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H U M A NR I G H T SW A T C H
Israel
Off the Map
Land and Housing Rights Violationsin Israel’s Unrecognized Bedouin Villages
March 2008 Volume 20, No. 5 (E)
Off the Map
Land and Housing Rights Violations in Israel’s UnrecognizedBedouin Villages
I. Summary..................................................................................................................................1
Key Recommendations..........................................................................................................6
II. Note on Methodology and Scope............................................................................................ 8
III. Background...........................................................................................................................11
Legal Basis for Land Confiscation........................................................................................13
Government-planned Townships.........................................................................................16
Battle over Land Ownership................................................................................................18
Unrecognized Villages.........................................................................................................20
Developing the Negev.........................................................................................................22
Is Resolution Possible?.......................................................................................................23
IV. Discrimination in Land Allocation and Access ......................................................................27
Land Ownership and Distribution in Israel...........................................................................27
Discrimination in Land Jurisdiction......................................................................................29
Individual Farms.................................................................................................................33
Selection Committees.........................................................................................................39
V. Discrimination in Planning....................................................................................................41
Bedouin Needs Not Met......................................................................................................42
Absence of Planning Participation and Consultation of Bedouin..........................................45
Lack of Local Representation...............................................................................................47
No Criteria for Recognizing Communities.............................................................................50
Retroactive Legalization and Changed Zoning.....................................................................51
VI. Home Demolitions................................................................................................................54
Twayil Abu Jarwal—A Bedouin Village Repeatedly under the Bulldozer.................................54
Legal Authority for Demolitions...........................................................................................55
Demolitions on the Increase................................................................................................56
Justifications.......................................................................................................................62
How Demolitions Are Carried Out........................................................................................64
Warnings......................................................................................................................64
Orders and Demolitions................................................................................................71
No Prior Warning of Demolition.....................................................................................77
Destruction of Belongings.............................................................................................79
Demolitions Accompanied by Police Violence/Clashes.................................................81
Self-demolition.............................................................................................................82
Impact of Home Demolitions..............................................................................................86
VII. Lack of Compensation or Adequate Alternatives................................................................. 89
Comparison of Compensation Rates....................................................................................91
Recognized Townships........................................................................................................91
VIII. Israel’s Obligations under International Law, and Comparative Practice........................... 98
The Prohibition Against Discrimination...............................................................................98
Right to Adequate Housing, Privacy, and Choice of Residence............................................99
Security of Tenure.............................................................................................................101
Right to Land.....................................................................................................................102
Forced Evictions................................................................................................................102
Indigenous Land Rights.....................................................................................................104
Recent Practices of Other Governments.............................................................................105
New Zealand...............................................................................................................105
Canada.......................................................................................................................106
Australia.....................................................................................................................106
Creating a Land Claims Mechanism in Israel......................................................................107
IX. Detailed Recommendations ...............................................................................................109
X. Acknowledgments................................................................................................................113
Appendix A: Special Procedures Address the Bedouin Problem................................................114
Appendix B: Home Demolition Statistics..................................................................................117
Appendix C: Sample Warning.................................................................................................. 119
Appendix D: Sample Administrative Demolition Order ............................................................ 121
Appendix E: Sample Judicial Demolition Order........................................................................123
Sections
« prev | next »- I. Summary
- Key Recommendations
- II. Note on Methodology and Scope
- III. Background
- Legal Basis for Land Confiscation
- Government-planned Townships
- Battle over Land Ownership
- Unrecognized Villages
- Developing the Negev
- Is Resolution Possible?
- IV. Discrimination in Land Allocation and Access
- Land Ownership and Distribution in Israel
- Discrimination in Land Jurisdiction
- Individual Farms
- Selection Committees
- V. Discrimination in Planning
- Bedouin Needs Not Met
- Absence of Planning Participation and Consultation of Bedouin
- Lack of Local Representation
- No Criteria for Recognizing Communities
- Retroactive Legalization and Changed Zoning
- VI. Home Demolitions
- Twayil Abu Jarwal—A Bedouin Village Repeatedly under the Bulldozer
- Legal Authority for Demolitions
- Demolitions on the Increase
- Justifications
- How Demolitions Are Carried Out
- Warnings
- Orders and Demolitions
- No Prior Warning of Demolition
- Destruction of Belongings
- Demolitions Accompanied by Police Violence/Clashes
- Self-demolition
- Impact of Home Demolitions
- VII. Lack of Compensation or Adequate Alternatives
- Comparison of Compensation Rates
- Recognized Townships
- VIII. Israel’s Obligations under International Law, and Comparative
- The Prohibition Against Discrimination
- Right to Adequate Housing, Privacy, and Choice of Residence
- Security of Tenure
- Right to Land
- Forced Evictions
- Indigenous Land Rights
- Recent Practices of Other Governments
- New Zealand
- Canada
- Australia
- Creating a Land Claims Mechanism in Israel
- IX. Detailed Recommendations
- X. Acknowledgments
- Appendix A: Special Procedures Address the Bedouin Problem
- Appendix B: Home Demolition Statistics
- Appendix C: Sample Warning
- Appendix D: Sample Administrative Demolition Order
- Appendix E: Sample Judicial Demolition Order
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