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YoLinuxTutorial:Linux SystemAdministration

This tutorial covers managing,modifying and monitoring a Linubased computer.

Monitor the system.

Process management.

Filesystems and StorageDevices.

Mounting CD's, Floppiesetc.

User Info.

Creating a new system useraccount.

Operating as root (SystemAdministrator).

RPM: Adding, updatingsoftware.

RDIST: Remotelydistributing and installingsoftware/files

CRON: Scheduling a task

System log files.

logrotate - Rotate log files.

FIND: Using the findcommand

Finding files on the system

Managing Time

"You have new mail."

Text TerminalConfiguration

System HardwareInformation.

Red Hat automated systemupdate:

up2date

PERLAdministration/Maintenanc

Links

Page 1 of 21YoLinux Tutorial: Linux System Administration1/23/2002http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/LinuxTutorialSysAdmin.html

YoLinux Admin Tutorials:

init:

The linux boot process.

Quotas:

Assign disk resource limits to users or groups.

Managing groups and user security:

Linux

Networking

tutorial

Configuring an internet web server. Apache, DNS, FTP,...

Internet Server Security

System optimization:

System re-configuration:

Commands used to re-configure video, keyboard, mouse, date/time,sound card, NIC, Printer...

Installing a new kernel RPM

Monitoring the system:

Basic command line:

GUI/Graphical:

Admin Notes:

pstreeProcesses and parent-child relarionshipstopShow top processesps -auxwprocess statusvmstatMonitor virtual memoryfree Display amount of free and used memory in the system. (Also:

cat /proc/meminfo

)cat /proc/sys/vm/freepagesDisplay virtual memory "free pages".One may increase/decrease this limit:

echo 300 400 500> /proc/sys/vm/freepages

cat /proc/filesystems Display filesystems currently in use.uname -aprint system informationuptime Tell how long the system has been running. Also number of users andsystem's load average.wShow who is logged on and what they are doing. /sbin/lsmod List all currently loaded kernel modules.Same as

cat /proc/modules

/sbin/runlevelDisplays the system's current runlevel.hostnameDisplays the system's name.gkrellmGraphical system monitor. (Additional package)GLcpunetworked load meter. Very cool 3-D graphics.

Page 2 of 21YoLinux Tutorial: Linux System Administration1/23/2002http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/LinuxTutorialSysAdmin.html

List of tools:

tools for finding the status of your system The basic monitoring commands such as

pstree

and

ps -auxw

and

top

will inform you of theprocesses running on your system. Sometimes a process must be terminated. To terminate a process:1.Identify the process:

pstree -p

ps -auxw

top

2.Kill the process:

kill <

process-id-number

killall <

command-name

This will perform an orderly shutdown of the process. If it hangs give a stronger signal with:

kill -9<

process-id-number

. This method is not as sanitary and thus less preffered.A signal may be given to the process. The program must be programmed to handle the given signal.See

/usr/include/bits/signum.h

for a full list. For example, to restart a process after updating it'sconfiguration file, issue the command

kill -HUP <

process-id-number

In the previous example, the

HUP

signal was sent to the process. The software was written to trap forthe signal so that it could respond to it. If the software (command) is not written to respond to aparticular signal, then the sending of the signal to the process is futile.Identify all known signals:

fuser-l

QPS:

Also see theGUI tool QPS. (Handles MOSIX cluster) This tool is outstanding for monitoring,adjusting nice values (priorities), issue signals to the process, view files the process is using, thememory, environmnet variables and sockets the process is using. RPM available from this site. It is sosimple to use, no instructions are necessary. It can monitor a program to make sure it isn't doingsomething bad. I love this tool!!

Semaphores:

Note that some processes may use semaphores (shared memory) which may need to be cleaned upmanually:1.Identify the semaphores:

ipcs

ipcs -q

List share queues.

ipcs -m

Shared memory.

ipcs -s

List Semaphores.

Process Management:

Page 3 of 21YoLinux Tutorial: Linux System Administration1/23/2002http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/LinuxTutorialSysAdmin.html