Integration (by Substitution) Steps:

Example:

1 x 2x+1 dx
2

1 Make a suitable substitution

u=?

Usually the expression in a bracket, or the more complicated expression.

Let u=x 2 +1

2 Find

du
dx

and make

dx

the subject.

du
=2x
dx

dx=

1
du
2x

3 Substitute in to make integral entirely in terms of u

1
1 1
du= du
ux 2x
2 u

4 Integrate & substitute back so that entirely in terms of x

1 1
1
1
du= ln u= ln x 2+1

2 u
2
2

5 (For definite integrals) Sub. In Top Limit Sub. In Bottom

2
1
1
1
[ ln x 2+1] = ln 5 ln 2=0.458
2
2
2
1

William Wu