDGwfa&; ysufjym;NyD; a0omvD ysufpD;
usqHk;cJh&w,f/ jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;cgprSm wdkif;jynfBuD;u
t&rf;BuD;udk zdkz&JjzpfaecJhwm/ bBuD;atmifwdkY uav;b0rSm ausmif;
udk rSefrSef rwufcJh&bl;/ 'gudk nDGwfMuzdkYqdkwJh (Massage)ay;wJhtae
eJY 'DjyZmwfudk wifqufcJhwm/ tJ'DjyZmwfxJu OD;zkef;qdkwJh vlBuD;[m
rlv emrnfaysmufNyD; ykPm;okyfaqmif aumif;vGef;vdkY a0omvD
armifzkef;qdkNyD; ausmfMum;cJhw,f/ 'DjyZmwfudk acwftavsmuf oGm;a&;
vma&; tqifajywJh NrdKUawG e,fawGudk vludk,fwkdifoGm;NyD; ujyw,f/
ra&mufEkdifwJha'oawGudk zvifeJYdkufNyD; oGm;jyMuw,f/ vlBudKufrsm;
vGef;vdkY aumfyDav;ckawmif ul;cJh&w,fwJh/ (uREfkyfESif jrefrmhkyf
&Siaf vmu '*kPyf OD;bwif)/ aemufawmh 'DXme[m jyZmwftzGUJ
udk avQmhypfcw
hJ ,f/ r.q.v tpd;k &vufxufrmS A[do
k wif;pOf
XmetaeeJY vlodrsm;cJhygw,f/ 'DXme[m armfuGef;rSwfwrf;
tjzpfeJYa&m owif;pOftjzpfeJYa&m r.q.veJYtwl aysmufuG,f
cJhygw,f/ zvifawG rysufpD;atmif rxdef;Ekdifwmvnf; ygw,f/
AD',
D akd y:vmawmh zvifev
YJ yk f rS&wJh udpa wGrvdak wmhwmvnf;
ygw,f/ kyf&SifeJYywfoufwJh aemufXmewpfck&Sdao;w,fAs/
( State Film Promotion Board)tpdk;& kyf&Sifjrifhwifa&;vdkY
ac:w,f/ ckxd a&TawmifMum; trSwf
(50)rSm &Sdao;w,f/ 'DXme ay:ayguf
vm&wm ajymr,fqkd&if apmapmu
ajymwJh EkdifiHa&;tajctaeajym&r,f/ tJovdk
awmcdo
k mG ;MuwJt
h xJrmS tvHeu
D eG jf rLepfeYJ Auy
uGefjrLepf/ uGefjrLepfcsif; wlayr,fh acgif;
aqmifawGrwlbl;/ urmht&if;&SifEkdifiHwdkif;u
uGefjrLepfudk aMumufMuw,f/ ppfBudKacwfeJY
ppfNyD;prSm 'D0g'u t&rf;vTrf;rdk;vmwmudk;/
ck jrefrm tpdk;&uuGefjrLepfqefYusifovdkjzpfaeawmh/ t&if;&SifEkdifiHawG
u tultnDawG ay;csifMuw,f/ 'DMum;xJrmS 0efBuD;csKyfO;D Eku ]]vlxk
atmifoH}}qdkwJh jyZmwfudka&;vdkufawmh ydkNyD; tm;ay;Muwmaygh/ 1957
ckESpf "mwfyHk tu,f'rDqk&Sif OD;xGef;vdIif&JU rSwfwrf;pmtkyfawGt&
ajym&&if 'D ]]vl x k a tmif o H } }jyZmwf u d k tar&d u ef v l r sKd ; awG u
jrefrmvdk0wfNyD; t*Fvdyfpum;ajymeJY ujycJhMuw,f/ uwJhjyZmwfHku
awmh tar&duefjynf? umvDzdk;eD;,m; ]yufpD'Dem;}jyZmwfHkvdkY qdkyg
w,f/ 'DtzGJUuyJ vlxkatmifoHudk jrefrmjynfrSm jrefrmvlrsKd;awGeJY
jrefrmvdkdkufzdkY olwdkY qDu 'gdkufwm uifr&mq&m ZmwfTef; NyD;awmh
pufypnf; tjynfhtpHkeJY a&muf&SdvmMuygw,f/ vlxkatmifoH&JU
atmifjrifaom okyaf qmifrsm;udk rSww
f rf;wif&r,fq&kd ifawmh awmcdk
atmif0if;tjzpf AdkvfAudk? olY&JUom; &JxGef;EGJU(vl&Tifawmf OD;oef;EGJU&JU
om;tBuD;)? armifarmifwm? rif;orD;jrifjh rif&h /D pum;ajymcsif awmxJrmS
oGm;ajymqdkwJh tl;a,mifaqmif OD;ausmfaomif;/ pmaywwfvdkY
ae&mwum 0ifajymwJhtwGuf ypfowfcH&wJh ausmif;q&mzdk;qdwftjzpf
'gdkufwm pma&;q&mBuD;OD;okc/ pum;&Snfw,fuGm ]'dkif;}qdkNyD;
ypfxnfhvdkufwJh awmcdk uGefjrLepf AdkvfawmufxGef;tjzpf vlMurf;
vSarmifav;('gdkufwmvSOD;)/ bmvdkY rSwfwrf;wifcsif&wmvJar;&if/
'Dyk*dKvfawG okyfaqmifaumif;vGef;vdkY uGefjrLepfraumif;aMumif;
0g'jzefY ]vlxkatmifoH}Zmwfum;[m tawmfxda&mufcJhw,f/ 'gu
Zmwfum;dkufzdkYvmwJh tar&dueftzGJU/ kyf&Sifdkuf rlAGDuifr&mxJrSm
(rpfcs,f)uifr&mqdkwm emrnfBuD;ygw,f/ tar&duefu tJ'Duifr&m
topfwpfvHk; vufaqmifay;w,f/ tJ'Duifr&m&JUab;rSm tar&duef
wHqdyfjzpfwJh vif;,kefiSufeJY jrefrm&JU jcaoFhudk yHkazmfNyD; (From a
Friend To a Friend)vd k Y a&;xm;w,f / tJ ' geJ Y t wl zvif u l ; wJ h
aq;wJhpuf *sefea&wm rD;puf/ dkufuGif;rSm (tJ'Dwkef;u) wdkufdkuf
toHzrf;vdkY&wJhpufeJY armfawmfum;? NyD;awmh csrf;pdrfhaeatmif avat;
pufay;xm;wJh pwl'D,dk/ (Studio (1) Sound Proof toHvHk? 1975
rwfvrSm 0g,mBudK; oufwrf;ukefNyD; tylrcH EkdifvdkY rD;avmifoGm;wm
,aeYwdkif jyefrjyifbl;)tJ'gawGtjyif 'gawGudk udkifwG,ftoHk;cswwfzdkY
tar&duefoifwef;q&mawGu "mwfyHkq&m udkxGef;vdIifwdkY udkarmif
armifBuD;? a':zGm;oefYwdkYudk vufxyf oifay;cJhwm/ wcsKdUvnf;
EkdifiHjcm;rSm ynmoGm;oifcGifh&cJhw,f/ 'DtzGJUu omoem 2500 jynfhESpf
(1956) q|o*Fg,emwif/ urmat;apwD tkwjf rpfcsyGu
J kd 0efBuD;csKyfO;D Ek
u OD;pD;usif;ywJhtcg rSwfwrf;wifoGm; dkufMu&w,f/ ]vlxkatmif
oH}vmdkufwJhtzGJUeJYygqdk tar&dueftzGJUESpfzGJUaygh/ 'DtzGJUu kyf&Sif
kyfjyA[kokw jyefYyGm;a&;qdkwJhacgif;pOfeJY a&mufvmMuwm/ tJ'DtzGJU&JU
OD;qHk;Ou|u jrefrmhkyf&SifzcifBuD;wpfOD; jzpfwJh yxrqHk;kyf&Sifrif;om;
armifbaX;(ac:)OD;nDyk? arwmeJY ol&m (Love and Liquor) Zmwfum;?
tpdk;&zufu TefrSL;csKyfOD;udkudkBuD; (bDat-bDt,f) at0rf;kyf&Sif
OD;jrifhpdk;(bDatpDeDrm) kyf&Siftpnf;tHk;rS ynmawmfoifvTwfol/
OD;atmifazmfZH(bDatpDeDrm)/ OD;wifatmif (aemifcg MRTV TefrSL;)
tpd;k &zufu wm0efyikd ;f eJY ynm&Siaf wGbufu tawGUtBuHKeJY uRrf;usif
rI yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJhMuwmudkajymcsifwJhoabmyg/ 'DtzGJU[m (State
f iS f jriw
hf ifa&;&,fvYkd jzpfvmcJyh gw,f/
Film Promotion Board)tpd;k & ky&
'D jrifhwifa&;qdkwJh emrnf[m 'DXme&JU yxrOD;qHk;emrnfyg/ aemifaom
tcgrSm 'Dae&meJY 'DXmeudyk J emrnftrsKd;rsKd;ajymif;NyD; ac:MuygavtH;k r,f/

1988 ckESpfa&mufawmh
q&mroif;jrpED(rjrifhjrifhpdef)[m pufHktjyifbufu 0efxrf;tdrf
&m opfom;tdrfuav;rSm r[kwfawmhygbl;/
arSmb
f aD bmvH;k puf0kH if;twGi;f u t&m&St
d rd &f m wdu
k cf ef;udk ajymif;
a&TUaexdkif&ygw,f/
pufHkrSL;tdrfeJY rsufapmif;xdk;u wdkufcef;rSmyg/ q&mwm&mvnf;
tJ'Dwdkufcef;a&mufrS ]okemy&E} tcef;quf0wK&SnfBuD;udk ]pmay
vkyfom;}r*Zif;twGuf pwifa&;om;wmyg/
a&;om;w,fqdkwmxuf ydkajym&&if q&mwm&m[m vufESdyfpuf
dkufEdkifwJh rsufvHk;tajctaersKd; r[kwfawmhygbl;/
tJ'DtwGuf ...
ajym a&;wmygvdkYyJ ajymvdkY&
r,fxifygw,f/
q&mwm&mu tdyf&mab;rSm
uufqufxm;NyD; olYpdwful;yHk&dyf
awG ay:vmwJhtcg toHzrf;cvkwf
udkESdyfNyD; ajymawmhwmygyJ/
q&mwm&m uufqufeaYJ jymNyD;
pma&;usifhwm ]okemy&E}u pwm
yg/
aemufydkif;rSmawmh q&m[m
uuf q uf e J Y ajyma&;&wm yd k N yD ;
tqif ajywJt
h aMumif; uRefawmfu
h kd
ajymygw,f/
]okemy&E}udk q&mhuufquf
acGxJuae uRefawmfu vufa&;
eJY vdkuful;ay;&wmyg/
tawmfawmh 'kursm;ygw,f/
wpf a cguf e m;axmif v d k u f
jyef&pfvdkuf jyefzGifhem;axmifvdkuf
vdkufa&;eJY vdkuful;a&;vdkuf? jyef
em;axmif N yD ; a&;xm;wmeJ Y jyef
wdkufMunfh vdkufaygh/
q&mu olYpdwful;&&if &ovdk
toHzrf;cvkwfudkESdyfNyD; ajymxm;
wmqdkawmh yk&pfoH? zm;oH? iSufoH?
acG ; a[mif o H a wG v nf ; ygaeyg
w,f/
uRefawmf awmfawmfonf;cHNyD;
ul;,l&ygw,f/
uRefawmful;NyD;oavmuf pmrsufESmudk uufqufacGyg jyef,loGm;
NyD; q&mhudk jyefzGifhjy zwfjy vkyf&ygao;w,f/
q&m'*kefwm&m[m ZDZmaMumifwJhae&mrSm tpm;taomufxuf
pum;vHk;udk ydkNyD; ZDZmaMumifrSef; ]okemy&E}usrS uRefawmf ydkodcGifh
&cJhygw,f/
]]tJ'Dae&mav; uRefawmfjyefjyifcsifao;w,f udkEkdifOD;&,f}}vdkY

ajymNyD; oludk,fwdkif uufqufxJ ajymxm;wJhpum;vHk;udk jyefjyifyg

w,f/ uRefawmfu vdkufa&;&ygw,f/
oljyifNyD;wJhtcg wpfcgxyfNyD; zwfjy&ygw,f/
]][kwfw,fAs? ckrS ydkaumif;oGm;wm}}vdkY ausauseyfeyf NyHK;NyD;
ajymygw,f/
uRefawmfu a&;NyD;om;tJ'Dpmrludk jyef,l wdwfacGudk,lNyD; tdrf
jyefwJhtcg ]]cifAsm;awmh yifyef;aervm;rodbl;}}vdkY ajymwwfygao;
w,f/
uRefawmfuvnf; yifyef;w,fvdkY rxifcJhygbl;/ uRefawmfhtwGuf
ydkNyD; ynm&w,fvdkYyJ xifrdygw,f/
aemuf w pf & uf u sawmh
uRefawmfu ]okemy&E} pmrl
ud k , l N yD ; ]pmay

tpfukdq&mqkdonfrSm- (OD;)jrwfckdifudk qkdvdk\/ if;onf uREkfyf\

q&mjzpfovdk tpfukdwpfa,mufvnf; jzpfonfhtwGuf ]]tpfudkq&m}}
[k trnfay;xm;jcif; jzpfav\/
Mo*kwfvonf tpfukdq&m\ arG;vjzpf\/ xdkY
aMumifh tpfukdq&mESihfywfoufaom trSwfw&av;
rsm;pma&;csifpdwfjzpfay:vm pma&;NyD; rkefYzdk;awmif;
vkduf&avawmh\/
uREk f y f o nf tpf u d k q &mES i h f y wf o uf o nf r S m
uREk f y f u d k u d k (uk d ) atmif a usmf O D ; OD ; ES i h f y wf o uf N yD ;
umwGef;a&;csif tpfukdq&mxHa&mufcJh&avawmh
\/
xdkpOftcgu tpfukdq&monf oD[Am[kwGif
*D w owif ; *sme,f v k y f a epOf u jzpf \ / (198586)ckESpf avmufu jzpf\/
xkpd Ofu tpfuq
dk &mtem;wGif 'DZidk ;f q&m ukrd if;
(ausmfrif;armif)? ukdom;om; (0if;jrihfOD;)? "mwfykH0if;
vGifrkd;? atmifausmfOD;OD;? cspf0if;vIdif(uG,fvGef)?
EG,fOD;vIdif? armifeDcsKdESihf uREfkyfwdkY&SdMu\/
ykH&dyf r*Zif;(*spfwl;rpmay)? ra[oD? uvsm?
ponfrsm;udk tifESihftm;ESihf vkyfaepOftcsdefrsm;
yifjzpfav\/
xdkpOfu pme,fZif;avmuonf vGefpGmrSaysmf
p&maumif;aomtcsdefrsm;yif jzpfav\/
xdkYaemuf pmayvkyfom;r*Zif;udk txdkifcs
vkyfMuonfhtcg aysmfp&m &ufrsm; yifjzpfav\/
tpfukdq&monf 0goemygaom pme,fZif;tvkyfukdvkyfaeaomf
vnf; pD;yGm;a&;rqefacs/
yku
d q
f u
H kd wrf;wrf;ww r&Sd rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;udk pmtkyt
f iSm;
qkdifESifh uufqufacGtiSm;qkdifav;u umAmvkyfay;xm;\/

xdpk Ofu tpfuq

dk &monf ky&f iS t
f jrKawrSm tcef;qufazmfjyaom
]]ausmf[def;ajzmifhcsuf}} ausmf[def;tifwmAsL;ESihf ]]jrwfcdkif}} qkdwmudk
y&dowfodum atmifjrifcJhzl;av\/

vkyfom;}r*Zif; udkjrwfcdkifudk ydkYay;&ygw,f/

'DvdkeJY
]okemy&E} tcef;quf 0wK&Snf[m ]pD 60}wdwfacG ]oHk;acG}
avmufudk uRefawmf rysif;r&d ul;,lay;cJhbl;ygw,f/
wu,fawmh
]okemy&E}[m ysif;p&mBuD;vdYk uRefawmfu q&mhukd povdk aemuf
ovdk ajymcJhygao;w,f/

xkdpOftcgu ZmwfobifavmuwGif jyZmwf'gdkufwmtjzpf

emrnfBuD;aeaom 0if;pnfol? Nidrf;rif;? bDtD;'Datmifodkuf? NrdKUawmf
armif,OfatmifwkdYtm; tpfudkq&mu ]]cifAsm;wdkY jyZmwf'gkdufwmawG
vm;}}[laom pum;0kdif;tifwmAsL;aqmif;yg;rSmvnf; Zmwfobif
avmuwGif vGefpGmrSwkefvIyfapcJhzl;av\/

q&muawmh
]]cifAsm; vufa&;eJY ul;&wmysif;aeNyDvm;}}wJh/ r[kwfygbl;/
q&mu t&rf;zGJUwmyJvdkY uRefawmfu jyefajymvdkufrdygw,f/
q&m acw wdwfqdwfoGm;ygw,f/
NyD;rS ]]tck pmayvkyfom;rSmygNyD;oavmuf tcef;awGudk ysif;p&m
aumif;w,fvdkY cifAsm; toHMum;vdkYvm;}}vdkY ar;ygw,f/
wjcm; pmzwfolawGqDuawmh bmrS rMum;ao;ygbl;/
uRefawmfudk,fwdkifu ysif;aewmvdkYyJ ajymvdkufygw,f/
tJ'Dawmh q&mu NyHK;ygw,f/ NyD;rS ]]cifAsm;uvnf; 0wKu
rqHk;ao;bl;avAsm? enf;enf;awmh onf;cHaygh}}wJh/
uRefawmfeJYq&mwm&m[m wpfcgw&HrSm ajr;tzdk;vdk wl0&D;vdkrsKd;
qufqHa&;vdkY uRefawmfxifcJhrdw,f/
q&m yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif; vGwv
f yfayghyg;pGm &,farmajymqdck w
hJ hJ umv
awGvnf; BuHKcJh&bl;w,f/
tJ'guawmh olcspf
wJh q&myg (q&myg&*l)t
aMumif; ajymwJt
h cg rsKd;rSm
aygh/
q&mwm&mu q&m
yg&*l u d k ]&S i f , rum}vd k Y
ac:ygw,f / q&mygu
vnf; arSmfbDabmvHk;puf
Hk0if;xJu wdkufcef;udk vm
wJ h t cgrS m tjrnf ; tpH k
tvifeYJ a&cJy;kH eJY ,rum n
ykvif;eJYygvmwwfygw,f/
'DvdktcsdefrsKd;awGrSm
q&mwm&mu a&aEG ;
Murf;aomufNyD; ]q&myg}wdkYeJY
pum;0dkif;zGJU wmrsKd;vnf; uRef
awmfBuHKcJh&zl;w,f/
1988 ckESpf
abmvH;k puf0kH if;twGi;f u wdu
k cf ef;udk q&mroif;
jrpED(rjrifhjrif pdef)eJY q&mwm&mwdkY ajymif;a&TUaexdkifwJh
umvrSmawmh {nfhonfu rjywfawmhygbl;/
pae? we*FaEGvdkaeYrsKd;awGrSmqdk&ifawmh q&mhtdrf
{nfhcef;rSm pma&; q&m? pma&;q&mrawGeJY pnfum;
vdkYaeygawmhw,f/
{nfhonfawG t0iftxGufrsm;vmwmeJYtrQ q&mh
udkvnf; apmifhMunfhjcif;cH&ygawmhw,f/
q&mroif;jrpED(rjrifhjrifhpdef)uvnf; 0efxrf;jzpfaewJhtwGuf
taMumufBuD;vmygw,f/
pufHkrSL;tdrfeJYuvnf; rsufapmif;xdk;av/
opfNidrf;

]]kyf&SifMunhfNyD;rS 'gzwfyg}} qkdonfh kyf&Sifa0zefa&;aqmif;yg;rSm

vnf; vGefpGmrS vufoHajymifojzihf kyf&Sifa0zefa&;q&mBuD; (OD;)pdefcif
armif&Duawmif qvHo&onhf tjzpfodkYa&mufNyD; kyf&Siform;wdkY\
trkef;udkvnf; q&mtpfukdu NyHK;NyHK;BuD;cH &av\/
xkdpOftcgu w&m;pGJjcif;wdkifjcif; awmjcif;rsm;r&Sd
aomfvnf; tpfuq
dk &mtm; acsmif;NyD;ku
d rf nfo
h rl sm; um;ESifh
wk d u f r nf h o l r sm;&S d u m Nrd K Uarw m cH , l N yD ; &ef o l a wG 0 k d i f ;
0kdif;vnfaeawmh\/
tpfukdq&monf vlom;wpfa,mufjzpf aumif;jcif;
rsm;&Sdovkd raumif;wmawG vnf;&Sd\/ xkdYaMumifh tcsKdUu
&GHaMumufMu\/ tcsKdUu cspfaMumufMu\/
rnfoyYkd ifjzpfap tpfuq
dk &monf ,aeYtxd olUtvkyf
olvkyfae\/ tvkyfESihf ywfoufvQif rdwfaqG? aqGrsKd;
wynhfr&Sd tm;remwwf/
ulnDp&m&SdvQif tcsdeftuefYtowfrxm; txmrukdif
r&bl;qdkwm r&Sdap& ulnDay;\/
tcsKdUu q&mtpfukd vIyf&Sm;aevQif rsufvkH;a'guf
axmufMunfNh yD; tomNidraf evQifvnf; tm;rvdk tm;r&jzpf
aeolrsm;vnf; &SdMuukef\/
tpfukdq&monf tcsdefESihf'Da&udk wGufwwfoljzpf
vlewfcsrf;om[l jzpfav\/
q&mBuD; taxmufawmf(OD;)vSatmif\ wynhfyDyD
owif;avmbBuD;ol wpfa,mufvnf; jzpf\/
okdYaomf tpfukdq&mu
]]ao&ifNyD;NyD}} [k
[l jzpfavawmhownf; ...
atmuf w d k b matmif B uD ;

31

OD;odef;GefY oCFef;uRef;rJqEe,f\ rw&m;toif;rsm; tufOya' (1908 ckESpf tdEd,tufOya'-14)udk kyfodrf;onfUOya'udk

vufcHaqG;aEG;&ef tqdkwifoGif;jcif;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;u axmufcHjcif;
Ou | / / vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;cifAsm;/ oCFef;uRef;rJqE
e,frS jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f OD;odef;GefYu Oya'Murf;wpfck
ay;ydkYxm;ygw,f/ jynfolYvTwfawmfqdkif&m enf;Oya' 151 enf;Oya'
cGJ (c)t& rw&m;toif;rsm;tufOya' (1908 ckESpf tdEd, tufOya'
-14)udk kyfodrf;onfhOya'udk jynfolYvTwfawmfu vufcHaqG;aEG;&ef
tqdkwifoGif;zdkY OD;odef;GefYtm; zdwfac:ygw,f/
OD ; od e f ; G e f Y ( oCF e f ; uRef ; rJ q E e ,f )/ / av;pm;&ygaom jynfolY
vTwfawmfOu|BuD;ESifh jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;cifAsm;/
rw&m;toif;rsm;tufOya' (1908 ckESpf tdEd,tufOya'-14)udk
kyfodrf;onfhOya' uRefawmfwifoGif;&jcif;&JU &nf&G,fcsufuawmh
'D Oya'[m udkdvdkeDacwf 1908 ckESpfu jy|mef;cJhwJh Oya'jzpfygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkY&JU trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;rSm ay:xGufvmwJhtoif;tzGJU
awG? tpnf;tHk;awGudk ESdrfeif;zdkY&nf&G,fcsufeJY jyKvkyfcJhwJh Oya'vnf;
jzpfygw,f/ 'Dhtjyif 'DOya'[m uRefawmfwdkY Oya'awGxJrSm vTwf
awmfu jy|mef;cJhwJh Oya'r[kwfygbl;/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhajym&if jynfolY
qEeJY jy|mef;cJhwJhOya'r[kwfbJeJY uRefawmfwdkYEkdifiHudk udkvdkeDuRefjyK
wJh udkvdkeDNAdwdoQtpdk;&u jy|mef;cJhwJhOya'jzpfygw,f/ 'DOya'ESifh
ywfoufNyD;awmh uRefawmfwdkYESpfaygif;rsm;pGm usifhoHk;cJhNyD;ygNyD/ tJ'D
awmh 'DOya'udk wifoGif;wJh&nf&G,fcsufuawmh uRefawmfwdkY tck
Nid r f ; csrf ; a&;twG u f Bud K ;yrf ; aewJ h u mvrS m Nid r f ; csrf ; a&;twG u f
taxmuf tuljzpfzt
Ykd wGuf 'DOya'udk zsuford ;f oifyh gw,f/ uRefawmf
tck Zlvdkif 6 &ufaeY Myanmar Post Global rSm ucsifjynfe,feJYywf
oufwJh yk'fr 17 yk'frcGJi,f (1)udk y,fzsufvdkufw,fqdkwJhudp
jynfaxmifpk0efBuD; OD;atmifrif;eJYywfoufNyD; ajymMum;csuf? a&;om;
csufowif;awGudk uRefawmfzwf&ygw,f/ tck Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;
wJt
h cgrSm 'DOya'&Sad ewJt
h wGuf t[eft
Y wm;jzpfaeygw,f/ ucsifjynf
e,frSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf tzGJUaygif; 52 zGJU&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dawmh Nidrf;csrf;
a&;aqG;aEG; zdkYac:wJhtcgrSm 4 a,mufyJ vmw,f/ 'g bmaMumifh
vmvJar;wJhtcgusawmh usefwJhvlawGu yk'fr 17 yk'frcGJi,f (1)udk
aMumufvdkY rvmbl;vdkYajymygw,f/ ajymwJhtcgrSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJU
wm0ef&SdwJh jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;OD;atmifrif;u vmomvmyg/ Nidrf;csrf;
a&;twGuf vdkwJhvlawGudk 'Dyk'freJY ta&;r,latmif yk*dKvfa&;t&
ol u l n D r ,f / 'gayr,f h ol v nf ; y,f z suf j cif ; rjyKEk d i f b l ; qd k w J h
owif;*sme,fawGxrJ mS twdtvif; a&;om;azmfjyvmygw,f/ wu,f
awmh uRefawmfwdkY 'D[meJYywfoufNyD;awmh jyefvnfavhvmMunfh&if
uRefawmfwdkY tck qdk&if 'Dbufydkif;rSm toif;tzGJUeJYywfoufwJh
zGJUpnf;jcif;qdkif&m Oya' &Sdaeygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh tzGJUtpnf;wpfck[m
rSwyf w
kH ifovm;/ wif&ifw&m;0ifw,f/ rSwyf rkH wifb;l vm;/ toif;tzGUJ
qdkif&mOya'ESifh rnDbl;vm;/ 'gqdk&if w&m;r0ifbl;/ qdkvdkwmu 'D
w&m;r0iftoif;tzGJU awGudk uRefawmfwdkY ta&;,lvdkY&wJh Oya'awG
ay:aygufvmNyDjzpfyg w,f/ tJ't
D csderf mS 'DOya'udk qufo;kH jcif;tm;jzifh
uRefawmfwdkY oifhjrwfrI&Sdygawmhrvm;/ 'DOya'eJYywfoufNyD; aemuf
aMumif;awGujkd yefMunfv
h u
kd w
f t
hJ cgrSmvnf; 'DOya'ESiyhf wfoufNyD;awmh
zGifhqdkxm;csufrsm;u toif;tzGJUqdkif&mOya'ESifh EdIif;,SOfMunfh&if
toif;tzGJUqdkif&m Oya'utifrwefrS wdwdusus jy|mef;ay;xm;yg
w,f/ 'D rw&m; toif;Oya' yk'fr 15(2) yk'frcGJ (c)udk Munfh&if
[kw
d ek ;f uawmh awmfveS af &;aumifpD Ou|aygh/ tck Ekid if aH wmforwu
w&m;r0if aMunmcHxm;&wJh tzGJUtpnf;wpfck[m rw&m;toif;
qdkNyD;awmh owf rSwfvdkY&ygw,f/ 'Dtwdkif;yJ tJ'Dyk'frt& tpnf;tHk;
wpfck? tzGJUwpfckudkvnf; rw&m;toif;tjzpf aMunmydkifcGifh&Sdygw,f/
tJ'DvdkyJ tJ'Dtoif;udk aiGwdkY? &dumwdkY axmufyHhwJhol? &,lwJhol?
awmif;qdkwJholawGudk tenf;qHk; axmif'Pf 2 ESpfrS trsm;qHk;
axmif'Pf 3 ESpf? axmif'Pf? aiG'Pf ESpf&yfpvHk; yk'fr 17(1) rSm
ay;cJhygw,f/
av;pm;tyfygaom jynfolYvTwfawmfOu|BuD;cifAsm;/ tJ'DvdkyJ
yk'fr 13 rSm ulnDwJhvlawGudk aqGrsKd;om;csif;jzpfvdkY xrif;xkyfoGm;
ydkYwm 'g jynfwGif;ppf&SdwJhumvrSm [dkbuf 'DbufrSm ESpfzufpvHk;rSm
udk,fhwdkif;&if;om;trsKd;awGBuD;ygyJ/ uRefawmf 1963 ckESpf armfvNrdKif
tusOf;axmifxJrSm xdef;odrf;cH&wJhtcsdefrSm uRefawmfwdkY xdef;odrf;cH
tusOf;om;awGtwGuf a0,sm0pvkyfay;wJh u&iftrsKd;om;awGqdk&if
tm;vHk;u bmeJYxdovJqdkawmh yk'fr 17 yk'frcGJi,f (3)eJY tukefvHk;
ta&;,lcH&wm/ bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh xrif;xkyfoGm;ydkYrdwm? a&oGm;
ay;rdwm? aqGrsKd;jzpfvdkY oGm;awGUrdcJhwm tJ'Day:rSm rlwnfNyD;awmh
omrefjynfoljynfom;awG[m 'D rw&m;toif;rsm;Oya'aMumifh tjypf
ay;ta&;,lcHcJh&wmawG[m [dkwkef;ua&m? tcka&m ucsifjynfe,f
owif;awGt& trsm;BuD; uRefawmfwdkY Mum;aecJh&ygw,f/ jrifaecJh
&ygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh yk'fr 17 yk'frcGJi,f (2)t& axmif'Pf 3 ESpf

32

odkYr[kwf 5 ESpf txufrydkwJh jypf'PfcsrSwfcH&wJhvlawG[m b,fol

awGvJqdkawmh Oya'taMumif; wpfvHk;wpfyg'rS rodwJh awmol
awmifom;awG trsm;qHk;cHae&wJh[myg/ tJ'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkYu
'Dtcsdef rSm jyefpOf;pm;oifhygw,f/ aemuf 'DOya'[m EkdifiHa&;t&
rw&m; toif;tjzpf aMunmwJhtzGJUawGjzpfwmaMumifh 'DOya'eJYywf
oufNyD; ta&;,laqmif&GufwJhtcgrSm EkdifiHa&;t& tifrwefrS csifhcsdefcJh
wmawG &Sdygw,f/
av;pm;tyfygaom jynfolYvTwfawmfOu|BuD;cifAsm;/ Armjynf
uGefjrLepfygwDwdkY? tvHeDygwDwdkY 1948 ckESpf? rwfv 28 0ef;usifrSm
awmcdkcJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh xdkpOfu zqyv tpdk;&u jyefvnfNyD;awmh
Nidrf;csrf;a&;&zdkYtwGuf tckacwfpum;eJYajym&&ifawmh trsKd;om;jyef
vnfoifhjrwfa&;twGuf 'DOya'udk csufcsif;vufiif;roHk;ygbl;/ uRef
awmfodorQawmh taxmuftxm;awGt&qdk&if 1953 ckESpfrS 'DygwD
udk w&m;r0iftoif; aMunmcJh&ygw,f/ tJ'DvdkyJ tck 'Dbufumv
rSmvnf; Nidrf;csrf;a&;&vmwJhtcgusawmh odkYr[kwf em;vnfrI &vm
wJhtcgusawmh rw&m;toif;tjzpfu jyefvnfy,fzsufwJh jynfxJa&;
0efBuD;Xme&JU (14?5?1991)&ufpGJyg trdefYaMumfjimpmtrSwf (2^91)t&
rw&m;toif;y,fzsufwJh yk*dKvf toif;awG[m jrefrmEkdifiHvlrsKd;pk
'Drdkua&pD r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pkcGJxGuf udk;uefYzkefusm;&SiftzGJU? jrefrm
jynf trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nDGwfa&;ygwD cGJxGuf ]]0}} OD;ausmufnD
vdIiftzGJU? 'DtzGJUu udk,fpm;vS,fawG? ywfoufolawGqdk&if ,aeY
jynfolYvTwfawmf? trsKd;om;vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wdkif;jynf
wm0efawGawmif xrf;aeMu&ygNyD/ tJ'DvdkyJ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDr[m
rdwftzGJU? &Srf;jynfe,fta&SUydkif;ppfa&;ESifh a'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&;aumf
rwD cGJxGuf OD;pdkif;vif;tzGJU? &Srf;jynfe,fwyfrawmfOD;aq;xiftzGJU?
'Drdku&ufwpfwyfrawmf ucsif OD;pckefwdefY,def;tzGJU? OD;pckefwdefY,def;
qdk&if 'DaeY trsKd;om;vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf jynfaxmifpk&JU
wm0efudk,laeygNyD/ ucsiftrsKd;om;wdk;wufa&;ESifh vHkNcHKa&;wyfrawmf
KIA wyfr-4 OD;y'laemftzGJU? ytdkY0ftrsKd;om;tzGJU? OD;atmifcrf;xDtzGJU
qdk&ifvnf; 'DaeY jynfolYvTwfawmf? trsKd;om;vTwfawmf? jynfe,f
vTwfawmfawGrSm wm0ef,laeMuygNyD/ yavmif vGwfajrmufa&;ygwD
OD;tdkufrkef;tzGJU? OD;tdkufrkef;qdk&if uRefawmfwdkY jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,f
pm;vS,ftjzpf tck vTwfawmfawmif wufa&mufaeygNyD/ 'gaMumifh
EkdifiHa&;t& uRefawmfwdkYtay:rSm rlwnfNyD;awmh w&m;w,f rw&m;
w,f/ w&m;0ifjcif; w&m;r0ifjcif; qHk;jzwf&wJh Oya'rsKd;udkawmh
tckvdk jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aqmif&GufaewJhtcgrSm 'DOya'
udk y,fzsufvdkufr,fqdk&if jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJudkvmwJh
wdkif;&if;om;tzGJUtpnf;awG&JU ,HkMunfrIudk ydkrdkxdxda&mufa&muf &
vmygvdrrhf ,f/ jynfwiG ;f Nidr;f csrf;a&;udk azmfaqmifwahJ e&mrSm taxmuf
tuljyKEkdifygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dtjyif uRefawmfwdkY 'D pD&ifxHk;awGrSmudk
azmfjyxm;wJh tJ'Dudk oGm;NyD;awmh aps;a&mif;wJhvlawG? toufarG;wJh
vlawG? xrif;xkyfydkYwJhvlawGudk axmifxJydkYwJhjzpf&yfrsKd;awGudkvnf;
uRefawmfwdkY ed*Hk;csKyfEkdifygr,f/ t"duuawmh 'DOya'onf jynfolY
vTwfawmf jynfolYqEeJY a&;qGJcJhwJhOya'r[kwfbl;/ udkvdkeDe,fcsJUorm;
awGu trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;todkuft0ef;udk NzdKcGif;zdkY a&;qGJcJhwJh
Oya'jzpfw,f/ 'DaeY azmfaqmifaewJh Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk taxmuftul
rjyKbl;/ 'DOya'eJY tvm;wl uRefawmfwdkY ta&;,lEkdifwJh toif;tzGJU
rsm;qdkif&mOya' ponfwdkY&SdaewJhtjyif &mZowfBuD;rSmvnf; 'Dvdk

udprsKd;awGudk ta&;,lEkdifwJh jy|mef;csufrsm;&SdNyDjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh

jynfolYvTwfawmfOu|BuD;rSwpfqifh jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;udk uRefawmfwifjyvdkwmuawmh a[mif;ayr,fh raumif;awmhwJh
Oya'udk Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf kyfodrf;ay;zdkY uRefawmf tqdkwifoGif;
&jcif;jzpfygw,f/ tm;vHk;udk aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ (MobmoHrsm;)
Ou | / / OD;odef;GefY wifoGif;oGm;wJhtqdkudk axmufcHr,fh vTwf
awmfudk,fpm;vS,ftm; zdwfac:ygw,f/
OD ; 0if ; aqG ( anmif a &T r J q E e ,f ) / / av;pm;tyfygaom jynfolY
vTwfawmfOu|BuD;ESifh jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;cifAsm;/ uRef
awmfuawmh &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;? tif;av;a'o? anmifa&TrJqE
e,frS jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f OD;0if;aqG jzpfygw,f/ &efukef
wdkif;a'oBuD;? oCFef;uRef;rJqEe,frS jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f
OD;odef;GefYwifoGif;wJh rw&m;toif;rsm;tufOya' (1908 ckESpf tdEd,
tuf O ya'-14)ud k k y f o d r f ; onf h Oya'eJ Y y wf o uf o nf h t qk d t m;
axmufcHygaMumif; wifjytyfygw,fcifAsm;/
OD ; od e f ; G e f Y ? oCF e f ; uRef ; rJ q E e ,f \ rw&m;toif ; rsm;
tuf O ya' (1908 ck E S p f td E d , tuf O ya'-14)ud k
k y f o d r f ; onf h O ya'ud k vuf c H a qG ; aEG ; &ef oif h ^ roif h vT w f a wmf \
tqH k ; tjzwf & ,l j cif ;
Ou | / / oufqdkif&m jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;Xme&JU oabmxm;
odvdkygw,f/
AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfZHjrifh('kwd,0efBuD;? jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme)/ /
av;pm;tyfygaom jynfolYvTwfawmfOu|BuD;ESifh jynfolYvTwfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;cifAsm;/ oCFef;uRef;rJqEe,f jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,f
pm;vS,f OD;odef;GefY&JU rw&m;toif;rsm;tufOya' (1908 ckESpf
tdEd,tufOya'-14)udk kyfodrf;wJhOya'udk vufcHaqG;aEG;zdkY wif
oGif;wmeJYywfoufNyD; uRefawmfwdkY jyefMunfhr,fqdk&if uRefawmfwdkY
EkdifiHrSm tckvuf&Sdtajctaet& vGwfvyfpGm tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk zGJU
pnf;cGifhvnf; ay;xm;NyD;jzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tcsKdUaomtzGJUrsm;onf
tckvuf&SdrSm w&m;0ifzGJUpnf;cGifhrwifjybJeJY wcsKdUtoif;tzGJUrsm; zGJU
pnf;wmawG? aqmif&GufwmawG awGU&Sdae&NyDjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkY
udkvdkeDacwfu xkwfjyefcJhwJh Oya'jzpfayr,fh tckvuf&SdtaeeJY tcsKdU
tcsufawGrSm udkufnDrI&SdwJhtwGuf 'Drw&m;toif; tufOya'udk
kyfodrf;wJhOya'udkawmh vufcHaqG;aEG;&efroifhaMumif; uRefawmf aqG;
aEG;wifjyvdkygw,f/ (MobmoHrsm;)
a':eef ; 0gEk ( uG e f [ d e f ; rJ q E e ,f ) / / av;pm;tyfygaom Ou|BuD;
&Sifh/ 'D rw&m;toif;tufOya'qdkwm uRefrwdkYe,frSm oHk;wmuawmh
yk'fr 17 yk'frcGJi,f (1)? yk'fr 17 yk'frcGJi,f (2) Oya'vdkY ac:ygw,f/
rsm;aomtm;jzifh jynfolvlxkawGu oHk;EIef;wmuawmh tjrifuwfyk'fr
vdkY oHk;EIef;Muygw,f/ uRefr tckajymcsifwmuawmh rw&m;toif;
tufOya' trsm;qHk;cHpm;&wJha'ou &Srf;jynfe,f? ucsifjynfe,f?
u&ifjynfe,fESifh u,m;jynfe,frSm jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Da'orSm rw&m;
toif;tufOya'eJY trsm;qHk; cHpm;Mu&ygw,f/ aemufNyD;vdkY&Sd&if tck
'DNidrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufaeqJumvrSm toif;tzGJUrsm;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;
,laqmifr,fhtzGJUrsm;u tpdk;&rsm;eJYvnf; qufoG,f&ygw,f/ 'Dtuf
Oya't&qdkvdkY&Sd&if rw&m;toif;Oya'qdkwmu Nidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJU
aemufNyD;vdkY&Sd&if olwdkYtac:uawmh wdkif;&if;om;y#dyutzGJU olwdkY
awGeJYywfoufqufET,faewJh vlawGrSeforQ tukefvHk; ta&;,lvdkY&
ygw,f/ tukefvHk;ta&;,lw,f? ,lvdkY&w,fqdkwJh oabmw&m;u
awmh uRefrwdkY 'DNidrf;csrf;a&;udkazmfaqmifEkdifwJh jynfaxmifpktqifh
0efBuD;awGvnf;ygw,f? wdkif;&if;om;a&;&maumfrwDawGvnf; ygw,f
qdkwJh taetxm;vnf; &Sdygw,f/ aemufNyD;vdkY&Sd&if uRefr wifjy
csifwmuawmh tck Nidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJUawGu aphpyfndEdIif;Muygw,f/
aphpyfndEdIif;NyD;awmh NrdKUe,fawGxJrSmvnf; olwdkYu qufqHa&;Hk;qdk
wmudk vmNyD;awmh zGifhMuygw,f/ qufqHa&;Hk;awGudk Oya'xJrSm
w&m;0if vmNyD;zGifhvSpfNyD;awmh tpdk;&eJY yl;aygif;qufoG,faqmif&Guf
aeMuygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh aemufNyD;vdkY&Sd&if uRefrwdkYu toif;tzGJU
rsm; zGJUpnf;jcif;Oya'? toif;tzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;jcif;qdkif&mOya' yk'fr
5 yk'frcGJ (c)rSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;? e,fajrat;csrf;om,ma&;udkjzpf
ap? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; vHkNcHKacsmarGUap&efjzpfap xdcdkufap&ef
tm;xkwfaom? vHIYaqmfaom? wdkufwGef;aom? tm;ay;ulnDrIjyKvkyf
aom toif;tzGJU tJ'Dtoif;tzGJUawGudk yk'fr 6 eJY yk'fr 7 wdkYt&
olwdkYudk tjypfay;vdkY &ygw,f/ tck 'Drw&m;toif;tufOya't&
trsm;qHk;cHpm;ae&wmuawmh olykeftzGJUtpnf;awGr[kwfbJeJY &Gmol
&Gmom;awG jzpfaeMuygw,f/ &Gmol&mG om;awGu rsm;aomtm;jzifh tpd;k &
awGvmw,f? ppfwyfawG vmvdkY&Sd&ifvnf; olwdkYrSm olwdkY0w&m;twdkif;
auR;arG;&w,f? axmufyHh&w,f? aemufNyD;vdkY&Sd&if olykefvmvdkY&Sd&if

olYudpeJYol rtm;jzpfaeMuwmawG qHkrdoGm;MuyHk&ygw,f/

q&mae aumif;atmifaeyg/ q&mhqD tm;vHk;pkNyD; vmrvdkYyg/
pum;awGajymae&if yifyef;rSmvnf; wpfzufu pdk;ygw,f/
q&m usef;rmcsrf;omygap/ a&m*gb,rsm;tjrefuif;a0;ygap/
av;pm;cifrifpGm
udkudk(pufrIwuodkvf)
MJA CEC tpnf;ta0; uRefawmfxifw,f? (3)Budrf
ajrmufjzpfrvm;rod? ,cktpnf;ta0;rSm ,cif rNyD;jywf
ao;wmav;awG qufaqG;aEG;NyD; jzwfapcsifygw,f/ (1)
pme,fZif;aumifpD ay:aygufvm jcif;eJYywfoufwJh MJA &JU
tjyKoabm oabmxm;xk w f j yef a pcsif y gw,f / NyD ; awmh
rEav;udpeJYqufpyfNyD; tjiif;yGm;rIawGudk pme,fZif;aumif
pDuudkifwG,fajz&Sif;jcif;udk vdkvm;aMumif; xkwfjyefapvdk yg
w,f/ EkdifiHawmforwBuD;u jynfwGif;owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ
usif;yay;wmudk BudKqdkaMumif;eJY aemifvnf; tcgtm;avsmfpGm
usif;yay;oGm;&ef vdkvm;aMumif;? orwBuD;vrf;Tefcsuf
twdkif; Xmeqd k i f & m owif ; awG &,l c G i f h ar;jref ; cG i f h yd k N yD ;
tqif a jyatmif oufqdkif&m rsm;u ulnDaqmif&GufMuzdkY
ponfjzifh MJA oabmxm;aMunmcsuf xkwfapcsifygw,f/

q&mcifAsm;
Ou|BuD;vrf;Tefxm;csuftwdkif; tpnf;ta0;udk usif;yoGm;yg
r,f/ vkyf&r,fhudpawG trsm;BuD;&Sdaeygw,f/ tzGJU0ifawGuvnf;

(2) trsKd;om;owif;qkaumfrwDudk
jznf h p G u f zG J U pnf ; &ef / MJN eJY MJU udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ygawmif;NyD;
yg0ifzGJUpnf; apcsifygw,f/ &efukefeJY e,fNrdKUrsm;rSm&SdwJh pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
rsm;? pmMunfhwdkufaumfrwDrsm;uvnf; olwdkY Choice awGudk pmeJYjzpf
ap? tD;ar;vfeJYjzpfap? tqdkjyK ulnDMuzdkY aMunmcsuf xkwfapcsifyg
w,f/ NyD;awmh qktvdkuf a&G;cs,fay;zdkY *sme,fwdkufawGqDuvnf;
qkwpfrsKd; pDtwGufqefcgwif olwdkY Choice 3 yk'fpD awmif;apcsifyg
w,f/ MJA A[dOk ;D pD;tzGUJ 0ifrsm;? e,frsm;rS MJA trIaqmifrsm;uvnf;
rdrdwdkY pdwfBudKuftjzpfqHk; taumif;qHk;owif;qk? taumif;qHk;owif;
aqmif;yg;qk? taumif;qHk;tmabmfaqmif;yg;(editotrials or opinion
kH ?k taumif;qH;k owif;umwGe;f
articles)qk? taumif;qH;k owif;"mwfyq
qk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;apcsifwmawGudk trsKd;om;owif;qkaumfrwDodkY
qufoG,fay;ydkYzdkY awmif;cHapcsifygw,f/ aemufqHk;uawmh owif;
rD'D,morm;wpfOD;csif;uvnf; rdrda&;om;wmudkyJjzpfjzpf olwpfyg;

vnf; olwdkYrSm rvl;om rvGefYom? rvTJomra&Smifom jyKvkyfay;&wJh

taetxm;&Sdygw,f/ aemufNyD; toif;tzGJUrsm;Oya't&rSmvnf;
jy|mef;xm;w,f/ yk'fr 6? yk'fr 7 t&vnf; jypfrIudk ta&;,lvkdY&wJh
taetxm;&Sdygw,f/ uRefr&JUoabmxm;uawmh 'DOya'udk kyfodrf;
&ef? rkyfodrf;&ef r[kwfbJeJY us,fus,fjyefYjyefY aqG;aEG;apcsifygw,f/
'DtufOya'wpfckudk tajcjyKNyD;awmh 'D&Gmol&Gmom;awGudka&m b,f
vdk umuG,frIay;rvJ/ uRefrwdkY EkdifiHom;awGudka&m b,fvdkumuG,f
rI ay;rvJqdkwmudk kyfodrf;&ef? rkyfodrf;&efqdkwmudk t"dut&ifqHk;
rpOf;pm;bJeJY uRefrwdkY b,fvdkrsKd;jyifqifoifhw,f/ b,fvdkrsKd;aqG;aEG;
oifhw,fqdkwJh[mudk t&ifqHk;awmif;qdkygw,f/ (MobmoHrsm;)
Ou | / / OD;odef;GefY aqG;aEG;zdkY jzpfygw,f/
OD ; od e f ; G e f Y (oCF e f ; uRef ; rJ q E e ,f ) / / uRefawmfuawmh apm
apmu Ou|BuD;rSwpfqifh jynfolYvTwfawmfudk wifjywJhtwdkif;ygyJ/
uRefawmfwdkYwdkif;jynf&JU Nidrf;csrf;a&;azmfaqmifrIrSm taxmuftuljyK
zdkY/ aemuf ckeu uGef[def;rJqEe,fu a':eef;0gEk wifjyoGm;ovdk
jynfe,fawGrSm&SdwJh wu,f bmrS em;rvnfwJh awmolawmifom;?
qif;&Jom;awGtwGuf 'DOya'[m awmfawmfudk axmifxJydkYcJhwJhOya'
yg/ 'gaMumifh ckeu 'Dtqdkudk uRefawmfh&JUOya'Murf;udk jynfolYvTwf
awmfrSm aqG;aEG;jcif;tm;jzifh uRefawmfwdkYEkdifiH&JU tajymif;tvJudk
taxmuftuljyKEkdifr,fvdkY ,lqygw,f/ 'gaMumifh aqG;aEG;zdkYtwGuf
uRefawmf oabmxm;wifjyygw,f/ jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme 'kwd,0ef
BuD;&JU jyefvnfkyfodrf;ay;a&;tqdkudk vufrcHEkdifygbl;/ vTwfawmf&JU
tqHk;tjzwfudk emcHyghr,f/ (MobmoHrsm;)
Ou | / / OD;odef;GefYwifoGif;wJhtqdku rw&m;toif;rsm; tuf
Oya' (1908 ckESpf tdEd,tufOya'-14)udk kyfodrf;oifhonfh Oya'
udk vufcHaqG;aEG;&ef tqdkwifoGif;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/ 'Dtay:udk
oufqdkif&mjynfaxmifpk0efBuD;Xmeu kyfodrf;ay;zdkYqdkwm rjzpfEkdifyg
bl;/ 'Dvdk t"dym,foufa&mufygw,f/ wpfcg vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f
wpfOD;u 'DOya'udk kyfodrf;ay;zdkYqdkwmxuf 'DOya'udk us,fus,f
jyefYjyefYaqG;aEG;NyD; kyfodrf;ay;oifhovm;? jyifqifoifhovm;/ tcsKdU

tydk'fawG y,fzsufoifhovm;qdkwJh t"dym,foufa&mufaeygw,f/

'Dae&mrSm rdrdvTwfawmfOu|taeeJY tajctaet&yf&yfudk jyefvnf
oHk;oyfwJhtcgrSm 'DOya'&SdzdkYudk vdkaumif;vdkvdrfhr,f/ odkY&mwGif Oya'
wpf&yfvHk;rSm ygwJhtydk'fawGu &SdzdkYvdkcsifrS vdkvdrfhr,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkYvdkY
Oya'udk jyefvnfkyfodrf;ay;a&;tqdkeJYywfoufNyD;awmh rJcGJqHk;jzwf
&r,fqdkvdkY&Sd&ifvnf; 'geJYywfoufvdkY kyfodrf;ygqdkwJh[mrsKd; jzpfoGm;
Ekdifw,f/ kyfodrf;ygqdkwm vufcHaqG;aEG;zdkY roifhbl;qdkwmjzpfEkdifw,f/
ta&;BuD;wmu 'DOya'rSm jy|mef;xm;wJhtcsufawGu wu,f EkdifiH
eJY EkdifiHom;tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf umuG,frI &Sd^r&Sd/ jzpfxGef;rI &Sd^r&Sd/
'gudk t"duxm;NyD;awmh pOf;pm;&r,fhtaetxm;jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
rdkYvdkY 'Dae&mrSm vTwfawmf&JUoabmqEuawmh kyfodrf;ay;a&;udk
ar; vdkufr,fqdkvdkY&Sd&if uRefawmfwdkY &nf&G,fcsufeJY vGJoGm;Ekdifygw,f/
'g aMumifhrdkYvdkY 'D OD;odef;GefYwifxm;wJhtqdkudk
jyefvnfpOf;pm;ay;wJhtcg rSm 'DOya'tzdkY kyfodrf;&ef oifh^roifh/
jyifqif&ef oifh^roifh/ vTwf awmfu vufcHaqG;aEG;ay;zdkYtqdkudk
qdkvdkY&Sd&ifawmh ydkNyD;awmh qDavsmf r,f/ ydkNyD;awmh obm0usr,fvdkY
uRefawmfxifygw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkY vdkY OD;odef;GefY&JU oabmxm;
xyfrHodvdkygw,f/
OD;odef;GefY (oCFef;uRef;rJqEe,f)/ / av;pm;tyfaom jynfoYl
vTwfawmf Ou|BuD;cifAsm;/ Ou|BuD;ajymwJh[m tifrwef oifhjrwf
wJhtwGuf aqG;aEG;zdkY tcsuf&&ifyif uRefawmfwdkY 'DOya'udk kyfoifh^
rkyfoifh/ jyifqifoifh^rjyifqifoifh/ EkdifiHeJY EkdifiHom;rsm; tusKd;twGuf
udk azmfaqmifEkdifrSmjzpfwJhtwGuf jynfolYvTwfawmfOu|BuD;&JU oabm
xm;udk uRefawmf vHk;0oabmwlygw,f/ (MobmoHrsm;)
Ou | / / 'DOya'[m awmfawmf uRefawmfwdkYEkdifiHtwGuf aumif;
aom tusKd;oufa&mufrIawGa&m? raumif;aom tusKd;oufa&muf
rIawGvnf; &SdcJhwmtrSefygyJ/ 'gaMumifhvnf; 'Dtqdk pNyD; wifxJudku
rw&m;toif;rsm; tufOya'? 1950 jynfhESpf ta&;ay:pDrHrIOya'udk
uRefawmf&SmazGNyD;awmh uRefawmfvnf; tMurf;zsif;awmh avhvmxm;
cJhygw,f/ avhvmxm;wJhtcgrSm ckeu tajzuawmh Oya'wpf&yfvHk;

q&marmif 0 H o onf jref r mEk d i f i H o wif ; pm

q&mtoif;\ Ou|jzpfonf/ q&monf usef;rm
a&;csKdU,Gif;vmaomfjim;vnf; jrefrmEkdifiH owif;pm
q&mtoif;ESifhywfouf aemufqHwif;aewwf onf/ q&mESifhywf
ouf pOf ; pm;rd w d k i f ; jref r mEk d i f i H o wif ; pmq&mtoif ; twG u f
pdwfa&mvlyg ESpfjrKyfvkyfudkif taumiftxnfazmfvrf;TefOD;aqmifcJh
onfrsm;udk trSwf&aerdygawmhonf/
q&maumif ; &mok * wd vm;ygapownf ;
jrwfcdkif

a&;wmudBk udKufvyYkd jJ zpfjzpftqdjk yKMuapvdak Mumif;aMunmapcsifygw,f/

(3) prf;acsmif;u MJA ajruGufudp aqmif&GufrItajctae
aqG;aEG;Muyg&ef/
(4) MJA membership cards udp? &ifxdk;jyKvkyf&efudp? EC rsm;
OD;pD;rsm;udk MJA wHqdyfxdyfpD;eJY pma&;puLuwfrsm; xkwfay;a&;
aqG;aEG;yg&ef/
tcsdefvkNyD;vkyfEkdif&if MJA 2013 jyu'defxkwfcsifaMumif; tqdk
jyKygw,f/ uRefawmf tqdkjyKNyD; twnfjyKxm;wJhtwdkif; rGefjynfe,f
qdkif;bkwferlemyHkpHtwdkif; toif;emrnfpmvHk;udk teDa&mifjzpfapcsif
ygw,f/
(5) MJA u BuD;rSL;NyD; rD'D,ma&;&meJY rsufarSmufEkdifiHa&;&m
vpOf a[majymyGJtpDtpOfvnf; jyefvnftaumiftxnfazmfapcsif
ygw,f/ q&mudkOD;aqmifwJh aumfrwDu tcsdefZ,m;vsmxm;csufawG
eJY aqmif&Gufay;zdkY yefMum;ygw,f/ Ekd0ifbmvxJrSm q&matmfyDus,f
eJY q&mausmf0if;udkzdwfNyD; a[majymyGJvkyfapcsifygw,f/ odkYr[kwf
&cdkifaumfr&Sifu a'gufwmausmf&ifvdIif? a'gufwmrsKd;jrifhwdkYudk zdwf&if
oifhroifh
(6) &efyHkaiGtajctaeMunfhNyD; MJA toif;0ifawG&JU oufom
acsmifcsda&;vkyfief; aqmif&GufEkdifrItajctae aqG;aEG;apcsifygw,f/
(7) EkdifiHjcm; qufqHrItajctae? zdwfMum;rIwdkY bmwdkY IMS,
FES wdkYeJY qufoG,frIawGudk wifjyoifhygw,f/
(8) MJA activities awGukd yHkpHwpfrsKd;r[kwf wpfrsKd;eJY pme,fZif;
awGeJY rD'D,mawGrSm ygaeapcsifygw,f/
(9) MJA XmecsKyfHk;tzGJU zGJUpnf;rItpDtpOf rnfonfhtajctae
(vdktyf&if avmavmq,f uRefawmfhwynfh armifpdk;xG#fqdkwm tm;
aewm &Sdygw,f/ cdkif;vdkY&w,f/)
qEapmwmawGrsm;ae&ifvnf; cGifhvTwfMuyg/
armif 0 H o
tm;vHk;udk cifrifav;pm;pGm
q&mrsm; rdwfaqGrsm;cifAsm; uRefawmf pifumylu we*FaEGnae
jyefa&mufygw,f/ 'DrSm uDrdk 2nd Cycle oGif;zdkY apmifhaeygw,f/ 'D
Mum;xJ cGJpdwfxkwfypfzdkY t,ltqawG &Sdvmawmh uRefawmfvnf; cGJ
pdwfr,fhudp 'DaeY nae tqkwfcGJpdwftxl;uk a'gufwmcifarmifat;
eJY awGUaqG;aEG;ygw,f/ olu pros & cons awG &Sif;jyygw,f/ atmuf
wdkbm 25 eJY Ekd0ifbm 1 &ufrSm qufoGif;&r,fh 2nd Cycle uDrdkoGif;
NyD; pifumyljyefoGm; csufuyfvkyf&ygr,f/ tJ'Du &v'fudk apmifhMunfh
NyD;rS cGJvdkY&&if oifh&if cGJzdkY uRefawmfpOf;pm;xm;ygw,f/ 'DMum;xJawmh
"mwfpmawGeJY wpfzufwpfvrf;u axmufuloGm;aerSmyg/ uRefawmfh
pdwf"mwfydkif;udkawmh pdwfcsMuyg/ uRefawmf pdwf"mwfrusygbl;/ quf
NyD; &SifoefEkdifoavmuf &Sifoefaeatmif qufaeoGm;OD;rSmyg/ uRef
awmfh taetxm;udk uRefawmfh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm; rdwfaqGrsm;tm;
odom&ef wifjyjcif;jzpfygw,f/
uRefawmfhtwGuf qkawmif;ay;aeMur,fqdkwm ,HkMunfygw,f/
tm;vHk; usef;rm csrf;omMuygap
armif0Ho
udk kyfodrf;r,fqdkwJhtpm; Oya'udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfNyD;awmh jyifqif
&ef tydk'frsm;&Sd&if jyifqifzdkY? y,fzsuf&ef&Sd&if y,fzsufzdkYqdkwm ydkNyD;
obm0usrSmjzpfwJhtwGuf xyfNyD;awmh tqdk&Sifudk jyefvnfar;jref;
jcif;jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkYvdkY tckawmh oufqdkif&mtqdk&Sifuvnf;
olY&JUtqdkudk jyefjyifwJhoabmjzpfygw,f/ bmvJqdk&if kyfodrf;ay;r,fh
tpm; 'DOya'udk vTwfawmfu aqG;aEG;NyD;awmh jyifqif&ef y,fzsuf
&efudkom aqG;aEG;zdkY? vufcHzdkYqdkwJh oabmjzpfwJhtwGuf 'Dtay:rl
wnfNyD;awmh uRefawmf vTwfawmfudk wifjyygr,f/
Ou | / / vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;cifAsm;/ oCFef;uRef;rJqE
e,frS OD;odef;GefYwifoGif;wJhtqdkudk ajymif;vJNyD; rw&m;toif;rsm;
tuf O ya'(1908 ck E S p f td E d , tuf O ya'-14)ud k vT w f a wmf u
jyifqif&ef? y,fzsuf&eftwGuf vufcHaqG;aEG;zdkY vTwfawmfu oabm
wlygovm;cifAsm;/
(oHk;Budrfwdkifwdkifar;jref;ygonf/ vTwfawmfu oabmwlygonf)
Ou|/ / oabmrwlwo
hJ l &Syd govm;cifAsm;/ vTwaf wmfu oabm
wlwJhtwGuf OD;odef;GefYwifoGif;wJh rw&m;toif;rsm;tufOya'
(1908 ckESpf tdEd,tufOya'-14)udk vTwfawmfu vufcHaqG;aEG;&ef
twnf jzpfaMumif; aMunmygw,f/ (MobmoHrsm;)

33

34

wmudk awGU&w,f/ tdrftwGif;cef; zGJUpnf;ykHu wpfjcrf;eJY wpfjcrf;ukd

tckid t
f rm ydwf xm;w,f/ twGi;f rSm vl&dS r&Su
d kd rod&bl;/ tdraf &SUcef;u
ckwifrSmawmh tbkd;BuD;wpfa,mufeJY olUajr;vdkYxif&wJh uav; wpf
a,muftdyfaewmawGU&w,f/ tcef;awG&JUta&SUrSm ..... ADdkBuD;wpf
vkH;? aemuftcef;vGwfwpfckrSmu yJtdwf? qeftdwfawGukd tjynhf
xnfhxm;w,f/
ESpfa,mufom; {nhfcef;ADdkudk zGifh&Smw,f/ rD;BudK;eJY oG,f xm;wJh
a&'D,dkwpfvkH;? tHqGJxJu aiG(3000)ausmf avmuf&w,f/ tdrftwGif;
cef;udk zGirfh ,fvyk af wmh wkid u
f yfem&D BuD;u w'if'ifo;Hk csuf wD;vku
d w
f hJ
twGufpdefjrihfu pufacgif;udk r? uRefawmfu a&'D,kdBuD;ukdqGJNyD;
qif;vmMuw,f/ NcHaxmifh *kdaxmifem;a&mufawmh atmifxGef;BuD;udk
*dka'gifrSDNyD; tdyfaysmfaewm awGU&w,f/ atmifxGef;ukdEId;NyD; vmvrf;
twkdif; jyefvmMuw,f/ ocsKif;a&mufawmh Z&yfatmufu ypnf;awG
Z&yfay:wifNyD; ,loifhvS,foihfwJh ypnf;awGudkvS,f,lNyD; acsmifuswJh
yJc;l u pdejf rift
h rd u
f kd um;wpfwef jrif;vSn;f wpf wefp;D NyD; a&mufvmMu
w,f/ avmavmq,f acsmifuswJh pdefjrihftdrfudk tvkyfpcef;tjzpf
owfrSwfvdkufMuw,f/ pdefjrihf taruvnf; uRefawmfwdkY vIyf&Sm;ae
wmuko
d w
d ,f/ tJ'gawGuv
kd nf; tjyefjyeftvSev
f eS o
f abm aygufxm;
Muwm/ tJ'gaMumihfvnf; a&mufa&mufcsif; pdefjrihftarudk aiGwpf&m
ay;vku
d Nf yD; wpftrd o
f m;vk;H twGuf aumif;aumif;csufzaYkd jymNyD; aps;0,f
vTwfvkdufw,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u a&Twpfusyfom;rS ig;&maps;&Sdawmh aiG
wpf&mqdkrenf;bl;/
bdef;vkH;awG xnfhxm;wJh *kHeDtdwfudk tjyifxkwfNyD; ppfMunhf
w,f/ atmifxeG ;f u bde;f vk;H awG aps;aumif;aMumif; ajymw,f/ bk&m;
BuD; >yefwHqm anmifav;yifbufrSm ykdaps;&aMumif;wdkY udkvnf; ajym
awmh uRefawmfhOD;av; ukdpdefudkowd&wmeJY bdef; ta&mif;t0,fudpudk
igwm0ef,lw,fvkdY ajymvkdufw,f/ tJ'Dawmh pdefjrifhu]]a&mif;wmvnf; a&mif;wmayghuGm? 'gayr,fh ig enf;enf;
jrnf;MunhfvdkufOD;r,f}}
qdkNyD; bdef;wpfvkH;ukd tay:utkyfxm;wJh yvwfpwpfcGmNyD; erf;
Munfhw,f/
]]bdef;u awmfawmfaumif;wJh trsKd;tpm;jzpf&r,f}}
ajymNyD; csufcsif;vufndK;eJYaumfum rsKdcsvkdufw,f/ rsufESm wpfck
vHk; IHUwGNyD;]]cg;vkdufwm}}
ajymawmh bdef;pm;zl;wJh atmifxGef;BuD;u rsufvkH;jyL; rsuf
qefjyL;eJY]][m rif;[m rsm;vkdufwm}}

vdkY uref;uwef; ajym[efYvdkufayr,fh vufjrefajcjref&SdwJh pdefjrihf

u rsKdcsNyD;aeNyD qkdawmh b,fvdkrS wm;r&vkdufbl;/ uRefawmfuawmh
pD;u&ufwpfvdyfyJ aomuf&if;yufvufukvm;xdkifrSm xdkif&if;cdk;&myg
ypnf;awG a0cGJzdkYudp pOf;pm;aew,f/
rMumygbl; pdejf rihw
f pfa,muf a&xaomufvu
kd ?f tefvu
dk jf zpfvm
awmhwmygyJ/ uRefawmfwdkYu bmvkyfay;&rSef; rodjzpfoGm;Muw,f/
atmifxGef;u pdefjrifhudk ,yfcwfay;vkduf ESdyfvkduf vkyfay;aew,f/
rMumcif pdefjrifh oifjzL;zsmay:rSm tdyfaysmf oGm;w,f/
pdejf riht
f ar aps;0,f&mu jyefvmawmh yifyef;vmvdYk olUom;tdyaf e
w,fxifNyD; rD;zdkaqmifudk wef;0ifoGm;w,f/ cPtMumrSm pdefjrihf
vIyfvIyf&G&GjzpfvmNyD; tdrfomoGm;csifw,fajymawmh atmifxGef;eJY
uRefawmfu wGJydkYMu&w,f/ pdefjrihfaysmhacGaewmjrifawmh olUtar
u]]ighom;bmjzpfvdkYvJ? ta':hudkvnf; ajymMuygOD;}}
qdkawmh atmifxGef;u]]bmrSrjzpfygbl; ta':? nu 0rf;EIwfaq;udk qD;,kd
rSwfNyD; rSm;pm;vmvdkY 0rf;enf;enf;oGm;aewmyg}}
vdkY jyefajymvkdufw,f/ pdefjrifhtaru atmifxGef;BuD;
pum;ukd wu,fxifNyD; vkyfp&m&Sdwm qufvkyfaew,f/
tdrfomra&mufcif wHcg;0em;rSm pdefjrihfu vkHcsnfxJ
0rf;ygcsw,f/ vlvnf;taemfEIef;aeNyD/ pdefjrihfrIUrvS
cH p m;ae&ayr,f h uRef a wmf a wmh
tNrJ v d k v d k r qif r jcif vk y f w wf
aumif;&vm;vkdY a'gojzpfaew,f/
aemufawmh oHy&moD;azsmw
f u
kd ?f aoG;
aq;wkdufvkyfNyD; tdyf&mrSm odyfxm;vdkuf
Muw,f/ uRefawmfwkdY reufpm pm;NyD;Mu
wJhtxd pdefjrifhtdyf&mu rxEkdifao;bl;/
tJ'gaMumifh atmifxeG ;f udk ypn;f wcsKdUa&mif;
NyD;rS aiGvm,lzdkYajymawmh atmifxGef;u avmavmq,f aiG
ESpf&mavmufvdkaew,f/ jrif;vSnf;twGufvnf; ypnf;awG0,fcsif
w,fqw
kd meJY a&Tarma"mbk&m;xd vku
d 0f ,fay;&w,f/ atmifxeG ;f u
wpfqufwnf;]]uRefawmfhrSm jrif;wpfaumifwnf;&Sdw,f? &SdwJhjrif;uvnf;
tkdaeNyD? tJ'gaMumifh aemufxyf jrif;aumif;aumif;wpfaumifvkdcsif
w,f } }
vdkY ajymjyefw,f/
]]at; uGm... igwm0ef,lw,f? tck ypnf;udk reufrdk;vif;&if
&efukefrSm oGm;a&mif;zdkY tpDtpOfvkyfxm;w,f/ rif;jrif; wpfaumif
wifrubJ &csif&rSmaygh}}
vdkY ajymvTwfvkdufw,f/
tdrfa&mufawmh pdefjrifh wtDtDeJY vl;vSdrfhvkyfaewm awGU& w,f/
]]rif;AdkufxJ tpmr&SdvdkYjzpfwm? igeJY xrif;twl0ifpm;}}
ajymNyD ; xrif ; r&ru auR;&w,f / xrif ; enf ; enf ; yJ p m;NyD ;
pdefjrihfjyeftdyfoGm;w,f/ uRefawmfvnf; reuf&efukefoGm;zkdY yef;vIdifu
*spfum;wpfpD;udk p&efaiG(100)ay;NyD; iSm;xm;cJhw,f/ pef;jrihftdrfudk
jyefvmNyD;]]rif; b,fhES,fvJ}}
ar;awmh]]enf;enf; oufomoGm;ygNyD}}
]]'gqdk reuf&efukefoGm;zdkY tqifoifhvkyfxm;}}
ajymNyD; tdrfjyefvmcJhw,f/
tdrfrSm cPem;NyD; bdef;a&mif;zdkY OD;av;&Sd&mudk xGufvmcJhw,f/
OD;av;udk tqifoihfawG&awmh tusKd;taMumif;ajymNyD; erlem,l
vmwJh bdef;vkH;udk jyMunhfw,f/ OD;av;u aoaocsmcsmMunhfNyD;]]bde;f u taumif;pm;yJu?G ck aygufaps;eJq
Y kd ESp&f mavmuf &Sw
d ,f?
tjcm;oGm;ra&mif;eJaY wmh ighuadk &mif;? vkcd sifvYdk rSmxm; wJv
h al wG&w
dS ,f}}
qdak wmh (200)eJyY J ta&mif;t0,f wnho
f mG ;w,f/ pdejf rihf tdrrf mS &Sw
d hJ
bdef;udk ,lzdkYvmawmh pdefjrihfvnf; a&csKd;NyD;p vef;vef;qef;qef;jzpfae
wmawGU&w,f/ bdef;u csufcsif;a&mif;&awmh pdefjrihfvnf; csufcsufyJ
ykdNyD; vef;vef;qef;qef; jzpfoGm;w,f/
aemufwpfaeY &efuek (f 28)vrf;ukd rGe;f rwnfrh D a&mufvm Muw,f/
ygvmwJh ypnf;udk azmufonfqkdifrSm aps;EIef;jzwfNyD; aiGwpfaxmifudk
t&if,v
l mchw
J ,f/ ESpef m&Dcu
JG kd yy0if;krH mS ky&f iS 0f ifMunhMf uNyD; yDuif;[dk
w,frSm pm;aomufMuw,f/ 0,fp&mawGukd0,fNyD; tdrftwGuf jynfpkH
awmh AdkvfcsKyfaps; aemufbufwef;u qHyifwkwpfckvnf; 0if0,fMu
w,f/ ausmufprd ;f b,ufeYJ a&Twakd &TpwcsKUd udak wmh yJc;l ua&mif;aeus
qkid rf mS yJ a&mif;Mur,fvEYkd pS af ,mufom;wkid yf ifNyD;yJc;l ukjd yefvmcJMh uw,f/
pdefjrifhtdrfukd a&mufawmh ypnf;a&mif;&orQ aiGawGudk pm&if;vkyf
NyD; a0pkcGJMuw,f/ atmifxGef;BuD;twGuf jrif;wpf aumif0,fzdkY aiGokH;
axmif z,fxm;vku
d w
f ,f/ at;vIid u
f v
dk nf; tenf;tusOf; ay;&rSmudk
aemufrS owd&vdkY wpfa,muf ig;&m xyfxnfhvkdufMuw,f/ NyD;awmhrS
wpfcg ausmufpdrf;b,ufukd a&mif;zdkY OD;(---)wkdufukd a&mufawmh
idkwhJvluidk? rIdifwJhvlu rIdif jzpfaeMuwm awGU&w,f/
OD;(---)u uRefawmfhudk {nhfcef;rSm xkdifckdif;NyD;]]OD; tjzpfuawmh ajym&rSmawmif &Sufp&m armifausmfjrifh
&m...vdkY yPmrcsDw,f/

qufvufazmfjyygrnf/

,cif t ywf r S tquf

pdefjrihfu vufESdyf"mwfrD;udk,lNyD; tdyf&mcif;eYJ acgif;tkH;awGudk

vSefavSm&Smaew,f/
]]bmvkyfwmvJuG}}
]]aomhav;bmav;awGUrvm;vkdY}}qkdNyD; jyefajymw,f/
uRefawmfvnf; pdefjrihfenf;wl tdyf&mckwif ab;em;awGudk
prf;&SmMunfhrdw,f/ pdefjrihfu ckwifab;rSm bmrSef;rodbl;qkdwmeJY
ckwifukd qGJ rvku
d Mf unfrh w
d ,f/ vufeyYJ w
k Mf unhv
f u
dk af wmh wbkwb
f w
k f
jrnfaevdkY pdefjrihfu ]]a[haumif toHxGuf w,f? rvkyfygeJY}} ajymNyD;
tem;a&mufvmw,f/ vufeJY EIdufxdk;prf;Munhfvkdufawmh OoQpfoD;
eD;eD;cefY rnf;rnf;tvkH;awGudk yvwfpwpfeJY xkyfxm;wm awGU&w,f/
pdejf rihu
f ,lNyD; yvwf pwpfudk cGmMunfw
h ,f? erf;vnf; erf;Munfw
h ,f/
]][m... bdef;awGuG}}wJh./
uRefawmf aemufxyfESpfvkH;udk EIduf,lvkdufjyefw,f/ ckwif
tH0SufxJu bdef;&SpfvkH;&w,f/ t0wfaowmxJu t0wf aumif;awG
ukd a&G;,lNyD; "mwfjym;aowm? a&'D,kdESpfvkH;eJY bdef;xnfhxm;wJh
*keH t
D w
d u
f q
dk NJG yD; xGuv
f mcJMh uw,f/ tjyif a&mufawmh atmifxeG ;f
udkac:vkdufw,f/ atmifxGef; 0ufNcHem;u ay:vmvkdY olUukd
"mwfjym;aowmudx
k rf;ckid ;f vku
d w
f ,f/ &xm;oHvrf;uae
ocsKif;xJu Z&yfysufudkjyefvmMuw,f/ bdef;vkH;eJY
aowm a&'D,dkwdkYudk 0SufMuw,f/
'geJY 'Dnu uRefawmfwdkY c&D;urqkH;ao;bl;/
q&mBuD;tdrfeJY aemufESpftdrf usefao;w,f/ tJ'Dtdrf
awGuv
kd n;f 'Dnwpfygwnf; vkyEf idk rf /S EkrYd &Ydk if
wk w f p D G p G e f t d r f u owif ; rk d ; vif ; wmeJ Y
aygufMum;NyD; aemufaeYawGrSm vkyfvdkY r&
awmhbl;/ tJ'g aMumifh rkd;&GmBuD;xJ atmif
xGe;f udk vrf;jytjzpf a&SU oGm;ckid ;f NyD; q&mBuD;
NcHxJ a&mufvmMuw,f/ atmifxeG ;f udu
k RJwu
J ae tjyiftajc
taeudk Munfch ikd ;f xm;w,f/ tajctaeraumif;&if uRJww
J idk f
udk wkwfeJYokH;csuf cyfjcm;jcm; acgufNyD;toHay;zkdYvnf; rSmxm;cJh
w,f/
q&mBuD;tdru
f atmufrmS a&eHow
k x
f m;wJh avSEpS pf if;? ykwaf wmif;
BuD;awG? &m0iftdk;awGudk pifvkyfNyD;tpDt&D wifxm;w,f/ ajcwH&Snf
tdrfu ckESpfayavmufjrifhaeawmh tdrf&JUcsKdU,Gif;csufudk tawmfav;&Sm
,l&w,f/ aemufqkH;arsmwkdifwpfacsmif; ukd jyLwif;ayguf wnfhwnfhrSm
axmifNyD; atmufu a&wkdifuDwpfvkH;udk arsmwkdifeJYuyfNyD; rSDxm;vkduf
w,f/ pdefjrihfu t&yfjrihfawmh jywif;aygufrD;a&mifuae tdrfxJudk
Munhcf ikd ;f &w,f/ pdejf rifu
h yxrwkid u
f aD y:wuf/ tJ'rD w
S pfqifh arsmwkid f
ay:zufwufNyD; jywif;aygufu Munhf&w,f/
q,frdepfawmif rMumygbl;/ pdefjrihf arsmwkdiftwkdif; avQm
qif;vmw,f/ tajctaeaumif;w,f/ tck wufMunfhwJh tcef;xJrSm
rdef;rESpfa,muf tdyfaeMuw,f/ 'geJY jywif;wHcg; rif;wkwfae&mukd
xGi;f NyD; rif;wkwjf zKwfNyD; jywif;aygufu ausmf0ifvmMuw,f/ olc;kd awG
&JUenf;pepftwkdif; wHcg;awGudkzGihfvkdufMuw,f/ vufESdyf"mwf rD;eJY
tcef;xJukd avQmufMunhf &w,f/ uGeyf sLwmpufEpS v
f ;Hk ? pufb;D uvnf;
ESpfpD;? pufacgif;eJY pufajcaxmufudk wjcm;pDjzKwfxm;wJhtyfcsKyfpufeJY
pufypnf;awGukd awGU&w,f/ tzdk;wefypnf; rawGUwmeJY wpfbufcef;
udkul;vmw,f/
tay:xkww
f ef;uaeausmfrvdYk atmufuidk MHYk unhv
f u
dk af wmh pdejf rihf
ukd,fvkH;u jcifaxmiftjyifbufrSm acgif;ujcifaxmifxJrSm/ atmufudk
a&mufawmh pdefjrifhudkvufwkdYNyD;]]a[haumifvm? [kdbuftcef;udk oGm;Munhf&atmif}}
vdkY wD;wkd;ajymawmh]]aeOD;uG? [dktysKdBuD;awG vnfyif;rSm ausmufpdrf;b,uf vm;
rodbl;? wzswfzswfeJY igMunhfaewmMumNyD}}
qdak wmh pdejf rifjh ywJah e&mudk uRefawmfjcifaxmif rNyD; aoaocsmcsm
Munfv
h u
dk af wmh yufvufveS f tdyaf ewJh trsKd; orD;vnfyif;rSm wvuf
vufeJY BudK;wpfu;Hk udk awGU&w,f/ BudK;pukd tust
jyifbufa&mufatmif
tom r qGJxkwf&w,f/ b,ufcGuf tjyifbufukd a&mufatmif
vnfvmwJt
h xd qGrJ aeawmhbJ vufnKd ;eJt
Y omr NyD;oGyn
f y u
f wfaMu;
eJY nyf,lvkdufw,f/ aemufwpfa,muf trsKd;orD;vnfyif;rSm trfpD
BudK; wpfukH;&Sdw,f/ zdNyD;tdyfaysmfaeawmh vkyfvkdYrvG,fbl;/ NyD;awmh
oltdyfaewJh jrifuGif;u olckd;awmif rsufESm&SufoGm;w,f/
tcef;tjyifbufudk a&mufawmh us,favmifwJh rkd;BudK;ypfcs vkduf
oHwpfcsufaMumifh tcef;xJu vIyv
f yI &f &G G toHawGukd Mum;vku
d &f w,f/
aemufaz;tdrfomwHcg;u tdrfatmufukd qif;vmMuw,f/ q&mBuD;
tdrfeJY uyfvsufutdrfukdvkyfzdkY atmifxGef;udk ac:vmMuw,f NcHaxmifh
*kad xmifem;rSm atmifxeG ;f ukd apmifch ikd ;f xm;NyD; NcHxu
J kd 0ifvmcJMh uw,f/
tdrfem; udk oGm;uyfawmh acG;wpfaumifu xkd;a[mifw,f/ acG;a[mif
wJh ae&mudMk unfah wmh uRefawmfwu
Ykd kd r[kwb
f ;l / atmifxeG ;f BuD;&S&d mukd
a[mifaew,f/ pdefjrihfu NcHem;udk tkwfcJusKd;eJY vSrf;aygufvkdufawmh
acG;udkxd oGm;wmeYJ w*def*defatmfNyD; tdrfa&SU qif0ifatmufa&mufoGm;
w,f/
uRefawmfu tdrfaemufaz;jywif;aygufudk oHwl&Gif;? uvatmfeJY
uvdaewm pdefjrihfu vl&dyfvlajc Munfhay;xm; w,f/ rkd;oHavoHeJY
twl ywmeJYt*FawMum;udk cyfjyif;jyif; zGihfvkdufw,f/ jywif;ayguf
yGio
fh mG ;vdYk txJuMkd unhv
f u
kd af wmh vQyfppfr;D vk;H jymjymav;awG xGe;f xm;

,ciftywfrStquf

yef;csDarmifarmif(armifwkdYtzGJY)
ykpd wmuawmh &Si;f &Si;f ajym&&if [k;d icRwfuav;uwnf;u
0goemygwm/ aemuf uRefawmfu e,fuukd;/ rk'kHu armfvNrdKif
atmufzuf rk'kHu/ [kdrSmu uRefawmfwkdYeJYteD;pyfqkH;u ykdpwm
yJ&Sdwm/ [kd;i,fi,fwkef;u vufurf;aMumfjimawGqkd&if ukd,fu
uav;t&G,fqkdawmh ray;bl;ayghaemf/ vlBuD;awGukd a0awmh
twif;vkdufawmif; tdrfrSmu ,ufuef;pifvkyfwmukd; ,ufuef;
vkyfawmh csnfxkyfwJh uwfxljym;awG&Sdwmaygh/ tJ'gawGukd cGm
NyD;tJ'Dtay:csnfqkd;aq;awGazsmfNyD; vufurf;aMumfjimxJuykHawG
ul;a&;wmaygh?ig;wef;? ajcmufwef;avmuftxd ausmif;BuD;ajymif;wJh
tcsd e f u srS 'D p me,f Z if ; uk d e D ; pyf v mNyD ; pmMunf h w k d u f o G m ;
q&mOD ; aomif ; [ef y k H w k d Y ? q&mOD ; uk d a v;yk H w k d Y M unf h N yD ; tJ ' D v k d
ul;a&;&wmaygh/ uRefawmfyef;csDausmif;&SdrSef;awmif rodbl;/
txufwef;a&muf ukd;wef;? q,fwef;aygh tJ'DESpfusrS odwm/
'gawmifoli,fcsif;uajymjyvkdYodwm?oluyxrwpfcgajzw,f/
&efukefrusbl; rEav;usw,f/ olroGm;bl;/ aemufESpf quf
ajzr,fqkdNyD;?usKd;pm;w,f/tJ'DawmhrSuRefawmfvnf;vkdufajzwm/
ausmif;rSmvnf; oleJYuRefawmfeJYu 0goemwlwmayghaemf/ twef;
ausmif;rSm zGHUNzdK;a&;toif;zGJUawmhrS
yef;csDausmif;&Sdwmodw,f/ igvnf;
avQmufr,fuGmqkdNyD; twlavQmuf
jzpfwm/ avQmufwJh tcsdefrSm tJ'D
wkef;uvnf; ukd,fhrdb tajctae
awGuvnf; raumif;bl;aygh/ 'D
ausmif;qufxm;EkdifzkdYqdkwmuvnf;
odyfNyD; awmhrjzpfawmh rxl;bl;av/
'Djyifh[mawG avQmufxm;ao;w,f?
pufrI? pkdufysKd;a&;wkdY vkdif;awGtukef
vkH;/ 8 wef;ukd tpkd;&ppfeJY atmif
xm;awmh avQmuf v k d Y v G , f w m
ayghaemf/ armfvNrdKifukd oGm;&if;vm
&if;eJYayghkyfSifkHaSY&yfMunfhwmaygh/
tJ ' D w k e f ; uawmh q&mOD ; ausmf v S
wkdYbmwkdY a&;w,fajymwmyJ/ uRef
awmf v nf ; wpf c grS rjrif z l ; bl ; /
avQmufr,fh xJrmS 'DrmS vmajz&w,f/
yxr 'Dausmif;rSm ajz&awmh/ aemufrS
atmifwahJ usmif;ukd ac:rSm/
tJ ' D t csd e f u srS rxl ; bl ;
uRefawmf txkyfykdufNyD;
awmhxGufvmwmyJ/ &ef

ukefa&muf&if igyef;csDausmif;wuf&if; q,fwef;vnf;jyefajzr,f

qkNd y;D pmtkyaf wGyg o,fwm/ uReaf wmft
h ar&JU tpfrawG? BuD;awmf
awG q k d v nf ; oG m ;uef a wmh a wmh bmajymvJ q k d a wmh eif u
olawmif;pm;jzpfr,fh ynmoGm;oifw,f qkNd y;D ajymwm? uReaf wmfu
'gyJ 0goemygawmh ac:wJh[mawGbmawG vkH;0*krpkdufawmhbl;/
'gyJ wpfpkdufrwfrwfvkyfvkdufawmhr,fqkdNyD; wufvmw,f/ uRef
awmfeJYtwl olvnf; atmifoGm;w,f/ olu 'DpHjyrSm tquf

'DaeYaygh

'DaeYjzifh
bwfpum;tqifajywm arT;BudKifaewm
acR;eHYr&wm
reufapmapmEkd;cJhwm
tdyfa&;0cJhwm
pdwf[mjynfh0aewm
opfyifpdrf;ukd Munhfjrifvdkufrdwm
'DaeYaygh/
'DaeYacwfBuD;xJ 'DaeYxJ
'Dpdwfceav; NrJNrH
rzdwfr0if
'Dpdwfceav; NrJNrH/
/

atmifcsdrfh

jrefrmEkid if aH &aq;toif;&JY
yxrtBurd af &cspo
f al &aq;yef;csjD yyGJ

jrefrmEkid if aH &aq;toif;&JU yxrtBudraf &cspfoal &aq; yef;csDjyyGJ

ukd rEav;awmifajc? rEav;NrdKUrSm zGifhvSpfxm;wJh rEav;awmifyef;csD
jycef;rSm 6-9-2014 &ufuae 13-9-2014 &uftxd cif;usif;jyo
cJhygw,f/
tckjyowJh yxrtBudrfa&cspfola&aq;yef;csDjyyGJukd touf 50
txufa&aq;tMunf cspfolrsm;ukd pkpnf;jyowmrkdY? yef;csDq&mBuD;
OD;vGef;<u,f?OD;vSodef;atmif?OD;atmifarmif;?OD;aZmf0if;(opfxGif;)?OD;rsKd;
xGe;f ?OD;wif0if;?OD;wifatmifxu
dk ?f OD;oef;<u,f?OD;armifarmifpef;?OD;&Jjrif?h
OD;ode;f jrifo
h ed ;f ?OD;pk;fd Ekid ?f OD;oD[?OD;atmifvwf?OD;Lwif0if;?OD;jrifah qG?OD;rm
vm?OD;cifarmif0if;?OD;cifarmifpef;?OD;vSxGPf;atmif?OD;opfvGifpkd;?OD;jrifh
oef;eJY OD;jrifOD;wkdY&JU a&aq;vuf&mrsm;ukd pkpnf;jyocJhwmjzpfNyD;
aemufykdif;umvawGrSm &efykHaiGtay:rlwnfNyD; 'kwd,tBudrf?wwd,
tBudrt
f p&So
d nfjzifh rsKd;qufopfvil ,frsm;ukd vufwaJG c:,lNyD; jyyGrJ sm;
jyKvkyaf y;oGm;rSm jzpfw,fvYdk jrefrmEkid if aH &aq;tMunftoif;ukd zGUJ pnf;
wnfaxmifolrsm;u qkdygw,f/
HTA

toG,fu&Sdxm;NyD;om;/ pHjytzGJU pHjykyf&SifkHab;u o&ufawm

ausmif;xJrSm&Sdwmav/ pHjytkyfpkqkdwm&Sdw,f/ uRefawmfwkdYeJY
pDe,
D mBuD;aygh ukx
d eG ;f atmifqw
dk m rk'o
Hk m;/ olu tJ'rD mS &Sad wmh
olet
YJ quftoG,&f vmwmaygh/ uReaf wmfvnf; tJ'aD wmhrS odwm/
bmawGjzpfvq
J adk wmh [kw
d ek ;f u cufwmu ausmif;wufwu
hJ av;
awGqkdawmh odyfvufrcHcsifbl;/ ausmif;u q&mawGeJY odyf
o[Zmwrjzpfb;l / enf;enf;odyt
f qifrajyMuwJyh b
Hk /J ausmif;u
q&muvnf; tjyifu q&mukd txifrBuD;bl;/ tjyifuq&mvnf;
ausmif;u q&mukd txifrBuD;bl;/ [kdwkef;u ykdpwmkHwpfck0iff
zkq
Yd w
dk m cufw,f/ pHjytkypf k qkw
d m uRefawmfwaYdk &mufwt
hJ csdeu
f
q&m OD;oef;aX;vnf; a&mufaeNyD/ oleJYodyfrawGY&ao;cif
uRefawmf'kwd,ESpfavmufyJ&Sdao;w,f?xGufoGm;wmaygh/ oleJY
pawGUwJh tcsdefu olubmawGa&;vJqkdawmh wauGU?wurm
a&;aew,f/ ykdpwmp0ifzkdYqkdwmuvnf; csufcsif;a&;zkdYqkd wmu
vnf;rjzpfb;l ?uReaf wmfwYdk t&ifq;Hk bmvky&f vJqadk wmh bkwaf q;&
w,f/[kw
d ek ;f u um;wpfum;Ny;D &if jyefjzKwf tJ'b
D w
k f awGtukejf yef
avQmf&wmayghaemf/
vuform;q&meJYabmifMuyf vuform;vnf; vkyf&w,f/
kHqifvkduf&wm/
(a&SUtywfqufzwfyg&ef)

35

Euromoney rS jrefrmEdkifiHwGif taumif;qHk;bPftjzpf uarmZbPfudk a&G;cs,f

bPftaejzifh Customer rsm;tm; taumif;qH;k 0efaqmifraI y;

Ekdifa&;onf ta&;tBuD;qHk;jzpfaMumif; oabmaygufem;vnfxm;
ygonf/ 'DZifbmv 2012 ckESpfu xkwfjyefcJhaom McKinsey
\ ]]Banking in Myanmar - the Final Frontier}} tpD&ifcHpmwGif
uarmZbPfonf Customer rsm;tm; taumif;qHk;0efaqmifrIay;
&mwGif xdyfwef;OD;aqmifaeaom bPftjzpfazmfjyyg&Sdygonf/
bPf\ tbufbufrS wdk;wufrIrsm;? tyfaiGyrmPrsm;? acs;aiG
yrmPrsm;? 0efaqmifcrsm; rsm;pGmwd;k wufvmonft
h wGuf uarmZ
bPfudk 2014 ckESpftwGuf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif taumif;qHk;bPf
tjzpf a&G;cs,fvkdufjcif;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/
owif;ESifh"mwfyHk-YOH
Ekid if w
H umwGif xdyw
f ef;b@ma&;qdik &f mr*Zif;jzpfaom Euromoney
tzGJUtpnf;rS uarmZbPftm; 2014 ckESpftwGuf jrefrmEkdifiH\
taumif;qHk;bPftjzpf a&G;cs,fvdkufygonf/
Euromoney rS xl;cRefqkrsm;udk ay;tyfcsD;jrifh&ef a&G;cs,f&mwGif
urmhEkdifiHtoD;oD;&Sd xkwfukefypnf; trsKd;trnfaygif; (20)ausmf yg0if
NyD; a'otoD;oD;wGif taumif;qHk; txl;cRefqHk; bPfrsm;udkvnf;
urmwpfvTm; EkdifiHaygif; (100)ausmfrS pdppfa&G;cs,fjcif;jzpfygonf/
a&G;cs,fNyD; qk&pm&if;rsm;udk ESpfpOf July vxkwf Euromoney
r*Zif;wGif xkwfjyefaMunmNyD; if;\ ]]euromoney.com}}0ufbfqdkuf
wGifvnf; azmfjyyg&Sdygonf/
Euromoney r*Zif;rS pmwnf; Clive Horwood rS trSmpum;ajym
Mum;&mwGif uarmZbPfonf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tBuD;qHk;yk*vduydkif
bPfjzpfNyD; taumif;qHk;bPfjzpfaMumif;? EkdifiHtwGif; tjrwftrsm;
qHk; bPfjzpfNyD; vGefcJhaom (2)ESpftwGif; tcGeftrsm;qHk; xrf;aqmif
cJhaombPfvnf; jzpfaMumif;? A[dkbPfrS udef;*Pef;rsm;t& uarmZ
bPfonf aiGaMu;trsm;qHk;xkwfacs;cJhNyD; acs;aiGyrmPrSm pkpkaygif;
acs;aiG\ (35) &mcdkifEIef;&SdaMumif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ odkYjzpf uarmZ
bPf\ &yfwnfrIrSm wdkufqdkifrIr[kwfyg/ bPfwdk;wufa&;twGuf
bufaygif;pHrk S wuf<upGm aqmif&u
G v
f Quf&adS eNyD; bPfcrJG sm; qufwu
kd f
wdk;csJUzGifhvSpfjcif;? Mini Bank rsm;zGifhvSpfjcif;? tjcm;aombPfrsm;ESifh
qufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;? ukefoG,fa&;twGuf aiGaMu;tay;t,lrsm;
wGif 0efaqmifrIay;jcif;? aiGaMu;pDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;twGuf 0efaqmifrIay;
jcif;? jynfya&mufjrefrmvlrsKd;rsm; trdjrefrmEkdifiHodkY vkyfcvpmrsm;
jyefvnfvTJajymif;ay;ydkYEkdifjcif;? tzdk;wef pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;? vuf0wf
vufpm;rsm; vHkNcHKpdwfcspGm odrf;qnf;ay;aom b@ma&;Xmetaejzifh
0efaqmifrIay;jcif;? EkdifiHjcm;aiGaMu; a&mif;0,fEkdifonfh 0efaqmifrIay;
jcif;ponhf 0efaqmifrIrsm;udkvnf; wdk;csJUaqmif&GufcJhonf/

36

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&SifOD;aX;atmif\ trI tNidrf;pm;taumufcGeft&m&Sda[mif; oufaoxGufqdk

&ef u k e f puf w if b m 18
&efukefqdyfurf;w&m;Hk;wGif 2014 pufwifbm (18)&ufaeY
eHeufydkif;u pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif OD;aX;atmiftm; 2001 ckESpfu
pufo;Hk qDEiS hf pm;ok;H qDvrJG mS ;wifoiG ;f cJo
h nf[k qku
d m oGi;f ukex
f w
k f
ukefOya' 5(1)? 5(3) yk'frjzifh w&m;pGJqdkxm;aomtrItm; wwd,
Hk;csdef;tjzpf Hk;xkwfppfaq;&m tNidrf;pm;taumufcGeft&m&SdwpfOD;
oufaotjzpf vma&mufxGufqdkcJhaMumif; od&Sd&onf/
w&m;pGJqdkjcif;cHxm;&aom OD;aX;atmifrS w&m;Hk;wGif udk,f
wdkif jyefvSefar;cGef;xkwf&m oufaocHypnf;rsm;udk ,aeYtcsdef
txd odrf;qnf;xm;ygovm;? oabFmwifpm&Gufpmwrf; B/L ESifh
Manijest rsm;onf ukefypnf;vdkovdk jyKjyifajymif;vJEkdifaMumif;
odygovm;? ukrPD trnfonf aX;atmifESifh taygif;toif;rsm;
aqmufvkyfa&;jzpfNyD; tif*sif0dkifrsm; wifoGif;vmrItay: oHo,
jzpfcJhygovm;/ xdktcsdefu zrf;qD;&mwGif EkdifiHydkifowif;pmrsm;
ydkif&SiftrnfrSm OD;wifvS(ac:) csmwdwf[k azmfjyxm;onfudk
odygovm;[k ar;jref;cJhaMumif; od&Sd&onf/
tqdkygaeYu OD;aX;atmifudk tif;pdefaxmifodkY jyefvnf
ac:aqmif oGm;aMumif;od&Sd&NyD; 2014 atmufwdkbm (1)&ufaeY
xyfrHcsdef;qdkxm;aMumif; od&Sd&onf/
YOH
"mwfyHk-zdk;cGm;

2014 pufwifbm(9)&ufaeYu tcsKyfum;ay:wGif awGhjrif&aom OD;aX;atmif

tcsyfykdrsufESmzkH;rStquf

ociftkef;jrifhonf OD;ae0if;ppftmPm&SifpepfudkqefYusifrIaMumifh
udu
k ;kd uRef;tydcYk &H oljzpfonf/ 8888 ta&;awmfyBkH uD;wGiv
f nf; olo
Y il ,f
csif;Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\orD;udk 0ef;&Hun
l cD o
hJ nf/ Edik if aH &;tusOf;orm;
rsm;twGuv
f rl t
I axmuftulupd r sm;udv
k nf; wpdu
k rf wfrwfaqmif&u
G cf hJ
onf/ toufBuD;rSe0w\tusOf;om;vnf; jzpfcJh&onf/ uG,fvGefcsdef
txd EdkifiHa&;udk vkyfoGm;oljzpfonf/ ay;vdkufaomyHkrsm;teuf 1946
ck? {NyDv? (30)&uf u&ifeDjynf(u,m;jynfe,f) rdwfquftzGJUAdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;tdrfawGUqHkNyD; trSwfw&dkuful;xm;aomyHkjzpfonf/
tqdkygyHkrSm rSefabmifwyfxm;ojzifh "gwfyHkudk Scan zwf&eftwGuf rSef
abmifudkcGmvdkuf&m ESpfaygif;(70)cefY wdrfjrKyfaeaomvufa&;pmudk
&&SdcJhygonf/
1875 ckESpf?ZGefv?(21)&ufaeYwGif NAdwdoQtpdk;&ESifhArmbk&ifwdkY
csKyfqdkaompmcsKyft& u&ifeDjynfe,fudk vGwfvyfaome,fajrtjzpf
owfrSwfcJhonf/ 'kwd,urmppfBuD;tNyD; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIwGif
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifonfh zqyvtzGUJ BuD;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;aygif;pHk
udk,fpm;vS,frsm; jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;yHkazmf&ef tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm aqG;
aEG;cJo
h nf/u&ife(D u,m;)wdo
Yk nf yifvpkH mcsKyfrcsKyfqrkd u
D yif Adv
k cf sKyfwEYkd iS hf
10/ OD;wifatmif[ef B.Sc(Geol) (Ygn), M.Sc (Geol)
(Belgium) Dip;B.Dh,

11/ AdkvfrSL;uHGefY (Nidrf;)

12/ OD;apmBudKif B.A (Elitt), B.Ed, B.L
13/ OD;wifatmif M.A (Eng) TOEFL Cert.Holder,
(Sydney University, Australia)

14/ OD;jrifha0 B.S.I.E (Tokyo), D.D.P (Tokyo), Japanese

Language (Osaka)

15/ a'gufwmrif;vSatmifBuD; B.A.B.Ed (Ygn), Ph.D,

Fellow of AV)H (Germany)

16/
17/
18/
19/
20/

a'gufwmrsKd;jrifh M.A (Eng) (Ygn) Ph.D (U.K)

OD;ausmfarmif B.Sc, Dip.Ed, D.S, R.L
OD;opfqef;vGif Dip, Peking University.
a':cifoef;'dkif B.A, B.Ed (Ygn), M.Ed. (Cornell)
a'gufwmat;at;csKd B.Sc, B.Ed, M.Ed (Ygn), D.Ed
(Japan)

21/ a':MunfMunfGefYvGif B.A, (Eng, Hons) M.A (Eng)

wdkY jzpfygonf/
oifMum;aombmom&yfrsm;rSm CURRICULUM
A. Buddhist Studies
(1) Buddha Teaching Set
(2) Buddhist Meditation Set
(3) Vinaya Set
(4) Sutta Set
(5) Abhidhamma Set
B. English Language
C. Computer
D. General Knowledge
E. Chinese Language
F. Health Education

vma&mufaqG;aEG;aomtzGJUjzpfonf/
'kwd,urmppfBuD; NyD;qHk;onfhaemufydkif;wGifrl u&ifeDjynf\
tajctaeonf wrsdK;wzHkajymif;vJvmcJhayonf/ t*FvdyfESifh if;wdkY\
MoZmcHu&ifvlrsdK;t&m&Sdrsm;onf vdGKifaumfNrdKUodkY vma&muf u&ifeD
jynfe,ftyk cf sKyfa&;udk vuf0g;BuD;tkycf s,fv,
S u
f m u&ifew
D ikd ;f &if;om;
rsm;tm; zdEydS cf sKyfcs,Mf uonf/ xdt
k csed w
f iG f jrefrmEdik if H Edik if aH &;tjyif;xef
qH k ; vI y f & S m ;x<uaecsd e f j zpf & m u&if e D a cgif ; aqmif v l B uD ; rsm;onf
a&S;a[mif;r[mrdwjf zpfcahJ om jrefrmrsm;ESiyhf ;l aygif; u&ifejD ynf\ vGwf
vyfa&;udk xde;f odr;f umuG,&f ef txl;pdwt
f m;xufoefonft
h avsmuf
1946 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv? (25)&ufaeYwiG f abmfvcJajrmufyikd ;f rmvmNrdKU?
w&m;ol B uD ; OD ; bD \ aetd r f tpnf ; ta0;usif ; y u&if e D j ynf u d k
jrefrmjynfrESifhyl;aygif;&ef tm;vHk;oabmwlqHk;jzwfMuonf/
1946ckEpS ?f rwfvwGif jrefrmjynf zqyvtzGUJ csKyfrS ocifEk (aemifEdik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf)? ref;bcdik f (uG,v
f eG o
f ?l aemif-u&ifa&;&m0efBuD;)ESihf
OD;azcif(aemif-oHtrwfBuD;)wdkYonf vdGKifaumfNrdKUodkY a&muf&SdvmMuNyD;
yxrOD;qHk;EdkifiHa&;w&m;a[mMum;&m u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wdkY\EdkifiHa&;
pdwf"mwfrSm ydkrdkjyif;xefvmcJhonf/
wdkY jzpfygonf/
oifMum;&mwGif Languagel Lab, Computer Audio Video pmoif
cef;rsm;jzifh oifMum;ydkYcsonf/
yDeefESifh pifumylq&mawmfOD;ynm0Hoonf trdajrrScGJcGmum
jynfyomoemjyKvkyif ef;udk pGev
Yf w
T pf eG pYf m;pGr;f pGr;f wrHaqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf
rSm oifwef;zGichf sed w
f iG f tESp(f 40)rQ&NdS y;D jzpfonf/ ,cktcg q&mawmfBuD;
onf urmt&yf&yfwGif jrefrmbkef;awmfBuD;rsm;pGmudkvnf; wnfaxmif
xm;Ny;D jzpfonf/ yDeefq&mawmfBuD;vdt
k yfvQu&f adS omt&nftaoG;&Sad om
jrefrmomoemjyK&[ef;awmfrsm;&&Sd&ef EkdifiHawmf tpdk;&ESifhwuG wynfh
'g,um'g,dumrwdYk rQBuD;us,af om r[moEo
d ck ausmif;awmfBuD;udk
wnfaqmufa&pufcsvSL'gef;jcif;jzpfonf/
ausmif;BuD;wGif 1/ jynfwGif;jynfyomoemjyKoifwef;rsm;zGifhjcif;
2/ we*FaEGausmif;rsm;xlaxmifjcif;
3/ rlvwef;rS wuov
kd t
f xd a&wdak &&Sno
f moemjyKausmif; rsm;
zGifhvSpfjcif;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifoGm;rnf[kq&mawmfBuD;u >rufMum;
cJhonf/
r[moEo
d ck ausmif;awmfBuD;\ yxrtBudrf oifwef;wufa&muf
cJhaom &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh oDv&Sifrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/
yxrtBud r f oif w ef ; wuf a &muf r nf h & [ef ; awmf r sm;ES i f h
oD v &S i f r sm;
&[ef ; awmf r sm;
1/ t&SifynmaZmw
B.A (Bud)
2/ t&Sifaombdw
B.A (Bud) xl; B.Sc (Phy)
3/ t&SifOaZmw
om "rmp&d,
4/ t&Sifu0dom&
B.A (Bud)
5/ t&Sif0dpdw
B.A (Myan)
6/ t&SifoDvpm&
B.A (Bud) M.A (Srilanka)

1946ckEpS ?f {Nyv
D ? (28)&ufaeY
wGif OD;pde(f u&ife)D (aemif-u,m;
jynfe,f0efBuD;Xme ygvDreftwGi;f
0efr[moa&pnfolOD;pdef) acgif;
aqmifaom u&ifeD-jrefrmcspf
Munfa&;rdwfquftzGJUonf &ef
ukefNrdKUodkY a&muf&SdvmNyD; AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom jrefrmjynfraS cgif;aqmifvBl uD;rsm;ESihf awGUqHk
aqG;aEG;um u&ifeD-jrefrmcspfMunfa&;ESifhjrefrmEdkifiHESifhu&ifeD jynfyl;
aygif;a&;wdkYudk atmifjrifpGmaqmif&GufcJhavonf/
OD ; pd k ; G e f Y (awmf 0 if E S i f ; qD )
&nfTef; (1)
ociftkef;jrifh (vufa&;rl)
(2)
OD;a&Ttkef; (anmifa&T)/ rNydKuGJEdkifaom jynfaxmifpkBuD;
(3)
u,m;jynfe,fO;D pD;tzGUJ / ordik ;f 0ifpmwrf;rsm;ESihf u,m;
jynfe,f(y-wGJ)
(4)
u,m;jynfe,fO;D pD;tzGUJ / ordik ;f 0ifpmwrf;rsm;ESihf u,m;
jynfe,f('k-wGJ)
(5)
u,m;jynfe,fOD;pD;tzGJU/ u,m;jynfe,fckESpfpifMu,f
pmapmif
(6)
OD;pde/f vGwv
f yfaom u&ifef jD ynfe,f&mZ0iftusOf;csKyf
(7)
u&ifeDjynfe,ftxl;pHkprf;a&;aumfr&Sif\ tpD&ifcHpm
(8)
&JxGef;(ppfynm)/ u,m;jynfe,fckESpfpifMu,f

7/ t&Sifpdw&
B.A (Bud)
8/ t&SifEu
B.Sc (Maths)
9/ t&Sif"rd&
om "rmp&d,
10/ t&Sify&r
om "rmp&d,
11/ t&SifZ#dv
B.A (Bud) xl;
12/ t&SifokreoD&d
B.A (Bud)
13/ t&Sifaum@n
B.A (Bud) B.A (Myan)
14/ t&SifoD&d"r
B.A (Bud)
15/ t&SifynmeE
B.A (Bud) M.A (Th)
16/ t&SifOuHo
B.A (Bud) M.A (Th)
17/ t&Sif0g,mrdE
om "rmp&d,
18/ t&Sifynm'Dy
B.A (Bud) B.A (Geo)
19/ t&SifawZdE
B.A (Geo)
20/ t&Sifa0ykv
om "rmp&d,
21/ t&SifaCmou
om "rmp&d,
oD v &S i f r sm;
1/ rtaemyrm
om "rmp&d, B.Sc (Bot)
2/ rauo&pm&D
om "rmp&d,
3/ r"rpm&D
tbd"rm (3) qifh B.Sc (Bot. Hons)
4/ rb'uOem
rlvwef;atmif B.A (Hist. Hons)
5/ rauwkrmvm
tbd"rm? 0dr*F? #Dumausmf B.A (Eco)
&[ef; 21 yg;ESifh oDv&Sif 5 yg;wdkYonf yDeefq&mawmfBuD;
urmt&yf&yf xlaxmifxm;aom jrefrmbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;wGif
omoemjyKvkyif ef;udk vkyaf qmifvQuf&MdS uNyDjzpfonf/ onfrmS r[m
oEdokorkdif;jzpfygonf/ a&SUqufvufjzpfysuforQudk qufvufwifjy
ygrnf/
quf v uf a zmf j yygrnf
a'gufwmcspfpH(cspfpH0if;)

pm-(6)od k Y