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È M Aƒ?BADF s ö=.…*-,/.°÷124C3÷=6824*¿2K? ì 2KT {qˆ\»/ t.þ52KF4FN6/03.°*3,8.v,8.=FK@ M G Å 2KFKF4.1C  0R*-,/. M C;.19 {| 24*3,
Å 24FKFK.=C  0†*3,8. M C3.19 ì 24T {qˆ\» ÷òAƒ?Æ7H.°9_AD?/2K@868FKAƒ*-.=<«* M TU.­*|*-,/.v÷124C3÷16/24*¿03, M 5? 2K? ì 2KT {eˆUˆD{̼ ?
ì 24T { ˆUˆD B Ë Aƒ?8r< B ò ADC;.OTU24‡D.1?«7 s *-,8.O.1PQ6BAp*-2 M ?80
B Ë É BNÿ
ÅɈ ÷ o¯O È Å ºP=È
 ˆwº
Rh C GP
Rs G P
+
+

RG C GK g m vgk (s) C PK rp Rb RL vo (s)

vs (s)

vgk (s) = vg (s)

− −

ì 2KTU68C;. ˆ\»°½ 2KTU, GIC3.=Ph6/.1?8÷ s 039úADFKFm Ô0;2KTU?BAƒFH9 M /< .1F M GŒ÷ M 9ú9 M ? ÷òAƒ*3, M </.cAD9:@8FK2€JB.1C {
K

Rs Rh G P
+
+

vs (s) RG C GK C1 g m vgk (s) C2 CPK rp Rb RL vo (s)

vgk (s) = vg (s)

− −

ì 24TU68C3. ˆDˆ°Å M <82€JB.1<ú,82KTU, GIC3.=PQ68.1?8÷ s 039úADFKFm Ô0;2KTU?BAƒF¹9 M </.1F M G ÷ M 9:9 M ? Ô÷1Aƒ*-, M <8.5AD9:@8F424JB.=C {
K

AD?8<
B ò>É BNÿ
ÅɈ ÷ ˆ topO È Å º?È
opO 2K0†G M 68?8<>GIC M 9 ¾ P { Å Pº +\È­{¿È ,82K0¿03, M 50c680†*-,BAƒ*¿*-,8.°@ M F4.…</68.°* M B Ë AD?8<£BNÿ524FKFq7n.
*-,/.§< M 9ú24?BAD?L*R@ M FK. {
-3¿ < ¿- k Í[hdDZú^a`54Z .q[Ƥþ]pfI^exN[> 1gnZ\[QK] 23k 8I[hdDZ\]w^exN[Ư…%W 6NWBdLf Z\WBgNdU[¹Y ^ng'4Z .q[i =_g 6('qZ
· M  t/. 52KF4FœJB?8<«*-,8.…< M 9:2K?BAD?L*5,824TU, GIC3.1PQ68.=?8÷ s @ M FK.O<86/.…* M *-,8.§÷òAƒ@BAD÷12€*‚AD?/÷1.10 BNÿ
AD?8«< B Ë 7 s 9_AD?/2K@868FKAƒ*-24?8T…*3,8.O2K?8@/6/* M G ì 2KT {HˆUˆU{ì 24TU68C;. ˆwº 03, M 505*-,8.O9úAD?82K@/68FEAƒ*32 M ?/0 {
ì C M 9 ì 24T {Rˆwº¹ t.Æ÷òAƒ?y03.=.i*-,8. M 6/*3@86/* ¢ ±4Ä F ÅÎÆÏÈ  2K0:*‚ADøƒ.1?yGIC M 9 M 68C M FK<lGIC;2K.=?8<'*-,/.
‡ M F4*‚AƒTU.c<824‡h24<8.1C {È ,8.O.1PQ6BAƒ*32 M ?£G M C ±4Ä F ÅÇÆ4È 2K0
±4Ä F ÅÎÆÏȧÉú±U²ÅÇÆ4È q ²wÅ q è Ê ² Ó qÌ ´ Ô  ÈÀë × Ê Ì  ² Ù Ì Ô Ö Ì Å Uº \È
Ó  ×  Ù
5,8.=C3.
q è É q ² ç>q³ Å ºU¸ È
 ˆK+
Rh
G
(a) +

v s (s)
Rs RG C GK C1 v gk (s)
Rs

−
K

R s || RG Rh
(b)
G
+

R s || RG +
vs (s) C GK C1 v gk (s)
Rs _

ì 24TU68C3. ˆwº°úà 2KC;÷1682€*°* M <8.=*3.1C;9ú24?8.ú*3,8. ,82KTD, GIC;.1PQ68.1?/÷ s K2 ?8@86¹*v@ M FK. M G†÷ M 9:9 M ? Ô÷1Aƒ*-, M <8.
K

AD9:@8FK2€JB.1C {
)¿G *3.1C…<824‡h2K</2K?8T«7 M *-, 0;2K<8.=0 M G ¾ P {NÅjºU\È 7 s7±U²ÅÇÆ4È  AD?8< 9°86 F4*32K@8F s 24?8T *-,8.ú?Q689ú.=C-Aƒ* M CvAƒ?8<
<8.=? M 9:2K?BAƒ* M C M GN*-,/.§C;2KTU,L*5,BAƒ?8<>0;2K<8. M G ¾ P {_Å ºU\È 52€*-, ÔÖJÓìÔë ²m× Ô
Ù  t.§TU.=*
±4Ä F ÅÎÆÏÈ É Ô Ö Ó Ì  × ÔÌ ë ÙµÓÕÔë ì× Ô Ù Å Uº H\È
±P²wÅÎÆ4È ÆDÊ Ó Ì  × Ì  Ë ÙÂÓÕÔ ë × Ô Ù
rts 03687/0;*-2€*-6/*32K?8T 24?i*-,/.°‡ƒADFK68.=0|G M C q è AD?8£< B Ë 24? ¾ P A{ Å Uº HÈ þ. 0;.1.v*3,BAƒ*|*3,8.1C;. 2K0|A”@ M F4. 
á Rò Aƒ*
á R DÉ  BNÿ Ê BNÿ
ÅɈ ÷ opO ˆ È  Å q ² çDq³ ÈÀÊ qp´  Å ºD‰\È
ì C M 9 ¾ P ({ ÅjºD\‰ È t.…0;.1.O*-,BAp¯* q´°÷1AD?>7n.c680;.1<>* M FK2K9:24*Á*-,/.§,/2KTU, GIC3.=Ph6/.1?8÷ s C3.10;@ M ?803. {
-3¿ < ¿V k Í[hdDZú^a`54Z .q[Ƥþ]pfI^exN[> 1gnZ\[QK] 23k 8I[hdDZ\]w^exN[Ư…%W 6NWBdLf Z\WBgNdU[¹Y ^ng'4Z .q[ f± 'eKZ 6('qZ
È , M 68TD,Æ24N* 524FKFe7n. M G—FK2€*3*-F4.Ì. @ .1÷­* M ?«,824TU, GIC;.1PQ68.=?8÷ s C3.=03@ M ?80;.  á R\ *3,8.…@ M F4.§</68.§* M
B ò AD?/£< B  52KF4FN7n.°</.1C32€‡U.=<ÆG M C|÷ M 9ú@/FK.=*3.1?8.=030 {| .…÷òAD?ÆJ8?8r< á R 7 s 24?803@n.1÷­*-2 M ? M G*-,/.
M 6/*3@86/*†÷124C3÷=6824*R0;, M 5?i24? ì 2KT {HKˆ +/{
 ˆL=
P
+

gmvgk (s) C2 CPK rp Rb RL vo (s)

ì 24TU68C3. ˆK+°¿Ã 24C3÷16/24*†* M <8.­*-.=C39:2K?8.§*-,8.v,/2KTU, GIC3.=Ph6/.1?8÷ s M 6¹*-@86/*|@ M FK. M G÷ M 9:9 M ? Ô÷1Aƒ*-, M <8.
K

AD9:@8FK2€JB.1C {
È ,8.§.1PQ6BAƒ*32 M ? G M C ± G ÅÇÆ4È 240
± G ÅÎÆÏ餃 MPO ±ÏÄ F ÅÇÆ4È ˆ ƐŠB ò(Ê B È ç Å;Q*R çNqs¢ç>qp· È ÅÎ+U»\È
È ,8240†C;.1<86/÷1.105* M
± G ÅÇÆ4È É ÏM O ˆ ÅÎ+/ˆ4È
±ÏÄ F ÅÇÆ4È Æ Å B òAÊ B ÈÀÊ EÓ î ï ðWÔ Ë ñ ðWÔê4Ù
)¿G *3.1CRGI68CÉ*-,8.=C†C;.1<86/÷=*-2 M ?5þ.§TU.­*
± G ÅÇÆ4È É ÌÓ  × Ä  Ì  Ù ÅÎ+LºÈ
±ÏÄ F ÅÇÆ4È ÆDÊ Ó Ì  × Ì  ÙµÓEË îÂïwðWÔñJðWÔêÏÙ
ì C M 9 ¾ P {(ÅW+LºÈ t.…0;.1.O*-,BAp*R*-,8.O@ M FK.á R  2K0RTU2€‡U.1?«7 s *-,/.§.=PQ6BAƒ*-2 M ?
á R DÉ  BNÿ
Åëˆ#Êèˆ to¯O ÈÀÊ ˆ B “Å;Q*R çDqs¯ç>q· È ÅÎ++\È
 .§÷1AD?«? M ôJB?8<5"á !  *3,8.O68@8@n.1C + < r GIC3.1PQ68.=?8÷ sD 7 s 6/032K?/T ¾ P {(ÅÎ+U=\È
á ! ôÉ #  ˆ 
" ÅÎ+U=È
Ë$ ï % Ê $ Ë'ï &
È ,8.OGIC3.=Ph6/.1?8÷=2K.10Ná R  Aƒ?8<iá R  ADC3.ÌG M 68?8<£GIC M 9 ¾ PQ0 {9jÅ ºD‰\È AD?/< ÅW++\­È  C3.10;@H.=÷=*324‡U.=F sD{
•>'‰ ( )  § — e
À§+ž *å$l eJj " ¦ 
À$  k  $
-3¿ ` ¿W& bœ[I8 [¹dDZ\fo^ngl^a`†ž”[hYòfoY=Z\^a]:¬§W 8Wq' [¹Y
· M
 *-,BAƒ*rþ . ,BAò‡U. *3,8.%.1PQ6BAp*-2 M ?80ÆG M C>*3,8. GIC3.=PQ68.1?8÷ s C3.=03@ M ?803. M G:*3,8.%÷ M 9ú9 M ?
÷òAp*-, M <8.cAD9:@8F424JB.=C  þ .c?/.1.1< *3,8.Ì?Q689v7n.1C;0S* M .­‡DAƒFK6BAƒ*3.|*-,/.19 {Ä 68CþJBC;0;*R0É*-.1@£240þ* M ÷‚, M¹M 0;.
 4ˆ ?
x É =L»U»£Ë {²· . û *”þ._÷‚, M¹M 03.5q³ Ɉ Å-,Ì{ÆÈ ,82K0/52KFKFTU2€‡U.ú680 A>FKADC3TD.ú24?8@86/*°C3.10;2K0J
*‚Aƒ?8÷1.  5,82K÷‚,552KF4FHF42K9:24**-,/.§F M AD<824?8T M G ±P² { q ² 52KF4F 7n.Ì÷‚, M 0;.1?iAD0 H ø ,Ì{ÁÈ ,/2K0R2K0SA * s @824÷òADF
C3.=03240;*‚Aƒ?8÷1. M GR*3,8._*3C-AD?80;<868÷=.1C30 680;.1< M ?%.=FK.1÷­*-C;2K÷_9°680324÷òADFt2K?80É*-C36/9ú.=?Q*30 {Ɓ .^52KF4FÁ÷‚, M¹M 0;.
q· É ˆúÅ.,Ì{°È ,824052KF4F&F42K9:24*†*-,8. F M AD<824?8T M G*3,8. M 6/*3@86/* M G M 68COAƒ9ú@8F424JB.=C { )¿FK0 M  M CÉ*-,
? M *32K?8TO,8.=C3.  q· 240* s @824÷òADF4F s A§@ M *-.=?L*-2 M 9ú.­*-.1C {—È ,8240t.=?BAD78F4.10Á680* M§M 7/*‚Aƒ2K?:AD?úAƒ*3*3.1?Q6BAƒ*3.1<
M 6/*3@86/* 2€G¿?/.1.1</.1< {l} 249ú@8F s 0;*‚Ap*-.1< *-,/. @ M *3.1?L*-2 M 9:.=*-.=Cv2K0 AƇ M FK689:.”÷ M ?L*-C M F { È ,/.«7n.10É*
þA s * M ÷‚, M 03.…‡ƒADF468.10RG M C¯qsþAD?8<rqFO2K057 s 6/032K?/T_A TUC-Aƒ@8,82K÷1ADFe9:.=*-, M < {þì 2KC;0;N* t/. 524FKFœ680;.
¾ P {Å ºU+\È * M ,8.1F4@ 6/0§</.=*-.=C39:2K?8. 24?824*32EADF4F s 5,8Aƒ*§<82KC;.1÷=*32 M ?Æ* M *‚ADøƒ.:24? 03.1F4.1÷­*-2K?/T£*3,8. ‡ƒADFK68.
M G#qs {§¼ ? ¾ P { ÅjUº +\È tn. 52KFKFN03.­* qsþçq· É q {… . ÷òAƒ? 0;.1. *-,/. F M TU24÷…G M C¿*-,8240Ì9 M ‡D. 7 s
M 780;.1Cɇ¹24?8T ì 2KT {q‰/{” . 52KFKFAƒFK0 M 2KTD? M C3. *3,8.ú*3.1C39 Ô Ö Ô× Ø ÔØ 24? ¾ P D{ Å Uº +\È {” .:÷òAƒ? < M *-,8240
7n.1÷òAƒ6803. Ô Ö Ô× Ø ÔØ0/ ˆU{ )†G *-.1NC t.O< M *3,8.10;.…0É*-.=@80 ¾ P _{ Å Pº +\È 7H.=÷ M 9:.10
o¯O É ±P± G² É ÷ MÏO Å;Q*R çNq §È É ÷ MPO  Q*R>Q*R Ê q q  ÅÎ+\?È
 .524FKFHøh? M ô*‚ADøƒ.…Aƒ</‡ƒAD?L*‚ADTU. M GN*-,/.OGoAƒ÷=*R*-,8Aƒ*NMPO Q*RÉ S  *3,8.§AD9:@8FK2€JB÷òAƒ*32 M ?:GoAD÷=* M C M G—A
‡ƒAD÷16/689 *-6/7H. {trÁs 680324?8T *-,8240SGoAD÷=* ¾ P {(ÅÎ+\?È 7n.1÷ M 9:.10
o¯O É ±±UG² É ÷ S  Q*RDqÊ q  É ÷ S  Q*R tPq ˆ ʈ  ÅÎ+\È
ì C M 9 ¾ P {lÅÎ+U\È t .c÷òAD? 0;.1.Ì*-,8Aƒ*S* M 9úA û 2K9:2Kö=.R*-,8.cTLAƒ2K?¨t .S Aƒ?Q*R*3,8.ÌC3Aƒ*-2 M Q*R tUq+* M 7H.cAƒ0
039úADF4FBAD0@ M 03032478FK. {—¼ *t2K09 M C3.5680;.=GI68FB* M *3,82K?8ø…*-,BAƒ*§t .¯þ AD?L*Á* M 9_A û 249ú24ö1.þ*3,8.†C-Aƒ*32 M qt Q*RL{
} 24?8÷1.¢q É qs¢çNq·  AD?8<qp· ´É ˆ†Å.,Ì þ .>þ AD?L** M 9úADøƒ.¢qNs AD0FEADC;TU.SAƒ0@ M 0;032478FK. {—ì 24T {hˆL=
03, M 5 0v*3,8._</.1@n.1?8<8.=?8÷1. M G¢o¯O M ?¹qsJt QzLR {iÈ ,8240°03, M 5 0 6/0°*-,BAp*nqs M ?/F s ?8.=.1<80v* M 7H._A
GI.ô *-2K9:.10S*3,8.O9_AƒTU?824*368<8. M G Q*R * M TU.=*¿AD@8@/C3.1÷=2EAD7/FK.OTLAD24? { .5 2KF4Fœ÷‚, MhM 03./qs É +U+ » ø ,Ì{
 24*3,²*-,8240̇DAƒFK68. M G>qs¢þ .5 2KF4F—,BAò‡U. *-,/. ÇOà F M Aƒ<²FK2K?/.v03, M 5 ? 2K? ì 2KT {—ˆ4¹? {:ì 24T {—ˆK? 240OA
@8F M * M Gœ*-,8.¿÷‚,BADC3AD÷=*3.1C3240;*32K÷|÷=68C;‡D.10SG M C uzR ‡h021 x\R G M CtAD? AD÷­*-6BADF ˆwº )†ü ¸ *-C32 M </. {ŒÈ ,8. ÇOà F M Aƒ<
FK24?8.þ AD0†÷1C3.1Aƒ*-.=<>7 s 680;2K?8T *3,8.cGoAD÷=*R*3,BAƒ*5*-,8.O@8FKAƒ*-.̇ M F4*-ADTU.c240RTU24‡D.1?£7 s
x\RÉ ÅÇx”È ÷ Å;uzR qs È ÅÎL+ ¸È
 ˆK
Dependence of Am on Rb / rp
100

90

80

70

60
A / µ (%)

50
m

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Rb / rp

ì 2KTU6/C3. ˆL=%°Ç .=@H.=?8<8.=?8÷1. M G(opO M ?«qsJt Q*RL{

 ,8.=? uŠRÉ » 9:) Zx v«Éœ=L»U»°Ë { ,8.=? x\RÉ » Ëv uzR 52KFKFH7H.
uv«É qx s É +=L+U»D» » ø Ë , É(ˆ 1 ºhˆ 9:) ÅÎ+H\È
)+0É*-C-Aƒ2KTU,L*SF42K?8.¿2K0þ*3,8.1? </C-LA 5?£÷ M ?8?/.1÷=*32K?8Tv*3,8.10;.Ì*“ M @ M 2K?L*30þ* M ÷=C3.1Aƒ*-.Ì*3,8. ÇOà F M Aƒ<”FK24?8. {
 c. ? M  @824÷‚ø_Av0;6824*-AD78FK.¿PQ682K.=03÷1.=?L* M @H.=C-Aƒ*32K?8Tv@ M 24?Q*þ7 s M 780;.1Cɇ¹24?8T ì 2KT {nˆK?¹{Œ .|÷ M 68F4<
03.­* M 6/C¿PQ6824.103÷=.1?L*Ì@ M 24?Q* M G M @H.=C-Aƒ*32 M ?>Aƒ* x ³ É ÷ º 1 ? Ë {RÈ ,/2K0¢52KFKFe.=?BAD78F4.…6/0¿* M AD9:@8FK2€G s
AD?²24?8@86/*|032KTD?BADF M GÁAD@8@8C M û 249_Aƒ*3.1F sƺ 1 ?:Ë 52€*-, M 6¹*Ì÷1F42K@8@/2K?8T {Ìì 2KC;0;*  þ.°?8.1.=< * M JB?8<²*-,/.
‡ƒADFK6/.c?8.1.=<8.1<«G M ¢C qFc* M AD÷‚,824.=‡D. x ³ É ÷ º 1 ?°Ë { .524FKFœ6/03.c*-,8.cGoAD÷­*5*-,BAƒ*
x ³ É ÷ uzR qF ÅÎ+U\‰ È
 ˆw¸
I vs. V Curves at Constant Grid Voltages for 12AX7 Triode Vacuum Tube
P P
2

VG = 0 V V = −1 V
G
1.8 V = −2 V
G

V = −3 V
G
1.6
V = −4 V
G
1.4

AC Load Line
1.2
IP (mA)

1
Quiescent
Operating Point
DC Load Line Bias Line
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
VP (V)

ì 24TU68C3. ˆK?°NÇ .10324TU?§TUC-AD@/, Puv ‡h0 {x v Aƒ*&÷ M ?80;*-AD?L*—TUC;2K<c‡ M F4*‚AƒTU.10qG M C ˆwº )†ü ¸ *-C32 M </.Œ‡DAƒ÷168689
*-6/7H. {
ì C M 9 ì 24T {¹ˆK? þ.5÷òAƒ?:0;.1.S*3,BAƒ*ÁAƒ* x ³ É ÷ º 1 ?|Ë \uŠRÉ » 1 =H 9ú) {& .R9_AD?/2K@868FKAƒ*-. ¾ P {1ÅÎ+U‰\È
* M JB?/<
qF É ÷ x uz³ R É ÷ » ÷ 1 =\º H 1 ? 9:) É ? 1 º ø , ÅW=L»\È
 . 52KFKFn÷‚, MhM 03. qF É
= 1 ¸ ø ,Ì{ 24*3,”*-,8.̇ƒADF468. M (G qF|÷‚, M 03.=?«t.c÷òAD?£<8C3AL *3,8.c782EAƒ0SFK24?8. {
È M < M *-,82490 þN. 524FKFh6803. ¾ P Z{ ÅÎ+U‰ È­{& ,/.1? uzRÉô» 9ú)  x ³ Éè»cËv{ŒÈ ,82K0—2K0 M ?/.R@ M 24?L*ŒG M C M 6/C
782KAD0tF42K?8. {& ¯. 524FKF8JB?/<ú*-,/.|?8. û *þ@ M 2K?L*Á7 s <8.­*-.=C39:2K?824?8Tc*-,8.†‡DAƒFK68. M G uŠR *-,8Aƒ*þ÷ M C3C;.10;@ M ?/<80
* M x ³ É ÷ = Ë { .§9úAD?824@868FKAƒ*-. ¾ P _{ ÅÎ+D\‰ È * M M 7/*-AD2K?
uŠRÉ ÷ x q4³ 3 É ÷ ÷ = 1 =:¸ Ë ø , Éè» 1 H\? 9ú) ÅW=84ˆ È
 ._<8C3KA  A«FK24?8. ÷ M ?8?/.1÷=*32K?8T>*-,8.=03.ú“*  M @ M 2K?L*30…* M G M C39 M 68C…7/2EAD0§FK24?8. { È ,8.ú@ M 2K?L/* t.1C;.
 ˆKH
*-,/.v782EAƒ0ÌFK24?8.…24?L*-.1C;03.=÷=*-0c*3,8. ÇOà F M Aƒ<ÆFK24?8.…240 M 68C¿PQ682K.=03÷1.=?L*…@ M 24?Q* M G M @n.1C-Ap*-2 M ? { )S* M 6/C
PQ682K.=03÷=.1?L*|@ M 24?Q* M G M @n.1C3Aƒ*-2 M ? x ³£524FKF 7n.
x ³ É ÷ uwv qF É ÷ » 1 =\H 9ú6 ) 5 = 1 ¸ ø ,¾É ÷ º 1 Uº  Ë ô ÷ º 1 ? Ë ÅW=Qº È
Ä 7L‡¹2 M 680;F s *3,82K052K0R? M *¿A:@n.1CÉGI.1÷=*†9úAƒ*-÷‚, {þ½ M t.=‡D.1C¿24*5<8.­JB?824*3.1F s TU.=*305680¿24? *-,8.O7BADF4Fe@BADC;ø {
È ,8.:AD</‡ƒAD?L*-ADTU. M G*3,8. TUC-Aƒ@8,82K÷1ADF—9:.=*3, M <²2K0|*3,BAƒ*O24*|.1?BAƒ78FK.=0c680Ì* M ‡h2K0;6BADFK24ö1.§*-,8. ÷=2KC3÷=6824*
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0
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Phase (deg)

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 µ Ÿ / µ j µ Ä µ ¡ µ Û µ ½ µ l µ+´gµŠÆµ Ñ µ j µgµ gj j µ j Ä µ j ¡ µ j½ µ jl µ j ´gµ j Æ µ 3

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 µ
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 µ ŒÍŸ Œ ÿ
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 j µµµgµ ¿
 µ Ÿ
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 x Œ   š  ,,%) , &# ¿
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 ; j Ÿ /½ l
µ µŠ´gµkƵ Ñ µ µµ
j jj j Ä j ¡ j?Û j½ jl j
µ µ
j j Ä Ä j ÄÄ Ä ¡ Ä Û 3
µ j j µ j j µ ¡
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j ¶ ´ ½ ¶ÖÆ Ñ Š ¶ ´ ¶ ¶ ¶ Æ Ö¶ Æ Ç¶ µ´ ¶ ¶ ¶ ´

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 j;Ÿ
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 Ä Ÿ / j?Û µ j½ µ jl µ j ´µ j Ƶ j Ñ µ Ä

µµ
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¡ j 3
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jy
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 Ä ŒÍŸ Œ ÿ
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 Ä Ÿ
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Û Ä
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µ µ µ µ ´gµ Ƶ Ñ
Ä Ä
µ
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j ¡ Ä ¡¡ ¡gÛ ¡ ½ ¡ l ¡ 3
gµ µ j µ ½Ëj µ Ä j µ ¡½Ëj µ ½
3 µ µ ´gµ
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j ¶ Û ¶ Û Ñ ¶ ½ Æɶ l Ñ ¶Çƀ¶ Ñ Ç¶ µ ¶ ¶ ¶

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 ¡ ŒÍŸ Œ ÿ
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 ¡œŸ
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 Q Û Ÿ / ¡ Ä ¡¡ ¡gÛ ¡½ ¡gl ¡

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Ƶ l
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3 
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 … ½ Ÿ / Û ½Û Ä Û¡ ÛÛ Û½ Ûl Û l½ 3

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ý“þÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþþÞþ
ý n©haqg·yˆ
r5N†ai2h¥sYqghu  q·yˆJqvi2vrN¢ô~pAfi2†
ý“þÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþþÞþ

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r¼p÷
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†a„8qgvwf„ r~gv„2iQe· dAv€·+¸ ÷ ¿
haˆbŸ›dEvˆf
rp¼ ÷bú©vr\i2hNraƒŽ i ;­vb~g·+dA„›n©pK~r\ i ”¥i8†adE†Cr\~gv„8i™hCˆ-dEv87;ò ‘›ƒ
·y†o÷Ç¿
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f
r¼ ÷bú©vVrai8h¥r\ƒi - qgfha„2 i ”¥i8†CdA†Hr~gv„2Ø
i ”¥†‚dAv97;pò ‘4ƒ·+o † ÷Ç¿
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rp¼ ÷bú©vr\i2h¥raƒ i ‘4f
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 r ºÂq~¿ w ”¥i8†CdA†Hr~gv„2Ø i ”uºdEv974ò ‘4ƒ·yo † ÷Ç¿
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·y†o÷Ç¿
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Ÿ4dEvˆf
rp¼ ÷bú©vr\i2hNraƒ ÷ ~r\ƒq­wŽ
i t i XdA~g‚† ”Ni2†adE†Cr~v„8Ž i ”¥ºËdAv97;pò ‘4ƒ·+m † ÷Ç¿
º
Ÿ4dAvˆf
rp¼ ÷=ú©vr\i2hNraƒ i t~r\ƒ
q
w i Xô
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d Ÿ4dEvˆf
rp¼ ÷bú©vr\i2h¥raƒi™Œ'vˆf
 r t~gˆ~g„8dIr~gv„2 i dÂdAv§c=~gh\~gw
o † ÷¿
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r¼ ÷bú©vr\i8h¥r\ƒ
Ø i ‘4f
raˆf
 r t~gˆb~„8dEr\~gv„2Ž i qydEv-c=~gha~gwo † ÷Ç¿
eˆ=Ÿ Ä iòj Ä ý dAvˆf
rp¼ ÷=ú©vr\i2h‚r\ƒi;›hadAwËraq˜n©pA~r\Ž i t~gˆ~g„8dIr~gv„2– i ÷¿
eº
Ÿ Ä i ò\j Ä ý dEvˆf
rp¼ ÷=ú©vr\i8h‚raƒi;™hCdAwÉr\“ q t~raƒq
w
Ø i t~ˆb~g„8dIr~gv
„8– i ÷¿
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Ÿ Ä i ò\j Ä ý dAv
ˆf
r¼ ÷bú©vr\i8h¥r\ƒ
iœn©pA~r\i4raq t~r\ƒq­w i t~gˆb~g„2dEr\~gv„8– i ÷Ç¿

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ý t  ~gpE„8fpA~r\i;·ydEw
òsYhCi8‡Vfi8„ Ée~gdEv
ý“þÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþþÞþ

û ) ŸÅ ¥|
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¼j
x

Á j¸gý & Á j¸gý?>ô¿a¿
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ý t  ~gpE„8fpA~r\i;ˆ‰qpEi™~gvw i2haq+wfi›r\q“  d
ý“þÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞø þþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþþÞþ

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Ÿ ¶Öµµ j¸¼@ŒB4›¼Gý  ÁÃýo¾Q¿C¿
@  Ÿ

C µ

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ý t  ~gpE„8fpA~r\i;ˆ‰qpEi™~gvw i2haq+wfi›r\q“  º
ý“þÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞø þþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþþÞþ

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gýFD›Á |
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¶Çµgµ
j ¼@;D-4týFD¿
@  4
C j Ÿ
¶Çµµ
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ý t  ~gpE„8fpA~r\i;ˆ‰qpEi™~gvw i2haq+wfi›r\q“  q
ý“þÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞø þþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþþÞþ

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Ä Ÿ ¶Çµgµ j
¼  4™¼_ý?>ÁؼYx
4tý &
¼_x
ÁÃý & ¿a¿a¿C¿
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C µ
ý“þÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþþÞþ
ý t  ~gpE„8fpA~r\io-

dApEpAi8h„?~gˆb~„8dEr\~gv„2i8†
ý“þÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþþÞþ

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ý t  ~gpE„8fpA~r\i;ˆ‰qpEi›wfi›r\q“  eº€~vw¿;  j
ý“þÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþþÞþ

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¡œŸ ¶Çµgµ
j
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ý t  ~gpE„8fpA~r\i;ˆ‰qpEi›wfi›r\q“  ˆº€~vwL Ä
ý“þÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþþÞþ

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ÛQŸ ¶Çµgµ
j
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D™Á5 Ä ¿H4›¼Hj
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x
Á j
ý & Á j¸gý?>ô¿a¿a¿
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ý t  ~gpE„8fpA~r\ir\ƒi…¡òw1X sYhai8‡Vfi2v„8dEi8†2{‰‘b~vw
¤¥dAw
r\ƒ—{=~gv
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raƒÉˆhaq­wf„ r
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Á @K
j Á K
– @
Ä   – Ä 4™¼ @C j a¿ ¿
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JI x.2¼Hj¸¼ @K
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j ¼ @A
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Œ¿
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ý Œ ÿ ŸÅj
m 4to
ý ¾
ý  , ŸÅµj µµ ¼
j x
Á
j ý & ¿
µgµµ
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´

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ý t  ~gpE„8fpA~r\ir\ƒi›r\ha~gv†HsYi8h‚sYfv„ r\dAqgv
ý“þÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþÞþÞþÞþþþÞþ

ÿ ,) Ÿ û S ) 4 '
ÿ ‰  ¼ / j @C 3 / j @N j§3K¿

ÿ ,) Ÿ '  ÿ ¦¼ ÿ ,) / j @C Ä  3 ¿

4ÿ Ÿ '  ÿ ¦¼ j @A
3 / j @A
j$3 ¿
/
4ÿ Ÿ '  ÿ ¦¼* 4 ÿ / j @A
Ä 3 ¿
4ÿ Ÿ '  ÿ ¦¼* 4 ÿ  /
j @K
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j @K
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