You are on page 1of 129

. & .

1.

PDH SDH

2.

SDH

3.

CCS7

4.

ISDN

5.

6.

7.

8.

Hellaspac

9.

HellasCom

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

WDM

15.

ADSL

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

, ,

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


~ 6000000
~ 220
~ 110 AXE Intracom
~ 110 EWSD (Electronic Whal System Digital) Siemens


STM (Synchronous Transfer Mode):

(Synchronous Time Division, STD)
: () AT (Asynchronous
Transfer Mode, )
(Asynchronous Time Division)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


RSU (Remote Switching Unit)
:

RSU: .

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

(local) :
(Tandem):
Tandems (
)

Tandem,

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


Tandem,
Tandem
Tandems
(
)
.

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


,
.. , (RP,
Regional Processor),
...)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


(Access Network):
.
:
:
: (Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy, SDH)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, SDH)
Byte, (Plesiochronous Digital
Hierarchy), bit
STM1 (Synchronous Transfer Mode 1) 155.52Mbit/s
(frame) 125s, 2000 64kbit/s
STM4 (4xSTM1) 622.08Mbit/s 125s
STM16 (16xSTM1 4xSTM4) 2488.32Mbit/s 125s
: TM (Terminal Multiplexer),
ADM (Add-Drop Multiplexer), DXC (Digital
Cross Connect)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

TM
: TM-1 STM-1, TM-4 STM-4, TM-16 STM-16
TM-1: 63 PDH 2Mbit/s (32
64Kbit/s, PDH 34Mbit/s, , STM-1.

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

TM-1
TM-1
:

TM-1

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

TM-1
TM-1
:
2

TM-1

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

1+1 (1 1)

,

TM-4 STM-4

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

TM-16 STM-16

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

ADM-1 1+1

ADM: 2Mbit/s
63 PDH 2Mbit/s

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

ADM-1:

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

ADM-4 1+1

ADM-16 1+1

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

DXC 4/1

STM-1 STM-1 DXC 4/1


.. 155Mbit/s .

: 2Mbit/s

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

RSU (Remote Switching Unit)



(15+15+15)=45 2Mbit/s ADM-1 ( ADM1 RSU), ADM-1 .
,
2 , RSU (

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

: RSU Tandem

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

: DXC 4/1

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

: RSU TM DXC 4/1

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

7
(Common Channel Signalling No7, CCS7)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

FDM

TDM


Channel Associated Signalling (CAS)


Common Channel Signalling (CCS)

()
,

(Frequency Division Multiplexing, FDM)
(Time
Division Multiplexing, TDM)


( )

.

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

CCS7

SP (Signalling Point, ):

STP (Signalling Transfer Point, ):
SP,

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

CCS7

MTP (Message Transfer Part, ):


CCS7,
UP (User Part, ):

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

CCS7

TUP (Telephone User Part): UP


ISUP (ISDN User Part): UP ISDN
DUP (Sata User Part): UP (data)

: TUP TUP, ISUP ISUP, DUP DUP

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


(Associated)

CCS7

(Quasiassociated)

STP
. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

: 5

, , , , : SP
: STP

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

SP STP

SL (Signalling Link, ) 64Kbit/s 5000

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

CCS7

: 6 STP (4 AXE, 2 EWSD)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


(Integrated Service Digital Network, ISDN)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


Passive Bus

NT1: Network Termination 1 ( )


TE1: Terminal Equipment 1 ( ISDN)
8 1
. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

TA: Terminal Adapter ( )


ISDN

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


(Basic Rate Acces, BRA)


(BRA)

2 B 64Kbit/s ( 128 Kbit/s) 1 D 16Kbit/s

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


(Primary Rate Acces, PRA)

ISPBX: ISDN

31
64Kbit/s D 64Kbit/s

IMUX (ISDN Multiplexer): ISDN


. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

ISDN

D TE ISDN: DSS1 (Digital Subscriber Signalling System 1

DSS1 OSI 1, 2, 3

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

o CCS7 ISDN

ST (Signal Terminal): .. 64Kbit/s

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

ISDN

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

,
... ..

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


1993, ,
(Crash Program),
( ) SDH,
PDH.
( )
3 Tandem
SDH .
Tandem () SDH
TM-4 622Mbit/s
.. 4 TM-4 (1 TM-4 )
, , ( TM-4 )

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

SDH

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

Tandems (local)
(local)
4 Tandems
: 12 .
Tandems SDH
SDH ADM-1

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

Tandems -

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

: SDH Tandems -A
() .
Tandem Tandem
ADM (.. Local )

Tandem 3 ADM-1
( ADM-1) . ( 2 ADM-1). ADM-1

(
) ( ) ADM-1 (
ADM-1), ( ) ( ) TM-1
155Mbit/s
(
) ( ) ADM-1 (
ADM-1), ( ) ( ) TM-1
155Mbit/s
: RSS . ADM-1,
RSS TM-1, ...

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

: 2 ADM-16,
, , 6 Tandem
()

ADM-16 DXC.

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .



:
, km ...

:
() (
),

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


Tandem


local

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

: (bit rate)
: (
)

( )( ) SLIP ( bit)
:

(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, SDH)



: (pointer)
:
: SDH

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


, , master-slave (-)
: PRC (Primary Reference Clock),

PRC
, SSU-T (Synchronization Supply Unit-Tandem), 4
SSU SASE (Stand-Alone Sunchronization Equipment):
, 2048 kHz 2048Kbit/s
3 SSU-L
(Synchronization Supply Unit-Local)
SSU-L (local nodes)
SDH
SSU-T, SSU-L
SDU (Synchronization Distribution Unit)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

SSU

24 SSU-T
75 SSU-L
120 SDU

7 : 2 , 1 , , ,

3 : 1 ,
5 : , , , /
3 : , ,
6 : , , , , ,

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

SSU-T PRC

3 -

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

SSU-T PRC

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

GPS (Global Position Satellite)

: 1, 2, ,

: PRC-CS ()
:

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

Hellaspac

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

:
.


: 8 (, ,
, , , , , ).


X-25: -25
X-28: () ,
PAD (Packet Assembler-Disassembler)
: SDLC, Frame Relay Q.931 ( ISDN)

19,2Kbit/s-2Mbit/s

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

Hellaspac

X.29: PAD
X.3: PAD
: X.25

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

Hellascom

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

Hellascom: Data

NTU (Network Termination Unit):


2.4Kbit/s, 4.8Kbit/s, 9.6Kbit/s, 19.2Kbit/s, 64Kbit/s, 2x64Kbit/s
NTU: ISO2110 (25 ), ISO4903 (11 )
NTU: CCITT V.28 , CCITT V.11
nx64Kbit/s, n=1,2.
NTU: CCITT V.24 CCITT X.24
FMUX (Flexible Multiplexer):
DXC (Digital Cross-Connect):
. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

NTU FMUX

NTU F-MUX

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

F-MUX DXC

4/W 2 ( )

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

Hellascom

DXC DXC ,

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

DXC

Hellascom
Hellascom
NMS (Network Management System)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

Hellascom


2.4-19.2Kbit/s Nx64Kbit/s, =1,...,30
( 16),
Nx64Kbit/s, =1,...,30 19.2 Kbit/s

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


(Intelligent Network, IN)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

IN
SIB (Service Independent
Building Block)

SIB

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

IN
SCE

SMP

SCP (2 RM600, E-60) SMP


SIB
SSP

SIB

SMP (Service
Management Point, 2 RM600, E-20)
IN

SCP

SCE (Service
Creation Environment) ,

CCS7

IP

SSP

SP

IP (Intelligent Peripheral)

,

SSP

SP

SP

SP

SSP (Service Swithcing Point): SP ( , ) IN


SSP CCS7 SCP

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

SSP: 7 (,
, , , , 2),
. SSP
SP ( )
SCP: .
SSP
. SSP
SSP SCP.
SMP: Ethernet 10Mbit/s 8
.
SCP SCE X.25
:

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

ONU (Optical Network Unit): AN



OLT (Optical Line Termination): AN

SDH (STM-1): ONU OLT
: ONU

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

V5.X
OLT

ONU

ONU

ONU

OLT ONU. K ONU


STM-1

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


ONU , (
.
ONU
ONU (interfaces) (ISDN, ADSL,
HDSL ...)
ONU 2 : Intracom Siemens
ONU , O.N.M.S. (Optimized Network
Management System) ONU Siemens Intracom.
ONU (
)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


(Telecommunications Management Network, TMN)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


(Data Communication Network, DCN)

NE2

DCN

NE2

NE2

DCN
NE (Network Element): ,

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

TMN ITU-T
OSI (Open System Interconnection): 7
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol): 4
(application), (TCP/UDP), (IP),
(network access)
( OSI, TCP/IP )
OSS (Operation Support System)
(OSS)
TMN OSI (Network
Element, NE) ( , SDH, PDH ...)

ITU-T: M.3000, M.3100, M.3200 ...

TCP/IP
SNMP (Simple Network
Management Protocol)

OSI CMIP
(Common Management
Information Protocol)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

(Manager)

DCN

(Agent)
NE-1

M
I
B

(Agent)

NE-2

(Agent)
M
I
B

NE-n

M
I
B

- (client- server)
:
NE
(Agent) NE: NE.
NE.
MIB (Management Information Base): Manager Agent
NE.
. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

: NE 5 4
NE
NE (management functions): ,
, , ,
4

Business Management Layer, BML


NE

Service Management Layer, SML


Network Management Layer, NML
Element Management Layer, EML

Network Elements ( )

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

BML
SML
NML
EML
. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

( )

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .
.

,
...

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

NE: (switching), (transmission)



( ) NE
(.. AXE X-Mate, EWSD Netmanager)
: (integrator),
()
:

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


Hellas
Pac

Hellas
Com

(Integrator)

SDH
SDH/ DXC

SDH
SDH/ DXC

X Mate

Net
Manager
EWSD

(UDCS)

.
.
CCS7

I
N

UDCS: Usage Data Collection System (


CDR, Call Detail Records)

IN: Intelligent Network

DXC: Digital Cross Connect

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


AXE EWSD, X-Mate Net Manager:
, ,
RTTMS (Real Time Traffic Management
System): E.410 ITU-T
5 , , ,

ETTAS (Ellapsed Time Traffic Analysis System):
15 AXE EWSD
E.502 ITU-T.
UDCS (Usage Data Collection System) AXE
EWSD
CCS7:
1 STP AXE SP 270 SL, 1 STP EWSD
SP 170 SL, 1 STP AXE
SP . 150 SL 138 SL 3 STP, 2 , 1 ,
,
, , Q.7512 ITU-T.
IN (Intelligent Network):
SMP (Service Management Point)
IN.

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


PDH ( ,
/ PDH.
SDH/DXC: SDH 3 ,
(NE),
NML (Network Management Layer) SDH DXC (
.
():
,
.
/ SDH: .
: .
: , .

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


TT (Trouble Ticketing)
( ,
).

HellasCom
AC (Acess Control)

( ...)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


(Integrator)

4 TMN, BML (Business Management Layer), SML (Service Management Layer),
NML (Network Management Layer) EML (Element Management Layer),
, BACCS (Billing and Customer Care System)
:
BML: BACCS
SML: UDCS, ,
NML: ETTAS, RTTMS,
EML: CCS7, IN,
, SDH/DXC, PDH, , ,
/ SDH, , HellasCom, Hellaspac,
Access AC, AUM (Auxiliary Unit Management)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

OSS

MD

OSS: Operation Support System


DCN: Data Communication Network

MD: Mediation Device


DCN

AXE

EWSD

MD
TMN Q3

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

UDC Billing
Gateway

Elapsed Time
Traffic Analysis
System ETTAS

Mediation
Device

X-Mate

Net Manager

AXE

EWSD

AXE

EWSD

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

SDH

SDH


SDH

Marconi

Siemens

Siemens
/

Alcatel

Alcatel
/

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

SDH

PDH NML

NML

PDH EML

EML

PDH NE

NE

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


: , ,
:
: 3 , 1 ,

: 1


: BML, SML, NML
B : NML, EML
: EML

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

DCN NE

DCN 3 (, , )
(back-up) , 60 (8 , 52 ),
1200
DCN 2x2Mbit/s
.
155Mbit/s
DCN
Hellascom, modems.

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

DCN


(2Mbit/s)


(2Mbit/s)

Cisco
3640

Cisco
3640
Ethernet Hub

(routers) Cisco C3640 (2


) (Switching Hubs)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

DCN

Cisco
7507

Cisco
7507

(routers) Cisco C7507 (2 )


(Switching Hubs)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

Cisco
7507

Cisco
7507

ATM 155Mbit/s
SDH
ATM 155Mbit/s
SDH
Cisco
7507

Cisco
7507
ATM 155Mbit/s
SDH
Cisco
7507

Cisco
7507

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

Hellascom
2x2Mbit/s

FMUX MD93

HellasCom

NTU MD73

NTU MD72

NTU MD73
PDH

SDH DXC

NTU MD72

NTU MD72

KOI
PDH

MD72: NTU 2 128Kbit/s


MD73: NTU 5
MD93: FMUX
. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


ATM
WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

ADSL

o
Intracom

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

All Optical Network (AON)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

AON WDM (Wavelength


Division Multiplexing, WDM)
: (Direct Detection, DD), (Coherent Detection)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

DD

Data

Laser (LD)
LED

Data

(DD)

: IM-DD (Intensity Modulation Direct


Detection)
WDM () 1.3m 1.55m.

IM-DD : 10Gbit/s,
Detection) STM-64 (4xSTM-16, ~4x2,5Gbit/s=10Gbit/s)

: 100000Gbit/s=100Tbit/s

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

WDM

Data

Data

Data

Data

Mux
nx1

1, 2, n
1
, 2
( )

Demux
1xn

Data

Data

WDM: FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing),



n 4, 8, 16, 32. .. n=16 STM-16 (~2.5Gbit/s) 1, 2, .. , n,
16x2.5=40Gbit/s

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

(>200km)
1+2 + ... + n
1

1+2 + ... + n


WDM: nm
DWDM (Dense WDM): 1nm. 130GHz 1.5nm
HDWDM (High DWDM):
( GHz GHz)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

WDM nxn

Data

Data

Data

Data

1+2 + ... + n
Mux
nxn
nxn Star
Coupler

1+2 + ... + n

Demux
1xn

Data

1+2 + ... + n

Data

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

WDM
2nm
dB

1520,6

1570,6

nm

18 WDM 2nm ( 1.55m=1550nm)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

1 (laser)

(ASK, PSK)

data

laser 2

IF (1-2)

data


(ASK, PSK, DPSK), AM, FM, PM
IF ( ) 1-2, ,
( / )
.
: Lasers , 2
, ...

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

ADM AON

1(ATM)+2(PDH) + ... + n(SDH, STM64)


1

STM-64

AON (All Optical Network) ADM (OADM, Optical Add


and Drop Multiplexer)
DXC (Digital Cross Connects)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

AON

DXC

DXC

DXC

DXC

ADM

ADM

DXC

WDM

ADM

ADM

ATM

DXC

DXC

ADM
ADM

DXC

DXC, ADM:
WDM

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

DWDM

DWDM 1: ------
DWDM 2: ---------

n=32 (1 32) STM-64 (10Gbit/s ). .


32x10=320Gbit/s
STM-16
/ (add-drop) 8
ADM64
DWDM
SDH, ATM,
IP, Fast Ethernet

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

:
internet , .
2
: CAM (Carrierless Amplitude Modulation, )
DMT (Discrete Multitone Technology, )

2 0-4kHz



(0-4kHz)

0-4kHz

0-4kHz

(Echo Cancellation)

, , (Echo
Cancellation),

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

CAM
CAM QAM, bits 2 A, B,
Asin(2ft)+Bcos(2ft)
: QAM bits

B
1100

0000
0001

1001

A
0010

1111

: 4 bits, A B
Asin(2ft)+Bcos(2ft)
: Asin(2ft)+Bcos(2ft) bits
CAP:

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

DMT

1.1 MHz

QAM CAP
DMT 1.1MHz 256
4kHz
1 6

7 38 ( 32)
: 250 ( 7 256) Echo Cancellation, 218
Echo Cancellation ( 39 256)
. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

ADSL

ADSL modems (), ATU (ADSL Transmission
Unit), (1 modem)
PDN (Premises Distribution Network): ,
ADSL ( )
. PDN LAN
, , ,
Splitter (): 1

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

ADSL
modem

Splitter

PSTN

ADSL modems
ADSL modems
DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer).
DSLAM 50 2000
splitter () (Public Switched Telephone Network, PSTN)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

ADSL

TE

P
ADSL
modem

Splitter

Splitter

ADSLm
odem

TV

D
N

PSTN

TE
ISDN

TE: Terminal Equipment


PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
splitter ()

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .

ADSL
modem
PSTN

(internet,
interactive video ...)

STM, ATM (.. Frame Relay, IP, X.25 ...)

. .

. ...

. ...


. & .


, ADSL modems PDN

ATM

P
ADSL
modem

ADSL
modem

D
N

PSTN
STM
(.. IP)
STM
ATM

STM

ATM

(.. IP)
ATM

. .

. ...

. ...

/
/

2002

.
.

H/C

:
(),
/, , , ,
,
.

H/C

H/C

/
GP

.
.

H/C

GP

H/C

/
H/C
/

H/C

= DXC MD202 HELLASCOM

= ( /)

= ELSR/RAS (GP=GigaPoP)
= LMDS

= FITL
= DSLAM
= SPC AXE
= SPC EWSD
= AYK
=
= AM
= ZEY 2 Mbps
= ZE DSLAM-ATM 34 Mbps
= ZE DSLAM-ATM 155 Mbps
= ZE -ATM 622 Mbps
= ZE -ATM 2,5 Gbps

H/C

H/C GP



()

. /

= ZE LSR-ATM 155 Mbps

= ZE LSR-ATM 34 Mbps

= ZE KOMB HELLASCOM 34 Mbps


= ZE -ATM 155 Mbps
/ . .
4/ 25-5-2004 .

You might also like