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Earth Movements
(powerful internal forces
operating from within the
crust)
Slow/Secular Movements
(continue much longer as
compared to our life
span,movements r relative 2
eachothr ; -ve movement: land
advancing against sea and +ve
movements: sea advancing
against land
Generally, the greater the intensity of the shocks, the longer they last.
ISOSEISMIC LINE: an imaginary line connecting all points on the surface of the earth where the
intensity of shaking produced by earthquake waves is the same.
MAGNITUDE:: a measure that depends on the seismic energy radiated by the quake as recorded
on seismographs;
graphs; measured in terms of Richter scale.
INTENSITY:: depends on the damage caused by the quake; does not have mathematical basis but
the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is used.
AFTERSHOCKS:: earthquakes that often occur during the days and months that follow some
larger quake.
SEISMIC WAVES: spread out from the seismic focus. These waves are of three main types.
•waves
waves are compressional ; pass thruogh any medium
P Waves •they
they are the first waves to be recorded on a seismogram z
(primary/push)
S Waves •waves
waves are distortional waves; they cant be transmitted by liquids
(secondary/
shake)
•waves
waves travel along the surface of the earth and are recorded after the P and S
L Waves waves.
( surface/long)
Ø Around the Pacific ocean along a belt of volcanoes known as the RING OF FIRE
.(more active)
Ø From the middle Asia through the Mediterranean Sea to West Indies
LANDSLIDES
The term ‘landslides encompasses falling, toppling, sliding, flowing and subsidence of
soil and rock materials under the influence of gravity and other factors.
VOLCANO ACTION
Rocks below the crust have very high temperature, but the great pressure upon these keeps
them in a semi –solid state. If the pressure weakens then some of the rocks become liquid – called
MAGMA. Within crust, volcanic features are BATHOLITHS: a large mass of magma, which often forms
the root of mountain and is made of granite; SILI: a sheet of magma lying along the bedding plane –
same may give rise to waterfalls and rapids when a mass of magma cuts across the bedding planes.
Some dykes when exposed on the surface resist erosion and stand up as ridges or escarpments.
Sometimes magma reaches the surface through a VENT (hole) or FISSURE (crack). When magma
reaches the surface, it is called LAVA. If lava comes through a vent, it builds up a volcano and if it
emerges through a fissure. It builds up a LAVA PLATFORM OR LAVA FLOW.
In the active stage, eruptions are frequent: Mt Etna (Italy), Cotopaxi (Ecuador)
Volcanoes, which have not erupted in historic times, are called extinct: Mt Aconcagua
(Argentine Andes)
SOME DISASTROUS VOLCANOES
Mt Vesuvius
Mt Krakatau Mt Pinatubo
>standing Mt Pelee
•a small volcanic Mt St. Helens •in the
4000feet above > of the West
island in Sunda Philippines
the Bay of Naples Indies in MAY >in the United
Starits( betn Java & erupted
erupted on Aug 1902 States erupted ,
Sumatra ) violently in
24, 1979. >St Pierre the after 123 years
•the 1883 june 1991
>The city of capital of of inactivity , in
explosuion's after six
Pompeli and the Martinque 1980.
intensity could be centuries of
gauged from the city of compelety dormancy .
fact that it could Herculaneum : destroyed.
be heard in worst affected
Australia
They occur along coastal mountain ranges, as off- shore islands and in the midst of ocean, but
there are few in the interiors of continents. The greatest concentration is probably that in the
Circum –Pacific Region (Pacific Ring of Fire)- accounts for 2/3 of the world’s Volcanoes ; active
Volcanoes in; Philippines- 100 , Andes-40, Japan- 35 , Indonesia – 70.