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Speech recognitionFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 For the human linguistic concept, see Speech perception
 
The display of the Speech Recognitionscreensaver on aToshiba laptop, in which thecharacter responds to questions, e.g. "Where are you?" or statements, e.g. "Hello."
Speech recognition
(also known as
automatic speech recognition
or 
computer speechrecognition
) converts spoken words to text. The term "voice recognition" is sometimesused to refer to speech recognition where the recognition system is trained to a particular speaker - as is the case for most desktop recognition software, hence there is an aspectof speaker recognition,which attempts to identify the person speaking, to better  recognize what is being said. Speech recognition is a broad term which means it canrecognize almost anybodys speech - such as a callcentre system designed to recognizemany voices. Voice recognition is a system trained to a particular user, where itrecognizes their speech based on their unique vocal sound.Speechrecognition applications include voice dialing (e.g., "Call home"), call routing (e.g., "I would like to make a collect call"),domoticappliance control and content-basedspoken audio search (e.g., find a podcast where particular words were spoken), simpledata entry (e.g., entering a credit card number), preparation of structured documents(e.g., a radiology report), speech-to-text processing (e.g.,word processors or emails), and in aircraftcockpits (usually termedDirect Voice Input).
Contents
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1 History
•
2 Applications
○
2.1 Health care
○
2.2 Military
2.2.1 High-performance fighter aircraft
 
2.2.2 Helicopters
2.2.3 Battle management
2.2.4 Training air traffic controllers
○
2.3 Telephony and other domains
○
2.4 People with disabilities
○
2.5 Further applications
•
3 Performance of speech recognition systems
○
3.1 Hidden Markov model (HMM)-based speechrecognition
○
3.2 Dynamic time warping (DTW)-based speechrecognition
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4 Further information
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5 See also
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6 References
•
7 External links[edit]HistoryThe first speech recognizer appeared in 1952 and consisted of a device for therecognition of single spoken digits
[1]
Another early device was theIBM Shoebox,exhibited at the1964 New York World's Fair .One of the most notable domains for the commercial application of speech recognitionin the United States has been health care and in particular the work of themedicaltranscriptionist(MT)
[
citation needed 
 
]
. According to industry experts, at its inception, speechrecognition (SR) was sold as a way to completely eliminate transcription rather thanmake the transcription process more efficient, hence it was not accepted. It was also thecase that SR at that time was often technically deficient. Additionally, to be usedeffectively, it required changes to the ways physicians worked and documented clinicalencounters, which many if not all were reluctant to do. The biggest limitation to speechrecognition automating transcription, however, is seen as the software. The nature of narrative dictation is highly interpretive and often requires judgment that may be provided by a real human but not yet by an automated system. Another limitation has been the extensive amount of time required by the user and/or system provider to trainthe software.
 
A distinction in ASR is often made between "artificial syntax systems" which areusually domain-specific and "natural language processing" which is usually language-specific. Each of these types of application presents its own particular goals andchallenges.[edit]Applications[edit]
Health care
In thehealth caredomain, even in the wake of improving speech recognitiontechnologies, medical transcriptionists (MTs) have not yet become obsolete. Manyexperts in the field
[
who?
]
anticipate that with increased use of speech recognitiontechnology, the services provided may be redistributed rather than replaced. Speechrecognition is used for blind people, which is very helpful.Speech recognition can be implemented in front-end or back-end of the medicaldocumentation process.Front-End SR is where the provider dictates into a speech-recognition engine, therecognized words are displayed right after they are spoken, and the dictator isresponsible for editing and signing off on the document. It never goes through anMT/editor.Back-End SR or Deferred SR is where the provider dictates into a digital dictationsystem, and the voice is routed through a speech-recognition machine and therecognized draft document is routed along with the original voice file to the MT/editor,who edits the draft and finalizes the report. Deferred SR is being widely used in theindustry currently.ManyElectronic Medical Records(EMR) applications can be more effective and may be performed more easily when deployed in conjunction with a speech-recognitionengine. Searches, queries, and form filling may all be faster to perform by voice than byusing a keyboard.[edit]
Military
[edit]
High-performance fighter aircraft
Substantial efforts have been devoted in the last decade to the test and evaluation of speech recognition in fighter aircraft. Of particular note are the U.S. program in speechrecognition for the Advanced Fighter Technology Integration (AFTI)/F-16 aircraft (F-16 VISTA), the program in France on installing speech recognition systemsonMirageaircraft, and programs in the UK dealing with a variety of aircraft platforms.In these programs, speech recognizers have been operated successfully in fighter aircraftwith applications including: setting radio frequencies, commanding an autopilot system,setting steer-point coordinates and weapons release parameters, and controlling flight
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