Computer

Familiarization

ZULFIQAR MIRANI
Sr. Electronics Engineer

Civil Aviation Authority - Pakistan

Computer
is a machine that can solve problems by
accepting data, performing certain
operations and presenting results of those
operations

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Types of Computer

Analogue
Digital

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Analogue Computer
Recognize data as a continuous
measurement of a physical property

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Digital Computer

Recognize data by counting discrete signals

representing either a high (ON) or low
(OFF) voltage state of electricity.

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Digital Computer can

 Perform mathematical calculations

 compare values and
 store results

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In Digital Computers
Data is represented in Binary form

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Computers are used in
 Business & Industry
 Science & Technology
 Education
 Government
 Recreation & Entertainment

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In Civil Aviation
Computers are used in
 Radar Data processing & representation
 Flight plan data processing & management
 Air Traffic Message Switching
 Flight Information Display

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Computer System
Hardware
 Computer
 Primary storage
 Secondary storage
 Input devices
 Output devices
Software
User Z. MIRANI
Classification
Large computer are grouped as
 Super Computers
 Mainframe Computers
 Mini Computers
Whereas
 Microcomputers
are the smallest computer
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How Computers are used?
 Data Processing
 Control
 Design & Development

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Functions
Computer can perform
 Arithmetic functions on numeric data
 Compare values
 Store & retrieve data

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Data Processing
converting the Data (raw facts) into
Information (an organized, usable form) is
called data processing

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Flow of data
 Input
 Processing
 Output

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Input involves
 Collecting
 verification and
 encoding data into a machine readable form

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Processing involves
 Classifying
 sorting
 calculating
 summarizing and
 storing the results

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Output involves
 Retrieving the data
 converting data into human readable form
and
 displaying the information to the user

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Computers can not
 Decide how to be programmed
 provide its own input
 interpret data
 implement decisions
 Think

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Basic Elements of a Computer

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Basic Elements of a Computer
 Input
 Arithmetic & Logic Unit
 Control Unit
 Primary Memory
 Output

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Microcomputer Elements:
 Input/output
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Memory

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Central Processing Unit
Comprises:
 ALU
 CU
 Primary Storage

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Microprocessor
 Arithmetic & Logic Unit and
 Control Unit
on a single chip (Integrated Circuit) is
called a Microprocessor.
It may also contain primary storage

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 Memory
 Primary
 Secondary

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Primary Storage
provides temporary storage of data during
program execution.
Example:
Semiconductor Memory
RAM
ROM

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RAM
Random Access Memory allows the user to
 enter data into memory (write)
 retrieve the stored data (read)
RAM is also called Read & Write Memory
When power is shut off everything that was
stored in RAM is lost

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ROM
Is a Read Only Memory, data cannot be
written into it
Contents of ROM are permanent and do not
lost when power is shut off

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Volatile Memory
Is called when Data is lost with power shut off
Example
RAM

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Non Volatile Memory
Power shut off has no impact on data.
Example:
ROM

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Bit
Is smallest unit of data that a computer
recognizes

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Byte
Is a group of Eight bits

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Input
Is the process of entering and translating
data into a machine readable form

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Input devices
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Track ball
 Light pen
 Digitizer
 Touch screen
 Magnetic strips Z. MIRANI
Output
Is the process of
 translating data into a form understandable
to a humans or
 storing data or information in secondary
storage device readable by other machines

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Output devices
Printer
Plotter
Monitor
Voice synthesizer

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Printer
Impact Printers
 Dot Matrix
 Daisy wheel
Non Impact Printers
 Inkjet
 Thermal transfer
 Laser
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Plotter
Produces images on paper

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Secondary Memory
Is a non-volatile memory used for
 storage of large amounts of data for
permanent or long term storage
 storing backup or copies of data

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Secondary Storage devices
 Magnetic tapes
 Magnetic disks
 Optical media

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Magnetic Tapes forms
 Reel to reel
 Cassette
 Cartridge

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Magnetic Disk forms
 Floppy Diskette
 Hard Disk

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Optical Technology forms
 Compact Disk

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Thank You

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