RETHINKING

INDUSTRIAL
ANIMAL
PRODUCTION
This leaflet was developed by Food Tank in collaboration with members of the funding and donor communities to help foundations and
individual donors gain a better understanding of the negative impacts of industrial animal production. It is not meant to be comprehensive
guide, but to give an overview of the most serious problems inherent in factory farming. Above all, it highlights effective solutions and
approaches to bring about the more economically and environmentally sustainable production of meat, eggs, and dairy that will be of particular
interest to funders. Furthermore, of all the pressing issues facing our plant and food system, this is among the most underfunded work and
there is an urgent need for more donors to engage in this incredibly important occupation.

R E T HIN KIN G IND USTR I AL ANI M AL PR O D U C TION

58110

Animals slaughtered worldwide

Official and estimated data, 2011, heads (Meat Atlas)

517
000 000

000 000

1383
000 000

296
000 000

430
000 000

WHERE DO
ANIMAL PRODUCTS
COME FROM?
Industrial animal operations, or factory farms, are meat,
egg, and dairy production facilities that raise a large number
of animals within a confined area. The vast majority of
animal products produced in the United Statesand a rising
proportion worldwide now come from these systems.
According to a United Nations report in 2007, industrial
animal operations account for an estimated 67 percent
of poultry production, 50 percent of egg production,
42 percent of pork production, and 7 percent of beef
1
production worldwide. Intensive animal agriculture first
began in the United States in the 1930s.2,3 Federal policies
encouraged the overproduction of grain crops and industry
mergers reduced the price of meat, forcing farmers to raise a
larger numbers of animals on cheap grain feed to stay afloat.4
An estimated 80 percent of growth in the global
livestock sector comes from industrial production
systems in countries like China, Brazil, and India.5 In 2012,
China produced quadruple the amount of meat, eggs,
and dairy than it produced just a few decades ago.6,7 While
meat production and consumption is increasing, power
and profits are concentrated in the hands of fewer and fewer
large producers.8
2

654
000 000

2817
000 000

654
000 000

80
PERCENT

of global livestock sector growth

comes from industrial systems

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R ETHIN K IN G IN D U S T R IA L A N IMA L P R O D U C T I O N

PUBLIC HEALTH IN JEOPARDY

Factory farms have the potential to endanger public health in numerous ways. Air pollution from factory farms can cause
increased rates of respiratory conditions and other health problems in nearby communities.9 Drinking water contaminated
from factory farm lagoon runoff can contain hazardous pathogens, hormones, and nitrates.10
Factory farms typically feed healthy animals low doses of antibiotics to increase weight. An estimated 80 percent of all
antibiotics used in the U.S. are fed to livestock.11 According to a recent study, New York State dairy operations could reduce
antibiotic use by 84 percent without compromising animal health.12 This overuse and misuse of antibiotics has contributed
to the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, putting public health at risk.13 Each year in the U.S., some 2 million people
develop antibiotic-resistant infections and at least 23,000 die.14 In developing countries with limited medical facilities, the death
toll can be higher.15

PUTTING THE PLANET AT RISK

Factory farms are incredibly resource intensive, making them an inefficient source of nutrients.16 Animal production, especially
from industrial systems, is one of the biggest consumers of water worldwide, while nearly 2 billion people suffer from water
scarcity.17,18 Roughly 36 percent of global cereal crops are used for livestock feed.19 The rising demand for land to grow livestock
feed encourages deforestation, including the deforestation of the Amazon forest region.20,21 Additionally, livestock production is
responsible for at least 15 percent of all human-induced greenhouse gas emissions.22
In the U.S., factory farms generate 40 times more waste than the amount of human waste.23 Nitrate runoff from factory
farms contributes to an annual dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico, which, in 2014, was the size of Connecticut.24

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R E T HIN KIN G IND USTR I AL ANI M AL PR O D U C TION

ANIMAL WELFARE ENDANGERED

Confining a large number of animals in small spaces prevents them from practicing their natural behaviors. This can
lead to anxiety, sickness, and premature death.25 Laying hens are typically caged with 4 to 10 other birds, each with floor space the
size of a letter-sized sheet of paper; this makes it impossible for them to spread their wings.26 The average gestation stall is so small
that sows are unable to turn around, walk, or root.27
Infectious diseases spread more rapidly among animals in factory farms.28 Dairy cows have high rates of infertility due to infection
caused in part by cramped and dirty living conditions and unsanitary milking equipment.29 Droppings in crowded, poorly
ventilated broiler chicken sheds can release enough ammonia to damage a chickens eyes and lungs.30
In developing nations, poor technology and training can result in painful and lengthy deaths for animals. In Indonesia and other
countries, dull, short knives mean that multiple painful cuts are required for animal slaughter.31
4

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R ETHIN K IN G IN D U S T R IA L A N IMA L P R O D U C T I O N

WORKERS SAFETY
AND LABOR RIGHTS
COMPROMISED
Livestock production and processing facilities in the U.S. are
virtually unregulated, making it difficult to monitor worker
injuries resulting from unsafe working conditions.32 Processors
often increase animal disassembly line speeds to maximize profits
and now require American poultry workers to dismember
and gut up to 175 birds per minute. These repetitive motions
can cause lifelong injuries and disabilities.33
Workers in animal processing in the U.S. report more
than 80 percent more injuries than the average for all U.S.
workers.34 These workers are typically low-income or
undocumented immigrants who cant leverage for better
conditions, pay, or health insurance.35 Workers are often denied
bathroom or rest breaks or time to sharpen their tools, resulting
in chronic pain and injury.36 In fact, many workers dont report
accidents for fear of being fired.37
In many developing nations, labor safety standards are nonexistent. Workers at Indian egg production facilities often work
in sandals or barefoot and do not wear facemasks, which could
shield them from harmful fumes.38

IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIAL
ANIMAL OPERATIONS ON
LOCAL COMMUNITIES
Photo courtesty of blog4critique.blogspot.com

Communities near industrial animal operations are plagued

by foul odors, water contamination, and air pollution.39
The odors can be so strong that residents near factory farms are
wary of leaving the house or opening windows.40
In Iowa, an estimated 8,000 family farms raise their own
livestock, compared to 80,000 in the 1980s.41 Today, through a
process called vertical integration, industrial operations contract
small farmers to raise livestock.42 Currently, almost all poultry
production in the U.S. is contract-based, but these contractors
have little bargaining power. Big companies demand poultry
contractors invest in infrastructure, but contractors report that
their compensation of US$.04 to US$.06 per pound remains
constant.43,44 A decade ago, medium-sized contractors typically
earned less than US$20,000 per year.45

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FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

EFFECTIVE APPROACHES TO BRING POSITIVE CHANGE

1

Petitioning for Stricter

Environmental Regulations
and Better Enforcement of
Existing Regulations

Ending Non-Therapeutic
Antibiotic Use In Livestock

Adopting High Animal Welfare Standards

CM

MY

Curbing Animal Product Consumption

CY

Supporting Farmers Through

Informative Labeling

MY

FARMER
Empowering Communities to
Fight Industrial Interests

Addressing the Global

Dimensions of Factory Farming

10

Funding Producer Transition

Forming Multi-Sector Coalitions

Propelling Independent Research

11

W W WImportant
. F O O D T A N Questions
K.COM
Answering
and Filling Knowledge Gaps

2014 GRACE

R ETHIN K IN G IN D U S T R IA L A N IMA L P R O D U C T I O N

EFFECTIVE
APPROACHES
TO BRING
POSITIVE
CHANGE

FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE
While the meat, egg, and dairy industries can reach into their deep pockets to expand factory farming and lobby for policies
favorable to them, groups working to oppose factory farming and create solutions lack serious investments. They need an alternative
funding pool to launch their endeavors. Animal production systems where livestock and workers are treated with dignity, farmers are
fairly compensated, and waste is managed responsibly should be the future of animal production.

Ending Non-Therapeutic
Antibiotic Use In Livestock:

The excessive use of antibiotics in livestock is directly endangering

public heath. In Denmark, a ban on non-therapeutic antibiotic
use has significantly decreased the presence of antibioticresistant bacteria in both farm animals and humans.46 Many other
European countries have initiated similar bans, but North America
has yet to follow suit. In the U.S., the Natural Resources Defense
Council (NRDC), Center for Food Safety, and Food and Water
Watch are all contributing to the Meat without Drugs Campaign.
NRDC has already won two lawsuits against the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration (FDA), but more funding is needed to fuel
the fight for a full ban.47

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Petitioning for Stricter Environmental Regulations

and Better Enforcement of Existing Regulations:

Current regulations do little to protect the environment

from pollution by factory farms, but the legal system may offer
a solution. After being challenged in court by Waterkeeper
Alliance, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
published a stricter set of regulations to prevent factory
farm pollution in 2008.48 Iowa Citizens for Community
Improvement protested that the Iowa Department of Natural
Resources (DNR) failed to uphold the Clean Water Act, putting
citizens health at risk from factory farm manure runoff. The
EPA agreed and is redefining DNR policies to keep communities
healthy and safe.49

R E T HIN KIN G IND USTR I AL ANI M AL PR O D U C TION

Adopting High Animal

Welfare Standards:

The inhumane and unnecessary confinement of animals must

be phased out and ultimately banned to successfully reform
animal production systems. However, while the E.U. voluntarily
banned battery cages for hens and sow gestation crates and
the New Zealand and Australian governments are phasing
out sow gestation crates, the U.S. has made little progress in
animal welfare legislation. Fortunately, numerous advocacy
organizations around the globe are working to advance higher
welfare standards to benefit animals and consumers, including
the Animal welfare approved program, Humane Society of the
United States and Compassion in World Farming.

Curbing Animal Product

Consumption:

There exists a stark contrast between rates of meat consumption

within developing, emerging, and industrialized countries. In
the developing world, people eat nearly 34 kilograms of meat
a year, but consumers in industrialized nations eat nearly 80
kilograms each year, most of which comes from factory farms.50
While meat, eggs, and dairy can be scarce and vital sources
of nutrients in the developing world, the overconsumption of
animal products in industrialized nations and increasingly
in emerging economies like India and China places a
disproportionate pressure on global resources. To encourage
consumers to reduce their intake of animal products, Meatless
Monday offers recipes and resources for carnivores going
meat-free once a week.52 And food companies like Beyond
Meat have developed great tasting sustainable alternatives to
animal products.53

Supporting Farmers
Through Informative Labeling:

Food labels should be clear and allow consumers to

support humane production. Already, Animal Welfare
Approved certifies products from humanely raised animals,
making it easier for consumers to navigate their choices.54
With help from donors, they provide grants for improving
farm animal welfare. Certified Humane Raised and Handled
is one of the most trusted labels for animal food products
and works to improve animal production transparency in Brazil,
Canada, Peru, and the U.S.55

Empowering Communities
to Fight Industrial Interests:

Through education, organization, and guidance, communities

can stand up for themselves to demand clean, healthy
neighborhoods and to protect local industries.56,57 The
Socially Responsible Agriculture Project aims to educate the
public about the negative effects of industrial animal
production on small farmers and works with concerned
communities around the U.S. to create sustainable, ecological,
and economically viable family-scale farming alternatives
so that local economies can thrive, even in the shadow
of CAFOs.58

Funding
Producer Transition:

It is vital to provide support to help producers transition from

factory farm style operations to more humane, environmentally
friendly systems. Many farmers are in a vicious cycle of contract
farming and loans tied to industrial production systems.
They need technical assistance and infrastructure like mobile
abattoirs, processing centers, and community kitchens to
develop new products. In addition, they need help marketing
their products to consumers. The Rural Advancement
Foundation International helps small farmers transition
and thrive by cultivating supportive markets and providing
information about organic cultivation, understanding corporate
contracts, and favorably structuring agricultural loans.59

Forming Multi-Sector
Coalitions:

Factory farming has far-reaching implications, and change will

require alliances among different groups. Experts in economics,
public health, agribusiness, and veterinary science must join
farmers, politicians, and consumers to create safer, more
sustainable animal production systems. In the past, the Pew
Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production brought
together a multidisciplinary group of experts to publish
landmark reports on factory farming and was able to elevate
the profile of these issues.60 The Food Chain Workers Alliance
unites workers in food production, slaughtering, packaging,
and distribution to advocate for better wages and workers
rights.61 There is a need to support continued efforts like these,
along with emerging efforts like the Animal Agriculture Reform

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R ETHIN K IN G IN D U S T R IA L A N IMA L P R O D U C T I O N

Collaborative, which coordinates leading NGOs, researchers,

and foundations to address the effects of factory farms on
behalf of public interests.

Addressing the Global Dimensions

of Factory Farming:

As global demand for animal products rises, U.S. and

European animal production businesses are partnering
with governments and businesses in emerging economies
to globalize and deregulate animal production systems.62 In
an effort to reduce trade barriers, the Trans-Atlantic Trade
and Investment Partnership (TTIP) could reverse Europes
progress in sustainable animal production by pressuring
policymakers to repeal the non-therapeutic antibiotic ban.63
While negotiations on the TTIP and other trade agreements
are confidential, large agribusinesses will benefit from these
partnerships as meat production becomes increasingly
globalized and decreasingly regulated. Public Citizen and the
Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy are currently working
to educate the public about the trade negotiations and to
petition for greater transparency.64,65

10

Propelling
Independent Research:

Scientifically sound and unbiased research is crucial to efforts

for more sustainable production. However, many research and
academic institutions accept corporate funding, which can
influence research methods, goals, and outcomes.66 Greater
transparency is needed to see if there are connections linking
political contributions from those in favor of industrial animal
agriculture to politicians. Support is also needed for institutions
leading efforts to study the true costs of industrial animal
agriculture to public and environmental health and animal and
worker welfare. Independent research organizations like Johns
Hopkins Center for a Livable Future promote research about
the connections between diet, food production, environment,
and human health.67

11

Answering Important Questions and Filling

Knowledge Gaps:

The time has come to seriously address factory farming,

particularly within emerging economies and developing
countries. Researchers need to identify alternative animal
production models that can sustain current and future
demands; find better strategies for animal waste management;
and explore the influence of consumers diet choices on the
development of industrial animal production. Currently, there is
very little funding available to support such research initiatives.

ONLY WITH YOUR HELP CAN WE WORK

TO IMPROVE THIS CRITICALLY IMPORTANT
SECTOR OF OUR GLOBAL FOOD SYSTEM!
Fixing the unwholesome system of industrial animal production cant happen without funding from donors like you.
Researchers and organizations need grants and donations to sustain their work and transform the way meat, eggs, and dairy are
produced. We urge donors to choose an approach that relates best to their own grant-making missions and commit to learning
more about it in the next six months. Better yet, try committing to one donation in the coming year to support an effective
approach towards more sustainable animal production. For more information or to learn more about
any of these issues please visit foodtank.com, gracelinks.org, or email danielle@foodtank.com.

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R E T HIN KIN G IND USTR I AL ANI M AL PR O D U C TION

1

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23

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24

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25

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