EEAST is a complete R & D Organization dedicated to

provide Electronics and Advanced Software Products and

Solutions to its Clients. Achieving the needs of our
customer and converting their ideas to real models is our
motto.
We are working in the field of
Embedded Systems, Automation and Advanced System
design for the last four years with the
vision of becoming a center of Excellence to provide
Solutions, Services and Training in
various fields of technologies.
• Embedded system means the processor is embedded
into that application.
• An embedded product uses a microprocessor or
microcontroller to do one task only.
• In an embedded system, there is only one application
software that is typically burned into ROM.
• Example ： printer, keyboard, video game player
• Things with computers that are not
computers themselves
– Refrigerators, toys, industrial robots, ...
• 98% of all microprocessors go into
embedded systems
– Embedded systems are everywhere!
– 50% much smaller than PC microprocessors
• 8-bit microprocessors
• Use a microprocessor or microcontroller
to do one task only
– Printer
• PC used for any number of applications
– Word processor, print-server, bank teller
terminal, video game player, network
server, internet terminal
• PC contains or is connected to various
embedded products
– Keyboard, printer, modem, disk controller,
sound card, CD-ROM driver, mouse
• X86 PC embedded applications
• Home
– Appliances, intercom, telephones,
security systems, garage door openers,
answering machines, fax machines,
home computers, TVs, cable TV tuner,
VCR, camcorder, remote controls, video
games, cellular phones, musical
instruments, sewing machines, lighting
control, paging, camera, pinball
machines, toys, exercise equipment
• Office
– Telephones, computers, security
systems, fax machines, microwave,
copier, laser printer, color printer,
paging
• Auto
– Trip computer, engine control, air bag,
ABS, instrumentation, security system,
transmission control, entertainment,
climate control, cellular phone, keyless
entry
• The microprocessor is the core of
computer systems.
• Nowadays many communication, digital
entertainment, portable devices, are
controlled by them.
• A designer should know what types of
components he needs, ways to reduce
production costs and product reliable.
 Introduction
General-purpose microprocessor
• CPU for Computers
• No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
• Example ： Intel’s x86, Motorola’s 680x0

Many chips on mother’s

Data
CPU board
Bus
General-
Seri
Purpose RAM ROM I/O Time al
Micro- Port r COM
processo
Port
r
Address Bus

General-Purpose Microprocessor System

Microprocessor vs.
Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
• CPU is stand-alone, RAM,
ROM, I/O, timer are separate
• designer can decide on the
amount of ROM, RAM and
I/O ports.
• expansive
• versatility
• general-purpose
• CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and
timer are all on a single
chip
• fix amount of on-chip
ROM, RAM, I/O ports
• for applications in which
cost, power and space
are critical
• single-purpose
Microprocessor vs.
Microcontroller
• Computing needs
– Speed, packaging, power consumption,
RAM, ROM, I/O pins, timers, upgrade to
high performance or low-power
versions, cost
• Software development tools
– Assembler, debugger, C compiler,
emulator, technical support
• Availability & source
 Microcontroller :
• A smaller computer
• On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
• Example ： Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X

CP RAM
U ROM A single chip
Seri
I/O Time
al
Port r
COM
Port Microcontroller
 Companies Producing
8051/8952
• Some Companies Producing a Member of
the 8051/8952 Family
Company Web Site

Intel www.intel.com/design/mcs51

Atmel www.atmel.com

Philips/Signetics www.semiconductors.philips.com

Siemens www.sci.siemens.com

Dallas Semiconductor www.dalsemi.com

 Advantages of using MCU

• Small – Single chip is smaller than a PC

• Cheap
• Low power consumption
• Low heat
• High efficiency – have only required
units
 Three criteria in Choosing a Microcontroller

1. meeting the computing needs of the task efficiently and

cost effectively
• speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of
I/O ports and timers, size, packaging, power
consumption
• easy to upgrade
• cost per unit
1. availability of software development tools
• assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator,
simulator, technical support
1. wide availability and reliable sources of the
microcontrollers.
 Contents:
Introduction
Block Diagram and Pin Description of
the AT89C52.
Registers
Memory mapping in AT89C52.
AT89C52 Flag bits and the PSW
register
Stack in the AT89C52.
 8051 Family
• Comparison of 8051 Family Members

Feature 8051 8052 8031

ROM (on chip program space in bytes) 4K 8k 0k
RAM (bytes) 128 256 128
Timers 2 3 2
I/O pins 32 32 32
Serial port 1 1 1
Interrupt sources 6 8 6
Inside 8051 Microcontroller
• Introduced by Intel in 1981
 Pin Description of the 8051
P1.0 1 40 Vcc
P1.1 2 39 P0.0(AD0
P1.2 3 38 ) 0.1(AD1)
P
P1.3 4 8051 37 P0.2(AD2
)P0.3(AD3)
P1.4 5 36
P1.5 6 35 P0.4(AD4)
P1.6 7 34 P0.5(AD5)
P1.7 8 33 P0.6(AD6)
RST 9 32 P0.7(AD7)
(RXD)P3.0 10 31 EA/VPP
(TXD)P3.1 11 30 ALE/PROG
(INT0)P3.2 12 29 PSEN
(INT1)P3.3 13 28 P2.7(A15)
(T0)P3.4 14 27 P2.6(A14
(T1)P3.5 15 26 )P2.5(A13
(WR)P3.6 16 25 )P2.4(A12
(RD)P3.7 17 24 )P2.3(A11
XTAL2 18 23 )P2.2(A10)
XTAL1 19 22 P2.1(A9)
GND 20 21 P2.0(A8)
 Pins of 8051 （ 1/4 ）

• Vcc （ pin 40 ）：
– Vcc provides supply voltage to the chip.
– The voltage source is +5V.
• GND （ pin 20 ）： ground
• XTAL1 and XTAL2 （ pins 19,18 ）：
– These 2 pins provide external clock.
– Way 1 ： using a quartz crystal oscillator
– Way 2 ： using a TTL oscillator
– Example 4-1 shows the relationship between XTAL and the
machine cycle.
 Pins of 8051 （ 2/4 ）
• RST （ pin 9 ）： reset
– It is an input pin and is active high （ normally low ） .
• The high pulse must be high at least 2 machine cycles.
– It is a power-on reset.
• Upon applying a high pulse to RST, the microcontroller will
reset and all values in registers will be lost.
• Reset values of some 8051 registers
– Way 1 ： Power-on reset circuit
– Way 2 ： Power-on reset with debounce
 Pins of I/O Port

• The 8051 has four I/O ports

– Port 0 （ pins 32-39 ）： P0 （ P0.0 ～ P0.7 ）
– Port 1 （ pins 1-8 ） ： P1 （ P1.0 ～ P1.7 ）
– Port 2 （ pins 21-28 ）： P2 （ P2.0 ～ P2.7 ）
– Port 3 （ pins 10-17 ）： P3 （ P3.0 ～ P3.7 ）
– Each port has 8 pins.
• Named P0.X （ X=0,1,...,7 ） , P1.X, P2.X, P3.X
• Ex ： P0.0 is the bit 0 （ LSB ） of P0
• Ex ： P0.7 is the bit 7 （ MSB ） of P0
• These 8 bits form a byte.
• Each port can be used as input or output (bi-direction).
 Pins of 8051 （ 3/4 ）
• /EA （ pin 31 ）： external access
– There is no on-chip ROM in 8031 and 8032 .
– The /EA pin is connected to GND to indicate the code is stored
externally.
– /PSEN ＆ ALE are used for external ROM.
– For 8051, /EA pin is connected to Vcc.
– “/” means active low.
• /PSEN （ pin 29 ）： program store enable
– This is an output pin and is connected to the OE pin of the ROM.
 Pins of 8051 （ 4/4 ）
• ALE （ pin 30 ）： address latch enable
– It is an output pin and is active high.
– 8051 port 0 provides both address and data.
– The ALE pin is used for de-multiplexing the address and data by
connecting to the G pin of the 74LS373 latch.
• I/O port pins
– The four ports P0, P1, P2, and P3.
– Each port uses 8 pins.
– All I/O pins are bi-directional.
 Dual Role of Port 0
• When connecting an 8051/8031 to an external memory, the 8051
uses ports to send addresses and read instructions.
– 8031 is capable of accessing 64K bytes of external memory.
– 16-bit address ： P0 provides both address A0-A7, P2 provides
address A8-A15.
– Also, P0 provides data lines D0-D7.
• When P0 is used for address/data multiplexing, it is connected to the
74LS373 to latch the address.
– There is no need for external pull-up resistors
 Port 0 with Pull-Up Resistors

Vcc
10
K
P0.0
DS500 P0.1

Port 0
0 P0.2
P0.3
8751 P0.4
P0.5
8951 P0.6
P0.7
 Registers
A

R0

R1

R2 PC PC
R3

R4 Some 8051 16-bit Register

R5

R6

R7

Some 8-bitt Registers

of the 8051
 8051 Flag bits and the PSW register
• PSW Register
CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV -- P

Carry flag PSW.7 CY

Auxiliary carry flag PSW.6 AC
Available to the user for general purpose PSW.5 --
Register Bank selector bit 1 PSW.4 RS1
Register Bank selector bit 0 PSW.3 RS0
Overflow flag PSW.2 OV
User define bit PSW.1 --
Parity flag Set/Reset odd/even parity PSW.0 P

RS1 RS0 Register Bank Address

0 0 0 00H-07H

0 1 1 08H-0FH

1 0 2 10H-17H

1 1 3 18H-1FH
 Stack in the 8051
• The register used to access
7FH
the stack is called SP (stack
pointer) register. Scratch pad RAM

30H

• The stack pointer in the 2FH

Bit-Addressable RAM
8051 is only 8 bits wide,
which means that it can take 20H
1FH Register Bank 3
value 00 to FFH. When 18H
8051 powered up, the SP 17H
10H
Register Bank 2
register contains value 07. 0FH Stack) Register)
08H Bank 1
07H
Register Bank 0
00H
Now we can
program...

● But how do we
get the
programs onto
the devices?
 WITH THE USE OF KEIL
SOFTWARE
• Write a program in embedded C
language.
• Execute it.
• View the output of program on
peripheral devices as provided in Keil
software.
• Now burn the program on AT89C52
using burner.
• Now apply the chip with hardware.
 Interfacing
• hardware or software used to
interface two computers or programs
or devices
 Interfacing used
• LED
• Seven Segment Display
• LCD Display
• Stepper Motor
• Switch
• Buzzer
 AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING
• Block Diagram
• Layout
• Circuit Diagram
BLOCK DIAGRAM
STEPPER MOTOR
 STEPPER MOTOR

• This animation demonstrates the principle for a stepper motor using full
step commutation. The rotor of a permanent magnet stepper motor
consists of permanent magnets and the stator has two pairs of windings.
Just as the rotor aligns with one of the stator poles, the second phase is
energized. The two phases alternate on and off and also reverse
polarity. There are four steps. One phase lags the other phase by one
step. This is equivalent to one forth of an electrical cycle or 90°.
 STEPPER MOTOR

• This stepper motor is very simplified. The rotor of a real stepper

motor usually has many poles. The animation has only ten poles,
however a real stepper motor might have a hundred. These are
formed using a single magnet mounted inline with the rotor axis and
two pole pieces with many teeth. The teeth are staggered to produce
many poles. The stator poles of a real stepper motor also has many
teeth. The teeth are arranged so that the two phases are still 90° out
of phase. This stepper motor uses permanent magnets. Some
stepper motors do not have magnets and instead use the basic
principles of a switched reluctance motor. The stator is similar but
the rotor is composed of a iron laminates.
 STEPPER MOTOR

• Note how the phases are driven so

that the rotor takes half steps
 STEPPER MOTOR

• Animation shows how coils are

energized for full steps
 STEPPER MOTOR

• Full step sequence • Half step

showing how binary sequence of
numbers can control binary
the motor control
numbers
LCD Display
 Optocoupler Devices
IC’s used in Automation ,to provide
isolation
Why isolation is required?
Because microcontroller works on 5V
and other devices)Stepper Motor ,
Fan) works on greater
than 5V . Any spike of greater of 5V
can burn microcontroller .
Pin diagram of 4N35
Electromagnetic Relay