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 Electronics I lab EE277 
Objectives:
1.
 
To learn how to measure the amplifier characteristics.2.
 
To investigate the common emitter and common collector amplifiers.
Equipments required:
1.
 
2N222 NPN transistor.2.
 
Resistors (68k 
Ω
, 27k 
Ω
, 1k 
Ω
, 680
Ω
, 10k 
Ω
, 470
Ω
).3.
 
Potentiometer.4.
 
Capacitors (10µF).5.
 
DC-voltage supply.6.
 
Function generator (Oscillator).7.
 
Digital Multimeter (DMM).8.
 
Oscilloscope.9.
 
Project board.10.
 
Coupling wires.11.
 
Probes.
Theory:
(1)
 
Common Emitter Amplifier:The common emitter amplifier is a transistor circuit at which the input voltage connectedto the base, and the output voltage is at collector, as in Figure 7-1.Figure 7-1In Figure 7-1(a), the circuit is called unbypassed, because at AC the emitter is not shorted,but the circuit in Figure 7-1(b) is called bypassed, because at AC the capacitor is shorted.
For unbypassed amplifier:The ac equivalent circuit is as shown in Figure 7-2.So the ac-parameters are as follows:
()
]
 Ee 21i
 R1 r //  R //  R Z
+
 
 cC  o
 r //  R Z
=
but
C  oC  c
 R Z R r
≅>
 
()
 E be b C  bi o
 R
 
i1 ri  RiV V  Av
+β=
 
 Page No (7-1)
 
 Electronics I lab EE277 
Figure 7-2If then
(
1
>
)
β
1
and:
()
 EeC  Ee bC  bi o
 R r R R ri RiV V  Av
+−+β=
 
()
]
C  Ee 21  EeC  oi oii oii o oi o
 R R1 r //  R //  R  R r R Z Z Av Z Z .V V  ZV  ZV  I  I  Ai
++−
 And if load resistance is connected, the voltage gain will be:
 Ee LC i o
 R r R //  RV V  Av
+−
 
For bypassed amplifier:The ac equivalent circuit is as shown in Figure 7-3, the only different is that thecapacitor connected across terminals will be short circuit, so will be shorted.
 E
 R
 E
 R
 Figure 7-3
Ω
0 R
 E
 
e 21i
 r //  R //  R Z
β
 
 cC  o
 r //  R Z
=
but
C  oC  c
 R Z R r
≅>
 
eC e bC  bi o
 r R ri RiV V  Av
−ββ=
 
ee 21C e 21eC  oi oii oii o oi o
 r r //  R //  R  R r //  R //  R  r R Z Z Av Z Z .V V  ZV  ZV  I  I  Ai
β=β−
 And if load resistance is connected, the voltage gain will be:
e LC i o
 r R //  RV V  Av
−
 (2)
 
 Page No (7-2)
 
 Electronics I lab EE277 
Common Collector Amplifier:In this amplifier, the input voltage applied on the base while the output voltage is read atthe emitter as shown in Figure 7-4.Figure 7-4Then the ac equivalent circuit will be as shown in Figure 7-5.Figure 7-5
()
]
 Ee 21i
 R1 r //  R //  R Z
+
 
e E o
 r //  R Z
=
but
e o Ee
 r Z R r
≅<
 
()()
()
: then R r since ,  R r R R ri Ri R
 
i1 ri  Ri1V V  Av
 Ee Ee E Ee b E b E be b  E bi o
<<+=+β≅++=
 
1 Av
≅
 
Experimental Procedure:
•
 
We connected the circuit shown in Figure 7-6.Figure 7-6
 Page No (7-3)
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