Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.
PDH SDH
2.
SDH
3.
CCS7
4.
ISDN
5.
6.
7.
8.
Hellaspac
9.
HellasCom
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
WDM
15.
ADSL
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
, ,
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
~ 6000000
~ 220
~ 110 AXE Intracom
~ 110 EWSD (Electronic Whal System Digital) Siemens
STM (Synchronous Transfer Mode):
(Synchronous Time Division, STD)
: () AT (Asynchronous
Transfer Mode, )
(Asynchronous Time Division)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
RSU (Remote Switching Unit)
:
RSU: .
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
(local) :
(Tandem):
Tandems (
)
Tandem,
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
Tandem,
Tandem
Tandems
(
)
.
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
,
.. , (RP,
Regional Processor),
...)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
(Access Network):
.
:
:
: (Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy, SDH)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, SDH)
Byte, (Plesiochronous Digital
Hierarchy), bit
STM1 (Synchronous Transfer Mode 1) 155.52Mbit/s
(frame) 125s, 2000 64kbit/s
STM4 (4xSTM1) 622.08Mbit/s 125s
STM16 (16xSTM1 4xSTM4) 2488.32Mbit/s 125s
: TM (Terminal Multiplexer),
ADM (Add-Drop Multiplexer), DXC (Digital
Cross Connect)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
TM
: TM-1 STM-1, TM-4 STM-4, TM-16 STM-16
TM-1: 63 PDH 2Mbit/s (32
64Kbit/s, PDH 34Mbit/s, , STM-1.
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
TM-1
TM-1
:
TM-1
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
TM-1
TM-1
:
2
TM-1
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
1+1 (1 1)
,
TM-4 STM-4
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
TM-16 STM-16
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
ADM-1 1+1
ADM: 2Mbit/s
63 PDH 2Mbit/s
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
ADM-1:
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
ADM-4 1+1
ADM-16 1+1
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
DXC 4/1
: 2Mbit/s
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
. ...
. ...
. & .
: RSU Tandem
. .
. ...
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. & .
: DXC 4/1
. .
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. & .
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
7
(Common Channel Signalling No7, CCS7)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
FDM
TDM
Channel Associated Signalling (CAS)
Common Channel Signalling (CCS)
()
,
(Frequency Division Multiplexing, FDM)
(Time
Division Multiplexing, TDM)
( )
.
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
CCS7
SP (Signalling Point, ):
STP (Signalling Transfer Point, ):
SP,
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
CCS7
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
CCS7
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
(Associated)
CCS7
(Quasiassociated)
STP
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
: 5
, , , , : SP
: STP
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
SP STP
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
CCS7
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
(Integrated Service Digital Network, ISDN)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
Passive Bus
. ...
. ...
. & .
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
(Basic Rate Acces, BRA)
(BRA)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
(Primary Rate Acces, PRA)
ISPBX: ISDN
31
64Kbit/s D 64Kbit/s
. ...
. ...
. & .
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
ISDN
DSS1 OSI 1, 2, 3
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
o CCS7 ISDN
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
ISDN
. .
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. & .
. .
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. ...
. & .
,
... ..
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
1993, ,
(Crash Program),
( ) SDH,
PDH.
( )
3 Tandem
SDH .
Tandem () SDH
TM-4 622Mbit/s
.. 4 TM-4 (1 TM-4 )
, , ( TM-4 )
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
SDH
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
Tandems (local)
(local)
4 Tandems
: 12 .
Tandems SDH
SDH ADM-1
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
Tandems -
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
: SDH Tandems -A
() .
Tandem Tandem
ADM (.. Local )
Tandem 3 ADM-1
( ADM-1) . ( 2 ADM-1). ADM-1
(
) ( ) ADM-1 (
ADM-1), ( ) ( ) TM-1
155Mbit/s
(
) ( ) ADM-1 (
ADM-1), ( ) ( ) TM-1
155Mbit/s
: RSS . ADM-1,
RSS TM-1, ...
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
. .
. ...
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. & .
. .
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. & .
: 2 ADM-16,
, , 6 Tandem
()
ADM-16 DXC.
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
:
, km ...
:
() (
),
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
Tandem
local
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
: (bit rate)
: (
)
( )( ) SLIP ( bit)
:
: (pointer)
:
: SDH
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
, , master-slave (-)
: PRC (Primary Reference Clock),
PRC
, SSU-T (Synchronization Supply Unit-Tandem), 4
SSU SASE (Stand-Alone Sunchronization Equipment):
, 2048 kHz 2048Kbit/s
3 SSU-L
(Synchronization Supply Unit-Local)
SSU-L (local nodes)
SDH
SSU-T, SSU-L
SDU (Synchronization Distribution Unit)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
SSU
24 SSU-T
75 SSU-L
120 SDU
7 : 2 , 1 , , ,
3 : 1 ,
5 : , , , /
3 : , ,
6 : , , , , ,
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
SSU-T PRC
3 -
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
SSU-T PRC
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
: 1, 2, ,
: PRC-CS ()
:
. .
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. ...
. & .
Hellaspac
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
:
.
: 8 (, ,
, , , , , ).
X-25: -25
X-28: () ,
PAD (Packet Assembler-Disassembler)
: SDLC, Frame Relay Q.931 ( ISDN)
19,2Kbit/s-2Mbit/s
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
Hellaspac
X.29: PAD
X.3: PAD
: X.25
. .
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. ...
. & .
Hellascom
. .
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. & .
Hellascom: Data
. ...
. ...
. & .
NTU FMUX
NTU F-MUX
. .
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. ...
. & .
F-MUX DXC
4/W 2 ( )
. .
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. & .
Hellascom
DXC DXC ,
. .
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. ...
. & .
DXC
Hellascom
Hellascom
NMS (Network Management System)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
Hellascom
2.4-19.2Kbit/s Nx64Kbit/s, =1,...,30
( 16),
Nx64Kbit/s, =1,...,30 19.2 Kbit/s
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
(Intelligent Network, IN)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
IN
SIB (Service Independent
Building Block)
SIB
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
IN
SCE
SMP
SIB
SMP (Service
Management Point, 2 RM600, E-20)
IN
SCP
SCE (Service
Creation Environment) ,
CCS7
IP
SSP
SP
IP (Intelligent Peripheral)
,
SSP
SP
SP
SP
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
SSP: 7 (,
, , , , 2),
. SSP
SP ( )
SCP: .
SSP
. SSP
SSP SCP.
SMP: Ethernet 10Mbit/s 8
.
SCP SCE X.25
:
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
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. & .
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. & .
V5.X
OLT
ONU
ONU
ONU
. ...
. ...
. & .
ONU , (
.
ONU
ONU (interfaces) (ISDN, ADSL,
HDSL ...)
ONU 2 : Intracom Siemens
ONU , O.N.M.S. (Optimized Network
Management System) ONU Siemens Intracom.
ONU (
)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
(Telecommunications Management Network, TMN)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
(Data Communication Network, DCN)
NE2
DCN
NE2
NE2
DCN
NE (Network Element): ,
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
TMN ITU-T
OSI (Open System Interconnection): 7
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol): 4
(application), (TCP/UDP), (IP),
(network access)
( OSI, TCP/IP )
OSS (Operation Support System)
(OSS)
TMN OSI (Network
Element, NE) ( , SDH, PDH ...)
TCP/IP
SNMP (Simple Network
Management Protocol)
OSI CMIP
(Common Management
Information Protocol)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
(Manager)
DCN
(Agent)
NE-1
M
I
B
(Agent)
NE-2
(Agent)
M
I
B
NE-n
M
I
B
- (client- server)
:
NE
(Agent) NE: NE.
NE.
MIB (Management Information Base): Manager Agent
NE.
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
: NE 5 4
NE
NE (management functions): ,
, , ,
4
NE
Network Elements ( )
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
BML
SML
NML
EML
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
( )
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. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
,
...
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. & .
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
Hellas
Pac
Hellas
Com
(Integrator)
SDH
SDH/ DXC
SDH
SDH/ DXC
X Mate
Net
Manager
EWSD
(UDCS)
.
.
CCS7
I
N
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
AXE EWSD, X-Mate Net Manager:
, ,
RTTMS (Real Time Traffic Management
System): E.410 ITU-T
5 , , ,
ETTAS (Ellapsed Time Traffic Analysis System):
15 AXE EWSD
E.502 ITU-T.
UDCS (Usage Data Collection System) AXE
EWSD
CCS7:
1 STP AXE SP 270 SL, 1 STP EWSD
SP 170 SL, 1 STP AXE
SP . 150 SL 138 SL 3 STP, 2 , 1 ,
,
, , Q.7512 ITU-T.
IN (Intelligent Network):
SMP (Service Management Point)
IN.
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
PDH ( ,
/ PDH.
SDH/DXC: SDH 3 ,
(NE),
NML (Network Management Layer) SDH DXC (
.
():
,
.
/ SDH: .
: .
: , .
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
TT (Trouble Ticketing)
( ,
).
HellasCom
AC (Acess Control)
( ...)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
(Integrator)
4 TMN, BML (Business Management Layer), SML (Service Management Layer),
NML (Network Management Layer) EML (Element Management Layer),
, BACCS (Billing and Customer Care System)
:
BML: BACCS
SML: UDCS, ,
NML: ETTAS, RTTMS,
EML: CCS7, IN,
, SDH/DXC, PDH, , ,
/ SDH, , HellasCom, Hellaspac,
Access AC, AUM (Auxiliary Unit Management)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
OSS
MD
AXE
EWSD
MD
TMN Q3
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
UDC Billing
Gateway
Elapsed Time
Traffic Analysis
System ETTAS
Mediation
Device
X-Mate
Net Manager
AXE
EWSD
AXE
EWSD
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
SDH
SDH
SDH
Marconi
Siemens
Siemens
/
Alcatel
Alcatel
/
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
SDH
PDH NML
NML
PDH EML
EML
PDH NE
NE
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
: , ,
:
: 3 , 1 ,
: 1
: BML, SML, NML
B : NML, EML
: EML
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
DCN NE
DCN 3 (, , )
(back-up) , 60 (8 , 52 ),
1200
DCN 2x2Mbit/s
.
155Mbit/s
DCN
Hellascom, modems.
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
DCN
(2Mbit/s)
(2Mbit/s)
Cisco
3640
Cisco
3640
Ethernet Hub
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
DCN
Cisco
7507
Cisco
7507
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
Cisco
7507
Cisco
7507
ATM 155Mbit/s
SDH
ATM 155Mbit/s
SDH
Cisco
7507
Cisco
7507
ATM 155Mbit/s
SDH
Cisco
7507
Cisco
7507
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
Hellascom
2x2Mbit/s
FMUX MD93
HellasCom
NTU MD73
NTU MD72
NTU MD73
PDH
SDH DXC
NTU MD72
NTU MD72
KOI
PDH
. ...
. ...
. & .
ATM
WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
ADSL
o
Intracom
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
DD
Data
Laser (LD)
LED
Data
(DD)
: 100000Gbit/s=100Tbit/s
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
WDM
Data
Data
Data
Data
Mux
nx1
1, 2, n
1
, 2
( )
Demux
1xn
Data
Data
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
(>200km)
1+2 + ... + n
1
1+2 + ... + n
WDM: nm
DWDM (Dense WDM): 1nm. 130GHz 1.5nm
HDWDM (High DWDM):
( GHz GHz)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
WDM nxn
Data
Data
Data
Data
1+2 + ... + n
Mux
nxn
nxn Star
Coupler
1+2 + ... + n
Demux
1xn
Data
1+2 + ... + n
Data
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
WDM
2nm
dB
1520,6
1570,6
nm
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
1 (laser)
(ASK, PSK)
data
laser 2
IF (1-2)
data
(ASK, PSK, DPSK), AM, FM, PM
IF ( ) 1-2, ,
( / )
.
: Lasers , 2
, ...
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
ADM AON
STM-64
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
AON
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
ADM
ADM
DXC
WDM
ADM
ADM
ATM
DXC
DXC
ADM
ADM
DXC
DXC, ADM:
WDM
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
DWDM
DWDM 1: ------
DWDM 2: ---------
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
:
internet , .
2
: CAM (Carrierless Amplitude Modulation, )
DMT (Discrete Multitone Technology, )
2 0-4kHz
(0-4kHz)
0-4kHz
0-4kHz
(Echo Cancellation)
, , (Echo
Cancellation),
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
CAM
CAM QAM, bits 2 A, B,
Asin(2ft)+Bcos(2ft)
: QAM bits
B
1100
0000
0001
1001
A
0010
1111
: 4 bits, A B
Asin(2ft)+Bcos(2ft)
: Asin(2ft)+Bcos(2ft) bits
CAP:
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
DMT
1.1 MHz
QAM CAP
DMT 1.1MHz 256
4kHz
1 6
7 38 ( 32)
: 250 ( 7 256) Echo Cancellation, 218
Echo Cancellation ( 39 256)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
ADSL
ADSL modems (), ATU (ADSL Transmission
Unit), (1 modem)
PDN (Premises Distribution Network): ,
ADSL ( )
. PDN LAN
, , ,
Splitter (): 1
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
ADSL
modem
Splitter
PSTN
ADSL modems
ADSL modems
DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer).
DSLAM 50 2000
splitter () (Public Switched Telephone Network, PSTN)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
ADSL
TE
P
ADSL
modem
Splitter
Splitter
ADSLm
odem
TV
D
N
PSTN
TE
ISDN
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
ADSL
modem
PSTN
(internet,
interactive video ...)
STM, ATM (.. Frame Relay, IP, X.25 ...)
. .
. ...
. ...
. & .
, ADSL modems PDN
ATM
P
ADSL
modem
ADSL
modem
D
N
PSTN
STM
(.. IP)
STM
ATM
STM
ATM
(.. IP)
ATM
. .
. ...
. ...
/
/
2002
.
.
H/C
:
(),
/, , , ,
,
.
H/C
H/C
/
GP
.
.
H/C
GP
H/C
/
H/C
/
H/C
= ( /)
= ELSR/RAS (GP=GigaPoP)
= LMDS
= FITL
= DSLAM
= SPC AXE
= SPC EWSD
= AYK
=
= AM
= ZEY 2 Mbps
= ZE DSLAM-ATM 34 Mbps
= ZE DSLAM-ATM 155 Mbps
= ZE -ATM 622 Mbps
= ZE -ATM 2,5 Gbps
H/C
H/C GP
()
. /
= ZE LSR-ATM 34 Mbps