September | October 2014

The Chinese Conventional Freshwater Fish

Industry
The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry
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C
hina has one of the greatest
fishing industries in the world.
At present, China has developed
into an industrial system with
breeding, fishing, processing, distribution as
well as research and education supporting
each other.
Chinese conventional freshwater fish
mainly consists of seven species of black
carp (Mylopharyngodonpiceus), grass carp
(Ctenopharyngodon idellus), silver carp
(Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix), bighead carp
(Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), common carp
(Cyprinus carpio), crucian carp (Carassius
auratus) and bream (Megalobramae) (Fig. 1),
which are the major species of Cyprinidae fish
aquaculture in China and account for a larger
part in the inland aquaculture production.
They are an important part of Chinese
food safety. Carp are also one of the main
sources of animal protein occupying an impor-
tant position in the structure of Chinese
people's food. According to statistics in 2013,
the total production of the above seven spe-
cies was 18.738 million tonnes, accounting for
67.0 per cent of the freshwater aquaculture
production in China (Fig. 2).
Among them, the yields of grass carp, silver
carp, bighead carp, common carp, crucian
carp were all above 2.5 million tonnes (Fig. 3),
ranking top 5 in the fish aquaculture in China.
The main producing provinces of conventional
freshwater fisheries are Hubei, Jiangsu, Hunan,
Guangdong, Jiangxi, Anhui, Sichuan, Shandong,
Guangxi, Liaoning and so on (Fig. 4).
Contribution of Chinese
conventional freshwater
fish industry
Chinese conventional freshwater fish are
the main farmed species of aquaculture in
China. It occupies a very important industrial
position. First of all, the yields of the seven
species of black carp, grass carp, silver carp,
bighead carp, common carp, crucian carp and
bream account for 51.4 per cent of Chinese
fish yield, playing a key role in the effective
supply for ensuring Chinese food security and
satisfying the aquatic products of urban and
rural markets.
Secondly, as a healthy food with high-pro-
tein, low-fat and rich nutrients, conventional
freshwater fish has functions of strengthening
brain and body, promoting longevity, as well
as improving health and beauty, which make
an indispensable contribution to the improve-
ment of the nutritional level of citizens as well
as enhancing national fitness.
Thirdly, conventional freshwater fish is a
key point for the growth of important industry
in rural economy as well as rural incomes,
also playing an important role in boosting the
development of related industries. Fourthly,
the food chain of conventional freshwater
fish is short with high feed efficiency, in which
The Chinese
Conventional
Freshwater Fish
Industry
by Ge Xianping and Miao Linghon
Figure 2
Figure 1
Figure 7
Figure 6
22 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014
FEATURE
filter-feeding fish accounts for 38 per cent,
herbivorous fish accounting for 30 per cent,
omnivorous fish accounting for 29 per cent,
who are all the model of food-saving fishery.
The most conventional freshwater fish
adopts an integrated multi-mode multi-spe-
cies ecological culture mode, which stabilises
the ecological communities and balances eco-
fauna by matching silver carp, bighead carp
and other planktonophage fishes. Thus, it plays
an irreplaceable role in improving the water
environment.
Research progress on national
conventional freshwater fish
Cultivation, propagation, demonstration
and promotion of improved varieties of con-
ventional freshwater fish
By mass selection, gynogenesis, hybridisa-
tion, marker-assisted breeding and other
breeding techniques, six new species have
passed the national validation, which are
Allogynogenetic crucian carp ZhongKe No.3
(Fig. 5), Songpu mirror carp (Fig. 6), FFRC
strain common carp (Fig. 7), Changfeng silver
carp (Fig. 8), Furong hybrids of common carp
and crucian carp (Fig. 9) and Songpu red
mirror carp (Fig. 10). It also bred new strains
of blunt nose black bream and grass carp.
Farming promotion of these improved species
has been carried out in most places in China,
resulting in huge economic and social influ-
ence. By the end of 2012, there were more
than 20 new improved seed multiplication
bases for 6 new species, in which over 30 bil-
lion high-quality seeds have been propagated.
Disease prevention and control
technologies and applications
Through an extensive investigation on the
diseases of conventional freshwater fish in
China, major diseases and pathogens endan-
gering these species have been determined.
As such, corresponding diagnostic techniques
have been established, for example, molecu-
lar diagnostic techniques and immunology
diagnostic techniques for viral diseases and
bacterial diseases, morphology diagnostic
techniques regulations for important parasitic
diseases.
Research on immune disease prevention
and control techniques, drug prevention and
control technology as well as ecological pre-
vention and control techniques have been
conducted. The developed Grass carp hem-
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 10
Figure 8
September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 23
FEATURE
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orrhagic disease vaccine and Aeromonas
hydrophila Sepsis inactivated vaccines
obtained the production number in 2011,
which has been delivered to related enter-
prises for production and now has been
widely applied in China. The screened herbs
for carp hematopoietic necrosis disease and
carp herpes disease prevention also achieved
good results in the trial. The developed
replacement drug for Saprolegnia disease has
significant effects.
Initial establishment and
application of aquaculture
mode and feeding techniques
Based on the aquaculture methods of
conventional freshwater fish, research on the
affecting mechanisms of micro-flora, algae and
water quality physicochemical in ponds have
been conducted, which focus on the dissolved
oxygen, light, temperature, pH, carbon, nitro-
gen, phosphorus and other important factors,
and strengthen the built on primary productiv-
ity and beneficial microbial communities with
engineered means.
It forms ectopic and situ pond ecological
control techniques and engineering facilities,
which can effectively control water quality and
reduce emissions; enhance primary productiv-
ity, reduce fertiliser inputs, ease bottom sedi-
ment, improve water quality and reduce feed
coefficient. With the parameters improve-
ment, the practicality of these technologies
improves continuously and has become the
core technology for pond reform and healthy
aquaculture. Some of the methods, like plants
floating bed facilities, have been widely used
by the majority of farmers.
Through research on the rules of fish
feeding-growth, focusing upon the dynamic
relationships between fish intake and the
nutritional needs, environmental factors dur-
ing different growth stages have been initially
established. This has helped to gradually clarify
the changing rules of nutritional needs, food
intake, food intake frequency, food intake
rhythm, nutritional supplements, nutritional
compensation and so on, so as to build pre-
cise feeding technology for Allogynogenetic
crucian carp, black carp, grass carp, and com-
mon carp.
Through the rational feeding system, 0.86
tonnes of feed inputs and 31kg ammonia
emissions can be reduced for producing 1
tonne of fish products. A new feeding model
for black carp based on the high-quality
expanded pellet feed reduces the feed coef-
ficient by 0.93. The application of a reasonable
feeding system reduces the input amount of
feed, improves the feed efficiency and water
quality, which is of obvious economic and
ecological benefits.
Circulation, trade and
consumption of conventional
freshwater fish
Chinese conventional freshwater fish is an
important part of aquatic products in China. It
accounts for a large proportion of household
food consumption with a great impact on the
entire development of fisheries. Conventional
freshwater fish belongs to perishable agricul-
tural products, which are mainly in the form of
fresh consumption. Thus, its circulation struc-
ture should minimise the entity circulation
and improve marketing efficiency. According
to investigations, the methods of circulation
and marketing for conventional freshwater fish
in China have diversified, and the wholesale
market is the main distribution link.
The conventional freshwater fish is mainly
reserved for national consumption. The inter-
national trade scale is relatively small in the
whole industry. However, with the rapid
development of the Chinese aquaculture
industry and the demand of Asian immigrant
communities on conventional freshwater fish
in the world, the development of international
trade for Cyprinidae fish (including national
conventional freshwater fishery) is great.
In 2012, the total export of Cyprinidae
fish in China reached to 42,500 tonnes, with
an export value of 132.4 million dollars. From
the export market distribution, Hong Kong,
Macau, and South Korea are the top three
export markets for China. In 2012, the total
export of Chinese Cyprinidae fish to the
above three markets was 42,400 tonnes,
with an export value of 132.1 million dollars,
accounting for 99.82 per cent and 99.83 per
cent of the total export of Cyprinidae fish and
total export value of China, respectively.
From the source of export provinces,
because of the convenient conditions for
exporting to Hong Kong, Cyprinidae fish
export and export value of Guangdong
reached to 38,900 tons and 122 million
dollars respectively, accounting for 91.6 per
cent and 91.93 per cent of the total export
of Cyprinidae fish and total export value. In
addition, provinces with export volume over
800 tonnes also include Hunan, Liaoning and
Shandong.
Prospects
Over a 30-year period of increased growth
and development, the aquaculture technology
of conventional freshwater fish is becoming
mature. In turn, this has formed a complete
industrial chain and technology system inte-
grated with breeding, culturing, processing
and marketing. China is the country with
the best aquaculture technologies for con-
ventional freshwater fish in the world. In the
future, China will further improve industrial
quality, strengthen input of scientific research,
develop and promote standardised produc-
tion technology, maintain sustainable develop-
ment of the conventional freshwater fish, so
as to make contribution to the realisation
of resource-saving and environment-friendly
aquaculture.
Figure 9
24 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014
FEATURE
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September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 25
FEATURE
Aquatic China 2014
21-22
SEPTEMBER
2014
Kuntai Hotel
Beijing, China
part of:
B
e
i
j
i
n
g
www.aquafeed.co.uk/aquaticchina
Throughout the world consumers behaviour
and attitude towards food has been
changing and, as a result, the industries
supplying food need to focus on the
exchange of information in order to meet
these new demands.
The emphasis of the Aquatic China 2014 two-day
conference is creating an opportunity pathway for those in
Chinas aquaculture industry to connect with some of the
worlds experts on aquaculture research, science, nutrition,
feed formulation, economic production, food safety,
quality assurance and certication.
www.aquafeed.co.uk
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