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Medical imaging
Medical imaging
is the technique and process used to createimagesof thehuman body (or parts and function thereof) for clinical purposes (medical proceduresseeking to reveal,diagnoseor examinedisease) or medical science (including the study of normalanatomyand physiology). As a discipline and in its widest sense, it is part of  biological imagingandincorporatesradiology(in the wider sense),nuclear medicine, investigativeradiological sciences,endoscopy, (medical)thermography, medical photography andmicroscopy(e.g. for human pathologicalinvestigations).Measurement and recording techniques which are not primarily designed to produceimages, suchaselectroencephalography(EEG),magnetoencephalography(MEG),Electrocar  diography(EKG) and others, but which produce data susceptible to be represented asmaps(i.e. containing positional information), can be seen asforms of medical imaging.
 
Contents
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1 Overview
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2 Imaging technology
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2.1 Electron microscopy
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2.2 Radiographic
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2.3 Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)
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2.4 Nuclear medicine
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2.5 Photoacoustic imaging
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2.6 Breast Thermography
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2.7 Tomography
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2.8 Ultrasound
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3 Medical imaging topics
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3.1 Creation of three-dimensionalimages
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3.2 Non-diagnostic imaging
 
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3.3 Open source software
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3.4 Proprietary software
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3.5 Use in PharmaceuticalClinical Trials
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4 See also
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5 Further reading
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5.1 Academic resources
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6 References
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7 External links[edit]OverviewIn the clinical context, medical imaging is generally equated toradiologyor "clinical imaging" and the medical practitioner responsible for interpreting (andsometimes acquiring) the images is aradiologist.Diagnosticradiographydesignates the technical aspects of medical imaging andin particular the acquisition of medical images. The
radiographer 
or 
radiologictechnologist 
is usually responsible for acquiring medical images of diagnosticquality, although some radiological interventions are performed byradiologists.While radiology is an evaluation of anatomy, nuclear medicine providesfunctional assessment.As a field of scientific investigation, medical imaging constitutes a sub-discipline of  biomedical engineering,medical physicsor medicinedepending on the context: Research and development in the area of instrumentation, imageacquisition (e.g.radiography), modelling and quantification are usually the preserve of  biomedical engineering,medical physicsandcomputer science; Research into the application and interpretation of medical imagesis usually the preserve of radiologyand the medical sub-discipline relevant to medicalcondition or area of medical science(neuroscience,cardiology, psychiatry, psychology, etc) under investigation. Many of the techniques developed for medical imaging alsohavescientificandindustrialapplications. Medical imaging is often perceived to designate the set of techniques thatnoninvasively produce images of the internal aspect of the body. In thisrestricted sense, medical imaging can be seen as the solutionof mathematical inverse problems. This means that cause (the properties of 
 
living tissue) is inferred from effect (the observed signal). In the case of ultrasonography the probe consists of ultrasonic pressure waves and echoesinside the tissue show the internal structure. In the case of projectionradiography, the probe isX-ray radiationwhich is absorbed at different rates in different tissue types such as bone, muscle and fat.[edit]Imaging technology[edit]
Electron microscopy
Main article: Electron microscope
The electron microscope is a microscope that can magnify very small detailswith high resolving power due to the use of electrons as the source of illumination, magnifying at levels up to 2,000,000 times.Electron microscopy is employed inanatomic pathologyto identify organelleswithin the cells. Its usefulness has been greatly reduced byimmunhistochemistrybut it is still irreplaceable for the diagnosis of kidneydisease, identification of immotile cilia syndrome and many other tasks[edit]
Radiographic
Main article:Medical radiography
Two forms of radiographic images are in use in medical imaging; projectionradiography and fluoroscopy, with latter useful for intraoperative and catheter guidance. These 2D techniques are still in wide use despite the advance of 3Dtomography due to the low cost, high resolution, and depending on application,lower radiation dosages. This imaging modality utilizes a wide beam of xraysfor image acquisition and is the first imaging technique available in modernmedicine.
 Fluoroscopy
 produces real-time images of internal structures of the body in asimilar fashion toradiography, but employs a constant input of x-rays, at alower dose rate.Contrast media, such as barium, iodine, and air are used tovisualize internal organs as they work. Fluoroscopy is also used in image-guided procedures when constant feedback during a procedure is required.An image receptor is required to convert the radiation into an image after ithas passed through the area of interest. Early on this was a fluorescingscreen, which gave way to an Image Amplifier (IA) which was a largevacuum tube that had the receiving end coated withcesium iodide, and amirror at the opposite end. Eventually the mirror was replaced with a TVcamera.
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