Read without ads and support Scribd by becoming a Scribd Premium Reader.
See Premium Plans
 
147
•
C H A P T E R
•
11
•
GLYCOGEN SYNTHESISAND DEGRADATION
•
FunctionLocationConnectionsRegulationATP YieldATP CostMolecular Features
• • • • • • • • • • • •
LOCATION
Major deposits in liver for maintaining blood glucoseDeposits in muscle for providing glucose for muscle energyrequirements
FUNCTION
To store
glucose
equivalents and retrieve them on demand
 
•
148
•
Basic Concepts in Biochemistry
The synthesis and degradation of glycogen provide control of theavailability of glucose equivalents. Conditions that reflect low-glucoseand/or low-energy levels turn on glycogen degradation and turn off glycogen synthesis (Fig. 11-1). Regulation is principally through a cas-cade of phosphorylation that begins with increases in the concentrationof cAMP brought about by the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by hor-mones for low-glucose (glucagon) and low-energy (epinephrine) levels.Glycogen phosphorylase, the enzyme that degrades glycogen to glucose1-phosphate, is activated through phosphorylation catalyzed by phos-phorylase kinase. The phosphorylase kinase is, in turn, activated bycAMP-dependent protein kinase. In the absence of cAMP signals, theactivity of protein phosphatases keeps phosphorylase inactive and acti-vates glycogen synthase. Glycogen synthesis is inactivated by phos-phorylation of glycogen synthase, the enzyme responsible for makingglycogen.Regulation of glycogen synthesis and degradation is essentially thesame in the liver and muscle, but there are a couple of wrinkles. Glyco-gen degradation is also activated in muscle in response to the rise in intra-cellular calcium levels that accompanies contraction. This is achieved by
REGULATION
Primary signals:
Insulin
turns
synthesis on
,
degradation off 
.
Glucagon
turns
synthesis off 
,
degradation on
.
 Epinephrine
turns
synthesis off 
,
degradationon
.
Phosphorylation
turns
synthesis off 
,
degrada-tion on
.
Secondary signals:
Glucose 6-phosphate activates
synthesis
.Ca
2
-Calmodulin activates
degradation
byactivating phosphorylase kinase.
CONNECTIONS
Glycogen
to and from
glucose 1-phosphate
Glucose 1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphateGlucose 6-phosphate to
glucose (liver and kidney only)
Glucose 6-phosphate from
glucose
Glucose 6-phosphate to and from
glycolysis
and
gluconeogenesis
Glucose 6-phosphate to pentose phosphates (
not 
reversible)
 
11Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
•
149
•
LONG FORMSHORT FORM
UDPUDP-glucosePiglycogenphosphorylase
a(4)(4)(4)(7)(11)
branching enzyme4,4-transferase(debrancher)1,6-glucosidase(debrancher)glycogensynthaseG-1-PGLUCOSEUTPUDP-glucoseglucose-1-PUMPcore glycogenGLYCOGENGLUCOSE-1-PGLUCOSE-6-PGLYCOLYSISGLUCOSEcAMP cAMPAMP glucose-6-PCa+
2
-calmodulin
+ –+ ++
synthase&brancher(UDP-glucose)phosphorylase&debrancherPiHMP PATHWAY
Figure 11-1Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
The short form shows the major control features. The long form indicates thenumber of glucose residues required around the branch points to make the var-ious synthesis and degradation steps work correctly.
Search
Search History:
Searching...
Result 00 of 00
00 results for result for
  • p.
    • Notes
    Load more