‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬

‫‪POWER FACTOR‬‬
‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‪ :‬ﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ‪ /‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺭﻯ‬
‫‪Mgh_arab@hotmail.com‬‬
‫‪www.olom.info‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘـﺭﺩﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤـل ﺍﻟﻤﻘـﺎﻭﻡ‬

‫ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺃﺒﺩﺍ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎل‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻨﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻬﺩﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﻤل ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻨﻘﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺘﺭﺽ ﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ‪ single-phase‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻐﺫﻯ‬
‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ‪ ١٢٠‬ﻓﻭﻟﺕ ﻭ ‪ ٦٠‬ﻫﺭﺘﺯ ﺤﻤل ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻨﻘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺩ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺒل ﺇﻥ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻀﻌﻔﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺨﺫﻨﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺤﻤل ﻓﻌﺎل ‪:reactive‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺒـ ‪ZR‬‬

‫‪ZR = 60 + j0 Ω‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﺩ ﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ‪:‬‬

‫‪Z = 60∠0o‬‬
‫‪X L = 2π fL = 2π × 60 ×160 m = 60.319Ω‬‬
‫‪∴ Z L = R + jX L = 0 + j 60.319‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫= ‪I‬‬
‫‪or‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬
‫‪Z L = 60.319∠90o‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ E‬ﻫﻰ ﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ )ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل( ﻭ‪ Z‬ﻫﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻭﻗـﺔ‬

‫= ‪∴I‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪120‬‬
‫‪= 1.989A‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫‪Z 60.319‬‬
‫‪120V‬‬
‫= ‪∴I‬‬ ‫‪= 2A‬‬
‫‪60Ω‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ‪ ٢‬ﺃﻤﺒﻴﺭ )ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴـﻁ‬

‫‪ .(RMS‬ﻭﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺩﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻤـل ‪ 240 = I 2 R‬ﻭﺍﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻨﻪ ﺤﻤل ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻨﻘﻰ )ﻭﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺩ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻭ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺴـﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻜﺎ ﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﺄﺭﺠﺢ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﻴﻌﻴﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺭﺓ )ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺏ( ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻬﺩﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺩﺭﺓ )ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺏ( ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻬـﺩﺭﺓ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺼﻔﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺴﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺘﺄﺭﺠﺤﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺏ ﺃﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﻟﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻴﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎل‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﺘﻬﺩﺭ ﺠﺯﺀﺍ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺘﻌﻴﺩﻩ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺩﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ‬
‫ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ )ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺓ( ﺴﺴﺒﻪ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺠـﺯﺀ ﻓﻌـﺎل‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻤل ﺃﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺇﻫﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻘـﺎﻭﻡ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤـل‬
‫)ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻤﺎﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﻫﺩﺍﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺘﺤـﺩﻴﺎ ﻷﻥ‬

‫ﻤﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻤـﺎ ﻴﻌﻨـﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫‪X L = 2π fL = 2π × 60 ×160m‬‬

‫ﻋﺭﻓﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺘﻬﺩﺭ ﺃﻯ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Z L = 0 + j 60.319Ω‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻁﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻉ ﺒﻌﻜﺱ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻭﺠـﻭﺩ ﺠﻬـﺩ‬ ‫‪or‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺎﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻴﻭﺤﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤـﺭﻭﺭ‬ ‫‪Z L = 60.319Ω ∠90o‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟـﺔ‬ ‫‪Z R = 60 + j 0Ω‬‬
‫‪ reactive power‬ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺠﻬـﺩ‪-‬ﺃﻤﺒﻴـﺭ‪-‬ﻓﻌـﺎل‬ ‫‪or‬‬

‫‪ Volt-Amps-Reactive‬ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﺨﺘﺼـﺎﺭﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺤـﺩﺓ ﻓـﺎﺭ –‬ ‫‪Z R = 60Ω∠0o‬‬

‫‪∴ Z total = 60 + j 60.391Ω‬‬
‫ﺒﺘﻌﻁﻴﺵ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ‪ (VAR) -‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ‪ .Q‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪or‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ‪ true power‬ﻭﺘﻘـﺎﺱ‬
‫‪Z total = 85.078Ω∠45.152o‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺍﻁ ‪ watts‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ‪ P‬ﻭﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻫﺎﺘـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ( ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ‪apparent‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬
‫= ‪∴I‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.41A‬‬
‫‪ power‬ﻭﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﺼل ﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺒـﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﺨـﺫ‬ ‫‪Z 85.075‬‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻭﻟﺕ‪-‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻭ ﺭﺴﻤﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺒﻴﺭ )‪ Volt-Amps (VA‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺭﻤﺯ ‪.S‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻹﻫﺩﺍﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬

‫)‪ (R‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (X‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻓﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺭﺓ )‪.(Z‬‬

‫ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﻓﻌﺎﻻ ﻨﻘﻴﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﺄﺭﺠﺢ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠـﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ‪1- true power‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺒـﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺼﻔﺭﺍ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪P = I R (watts‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪E2‬‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤـل ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﺎل‬
‫= ‪,P‬‬ ‫) ‪(watts‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫)ﻜﺎﻟﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ( ﺴﺘﺘﺄﺭﺠﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠـﺏ ﺃﻴﻀـﺎ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ‪2- reactive power‬‬

‫) ‪Q = I 2 X (VAR‬‬
‫‪E2‬‬
‫= ‪,Q‬‬ ‫) ‪(VAR‬‬
‫‪X‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ‪3- apparent power‬‬

‫‪S = I 2Z‬‬ ‫)‪(VA‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫= ‪,S‬‬ ‫)‪(VA‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺤﻤل ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻨﻘﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﺜﻠـﺙ ﻴﻌـﺭﻑ‬

‫ﺒـ"ﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ"‪:‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺤﻤل ﻓﻌﺎل ﻨﻘﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺤﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻜﻨﺎ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻯ ﻨـﻭﻉ‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺤﻤل ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺩﺭﺓ( ‪ P‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ‪ .S‬ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻭﺘﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺠﻴﺏ ﺘﻤﺎﻡ ‪ Cosine‬ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠـﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤـل ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﺎل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪E2‬‬
‫= ‪Q‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪E2‬‬ ‫‪(120)2‬‬
‫= ‪∴X‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 120.002Ω‬‬
‫) ‪Q 119.998(VAR‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪C‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 22.105 µ F‬‬
‫)‪2π fX C 2π × (60Hz ) × (120.002Ω‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﺩﻋﻨﺎ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻤﻜﺜﻑ )‪ (C=22.105uF‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘـﻭﺍﺯﻯ ﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﻜﺄﻯ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺱ ﻟـﻪ ﺃﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﻓﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ‪.‬‬

‫* ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ‪ resistive‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﻤل‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﻭ ﻟﻠﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ )ﺘﺎﻡ( ﻭﺫﻟـﻙ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺴﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺼﻔﺭﺍ ﻭﺴﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺤﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺨﻁ ﺃﻓﻘﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫* ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﺴﻴﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻤﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺼﻔﺭﺍ ﻭﺴﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻜﺨﻁ ﺭﺃﺴﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻁﻭل ﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺴﻴﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺼﻔﺭ‪.‬‬

‫) ‪Z total = Z C //( Z L + Z R‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻘل‬
‫) ‪Z total = (120.57Ω∠ − 90 ) //(60.319Ω∠90 + 60∠0‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻴﻔﻭﻕ‬
‫‪Z total = 120.64 − j 573.58m Ω‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺎل ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻹﻴﺼﺎل ﻨﻔﺱ‬
‫‪or‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺊ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫‪Z total = 120.64Ω∠0.2724o‬‬ ‫ﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻜﻑﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪∴ P = True power = I 2 R = 119.365W‬‬
‫‪, S = Apparent power = I 2 Z = 119.366VA‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺊ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼﺤﺢ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﻤـل ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺤﺏ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻜﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻼﺸـﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ‪.‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗل ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ‪١,٤١‬‬
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﺜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﻤﻼﺸـﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻤﺒﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٩٩٤,٧‬ﻤﻠﻠﻰ ﺃﻤﺒﻴﺭ ﻭﻅﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻯ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ )ﻜﺤﻤل ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻰ(‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻹﻀﺎﻓﻰ‬
‫‪True power‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ( ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻼﺸﻰ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﺍﻷﺼـﻠﻰ )ﺍﻟﻤﻠـﻑ(‬
‫= ‪power factor‬‬
‫‪Apparent power‬‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻌﺎﻭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫‪119.365W‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﻭ ﻟﻠﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ )ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫= ‪power factor‬‬ ‫‪= 0.9999887‬‬
‫‪119.366VA‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪١١٩,٩٩٨‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺭ )ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺴﻴﻭﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻯ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻤـل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭﺴﻨﻔﻌل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻀﺭﺏ ﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل‬ ‫‪∴ impeadance angle = 0.272o‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﺒﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪∴ cos(0.272o ) = 0.9999887‬‬
‫‪S = IE = (9.615A )(240V ) = 2.308kVA‬‬
‫ﺘﺩل ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻭﻗﺔ ‪ impedance angle‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴـﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺜﻰ ‪ inductive‬ﻻﺯﺍل ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺴـﻌﻭﻯ ‪capacitive‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺍﻁ ﻤﻴﺘﺭ( ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ )‪ ٢,٣٠٨‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻓﻭﻟﺕ ﺃﻤﺒﻴـﺭ(‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻭ ﻭﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ )ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ=‪ (١‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌﻨـﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ )‪ ١,٥‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻭﺍﻁ( ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻨﻘﻰ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺤﺎل ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺤﻤل ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺴﻴﺊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﻯ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﺜﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪Power factor = 1.5/2.308 = 0.65‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﻤل ﺴﻌﻭﻯ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭ ﺠـﺩﺍ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺭﺴـﻡ‬ ‫)ﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ( ﺴﻴﻘﻠل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺫﺭ ﻤـﻥ‬

‫ﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﻜﺜﻴـﺭﺓ ﺠـﺩﺍ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫* ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﺜﻰ )ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ( ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﺨﻠﻑ ‪) lagging‬ﻷﻥ ﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻬﺩﻫﺎ(‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﻯ )ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ( ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﺌﺩ ‪. leading‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‪:‬‬

‫ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﻅﻭﻅﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻟﺩﻴﻙ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ ‪power‬‬

‫‪ factor meter‬ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺒﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺜﺎﻏﻭﺭﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪Re active power‬‬ ‫) ‪( Apparent power ) − (True power‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∴Q = 1.754 KVAR‬‬
‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﻫﻭ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭ ‪) lagging‬ﺤﺜﻰ( ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺘﺼـﺤﻴﺤﻪ ﺒﺈﻀـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻭﻤﻭﺼﻭل ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻯ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‪:‬‬
‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ ﻤﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺴﻴﻌﻁﻴﻙ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨـﻙ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺒﻀﺭﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜـﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺴـﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺒﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻁ ﻤﻴﺘـﺭ ‪، wattmeter‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻜﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪:‬‬

‫‪E2‬‬
‫= ‪Q‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪E2‬‬ ‫‪(240)2‬‬
‫= ‪∴X‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 32.845Ω‬‬
‫‪Q 1.754 KVAR‬‬
 ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪ XC‬‬
‫‪2π fC‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪∴C‬‬ ‫‪= 80.761µ F‬‬
‫‪2π fX C‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻫﻰ ‪ ٨٠,٧٦١‬ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻓﺎﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺘﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭ ﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻴﺴـﺎﻭﻯ‬

‫‪ ١٨٠‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﺴﻴﻼﺸﻰ ﻜﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺴﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪ ١,٥٠٠٠٩‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ‬

‫ﻓﻭﻟﺕ ﺃﻤﺒﻴﺭ ‪ .‬ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺴﺘﻅل ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺴﻴﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪ 0.99994‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﻘل ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫‪ 9.615‬ﺃﻤﺒﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 6.25‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻘﺩﺍ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺎ ﺃﻗل ﻓﻰ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻜﻜل‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻨﺘﻬﻰ ‪..‬‬