!"#$"%&'()*'+*),)%-.'()*'&/"'0"%123')('-'!"-.4516"'78/"9$.

"':3()*6-&1)3'
;)66$318-&1)3'7<%&"6'

1.0 Introduction!
'

+$=.18'6"91-'-39',*1>-&"'()*$6%'-*"'-.6)%&'$3-316)$%'13'&/-&')3"')('&/"'=122"%&',*)=."6%'
(-8132'&/"'55;'1%'1&%'.-8?')('*".1-=."'%8/"9$.132'13()*6-&1)3'->-1.-=."'&)'1&%',-&*)3%'@ABCDE'':3'(-8&B'-'
55;'F"<'+"*()*6-38"'G"-%$*"%'!">1"H'IJ"=*$-*<'CKKLM'*",)*&'8)38.$9"9'&/-&'N$3*".1-=."'
%8/"9$."%'-*"')3"')('&/"'6-13'9"&"**"3&%'&)'$%132'&*-3%1&O'@LDE''!19"*%'H1%/'&)'?3)H'H/"3'&/"'3"P&'
>"/18."'H1..'-**1>"B')*'H/"3'&/"*"'H1..'="'-'6-Q)*'9".-<'@ABCDE''R88)*9132'&)'55;'8/-1*'S)H-*9'
G)%8)"B'N,"),."'9)3T&'6139'H-1&132'()*'-'=$%'1('&/"<'?3)H'/)H'.)32'&/"<'/->"'&)'H-1&O'@UDE''5/1%'
!J+',*),)%"%'&/"'8*"-&1)3')('-'%<%&"6'&/-&'-99*"%%"%'&/"'3""9'()*'&/"'8)66$318-&1)3')('-88$*-&"'
-39'$,4&)49-&"'%8/"9$."'13()*6-&1)3'&)'55;',-&*)3%E'

2.0 Previous!Technologies!

2.1 Information!Gathering!
+*1)*'&)'J"=*$-*<'AV&/')('CKKWB'&/"'55;'*".1"9')3'&"8/3).)2<'?3)H3'-%'N;)66$318-&1)3%'
-39':3()*6-&1)3'7<%&"6%O'I;:7ME''0"%123"9'13'&/"'.-&"'AXVK%B'&/1%'%<%&"6'H-%'3">"*'($..<'
16,."6"3&"9'$3&1.'&/"'.-&"'AXXK%E''5/1%'-..)H"9'-'8"3&*-.',)..132'%&-&1)3'&)'6-13&-13'-'.13?'&)'-39B'
6)*"'16,)*&-3&.<B'&)'&*-8?'&/"'6)>"6"3&')('55;'2*)$39'.">".'>"/18."%'H1&/'&/"'-19')('$.&*-4/12/'
(*"#$"38<'*-91)'H->"'&*-3%61&&"*%B'%1&$-&"9'13'%&*-&"218'.)8-&1)3%'&/*)$2/)$&'5)*)3&)E''5/"'8"3&*-.'
%<%&"6',).."9'"-8/'>"/18."'">"*<'CK%B'H/)%"';:7'$31&'&/"3'*"&$*3"9'&/"'2")2*-,/18'9-&-')('&/"'
>"/18."'&)'-'*"%).$&1)3')('A'&)'C'81&<'=.)8?%E''Y/1."'&/1%',*)>19"9'-'2"3"*-.')>"*>1"H')('&/"'>"/18."Z%'
.)8-&1)3B'&/"'13()*6-&1)3'H-%'3)&'*".1-=."'"3)$2/'&)',*)9$8"'-'*"-.4&16"'&*-3%1&'%8/"9$."E'
' 5H)'6-Q)*'9"%123'(.-H%'&/-&'*"39"*"9';:7'138-,-=."')(',*)>19132'-88$*-&"'-39'*".1-=."'9-&-'
138.$9"9'N=.-8?'/)."O'*"21)3%'13'&/"'%<%&"6B'-39'.-8?')(',-%%-2"'&16"'13()*6-&1)3E'J1*%&.<B'&/"'
%<%&"6'/-9'=""3'9"%123"9'%$8/'&/-&B'$,)3'"3&"*132',-*&18$.-*'.)8-&1)3%B'?3)H3'-%'N=.-8?'/)."O'
*"21)3%B'&/"'>"/18."%'%""6"9'&)'N91%-,,"-*OB'&/"3'N*"-,,"-*O'".%"H/"*"'-&'-'.-&"*',)13&'13'&16"E''R%'
&*-3%1&'-9>)8-&"'7&">"'G$3*)'".$819-&"%B'N)3'&/"'"-%&'"39')('&/"'[$""3'*)$&"EEE'>"/18."%'91%-,,"-*'
"-%&=)$39'-&'Y13">-EEE'-39'9)3Z&'-,,"-*'$3&1.'&/"<'."->"'\">1.."'])),'H"%&=)$39O'@^DE''5/1%'(.-H'
,*">"3&"9'&/"'%<%&"6'(*)6'="132'-=."'&)',*)>19"'-88$*-&"'>"/18."'.)8-&1)3'13()*6-&1)3E'
' 7"8)39.<B'="8-$%"';:7'8)$.9')3.<'8)66$318-&"'2")2*-,/18'9-&-B'&/"*"'H-%'"%%"3&1-..<'3)'
H-<')('-%8"*&-13132'NH/"&/"*'&/"'&16"'="&H""3'*",)*&"9'.)8-&1)3%'H-%')88$,1"9'H1&/'.)-9132'
,-%%"32"*%')*'@H/1."D'%1&&132'13'&*-((18O'@^DE'';)3%"#$"3&.<B'&/"'%<%&"6',*)>19"9'3)'*"-.'H-<')('
9"&"*613132'H/"3'-'>"/18."'6-<'-**1>"'-&'-'%&),E'
' R%'55;'%"31)*'6-3-2"*'_)='_*"3&'1..$613-&"%B'&/"';:7'%<%&"6'H-%'N61..1)3%')('9)..-*%'-39'
<"-*%')>"*'=$92"&'-39'3">"*'9".1>"*"9'-%',*)61%"9O'@`DE'':&%'9"%123'(.-H%'*"39"*"9'-88$*-&"'>"/18."'
6)31&)*132'"P&*"6".<'91((18$.&B'-39'/"38"B'&/"',$=.1%/132')('-3'-88$*-&"'-39'*"-.4&16"'%8/"9$."'
,*-8&18-..<'16,)%%1=."E''
'

Page!|!1!!
!
 2.2 Information!Dissemination!
' _"()*"'a-3$-*<'A%&')('CKKKB'55;',-&*)3%'*".1"9')3'516"]13"B'-'3"&H)*?')('9-&-=-%"%'
8)3&-13132'13()*6-&1)3'*"2-*9132'=$%'-39'%&*""&'8-*'%8/"9$."'13()*6-&1)3E''R'$31#$"'&".",/)3"'
3$6="*'H-%',)%&"9'-&'"-8/'%&),B'-39'H/"3'91-."9B'-',*"*"8)*9"9'>)18"'3)&1(1"9'&/"'8-.."*')('&/"'
"%&16-&"9'-**1>-.'&16"')('&/"'3"P&'>"/18."B'=-%"9')3',*"9"&"*613"9'%8/"9$."%'@VDE'
' R.&/)$2/'&/1%'-&'(1*%&',*)>"9'-3'"(("8&1>"'6"&/)9')('8)66$318-&1)3B'=<'AXXX'&/"'%<%&"6'H-%'
*$33132')3'N)=%)."&"'&"8/3).)2<'&/-&'H-%'.1&"*-..<'(-..132'-,-*&B'H1&/'(*"#$"3&')$&-2"%'-39'
138*"-%132.<'"P,"3%1>"'%"*>18"'8-..%EO''J$*&/"*6)*"B'&/"'%<%&"6'%$(("*"9'(*)6'-'=$2'&/-&',*">"3&"9'
1&'(*)6'H)*?132'13&)'&/"'3"H'61.."331$6E''5/"'8)%&')('*",-1*132'1&'H-%'"%&16-&"9'-&'bC'61..1)3B'-39'
&/"'%<%&"6'H-%'91%6-3&."9'@`DE'':3'1&%',.-8"B'&/"'55;'H"=%1&"'H-%'.-$38/"9E'';$**"3&.<B'*19"*%'*".<'
)3'&/"'->-1.-=1.1&<')('%8/"9$."%',)%&"9'-&'%&),%'-39')3'&/"'55;'H"=%1&"c=)&/')('H/18/'-*"'%&1..'
=-%"9')3'&16"%'8-.8$.-&"9'$%132';:7E'

3.0 Current!Technologies!

3.1 Information!Gathering!
d.)=-.'+)%1&1)3132'7<%&"6'Id+7M'1%'-'&"8/3).)2<'&/-&'H-%'9">".),"9'=<'&/"'e31&"9'7&-&"%'
0",-*&6"3&')('0"("3%"E''5/"'%<%&"6'*".1"%')3'-'N8)3%&"..-&1)3O')('-&'."-%&'CU'6"91$6'"-*&/')*=1&'
%-&"..1&"%'%$8/'&/-&'-&'."-%&'%1P'-*"')>"*/"-9'-&'-3<'21>"3'6)6"3&E''R&'-'8"*&-13',*"9"&"*613"9'&16"B'
&/"%"'%-&"..1&"%'-..'="213'%"39132')$&'8)3&13$)$%'%123-.%')('N,%"$9)4*-39)6'8)9"O'@WD')$&H-*9%'
*-91-..<'13'&/"'%/-,"')('-'%,/"*"E''f3'g-*&/B'-'d+7'*"8"1>"*'="213%'&)'*$3'&/*)$2/'&/"'%-6"',-&&"*3'
-.6)%&'%16$.&-3")$%.<B'-39'8-.8$.-&"%'&/"')((%"&'="&H""3'&/"'%123-.%'*"8"1>"9'(*)6'&/"'%-&"..1&"%'
-39'1&%')H3',-&&"*3'13')*9"*'&)'9"&"*613"'&/"'91%&-38"'="&H""3'&/"6'-39'1&%".(E''f38"'1&'/-%'
-8#$1*"9'-&'."-%&'&/*""'$31#$"'%123-.%B'1&'1%'&/"3'-=."'&)'9"&"*613"'H/"*"'&/"'*-91)'%123-.'%,/"*"%'
13&"*%"8&E''5/1%'*"%$.&%'13'&H)',)13&%h')3"')3'g-*&/'IH/18/'&/"'*"8"1>"*'*",)*&%'-%'1&%'.)8-&1)3M'-39'
&/"')&/"*'91*"8&.<'-=)>"'1&'13'%,-8"'IH/18/'1&'91%8-*9%ME'
5/1%'%<%&"6'-..)H%'()*'-'*"%).$&1)3')('$,'&)'AK6E'':3')*9"*'&)')=&-13'2*"-&"*'-88$*-8<B'
01(("*"3&1-.'d+7'I0d+7M'"6,.)<%'-3'-991&1)3-.'%&-&1)3-*<'*"8"1>"*B',.-8"9'-&'-'3"-*=<'.)8-&1)3E''5/"'
-991&1)3-.',)%1&1)3'8-.8$.-&"9'=<'&/1%'*"8"1>"*'8-3'138*"-%"'&/"'-88$*-8<'&)'H1&/13'."%%'&/-3'A6E'
5/"'d+7'*"8"1>"*'-.%)'6"-%$*"%'&/"'8/-32"'13'(*"#$"38<')('&/"'1391>19$-.'*-91)'%123-.%'
="&H""3',)..132'",)8/%E''5/1%')88$*%'9$"'&)'&/"'0),,."*'g(("8&B'-39'-..)H%'&/"'*"8"1>"*'&)'
9"&"*613"'3)&')3.<'.)8-&1)3B'=$&'%,""9'-39'91*"8&1)3'-%'H"..'@XDE'
'

3.2 Information!Dissemination!
5/"'55;'8$**"3&.<'"6,.)<%'0d+7'&"8/3).)2<'&)',*)>19"'N3"P&4%&),O'13()*6-&1)3'()*'*19"*%E''
5/1%'%<%&"6'*".1"%')3'2")8)9"9'%&),%B'H/"*"13'%&),%T'8))*913-&"%'/->"'=""3'%&)*"9'13'8)6,$&"*4
*"-9-=."'()*6'()*'*"%,"8&1>"'*)$&"%E''R%')('0"8"6="*'` ')('CKKVB'AABCKC'=$%'%&),%'-39'ABLUV'
&/

%&*""&8-*'%&),%'/->"'=""3'2")8)9"9B'-39'&/"'*"%&'-*"'%8/"9$."9'&)'="'8)6,."&"9'=<'J"=*$-*<'CKKW'
@AKDE''_$%"%'-39'%&*""&8-*%'*"8"1>"'13()*6-&1)3'(*)6'&/"'%<%&"6'-%'&)'H/18/'.)8-&1)3'&/"'>"/18."'1%'
"3&"*132E'

Page!|!2!!
!
 _"()*"'&/"'-9>"3&')('d+7B'1&'H-%'3)&',)%%1=."'&)',$=.1%/'-'*"-.4&16"'%8/"9$."'="8-$%"')('&/"'
13-88$*-8<')(';:7E''\)HB'/)H">"*B'H/1."'d+7'-..)H%'()*'9<3-618'-39'*"-.4&16"'9"&"*613-&1)3')('
>"/18."'.)8-&1)3%'-39'>".)81&1"%B'1&%'($..',)&"3&1-.'/-%'<"&'&)'="'"P,.)1&"9E''5/"'13()*6-&1)3'->-1.-=."'
9$"'&)'d+7'&"8/3).)2<'/-%'&/"',)&"3&1-.'&)'2*"-&.<'138*"-%"'&/"'-=1.1&<')('&/"'55;'&)'6""&'1&%'
,-&*)3%T'3""9%'-39'9"%1*"%E'

4.0! User!Needs!
'

' 5/"'6-13'2)-.')(',$=.18'&*-3%1&'%<%&"6%'1%'&)'21>"'8)66$&"*%'-'*".1-=."'-.&"*3-&1>"'6"&/)9'
)('&*-3%,)*&-&1)3E'':('&/"'&*-3%1&'%<%&"6'9)"%'3)&'*".-<'-88$*-&"'13()*6-&1)3'-=)$&'1&%'H-1&'&16"%B'&/"'
*".1-=1.1&<')('&/"'%<%&"6'1%'%1231(18-3&.<'*"9$8"9E'

' 5/"'H133"*')('&/"'CKK^'5*-3%,)*&-&1)3'R%%)81-&1)3')(';-3-9-T%'7$%&-13-=."'e*=-3'
5*-3%,)*&-&1)3'RH-*9'H-%'i)*?'!"21)3'5*-3%1&T%'j1>-'=$%'*-,19'&*-3%1&'3"&H)*?E''j1>-T%'%$88"%%'1%'
,-*&.<'-&&*1=$&"9'&)'1&%'-=1.1&<'&)'*".-<'*"-.4&16"'13()*6-&1)3'Nk&)'%/)H',-%%"32"*%'H/"3'&/"'3"P&'
>"/18."%'-*"'9$"'&)'-**1>"BO'@AAD'-39'1&'13918-&"%'&/-&'&*-3%1&'*19"*%'/->"'8)6"'&)'"P,"8&'-39'9"%1*"'
-88$*-&"'-39'$,4&)49-&"'%8/"9$."'13()*6-&1)3E'

' J$*&/"*6)*"B'55;',-&*)3%'/->"'"P,*"%%"9'&/"'9"%1*"'()*'-9>-38"9'3)&1(18-&1)3%'13'&/"'">"3&'
)('-',*).)32"9'9".-<'@ACDE'':3'&/"'">"3&'&/-&'-',-&*)3'9)"%'3)&'*"8"1>"',*1)*'3)&1(18-&1)3')('%$8/'-'
9".-<'-39'/-%'-.*"-9<',-19'(-*"B'&/"<'6-<'8/))%"'&)'H-1&'()*'&/"'9".-<'&)'="'*"%).>"9B')*'&/"<'6-<'
%""?')$&'-.&"*3-&1>"'6"-3%')('&*-3%,)*&-&1)3E'':**"%,"8&1>"')('&/"1*'9"81%1)3B'&/"'.-8?')(',*1)*'
3)&1(18-&1)3'*"%$.&%'13'"1&/"*'-'H-%&"')('&16"')*'6)3"<E'

5.0! Requirements!
'

' R',1.)&',*)Q"8&'H)$.9'3""9'&)'&"%&'&/"'%<%&"6T%'"((18-8<')3'=)&/'-'%&*""&8-*'-39'=$%'*)$&"E''
R3'19"-.'.)8-&1)3'()*'-'%&*""&8-*',1.)&',*)Q"8&'H)$.9'="'&/"'^KA'[$""3'7&*""&8-*B'-%'N9".-<%')('CK'&)'
UK'613$&"%'-*"'8)66)3,.-8"'&)'*19"*%O'@ALDE''5/"'%"."8&"9'=$%'*)$&"'1%'CX'0$(("*13B'-%'1&'&))'%$(("*%'
(*)6'$3*".1-=."'%8/"9$."%'@AUDE'

' '

5.1! Goals!
R3'"(("8&1>"'%).$&1)3'&)'&/1%',*)=."6'6$%&'-88)6,.1%/'&/"'()..)H132l'

" !".-<'-88$*-&"'13()*6-&1)3'&)'55;',-&*)3%'*"2-*9132'*)$&"'%8/"9$."%E''R%'6"3&1)3"9'
-=)>"B'&/1%'1%'&/"'6-13'$%"*'3""9'&/-&'6$%&'="'%-&1%(1"9E'
" :3()*6'55;',-&*)3%'13'&/"'">"3&')('-',*).)32"9'9".-<E'
" +*)>19"'%$22"%&1)3%'()*'-.&"*3-&"'*)$&"%'13'&/"'">"3&')('-',*).)32"9'9".-<E''5/1%'
"3/-38"%',-&*)3%T'-=1.1&<'&)'$%"'&/"'55;'-%'-'*".1-=."'&*-3%1&'),&1)3E'
" :38.$9"'6"-3%')('8)66$318-&132'%8/"9$."'13()*6-&1)3'-&'">"*<'%&),'.)8-&1)3E'

Page!|!3!!
!
 " _"'-=."'&)',*)>19"'%8/"9$."'13()*6-&1)3')3'9"6-39B'-39'3)&'3"8"%%-*1.<')3.<'-&'%&),'
.)8-&1)3%E''5/1%'-..)H%',-&*)3%'&)'-88"%%'%8/"9$."'13()*6-&1)3'8)3>"31"3&.<B'-39',.-3'
&/"1*'&*1,%'-88)*9132.<E'
" ;)66$318-&"'%8/"9$."'13()*6-&1)3'&/*)$2/'-'>-*1"&<')('6"91-'%$8/'&/-&'1&'6-<'="'-%'
-88"%%1=."'-%',)%%1=."B'13')*9"*'&)'138*"-%"',-&*)3'8)3>"31"38"E'

'

!5.2! Constraints!
Y/1."'6""&132'&/"'9"%123')=Q"8&1>"%B'&/"',*),)%"9'%).$&1)3'6-<'3)&'>1).-&"'&/"'()..)H132'
8)3%&*-13&%l'

" 5/"',*),)%"9'%).$&1)3'6$%&'="'-9-,&-=."'()*'=$%'-%'H"..'-%'%&*""&8-*'&*-3%,)*&-&1)3E'
" 5/"',*),)%"9'%).$&1)3'6$%&'6-?"'13()*6-&1)3'->-1.-=."'-&'-..'%&),'.)8-&1)3%E'
" 5/"'&*-3%1&'%8/"9$."'6$%&'="'$,9-&"9'-&'13&"*>-.%'."%%'&/-3')*'"#$-.'&)'CK%c&/"'-6)$3&'
)('&16"'="&H""3',)..%'H1&/';:7E''5/1%'(*"#$"38<'"3%$*"%'&/-&'&/"'13()*6-&1)3'->-1.-=."'13'
&/"'&*-3%1&'%8/"9$."'1%'H1&/13'*"-%)3-=."'-88$*-8<E'
" 5/"'*",)*&"9'&16"%')('>"/18."'-**1>-.'6$%&'="'-88$*-&"'&)'H1&/13'CK%E''R3<'138*"-%"'13'
-88$*-8<'H)$.9'="')((%"&'=<'&/"'"**)*'13'&/"'61316-.',)..132'&16"E'
" 5/"'8)%&')('=)&/',1.)&',*)Q"8&%'6-<'3)&'"P8""9'bVKBKKK A B'-.&/)$2/'.)H"*'8)%&%'-*"'
,*"("**"9E'

'

!5.3! Criteria!
R3<'%$8/'%<%&"6'H)$.9'="'">-.$-&"9'-88)*9132'&)'&/"'()..)H132'8*1&"*1-l'

" :38*"-%"m0"8*"-%"'13')>"*-..'*19"*%/1,'9"6)2*-,/18%B'-%'-',"*8"3&-2"')('&/"'*19"*%/1,'
="()*"'16,."6"3&-&1)3B'H/"*"'/12/"*'>-.$"%'-*"'="&&"*E'':('&/"*"'1%'-'*1%"'13'*19"*%/1,'
%))3'-(&"*'&/"'%<%&"6'/-%'=""3'16,."6"3&"9'&/-&'1%'3)&'-&&*1=$&-=."'&)'-3<')&/"*'(-8&)*%B'
&/"3'&/"'%<%&"6'1%'"(("8&1>"E'
" R88$*-8<')('&/"'*".-<"9'%8/"9$."'13()*6-&1)3B'"P,*"%%"9'-%'&/"'91(("*"38"'="&H""3'&/"'
*",)*&"9'-39'*"-.'&16"')('-**1>-.B'13'%"8)39%B'H/"*"'.)H"*'>-.$"%'-*"'="&&"*E'':('&/"'
6"&/)9')('91%%"613-&1)3'*"%$.&%'13'-88$*-8<')3'&/"'%-6"')*9"*')('6-231&$9"'-%'&/-&')('
&/"'13()*6-&1)3',*)>19"9'=<'0d+7B'&/"'%<%&"6'1%'"(("8&1>"E'
" g((181"38<')('&/"'%$22"%&"9'-.&"*3-&"'*)$&"%B'"P,*"%%"9'-%'-'*-&1)')('&/"'&16"'*"#$1*"9'()*'
&/"',*),)%"9'*)$&"'&)'&/-&'*"#$1*"9'()*'&/"')*1213-.B'H/"*"'.)H"*'1%'="&&"*E'':('13'&/"'

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1
!Startup!costs!for!a!real!time!schedule!database!are!estimated!at!$10,000.!!The!Queen!streetcar!
has!60!stops!along!its!route,!and!the!Dufferin!bus!has!32![15].!!With!an!estimated!cost!of!$500!per!
communication!system!at!each!stop!location,!this!translates!to!approximately!$46,000.!!Finally,!
alternative!on"demand!communication!means!are!estimated!at!$10,000.!!Thus,!the!cost!of!a!pilot!
project!for!both!the!Queen!streetcar!and!Dufferin!bus!may!not!exceed!$70,000.!

Page!|!4!!
!
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References:!
!

[1]! CityNews.ca!Staff,!“Passengers!Fed!Up!with!TTC!Disruptions,”![Online!Article]!May!2006,!
[2008!Feb.!12],!Available!at!HTTP:!http://origin1.citynews.ca/news/news_783.aspx!

[2]! Steve!Munro,!“Where’s!My!Street!Car!(Updated)?”![Online!Blog]!Nov.!2007,![2008!Feb.!
12],!Available!at!HTTP:!http://stevemunro.ca/?p=636!!

[3]! Toronto!Transit!Commission,!“Commission!Report!Macro:!Surface!Transportation!Route!
Management!and!Key!Performance!Measures,”![Online!Document]!June!2005,![2008!
Feb.!12],!Available!at!HTTP:!http://www.ttc.ca/postings/gso"
comrpt/documents/report/f2442/_conv.htm!!

[4]! Matthew!Blackett,!“E"signs!to!let!Riders!know!when!the!next!bus!is!coming?”![Online!
Magazine/Blog]!Oct.!2006,![2008!Feb.!15],!Available!at!HTTP:!
http://spacing.ca/wire/?m=200610&paged=2!!

[5]! Steve!Munro,!“Analysis!of!Transit!Operations:!Managing!CIS!Data,”![Online!Blog]!July!
2007,![2008!Feb.!15],!Available!at!HTTP:!http://stevemunro.ca/?p=446!

[6]! Spacing,!“A!little!history!of!the!TTC’s!Timeline!service,”![Online!Magazine/Blog]!Jan.!
2007,![2008!Feb.!15],!Available!at!HTTP:!http://spacing.ca/wire/?p=1475!

[7]! Toronto!Transit!Commission,!“Expanding!TTC’s!information!offerings,”![Online!Article]!
2000,![2008!Feb.!15],!Available!at!HTTP:!http://www.ecf.toronto.edu/~writing/bbieee"
help.html#intro"pe!!

[8]! Marshall!Brain!and!Tom!Harris,!“How!GPS!Receivers!Work,”![Online!Article]!Sept.!2006,!
[2008!Feb.!16],!Available!at!HTTP:!http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gps3.htm!!

[9]! National!Air!and!Space!Museum,!“How!Does!GPS!Work?”[Online!Article]![2008!Feb.!16],!
Available!at!HTTP:!http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gps/work.html!!

[10]! Barry!Hertz,!“TTC!pair!tell!riders!where!to!get!off,”![Online!Article]!Dec.!2007,![2008!Feb.!
15],!Available!at!HTTP:!
http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/toronto/archive/2007/12/06/ttc"pair"tell"
riders"where"to"get"off.aspx!!

[11]! Transport!Canada,!“TAC’s!2005!Sustainable!Urban!Transportation!Award!nominees,”!
[Online!Article]!July!2007,![2008!Feb.!16],!Available!at!HTTP:!
http://www.tc.gc.ca/Programs/Environment/utsp/TACNominees2005.htm!!

[12]! Steve!Munro,!“Bathurst!511!Diverts!to!Union!Station,”![Online!Blog]!April!2007,![2008!
Feb.!16],!Available!at!HTTP:!http://stevemunro.ca/?p=375!!

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!
[13]! Steve!Munro,!“Fix!the!501!Queen!Streetcar!Forum!(Updated),”![Online!Blog]!Dec.!2007,!
[2008!Feb.!16],!Available!at!HTTP:!http://stevemunro.ca/?p=708!!

[14]! Steve!Munro,!“Analysis!of!Route!29!Dufferin!–!Part!I:!(Introduction),”![Online!Blog]!Dec.!
2007,![2008!Feb.!16],!Available!at!HTTP:!http://stevemunro.ca/?p=726#more"726!!

[15]! Toronto!Transit!Commission,!“The!Toronto!Transit!Commission!Route!Schedules,”!
[Online!Database]!2007,![2008!Feb.!16],!Available!at!HTTP:!
http://www.toronto.ca/ttc/schedules/index.htm!!

Page!|!7!!
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