Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GOALS
e 7
P
7
P
o o
t (Radiant) Intensity
.
w
Spectral Intensity
.
w
(Luminous) Intensity
.
Flux/solid angle e e
r .
Watts/sr
r
.
Watts/sr nm
r
.
Lumens/sr = candela
7 7
i 7 7
P P
c Radiance o Spectral Radiance o Luminance
w w .
. .
Flux/area solid angle e e
. . Candela/m2 = nit
r r
Watts/m2 sr Watts/m2 sr nm Lumens/m2 sr = nit
7 7
7 7
GEOMETRY
FLUX (Watts) φ
radians
Solid angle
steradians
Solid angle
φλ
(also Eλ, Iλ, Lλ)
0.08
0.06
Spectral flux (W/nm)
0.04
0.02
0
250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250 3500 3750 4000
Wavelength (nm)
λ2
There are
16.3 watts in
the band
from 750nm
to 1000nm.
For sources that are limited to a
specific small wavelength band, the
total power in the source is generally
the appropriate quantity for total flux.
Φ = ∫ Φ ⋅ dλ λ
−∞
Sometimes, for very spectrally narrow
sources such as lasers and other “line”
sources, it is common to speak of the power
“at” a particular wavelength.
PHOTOMETRY
Human visual response
Includes:
Luminous flux (illuminance, intensity, luminance)
Color
Color temperature
Color rendering
Luminous efficacy
Luminous Flux (lumens) is an engineering
representation of the visual response to optical
power.
Luminous efficiency, V
1.2
0.8
Luminous efficiency
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
wavelength (nm)
Lumens = 683∫ Φ λ (λ ) ⋅ V (λ ) ⋅ dλ
Conversion Factors
1.5
x-bar
y-bar
1
0.5
x-bar
0
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
w avelength (nm)
X
X = ∫ Φ (λ) ⋅ x(λ) ⋅ dλ
λ
x=
X +Y + Z
Y = ∫ Φ (λ) ⋅ y(λ) ⋅ dλ
λ
Y
Z = ∫ Φ (λ) ⋅ z(λ) ⋅ dλ
λ
y=
X +Y + Z
x,y chromaticity diagram
0.9
0.8
GREEN
0.7
0.6 YELLOW
0.5
ORANGE
y
WHITE
0.4
RED
0.3
0.2 BLUE
0.1 PURPLE
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
x
x,y chromaticity diagram
x,y chromaticity diagram
0.9
0.8
GREEN
0.7
0.6 YELLOW
0.5
ORANGE
y
WHITE
0.4
RED
0.3
0.2 BLUE
0.1 PURPLE
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
x
x,y chromaticity diagram
0.9
0.8
GREEN
0.7
0.6 YELLOW
0.5
ORANGE
y
0.4
RED
0.3
0.2 BLUE
0.1 PURPLE
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
x
Mixing light of any two points on this diagram produces light that
lies along the straight line between them.
x,y chromaticity diagram
Black Body Spectra 0.9
0.8
0.6 YELLOW
0.5
ORANGE
y
0.4
RED
0.3
0.2 BLUE
0.1 PURPLE
Wavelength (nm) x
x,y chromaticity diagram
1
0.8
GREEN
0.6 YELLOW
y
ORANGE
0.4 WHITE
RED
BLACK BOIES
0.2 BLUE
PURPLE
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
x
COLOR TEMPERATURE
0.8
GREEN
0.6 YELLOW
y
ORANGE
0.4
RED
0.2 BLUE
PURPLE
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
x
COLOR
Rendering
Color rendering & color rendering index
REFLECTANCE
λ)
FACTOR, R(λ
SOURCE, STIMULUS, SOURCE, STIMULUS,
Φ1λ(λ
λ) Φ1λ(λ
λ)·R(λ
λ) Φ2λ(λ
λ) Φ2λ(λ
λ)·R(λ
λ)
REFLECTANCE REFLECTANCE
λ)
FACTOR, R(λ λ)
FACTOR, R(λ
COLOR RENDERING INDEX
INTEGRATING
SPHERE
DETECTOR
Irradiance
Calibrated
detector with
diffuser
Calibrated
bare
detector
Intensity
Irradiance detector
I=E x d2
Radiance
Spot meter
Detector
Aperture defines defines
solid angle projected
area
SPECTRUM
SPECTRORADIOMETRY
Viewing angle
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
w avelength (nm)
SPECTRA
Peak wavelength
The wavelength of the maximum
spectral density
Centroid wavelength
The mean wavelength
SPECTRA
Center wavelength
The wavelength halfway between the
half peak points
0.9
0.8
0.7
Purity is the
relative distance
0.6
of the LED from
the white point to
0.5
the spectrum
dominant
wavelength locus.
y
0.4
LED
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
x
BLUE LED Spectrum with Characteristic Wavelengths
dominantcentroid
peak
1.0
0.5
0.0
430 450 470 490 510 530
wavelength - nm
RED LED Spectrum with Characteristic Wavelengths
1.0
0.5
0.0
600 620 640 660 680 700
wavelength - nm
Radiometry of LEDs
An LED is just a light source
BUT
Why are LEDs different?
Sharp gradients
•Spatial gradients
•Spectral gradients
Relatively weak
LED Measurements
Why are LEDs different?
Sharp gradients
•Spatial gradients
•Spectral gradients
Relatively weak
Why are LEDs different?
Sharp gradients
•Spatial gradients
•Spectral gradients
Relatively weak
GEOMETRY
Intensity
Signal LEDs – viewing the LED directly
Traffic signals
Tail lights
Lighted signs
irradiance is
uniform
across face
d
of detector
detector is in the
optical
peak
mechanical
Problems
mechanical axis
Backlighting
Room illumination
LED development
Correct Desired
•Spatial gradients
•Spectral gradients
Relatively weak
Why are LEDs different?
Sharp gradients
•Spatial gradients
•Spectral gradients
Relatively weak
SPECTRUM
Typical LED spectra
LEDs
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
w avelength (nm)
White light LED
50
40
spectrum (1/nm)
30
20
10
0
350 450 550 650 750 850
wavelength (nm)
“Conventional” sources
Sunlight and tungsten lamp
CIE illuminants D65 and A
TUNGSTE
N
spectrum (1/nm)
LAMP
SUNLIGHT
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
w avelength (nm)
“Conventional” sources
Fluorescent lamp
38WT8/750
spectrum (1/nm)
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
w avelemgth (nm)
spectrum (1/nm)
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
w avelength (nm)
spectrum (1/nm)
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
w avelength (nm)
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
w avelength (nm)
LED and photopic filter
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
300 400 500 600 700 800
∆λ BP
bandpass
in FWHM
λ center
0
-20 -10 0 10 20
wavelength - nm
“Conventional” sources
Fluorescent lamp
38WT8/750
spectrum (1/nm)
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
w avelemgth (nm)
LED FWHM = 20 nm
step = 1nm, 2nm, 5nm
1 step = 10nm
bandpass
1nm
0
5nm
-1 10nm
20nm
-2
400 500 600 700
wavelength - nm
RADIOMETRIC
PROPERTIES
OF
MATERIALS
A B
C
Transmittance = B/A
Reflectance = C/A
Absorptance = (A-B-C)/A
Bidirectional reflection
distribution function
BRDF = L/E
Lambertian
I ∝ cosθ
Reflectance Factor
A A
B C
PRD
100% reflectance
Lambertian
R=B/C R=BRDF x π
COLOR OF
MATERIALS
SOURCE, Φλ(λ)
STIMULUS, Φλ(λ)·R(λ)
REFLECTANCE
FACTOR, R(λ)
Standard colorimetric observer functions
2
z-bar
1.5
x-bar
y-bar
1
0.5
x-bar
0
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
w avelength (nm)
X = K ∫ Φ ( λ ) ⋅ R ( λ ) ⋅ x ( λ ) ⋅ dλ
λ
Y
y=
Y = K ∫ Φ (λ ) ⋅ R (λ ) ⋅ y (λ ) ⋅ dλ
λ
X +Y + Z
Z = K ∫ Φ ( λ ) ⋅ R ( λ ) ⋅ z ( λ ) ⋅ dλ
λ X
x=
X +Y + Z
100
K=
∫ Φ (λ) ⋅ y(λ) ⋅ dλ
λ
X
X = ∫ Φ (λ) ⋅ x(λ) ⋅ dλ
λ
x=
X +Y + Z
Y = ∫ Φ (λ) ⋅ y(λ) ⋅ dλ
λ
Y
Z = ∫ Φ (λ) ⋅ z(λ) ⋅ dλ
λ
y=
X +Y + Z
X = K ∫ Φ ( λ ) ⋅ R ( λ ) ⋅ x ( λ ) ⋅ dλ
λ
Y
y=
Y = K ∫ Φ (λ ) ⋅ R (λ ) ⋅ y (λ ) ⋅ dλ
λ
X +Y + Z
Z = K ∫ Φ ( λ ) ⋅ R ( λ ) ⋅ z ( λ ) ⋅ dλ
λ X
x=
X +Y + Z
100
K=
∫ Φ (λ) ⋅ y(λ) ⋅ dλ
λ