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(u) (3) tqufjzwfvdkufjcif;

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jrifEdkifrnf r[kwfay/
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(*) tay:upD;NyD; Munfhvdkufyg

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wGif usif;yaeonf[k xifjrifvdkufNyD; oifu Zmwfpiftay:rSpD;í jrif&aom yGJMunfhpifay:
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Munfhjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ yGJMunfhpifrSaeí Zmwfpifay:rS &ifqdkifyGJudk tjyifvlwpfa,mufvdk
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wpfvHk; }} tjzpf &IjrifMu&ef oifMum;xm;onf/ qmrl&dkif;\ xdyfoD;wpfOD;jzpfaom rlqm&Sdu
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onf þtwdkif; jzpfonf/
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a0;&modkYcGmjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/
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enf;tm;jzifh BudKwifjyifqifrI jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJumvtwGif;rSmvnf; tcgtcGifh&wdkif;
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(C) atmifyef;udk rsufajcrjywfygapeJY

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NyD; yxrqHk;vkyf&rnfhtvkyfrSm rdrd\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk pdppf&ef jzpfonf/
ààààà

(C) (1) vdktyfcsufrsm;udk owfrSwfyg

rdrdvdktyfcsufrsm; bmjzpfovJ[k rdrdudk,fudkar;Munfhaomtcg trsm;tm;jzifh wdus
aomtajz&Sdonfudk awGU&wwfonf/ ]] uRefawmfuawmh Ouú|BuD;u aemifESpftwGuf uRef
awmfh|me toHk;p7dwfudk wpfq,fhESpf&mcdkifEIef;wdk;apcsifygw,f }} ponfyif jzpfonf/ þonf
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az:jyxm;jcif; jzpf\/
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csufudk jzpfay:apaom rdrd\ awmifhwcsuf? pdwf0ifpm;rI? pdk;&drfrI paom taMumif;&if;cHrsm;
jzpf\/ ]] bmaMumifh }} [laomar;cGef;jzifh rdrd\ vdkvm;csufudk az:xkwfay;Edkifonf/ ]]bm
aMumifh 'gudkvdkcsifaeovJ¿ igb,fjyóemudk ajz&Sif;aewmvJ¿
awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJqdkonfrSm ESpfzufoGm;vrf; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh wpfzufvl\ vdktyf
csufudk rjznfhqnf;bJESifh rdrd\ vdktyfcsufudkcsnf; jznfhqnf;&ef rjzpfEdkifyg/ xdkYaMumifh ol\
vdktyfcsufudkvnf; rdrd\vdktyfcsufuJhodkY em;vnfoabmayguf&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/ txuf
vlBuD;u rdrd|me toHk;p&dwfudk wdk;ay;zdkY wGefYqkwfaejcif;onf olu ukrÜPDOuú|jzpfzdkY arQmfrSef;
aejcif;ay:wGif wnfEdkifygonf/ olYudk NcdK;NcHacRwmol wpfa,muftjzpf ukrÜPDtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU
u jrifap&efrSm olYtzdkYrsm;pGm ta&;BuD;onf r[kwfygvm;/
rdrd\ &yfwnfcsufudk r&&Sdonfhwdkif rdrdvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;Edkifonfhtcgvnf;
&Sdygonf/ |metwGuf &oHk;aiG wpfq,fhESpf&mcdkifEIef;wdk;a&;wGif ratmifjrifaomfvnf; tjcm;
tcGifh tvrf;wpfckudk wDxGifBuHq Edkifygonf/ þodkYjzifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUuvnf; rdrd|merS
txufvlBuD;udk tjrifMunfvifapEdkifygvdrfhonf/ rdrd\ pDrHudef;udk tqifhqifhcGJíMunfhvQif
rjzpfEdkifbl;vm;¿ yHkpHtm;jzifh ,ckESpftwGuf ajcmuf&mcdkifEIef;wdk;NyD; ukrÜPDOuú|topf cefYtyf
NyD;rS aemifESpftwGuf aemufxyf ajcmuf&mcdkifEIef; wdk;ay;rnf [laom tmrcHvQif rjzpfEdkifbl;
vm;¿ rdrd\ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk wdwdusus owfrSwfvdkufygu þodkYaom tcGifhtvrf;rsm;pGmudk
awGUvmygvdrfhrnf/
tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udkvnf; wif;Muyfaom &nfrSef;csuftm;jzifh rMunfhjrifbJ rdrd\vdktyf
csufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;rnfh wdusaom om"ursm;tjzpf ,lqyg/ &&Sdrnfh &vm'fum; &nfrSef;
xm;aom oabmwlnDcsufrsdK; jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ wpfzufvlu rdrd\ wifjycsufudk oabmwlvufcH
rnf[k uHaouHr qdkEdkifrnf r[kwfaomfvnf; aqG;aEG;yGJ tawmtwGif;wGif ydkíaumif;aom
tcGifhtvrf; wpfckudk &&SdapEdkifygvdrfhrnf/
(C) (2) BATNA ñSdEdIif;aqG;aEG;yGJ rvkyfbJESifh&Edkifonfh taumif;qHk;&vm'fudkowfrSwfjcif;

aqG;aEG;yGJ&vm'f Prize onf rdrd\ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk enf;enf;yg;yg; jznfhqnf;ay;
aom oabmwlnDcsuf wpfckjzpf&HkESifh rvHkavmufyg/ ñSdEdIif;oabmwlnDcsuf &vm'fonf ñSd
EdIif;aqG;aEG;yGJ rvkyfbJESifh rdrdbmom&,lEdkifaom taumif;qHk;&vm'f BATNA Best Alterna-
tive to a Negotiated Agreement xufydkí tusdK;&SdzdkY vdkygonf/
BATNA udka&G;vQif wpfzufvl\ oabmwlnDcsufrvdkbJ rdrdvdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;
10
Edkifonf/ rdrd vlBuD;ESifh vpmwdk;a&;udk aqG;aEG;jcif; jzpfygu oif\ BATNA rSm tjcm;tvkyf
wpfck ajymif;vkyfzkdYjzpfonf/ q,fausmfouft&G,fom;orD;ESifh olwkdY\&IyfyGaeaom tcef;t
wGuf aqG;aEG;jcif;\ (BATNA)rSm xkdtcef;ukd ukd,fwkdif&Sif;vif;ay;&ef jzpfaumif;jzpfeKdifonf/
þ'kwd, taumif;qkH;rsm;onf rdrdESifhwuG rdrdESifh wpfyg;olwkdYtMum; qufqHa&;twGuft
aumif;qkH;r[kwfonfrSmrSefygonf/ þtaMumif;aMumif;yif xkdxuf BATNA aumif;aomajz
&Sif;csufukd &SmazGñSdeKdif;ae&jcif; jzpfygonf/ okdYaomfrdrdBATNA onf ta&;MuD;aom ñSdEdIif;
oabmwlnDcsufwpfcktwGuf pHcsdefwkdif;aywH jzpf&ayvdrfYrnf/
BATNA Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement aqG;aEG;&&Sdcsufukd owfrSwf&m
wGif taumif;qkH;okH;rsKd;ukd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf/ (yxr) rdrd\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd taumift
xnfaz:&ef rdrdwpfOD;wnf;taeeJY bmrsm;vkyfEkdifovJ¿ tvG,fqkH;Oyrm- rdrdu0,foljzpfae
vQif aemuf a&mif;olwpfa,mufukd&Sm&ef? rdrdu a&mif;oljzpfaevQif aemuf 0,folwpfa,muf
ukd&Sm&efjzpf\('kwd,) wpfzufvlu rdrd\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd tav;*&kjyKvmap&ef oltm;bm
rsm;wkduf&kduf jyKvkyfay;EkdifovJ¿ Oyrm- oltm;usOf&ef(oydwfarSmuf&ef) okdYr[kwfppfaMunm
&ef jzpf\ (wwd,) rdrd\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd yhHykd;ay;Ekdifrnfh wwd,tpkwpfckukd þudpöxJokdY
rnfokdYqGJoGif;vmEkdifovJ¿ ,if;rSm w&m;&kH;okdYwuf&ef okdYr[kwf Mum;ujzefajzrIukd vufcH&ef
jzpfonf/ ,if;okdYjzpfEkdifajcrsm;ukdpkpnf;jyD;aemuf taumif;qkH;ukda&G;vkdufyg/
taumif;qkH;aemufwpfckqkdonfrSm BudKwif&SdaeNyD;r[kwf ,if;udkzefwD;,l&onf/ oif
\ BETA u rcdkifrmvQif ckdifrmatmifjyKjyif,l&rnf/ yHkpHtm;jzifh vuf&Sdvkyfief;rSmyif tjcm;
tvkyfwpfck&&ef pOf;pm;rnfhtpm; tjcm;vkyfief;wpfckrS tvkyfurf;vSrf;csuf wpfckudk &atmif
&Smxm;yg/ rdrd\tdrfudk a&mif;&efaqG;aEG;aeonf qdkygpdkY pdwf0ifpm;olwpfa,mufudk jyNyD;&Hkjzifh
at;raebJ aemufwpfu,f0,fvdkolwpfa,mufudkyg &Smxm;yg/
BATNA onf aqG;aEG;rI pGrf;&nf\ aomhcsuf jzpfonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJwGif oifwpfzuf
vlxuf taumifBuD;onf? tiftm;ydkonf? tawGUtBuHKydkrsm;onf [laom tcsufwdkYxuf rdrd
\ BATNA u rnfrQydkaumif;onf [laomtcsufu ydkíta&;ygonf/ (aemufvkyfief;u)
tvkyfurf;vSrf;csuftopfu aumif;aevQif oif\vpm auseyfzG,f&mwdk;ay;&ef oifhvlBuD;u
pOf;pm;vdrfhrnf/ txl;ojzifh txufvlBuD;u oifhtvkyfae&mwGif cefYxm;&ef tjcm;wpfa,muf
udk rowfrSwfao;vQif þodkYydk jzpfEdkifygonf/ rdrdwGif tvm;tvmaumif;aom 'k-taumif;
qHk; aemufwpfenf;&SdaeNyD; wpfzufvlwGif r&Sdygu aqG;aEG;yGJwGif rdrdu tompD;&Edkifygonf/
wenf;tm;jzifh rdrd\ BATNA aumif;oavmuf aqG;aEG;rIpGrf;&nf ydkí&Sdayrnf/
BATNA udk tdyfxJrSm aqmifxm;yg/ wpfzufvlu tjyif;txefxdk;ESufvmí pdwfvIyf
&Sm;vmygu tdyfudk tomt,mykwfNyD; 'DwdkufyGJutqifrajyawmif iguawmh tdkauyguGm
vdkYajymvdkufyg/
(C) (3) aqG;aEG;oifh roifh qHk;jzwfyg

rdrd\vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh rdrd\ BATNA udk odem;vnfNyD;aemuf aqG;aEG;zdkYoifh? roifh
pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ tcsdKUaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf tvkyfuxGufoGm;&ef oifhonfrSmMumvSNyDjzpfonfh
11
wdkifatmif (tcsdefrsm;pGm,lí) tvGefñSif;yef;ESdyfpufaom txufvlBuD;ESifh bmaMumifhqufNyD;

aqG;aEG;&ef BudK;pm;aewwfMuygoenf;¿ tavhtusifh rdrdwGiftjzpf&Sdonf[k rvHkjcif;? rdrd
udk,fudk tjypfwifjcif;wdkYonf taMumif;w&m;rsm; jzpfEdkifaomfvnf; tcgrsm;pGmwGif rdrdtwGuf
'k-taumif;qHk; BATNA udk rowfrSwfEdkifjcif;? odkYr[kwf rsufajcjywfjcif;wdkYaMumifh jzpfEdkifonf/
wpfcgwpf&H rdrd\ BATNA onf wpfzufvlESifh &&SdEdkiforQ oabmwlnDcsufxuf ydkí
aumif;aeEdkifygonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJ[lonfrSm wefzdk;BuD;ygonf/ tcsdefukefvlyef;&Hkru ,if;tcsdef
twGif;wGif tjcm;aom taumif;qHk;rsm;udkvnf; vufvGwfqHk;&HI;Edkifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh aqG;aEG;
rnfqdkaomtcg aocsmpGm pOf;pm;a0zefNyD;rS qHk;jzwf&ef vdkayonf/
rdrd\ BATNA udk &Sdonfxufydkí wefzdk;jzwfrdwwfygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;orm; trsm;tjym;
wdkYonf udk,fhudkudk ,HkMunfrIvGefaeaom a&Shaersm;\ tBuHay;csufrsm;tay:tm;xm;í jyó
emrsm; aqG;aEG;jcif;rjyKbJ &Hk;wif&ef qHk;jzwfcJhMu&mrS pD;yGm;a&;ysufpD;rIESifh BuHKcJh&ygonf/ &Hk;
a&mufaomtrI? oydwf odkYr[kwf ppfyGJwdkif;wGif wpfzuf odkYr[kwf ESpfzufpvHk;tzdkY rdrd\
BATNA onf rdrdxifxm;oavmuf rpGHaMumif;awGU&wwfonf/ þtcsufudk BudKíodxm;ygu
oabmwlnDcsuf r&? &atmif wGef;tm;wpfck jzpfvmEdkifonf/
(C) (4) &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifudk rsufajcrjywfygapeJY

xdkYaMumifh &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifonf rdrd\ BATNA u pGrf;aqmifEdkifonfxuf rdrd\
vdktyfcsufrsm;udk ajyvnfapaomoabmwlnDcsuf wpfckjzpf&rnf/ NydKifzuf\ vdktyfcsufrsm;
udkvnf; wyfEdkifoavmuf jznfhqnf;ay;&ayrnf/ rdrd\&nfrSef;csuf (yef;wdkif) bmjzpfonfudk
odem;vnfonfhaemufwGifrl ,if;udkrsufajcrjywfatmif Munfhxm;&rnf/ þudpörSm vG,fvSonf
r[kwfay? a'goxGufaomtcg wdkufcdkufvdkpdwfay:vmwwfonf/ pdwfysuftm;avsmhaomtcg
aqG;aEG;yGJrSxGufoGm;vdkpdwf jzpfvmwwfonf/ þodkYjzpfvQif obm0wkHYjyefrIqdkonfudk rnfodkY
aomenf;jzifh z,fxm;Muygoenf;¿

(i) upm;uGufudk trnfwyfay;vdkufyg
wpfcgwpf&H vuf&SdtajctaewGif epfajrmyg0ifywfoufaeaomtcg rdrdu wkefYjyefae
onfudkyif owdrxm;rdbJ &Sdwwfonf/ xdkYaMumifh yxrqHk;vkyf&rnfrSm (wpfzufvl\) enf;
AsL[mudk todtrSwfjyKxm;vdkuf&ef jzpfonf/ a&S;a[mif; ('@m&D) rsm;wGif ewfqdk;wpfa,muf
vdk trnfwyfí ac:vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh ,if;ewfqdk;udk armif;xkwfNyD; jzpfonf[k t,l&Sdonf/
xdkYaMumifh wpfzuf\ rw&m;aom enf;AsL[mudk xkwfaz:vdkufEdkifjcif;jzifh ol\wefcdk;udk y,f
zsufNyD;jzpfvdrfhrnf/
enf;AsL[moHk;rsdK;
enf;AsL[m'gZifaygif;rsm;pGm&Sd&m ,if;wdkYudk a,bl,stm;jzifh twm;tqD;jyKjcif;? &efp

&dkif;pdkif;jcif;? xifrSwfrSm;apjcif; wdkYay:wGifwnfí oHk;rsdK;oHk;pm; cGJjcm;Edkifonf/
12
(i) (1) ausmufwHwdkif;um&Hjcif;

ausmufwHwdkif;um&Hjcif;enf;AsL[monf wpfqHcsnfrQa&GUray;aom enf;jzpfonf/ wpf
zufvlonf tavsmhtwif; vHk;0rvkyfyJ ol\&yfwnfcsufrSvGJí tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&mr&SdaMumif;
oifhtm;oabmaygufapygvdrfhrnf/ ausmufwHwdkif;udk wpfcgwpf&Hü NyD;NyD;om;udpöwpf&yf toGif
jzifhawGU&\/ ]] udpöujywfNyD;om;bJ bmrSxyfvkyfvdkY r&awmhbl; }} odkYr[kwf csrSwfNyD;aom ay:vpD
tjzpfawGU&wwfonf/ ]] 'gu uRefawmfwdkY ay:vpDyJ? usKyftaeeJYbmrSvkyfvdkY r&bl; }} odkYr[kwf
,cifqHk;jzwfcsufwpfckudk udk;um;vmwwf\/ ]] vc&Spf&mcdkifEIef;rS wdk;r&&if uRefawmfEIwfxGuf
ygr,fvdkY or*¾tzGJU0ifawGudk uwdcHcJhNyD;om;yJ }} wpfzef wpfzufvlonf tqHk;r&Sdaom aESmufaES;
MuefYMumrIudk jyKvkyfwwf\/ ]] uRefawmfwdkY xyfNyD;qufoG,fyghr,f }} odkYr[kwf aemufqHk;pum;
tjzpf ]] BudKufvJ,laygh rBudKufvJxm;cJhaygh }} [líqdkEdkifonf/ oifxyfrH tBuHjyKwifjyorQudk
]] [ifhtif; }} [kom tajzay;vdrfhrnf/
(i) (2) wdkufcdkufrIrsm;

wdkufcdkufrI qdkonfrSm zdtm;ay;enf;AsL[m jzpfonf/ oifhtm;aMumuf&GHUNyD; aerxd
xdkifrom jzpfoGm;um NydKifzuf\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk tavQmhay; vdkufavsmatmif&nf&G,f
onf/ tawGU&trsm;qHk;rSm olxifovdk vufrcHvQif aemifjzpfvmrnf tusdK;qufudk az:jy
Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif; jzpfonf/ ]] 'Dvdkvkyf&ifvkyf? rvkyf&if }} [lí jzpf\/ oif\wifjycsufudk tjypf
&Sm\/ ]] cifAsm;wifjyxm;wJh udef;*Pef;awGu odyfuGmaew,f }} oif\ odu©mudk xdyg;apjcif;
jzpf\/ ]] 'Dtvkyfudk cifAsm;vkyfwmrMumao;bl; r[kwfvm; }} oif\ tqifhESifh vkyfydkifcGifhudk
axmufjy\/ ]] usKyfwdkYu wu,fqHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&SdoleJYom ajymcsifwm }} wdkufcdkufolonf olYvdk
vm;csuf r&rcsif; oifhtm;apmfum; tEdkifusifhí xdk;eufrnf jzpfonf/
(i) (3) vSnfhpm;rI

vSnfhpm;jcif; qdkonfrSm oifhtm;tavQmhay;ap&ef vdrfnmaom enf;AsL[m jzpfonf/
wpfzufvo l nf &d;k om;pGm trSew f &m;udk az:xkwaf eonf [laom oif\cH,cl suu f kd tcGiahf umif;
,lwwfonf/ wpfenf;rSm rrSefuefaom? vkyfBuHxm;aom? &IyfaxG;aom udef;*Pef;rsm;udk
toHk;jyKNyD; pm&if;Z,m;udk vdrfxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ aemufwpfenf;rSm NydKifzufonf udpö&yfudk
qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&Sdol wpfOD;uJhodkY [efaqmifum rdrdxHrS &Edkifoavmuf ñSpf,lNyD; wu,fqHk;jzwf
&rnfh tcsdefa&mufrS olYtxufvlwpfa,mufuom tqHk;tjzwfay;EdkifaMumif; ajymjcif; jzpf
onf/ ,if;udk ]] r&SdwJhtmPm }} enf;[k ac:onf/ aemufwpfenf;rSm ]] xyfaqmif; }} enf;
jzpfonf/ rdrdu oabmwlnDcsuf&NyD[k ,lqNyD; aemufqHk;rS wpfzufu xyfwdk;í wifjyawmif;
qdk vmenf; jzpfonf/
enf;AsL[mudk todtrSwfjyKyg

enf;AsL[mwpfck\ tusdK;oufa&mufrIudk ajczsuf&ef aomhcsufrSm ,if;udk todtrSwf
13
jyKjcif; jzpfonf/ wpfzufol\ enf;AsL[monf ausmufwHwdkif;enf; jzpfonf[k todtrSwfjyK

vdkufvQif olYudk tavsmhtwif; rvkyfwwfol[k ,lqrl avsmhoGm;vdrfhrnf/ wdkufcdkufvmrIudk
twdtusem;vnfxm;jcif;jzifh aMumuf&GHUjcif;? pdwfqif;&Jjcif;'Pf rcH&bJ wpfzufvl\ vdrf
vnfvSnfhzsm;rIrS uif;vGwfEdkifonf/
xdkenf;rsm;\ xda&mufrIrSm rdrdtay:bmvkyfvdkufonfudk oifu rodjcif;tay: wnf
onf/ yHkpHtm;jzifh oifhazgufonfu ]] aps;EIef;udk olu oabmusygonf odkY&mwGif ol\ygwem
u pmcsKyfudk jyifqifcsuf trsm;tjym; rjyKvkyfbJ vufrSwfa&;xdk;cGifhrjyK }} [k ajymvmonf/
qdkygpdkY olonf ol\ ygwemtm; ]] vlqdk; }} tjzpf toHk;csaejcif;udk owd rjyKrdygu olajym
aom jyifqifcsufrsm;udk jyKvkyf&ef oabmwlvdkufvdrfhrnf/ enf;AsL[mudk odem;vnfxm;jcif;
jzifh owdxm; qufqHEdkifonf/
todtrSwfjyK&ef tcufqHk;enf;AsL[mrSm vdrfnmcsufrsm; jzpf\/ NydKifzufonf trSefudk
rajymbJ oifu trSef[k ,lq&ef tm;xkwfvdrfhrnf/ ol\ ,ckajympum;rsm;ESifh ol\twdwf
uajympum;rsm; vkyfyHkudkifyHk? rsufESmay;? udk,f[eftaetxm;? toHaetoHxm;wdkYtMum;
o[Zmw rjzpfrIwdkYudk apmifhMunfh&efvdkonf/ vlvdrfonf pum;vHk;rsm;udk usifvnfpGm a&G;cs,f
oHk;EIef;Edkifaomfvnf; pdk;&drfaMumifhusrIaMumifh vdyfjymroefYaomaMumifh toHedrfhjrifh udkrlrxdef;
Edkifay/ rsufESmay;udkvnf; xdef;&efcufwwfonf/ yHkpHtm;jzifh oltNyHK;onf tcrJh jzpfaewwf
onf/ pdk;&drfaMumifhusrI qdkonfrSm taMumif;&if;trsm;&Sdwwfojzifh oJvGefp wpfckwnf;jzifh
rvHkavmufyg/ oJvGefptrsm;udk &SmMunfh&rnf/
enf;AsL[mrsm;udk apmifhMunfhjcif; qdkonfrSm Edk;Edk;Mum;Mum;&Sdjcif;om jzpfonf/ tvGef
trif; oHo,&Sdjcif; r[kwfay/ wpfcgwpf&H uREkfyfwdkYonf tjcm; vlwpfa,muf\ tjyKtrludk
em;vnfrI vGJwwfonf/ ,ckacwfwGif emrnftBuD;qHk; EdkifiHa&;jrifuGif;wpfckrSm 1960-ckESpf
ukvor*¾wGif rdefYcGef;ajym&if; qdkAD,uf0efBuD;csKyf eDuDwmu&k&Sufu pm;yGJudk zdeyfjzifhxkaeyHk
jzpfonf/ vlwdkif;u ol\vGefuJaom tjyKtrlonf taemuftkyfpkudk Ncdrf;ajcmuf&ef &nf&G,f
aom enf;AsL[mwpfck jzpfonf[k ,lq\/ ]] ckwpfBudrf zdeyfeJYxk&if aemufwpfcgus EsLuvD;,m;
vufeufeJY rxkaybl;vm;¿ }} [k awG;Muonf/ aemiftESpf oHk;q,ftMumwGifrl u&k&Suf\om;
qma*u olYzcif\ &nf&G,fcsufonf trsm;xifxm;wmESifh rsm;pGmuGJjym;aMumif; &Sif;jy\/
qdkAD,uf,leD,H e,ferdwf tjyifzufodkY ta&muftaygufenf;aom u&k&Sufu taemuf
EdkifiHvlxkonf jyif;xefaomEdkifiHa&; tajctwifyGJrsm;udk BudKufESpfoufMuonf[k Mum;zl;xm;
\/ xdkYaMumifholu taemufEdkifiHy&dowf oabmusrnf[k ,lqum rdrdwifjyvdkonfh tcsufudk
zdeyfjzifhpm;yGJudk xkjcif;jzifh tav;teuf azmfjyvdkuf\/ y&dwfowfu vefYjzefYNidrfusoGm;aom
tcg u&k&Sufxuf tHhMooGm;ol r&Sdawmhay/ ol (taemufEdkifiHom;wpfa,muf)vdk BudK;pm;jyK
rlcJhonf r[kwfygvm;¿ u&k&Suf\ tqifrajyaom jyKrlcsufonf rwluGJjym;aom ,Ofaus;rI
ESpfckaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom em;vnfrI vGJrSm;csufwpfckom jzpfygonf/
xdkYaMumifh a&'gudk toHk;jyKyg/ oHcsyfumtusÐudk r0wfygESifh/ vdrfnmjzef;oef;rIwpfck
odkYr[kwf rodrom xdk;ESufrIwpfckudk cHpm;rdaomtcg pdwfxJrSm rSwfxm;vdkufyg/ ,if;udk tod
trSwfjyKvdkufjcif;jzifh ajczsufvdkufNyD; ,if;onf {uef{u udpöwpfck r[kwfbJ jzpfEdkifzG,f&m
14
wpfcktjzpfom pdwfwGifaw;xm;ay;vdkufyg/ qufqH&cufolrsm;onf enf;AsL[mwpfckudkom

oHk;Muonf r[kwfojzifh tjcm;taxmuftxm; rsm;udkvnf; &SmMunfhyg/
rdrd\ aysmhuGufrsm;udk odem;vnfyg
NydKifzufu rdrdtay:toHk;csaom enf;AsL[mrsm;udk aumif;pGmajczsuf&eftwGuf ol\

enf;AsL[mrsm;udkomru rdrd\cHpm;csufudkvnf; odem;vnf&ef vdktyfonf/
rdrdu wpfzufvltm; wkHYjyefaeNyDqdkonfudk yxrqHk; rdrd\ cE¨mudk,frS od&onf/ Adkuf
xJu atmifhvmonf &ifuckefvmonf rsufESmueDvmNyD; vufz0g;wGif acR;jyefvmonf/ xdk
tcsufwdkYu wpfckckrSm;aeaMumif; aqG;aEG;yGJwGif oifonf wnfNidrfrIudk rxdef;EdkifawmhaMumif;
jyonf/ oifonf yGJMunfhpifjrifhodkY wufcsdefwefNyDjzpfaMumif; ñTef;aeMuonf/
uREfkyfwdkYtm;vHk;wGif pdwf"gwfa&;&mt& xdcdkufvG,faom ae&mrsm;&SdMuonf/ ,if;wdkYudk
(aysmhuGuf) rsm;[k ac:Edkifonf/ tcsdKUonf ao;i,faom a0zefrIrsdK;udkyif wl;wl;cg;cg; wkHYjyef
wwf\/ wpfpHkwpfa,mufu rdrdudkavSmifonf[k xifrSwf,Hkjzifh tBuD;tus,f a'goxGufwwf
onf/ rdrd t,ltqudk vufrcHvQifyif rcHEdkif? r&yfEdkif jzpfwwf\/ tcsdKUurl udk,fhwGif wm0ef
&Sdonf[k ,lqívnf;aumif;? wpfzufom;u rdrdudkrkef;wD;rnfpdk;ívnf;aumif;? tcsif;rsm;rSm
aMumufívnf;aumif; tavQmhay;wwfMuonf/
rdrdaysmhuGufrsm;udk odxm;ygu wpfzufu rdrd\aysmhuGufudk wdkufcdkufvmonfESifhodEdkif
onf/ wpfzef,if;odkYodvdkufjcif;jzifh rdrd\obm0wkefYjyefrIudk xdef;csKyfEdkifvdrfhrnf/ rdrdtm;pepf
pnf;urf;r&Sd? acgif;&Iyfaeol[k tac:rcHvdkvQif pepfwus pnf;urf;&Sdatmif BudKwifjyifqifxm;
yg/ xdkYaemufwGifrl tjcm;wpfa,mufu rdrdtm; A&koku© Edkifonf[k pGyfpGJaomtcg cgxkwfvdkuf
Edkifygvdrfhrnf/
uREkfwdkYonf NydKifqdkifrItwdNyD;aom ywf0ef;usifwGif aexdkifvkyfudkif aeMu&onf/ xdkY
aMumifh EIwfjzifhwdkufcdkufrIrsm;&Sdrnfudk arQmfvifhxm;NyD; ,if;wdkYudk *&krpdkufygESifh/ wpfzufvlonf
rdrd\a'go? taMumufw&m;ESifh vdrfjymroefYrIwdkYtay: tcGifhaumif;,l&ef arQmfvifhxm;aMumif;
owd&yg/ rdrdu pdwfcHpm;rIrsm;udk rxdef;csKyfEdkifbJ aqG;aEG;&mwGifxda&mufrI r&Sdygu olYtBudKuf
jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf/ uREkfwdkYi,fpOfu upm;az:wpfa,mufu &efvdkapmfum;vmaomtcg ]] ajym
csif&majym ig*&krpdkuzl; }} [k ajymcJhMuonf r[kwfygvm;¿ þoifcef;pmonf vlBuD;rsm;tae
jzifhvnf; owd&zdkYaumif;aom oifcef;pmwpfck jzpfygonf/
wdkufcdkufxdk;ESufjcif;cH&aomtcg wpfzufvludk 'gxufydkNyD; bmrSrvkyfwwfoltjzpf &Ijrif
jcif;onf rsm;pGmtaxmuftul jzpfapygonf/ yHkpHtm;jzifh txufvlBuD;u rdrd\ vkyfazmfudkifzuf
rsm;a&ShwGif rMumcP tjypf&Sm qlyljcif;cH&aom trsdK;orD;wpfOD;\ cH,lcsufudk MunfhMupdkY/
]] olYtaMumif;udk acgif;xJxnfhxm;wkef;u udk,fwdkifa&m rdom;pka&m odyfNyD;pdwf'ku©a&mufcJhMu
&w,f? aemufawmh ol[m igh&JUb0eJY bmrSrqdkifbl;vdkY qHk;jzwfNyD; oleJYcGmNyD; pOf;pm;vdkufw,f
'Dawmh atmf 'if;[m vleJYoleJY b,fvdkqufqHr,fqdkwm rodwJh oem;p&mowå0gygvm;....
vdkY oabmaygufvmw,f/ tJ'Daemuf olbmvkyfvkyf uRefru vspfvsL&Ixm;vdkufw,f/ uRefrudk
15
b,fvdk cvkwfwdkufwdkuf rvIyfrSef;odawmh olYtusifhqdk;vJ &yfoGm;ygw,f }}
(p) tcsdef,lí pOf;pm;yg

pum;uGufudk trnfwyfí vufiif;wkHYjyefrIudk a&SmifNyD;aomf aemufwpfqifhrSm pOf;pm;
&ef tcsdef,ljcif; jzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh yGJMunfhpifjrifodkYwuf&ef jzpfonf/
(p) (1) acwå&yfvdkufyg bmrS rajymygeJY

wif;rmaom aqG;aEG;yGJ wpfck\tv,fwGif tvG,fqHk;tcsdef,l pOf;pm;enf;rSm &yfem;NyD;
bmrSrajymjcif; jzpfonf/ pdwfqdk;aepOf pdwfysufaepOf wkHYjyefjcif;jzifh tusdK;r&SdEdkifyg/ rdrd\
qkH;jzwfcsufonf wvGJwacsmfjzpfaewwfonf/ þonfrSm &kd;&kd;pdwfykdif;qkdif&m udpöwpf&yf r
[kwfyg/ a'gopdwfwif;usyfrIwkdYESifh ,SOfwGJaeaom wdusaomZd0"gwk ajymif;vJrIrsm;aMumifh jzpf
ay:vmygonf/ ,if;ajymif;vJrIrsm; ys,foGm;onftxd puúefYtenf;i,frQ tcsdef,ljcif;jzifhyif
udpöt&yf&yfukd ykdí ,xmblwusus jrifapEdkifygvdrfYrnf/ aomrwf*sufzmqefu a'goxGuf
aevQif pum;rajymrSD wpfq,ftxd a&wGufyg/ odyfa'goxGufaevQif wpf&mxd a&wGufyg [l
í ajymbl;ygonf/
acwå&yfem;jcif;jzifh oifhtzkdY yGJMunfhpifjrifhay:okdYwuf&ef puúefYtenf;i,f &apouJh
okdY wpfzufvltm;vnf; pdwfNidrfoGm;ap&ef tcGifhtvrf;&ygapvdrfYrnf/ tajctwifqufajym
a&;udpöonf olwm0efjzpfvmvdrfYrnf/ oifbm awG;awmMuHqaeonfukd rodaomaMumifh ol
u ydkírQrQww wkHYjyefvmvdrfYrnf/ txda&mufqkH;aqG;aEG;rItcsKdUrSm vkH;0eKwfydwfaejcif;jzifh
NyD;ajrmuf atmifjrifoGm;wwfygonf/
okdYpOfvQuf wpfzufvluqufvufí qlylaeonfqkdygpkdY? &kyf&Sifxkwfvkyfolwpfa,muf
\ ola|;MuD;onf omreftao;tzGJY udpöuav;rsm;MuKH&vQifyif aygufuGJwwf\/ a'goxGuf
vQif oluqGJxkd;csifpdwf aygufrdaMumif;? rdwfaqGtm;ajymjy&m rdwfaqGu]]'DvkdpOf;pm;Munfhyg}}
olu cifAsm;ukd atmfaigufaewmr[kwfbl;? olbmolatmfcsifvkdY atmf[pfaewm? tJ'Dawmh
aemufwpfcg tJ'Dvkda[mufvm&if ukvm;xkdifaemufausmukdrSD? vufykdufjyD;xkdifaevkduf? ol
a[mufoHawG cif;Asm;tay:uausmfjyD; vGifhoGm;vdrfYr,f/ ol'Dvkd yGifhxGufoGm;wJhtwGuf ol
twGuf b,favmufaumif;oGm;w,fqkdwm cifAsm;bmomwGufMunfhvkdufyg[k tBuHay;yg
onf/ aemiftcgwGif xkwfvkyfolu þtBuHvufawGYwGifatmifjrifaMumif; jyefíowif;ykdYonf
tvkyform;or*¾ESifhtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwkdY aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif rMumcPawGYBuHK&wwfaom
pum;ppfxkd;yGJrsm;ukdvnf; txufygcsOf;uyfenf;jzifh a&SmifvGJEdkifygonf/ wpfcgwGifrl ESpfzuf
vkH;u wpfBudrfrSmwpfa,mufom pdwfqkd;aMu; [laompnf;urf;wpfck csvkdufMuonf/ xkdt
cg wpfzufua'gxaevQif aemufwpfzufu rwkHYjyefbJae&awmhonf/ wkHYjyefrdvQif rdrdwkdYt
zkdY aysmhnHNyD; rxdef;csKyfEkdifolrsm;jzpfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ þpnf;urf;aMumifh wkHYjyefrIwefjyef? wkHY
jyefrIoHo&mvnf; ysufoGm;avonf/
cHpm;rIqkdonfukd vkH;vkH;BuD;y,fxm;vkdYr&paumif;yg? y,f&efvnf;rvkdyg/ cHpm;rIESifhvuf
awGUaqmif&GufrI tMum;rS uGif;qufukd jzwfypfvkduf&efomvkdygonf/ a'goxGufjcif;? pdwf
16
ysufjcif;? pkd;&GHUjcif;wkdYukd cHpm;Munfhyg/ wpfzufvlukd xkd;ESufvkdu pdwful;jzifhxkd;ESufvkdufyg/ odkY

&mwGifcHpm;rIESifh &kwfw&ufjzpfay:aom EdI;qGpdwfudkawmh vufawGUtaumiftxnf raz:vdkuf
ygeJY/ EdI;qGpdwfudk ab;z,fxm;NyD; rdrdtjyKtrludkvnf; &yfxm;vdkufyg/ odkYjyKvkyf&mwGif em&DESifh
csDí Mumonfxif&aomfvnf; trSeftm;jzifh puúefYtenf;rQom Mumygvdrfhrnf/ wpfzufvlu
atmf[pf aigufief;aepOf odkYr[kwf ausufwHwdkif;umenf;oHk;aepOf þodkYjyK&ef rvG,fonfrSm
rSefygonf/ odkY&mwGif aqG;aEG;rI atmifjrifa&;twGufrl vdktyfcsufwpfck jzpfygonf/ or®musrf;pm
wGif vmonfhtwdkif; ]] em;axmif&mwGif jrefygap? ajym&mwGifMumygap (vufawGU) vkyfaqmif
&mwGif tcsdef,lyg }}
(p) (2) wdwfacGudk jyef&pfyg

&yfxm;onfqdk&mwGif tcsdeftuefYtowf&Sdonf/ pOf;pm;&ef tcsdef,lyg (wdyf) acGudk
ajymif;jyefjyef&pfNyD; wpfcgjyefzGifhouJhodkY ajymcJhorQpum;tajctwifudk jyefajymMunfhyg/ wpf
zufoltm; ]] cifAsm;bmqdkvkdw,fqdkwmudk usKyfaoaocsmcsm em;vnfcsifvdkYyg }} [k taMumif;
jyNyD; ,cktcsdeftxd aqG;aEG;cJhNyD;orQudk jyefíoHk;oyfjyyg/
yHkpHtm;jzifh rdrdu tNyD;owfta&mif;t0,fwpfckudk 0,folESifhtwl pmcsKyfrcsKyfrD aemuf
qHk;tBudrf jyefvSefavhvmaeMuonf qdkygpdkY? olu tajctaeuawmhtawmfaumif;ygw,f?
0efaqmifrIpmcsKyfudkaum oabmrwlEdkifbl;vm;? tcrJhav? b,fvdkwkef;? oabmwlw,fr[kwf
vm; [k oluurf;vSrf;vmonfqdkygpdkY/
olYvSnfhuGufudk csufcsif;wkHYjyefNyD; ]] tif; }} okYdr[kwf ]] [ifhtif; }} tajzay;vdkufygu
qHk;jzwfcsuftrSm;csrdzdkY trsm;BuD;aocsmonf/ xdkYaMumifh yGJMunfhpifjrifhay:u Munfhyg/ (wdyf) acG
udk jyefzGifhjyvdkufyg wpfzufvltm; ]] [,f&Da& cifAsm;bmqdkvdkw,fqdkwm odyfoabmrayguf
bl;? ck'Dtajctaexd a&mufvmyHkudk jyefMunfhMu&atmif/ tck udpöudk vGefcJhwJh oHk;vu pcJhMuwm
[kwfw,faemf }}
]] [kwfw,fxifyg&JU }}
]] tJ ppcsif;wkef;u cifAsm;u 0efaqmifrIpmcsKyfudk ckta&mif;t0,fudpöESifh owfowf
pD aqG;aEG;csifw,fvdkY ajymcJhw,f r[kwfvm;¿ }}
]] [kwfawmh [kwfw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'geJYywfoufvdkY wpfrsdK;oabmaygufxm;w,f }}
]] uJ pmcsKyfrSm;&ifvJ jyifygaemf? cifAsm;eJYusKyfeJY pmcsKyfyg tydk'fawG tm;vHk;twGuf wpfaeY
ubJ tNyD;owf oabmwlnDcsuf &cJhNyD;om; r[kwfvm;¿ }}
þtcsufudk [,f&Du rnfodkYoabmxm;onfjzpfap? rdrdtzdkY yGJMunfhpifjrifhay: a&muf
aeNyD; ol\aemufqHk;awmif;qdkcsufudk vdkufavsm&ef rvdktyfcJhay/ trSeftm;jzifh [,f&Dudk
wdkufppfrS cHppfodkY tenf;i,fajymif;oGm;apEdkifcJhNyD/
[,f&D\ enf;AsL[mqdkonfrSm rsufvSnfhjyonfESifhwl\/ jyuGufrsm;udk tjrefqHk;vkyf
aqmifvdkufojzifh vufvSJYtuGufudk rjrifvdkuf&ay/ wdyf jyefzGifhonfqdkonfrSm ,if;vufvSnfh
uGufudk aESmifhaES;oGm;apjcif;jzpf\/ rdrdonf vSnfhuGufudk oabmaygufNyD; ,if;\ xda&muf
rIudk ajczsufay;Edkifygonf/
17
wpfzufvlu olYwifjycsufyg cRwf,Gif;csufudk rsufpd&Srf;oGm;ap&ef &nf&G,fí rdrdtm;

owif;tcsuftvufrsm;pGm yHkízdvmygu ]] tcsuftvufawGu rsm;vGef;awmh &IyfaxG;ukefNyD
jyefMunfhMuOD;pdkY }} [k ajymjyyg/ odkYr[kwf cifAsm;pDrHudef;xJygwJh tydk'fawG wpfckeJYwpfck b,f
vdkqufaew,fqdkwm jyefajymjyygOD;? uRefawmf wpfae&m? ESpfae&mem;rvnfvdkufvdkY }} [k ajymyg/
tcsuftvufrsm;udk tao;pdwf&Sif;jyapaomtcg olY\wifjycsufrS tm;enf;csufrsm;udk ydkí
jrifomvmygvdrfhrnf/
aqG;aEG;yGJudk aES;auG;apaom enf;wpfenf;rSm rSwfpkcsa&;jcif; jzpf\/ wpfzufvlajym
orQudk vdkufa&;NyD; ]] onf;cHygcifAsm ckeajymvdkufwmav; em;rvnfvdkufvdkY jyefajymygOD; }} [k
cGifhyefEdkifonf/ pmeJYayeYJ rSwfwrf;wpfcka&;jcif;onfvnf; pOf;pm;zdkYtcsdef&apouJhodkY wpfzufvl
tm; av;av;pm;pm; qufqH&mvnf;a&mufonf/ wcsdKUu ]] uRefawmfaumif;aumif; oabm
raygufbl; cifAs }} [kajymvQif rdrda&Smf&musrnf[k pdk;&drfMuonf/ trSeftm;jzifh xdkolrsm;onf
ar;tyfonfh ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;&ef ysufuGufaomaMumifh tnmcH&zdkY vrf;t&SdqHk;olawGjzpfonf/
atmifjrifaom aqG;aEG;olrsm;u cyfwHk;wHk;[k txifcH&jcif;onf aqG;aEG;&mwGif tm;omcsuf
wpfckjzpfaMumif; odMuonf/ ,if;txifaMumifh aqG;aEG;rIudk aES;oGm;apEdkifonf/ a&Smfonf [k
[efaqmifp&m rvdkyg/ &Sif;vif;csuf vkyfay;&efomawmif;qdkyg/
csufcsif;ajymp&mpum;vHk;&SmrawGUaomtcg ]] uRefawmf cifAsm;ajymorQudk taotcsm
oabmraygufao;bl; }} [laom tvGwfusuf pum;vHk;udk oHk;Edkifygonf/
(p) (3) em;csdef,lyg

pOf;pm;&ef tcsdefvdkaomtcg tem;,lvdkufyg/ wpfOD;uwkdifay;jyD;aemuf wpfOD;uazmuf
ay;jcif;jzifh aqG;aEG;yGJonf tjyD;owfvkdYr&atmif MumvmaomtcgrsKd;wGif em;csdef,ljcif;ponfh
ESpfzufpvkH;tm; pdwfavQmhjyD; yGJMunfhpifjrifhokdY oGm;cGifh&ap\/ rMumcPem;csdef,ljcif;jzifh aqG;
aEG;yGJrsm; ykdítusKd;&Sd\/
tem;,l&efwifjyjcif;tm;jzifh rdrd\qkH;jzwfEkdifpGrf; r&SdrI aysmhnHrItjzpf t"dyÜg,f ayguf
oGm;rvm;[k pkd;&drfwwfMu\/ ,if;twGuf obm0Muaom qifajcwpfckukd&Sm&efvkd\/ ]]uGsef
awmfwkdYajymMuwm tawmfMumoGm;NyD qufrajymcif aumfzDwpfcGufavmuf jrefjrefaomufMu
&atmifvm;}}[k qkdEkdifonf/ okdYr[kwf ]]'D[m tawmfaumif;wJhar;cGef;ygbJ? uGsefawmftajz
oGm;&SmNyD; csufcsifjyefvmcJhygr,f}}[kvnf; ajymEkdifonf/ vG,fulaomqifajcwpfckonf rsm;
pGm taxmuftuljzpfapygonf/
taumif;qkH;qifajcrSm rdrd\ aqG;aEG;azmf(tzGJUom;)rsm;ESif aqG;aEG;yGJjyKvkyf&efjzpfonf
,if;rSm raumif;aomtMuHjzifhjyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf[k wpfzufuxifjrifp&m&Sdaomfvnf; vkH;0
w&m;0ifaomudpöjzpfonf/ wpfzufvlu wifjycsufwpfck okdYr[kwf tcsuftvuftopfrsm;
ukd ay;vmaomtcg rdrdonfvnf;aqG;aEG;azmfrsm;ESifh wkdifyif&efvkdtyfvmonf/ rdrdu um;
wpfpD;0,f&ef&Sdaomtcg wkdufwGef;aeaomyGJpm;tm;]]qkH;jzwfcsufrcscif uGsefawmfhrdef;reJY acwå
cPavmuf wkdifyifyifcsifw,f? 'D&yfuGufukd wpfywfavmufywfNyD;? vrf;avQmufvkduftkH;r,f
em&D0ufMum&if jyefvmygr,f}}[kajymjyyg/ aqG;aEG;&mwGif wpfa,mufwnf; jzpfaeaomtcg
18
vkyfaz:ukdifzuf? rdrd\ q&m okdYr[kwf rdwfaqGwpfa,mufa,mufESifh zkef;jzifhqufoG,f

aqG;aEG;yg/
tcef;rS xGuf&efrjzpfaomtcg tjzpftysufwpfck odkYr[kwf &,fp&mwpfckajymjcif;jzifh
aqG;aEG;yGJudk acwåvrf;ajymif;ay;vdkufyg/ or*¾trIaqmifwpfa,mufonf olig;rQm;c&D;xGuf
pOfu &dkufxm;aom "gwfyHkrsm;udk tdyfxJrSmaqmifxm;NyD; aqG;aEG;yGJwif;rmvmcsdefwGif ,if;
wdkYudk pm;yGJay:odkY jypfwifwwfonf/ xdktcg aqG;aEG;zuftm;vHk;vnf; olwdkY tawGUtBuHK pGefY
pm;cef;rsm; taMumif;ajymMuavawmhonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJjyefpaomtcg wif;rmrIavsmhaeavNyD/
aqG;aEG;yGJwGif tem;,lenf;wpfenf;rSm aqG;aEG;az:wpfa,mufudk twlac:vmjcif;
jzpfonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf taxmuftuljyKay;Edkifonf/ wpfa,muf
u pum;qdkaepOf aemufwpfa,mufu yGJMunfhpifjrifhay:wufNyD; tajctaeudkapmifhMunfh Edkif
onf/ jyefay;orm;wpfa,mufa,mufESifh ta&;qdkaomtcg &Jrsm;onf ygwemwpfa,mufESifh
yl;aygif;aqmif&u G af vh &So
d nf/ ygwemu &Jvyk if ef;wdEYk iS hf ywfoufí ormorwfusaom? obm0
usaom a0zefcsufrsm;ay;\/ rwkHYjyefap&ef BudK;yrf;ay;\/ &JwdkYarmyef;vmMuaomtcg olwdkY
udk,fpm; wm0efay;\/
(p) (4) wpfxdkifwnf;ESifh ta&;BuD;aom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; rcsygeJY

wpfzufvl\ a&SharSmufwGif oabmwlnDcsuf ay;vdkuf&ef pdwf"gwfa&;&mt& tiftm;
BuD;pGmzdtm;ay;jcif; cHae&NyD qdkygpdkY/ xdktcgrsdK;wGif trSm;uif;apaom vufoHk;enf;rSm ta&;BuD;
aomqHk;jzwfcsufwpfckudk wpfxdkifxJESifh rcsrd&ef jzpfonf/ xdktcgrsdK;wGif yGJMunfhpifjrifhay:odkY
wufoGm;NyD; tJ'DrSm qHk;jzwfyg/
wpfzufvlu pmcsKyfwpfckudk xdk;ay;NyD; tjrefvufrSwfxdk;ay;&ef awmif;qdkvmaomtcg
]] uRefawmfha&Shaeu tm;vHk;udk oludk,fwdkifjyefNyD; ppfaq;&rS auseyfw,f/ a&ShaeawGtaMumif;
cifAsm;odom;yJ }} [k ajymEdkifonf/ odkYr[kwf ]] cifAsm;'DpmcsKyftwGuf tcsdefawG? tBuHOmPfawG
,lcJh&r,f xifw,f }} [k ar;vdkufyg/ olu acgif;ndwfvQif ]] 'Dawmh uRefawmfuvnf; tJ'DvdkyJ
tcsdefawG? tBuHOmPfawG,lNyD; oHk;oyfrS w&m;rQwrSmaygh }} [k qufajymyg/ pmcsKyfudk acgufí
odrf;vdkufNyD;aemuf ]] uRefawmf reufjzefvmcJhr,f }} [k tqHk;owfvdkufyg/
BudKwifcsxm;NyD;om; qHk;jzwfcsufwpfckudk qdkif;vdkufjcif;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh rSefuefaomf
vnf; tNrJwrf; jzpfEdkifrnf r[kwfay/ qHk;jzwfcsufudk tjrefay;&ef vdktyfaomtcg wpfzufvl
tm; ]] uRefawmf tcsdefqGJrxm;csifygbl;/ uRefawmfhXmeudk w,fvDzkef;cPavmuf qufyg&ap/
tJ'g cGifhjyKyg/ uRefawmf csufcsif;jyefvmyghr,f }} [k ajymjyyg/ tjyifzufodkY acwåav;rQ xGuf
vdkuf &vQifyif taxmuftultrsm;BuD; &Edkifygonf/ pum;0dkif;rSa0;&modkY (0g) yGJMunfhpifay:
odkYa&mufvQif pdwf"gwfa&;&m zdpD;rIavsmhoGm;vdrfhrnf/ qHk;jzwfcsufcs&ef tylwjyif; vdktyfonf[k
vnf; rxif&awmhay/ ueOD;wHkYjyefrIudk pGefYy,fNyD;NyD jzpfojzifh qHk;jzwfcsufudk "r®"d|mefusus
MunfhjrifEdkifvdrfhrnf/
wpfzufvlu wufokwf&dkufjcif;udk vufrcHygESifh? olu tcsdefuefYowfrIjyKvmaomtcg
,if;oabmxm;rSefrrSef prf;oyf&ef aqG;aEG;yGJudk a&TUqdkif;cdkif;vQif tajzrSefxGufvmygvdrfhrnf/
19
pmcsKyfqdkonfrSm rdrd\ oabmwlnDrIvdktyfonfudk tNrJowd&yg/ tjrefwkHYjyefjcif;onf tBuD;

qHk;trSm; jzpfEdkifonf/ rdrdaemifcgwGif pdwfqif;&J&rnfh tavQmhay;csufudk rdrduom vkyfEdkifyg
onf/

(q) pdwfrwdkygeJY? taMumif;rjyvdkufygeJY? rdrdvdkcsifwm &atmif,lyg
NcHKíqdk&aomf qufqH&cufolwpfa,muf odkYr[kwf cufcJaomtajctaewpf&yfESifh
&ifqdkif&aomtcg obm0tm;jzifh wkHYjyefvdkufwwfMuygonf/ þonfrSm rdrdjyKvkyfEdkiforQ
tBuD;qHk;trSm; jzpfygonf/ qufqH&cufolESifh&ifqdkif&aomtcg yxrqHk;vkyf&efrSm olYudkxdef;
csKyf&efr[kwfbJ rdrdudk,fudk xdef;csKyf&ef jzpfygonf/ rdrd\obm0 wkHYjyefrIudk upm;uGuftrnf
ay;jcif;jzifh ab;csdwfypfvdkufyg/ xdkYaemuf pOf;pm;zdkY tcsdef,lyg/ ,if;tcsdeftwGif; rdrd\ vdkvm;
csuf yef;wdkifudk rsufajcrjywf csdefxm;yg/ xdkyef;wdkifrSm vdkvm;csufrsm;udk rdrd\ BATNA u
jznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifonfxuf ydkaumif;aom oabmwlnDcsuf jzpf&rnf/ pdwfwdkrnfhtpm; vuf
wkHYjyefvdkufrnfhtpm; rdrdvdkcsifwm &zdkYudkom tm&Hkpdkufxm;yg/ yGJMunfhpifay:wufjcif; qdkonf
rSm txufygudpörsm; aqmif&Gufjcif;yif jzpfonf/
ààààà
20
tqifh- 2
olwdkYbufodkY ajymif;vdkufyg
tmCmwtpGJtvef;ESifh a'gowdkYudk &ifqdkifawGUoifhonfh tajctaersdK;&Sm;yg;onf/

xdkodkY &ifqdkifawGUrnfhtpm; olwdkYESifhtwl vdkufavsmjcif;jzifh jyefvnfwdkufcdkufzdkY jyifqif&ef
tcsdef ydkí &Edkifonf/ qefYusifzufwdkufcdkufaeaomavwGif uefYvefYjzwf&GufvTifhae&if; av
oifh wdkufvmrnfh tcsdefudk apmifhonfhenf;udk odxm;oifhonf/
FORTUNE DEFELICE 1778

wpfcgu urÇmhtBuD;qHk;qufoG,fa&;ypönf;ukrÜPDBuD;wpfcku urÇmhtBuD;qHk;av,mOf
ysH xkwfvkyfa&;ukrÜPDBuD;udk a':vmoef; (150)wef qufoG,fa&;pepfwpfcka&mif;&ef aqG;aEG;
aeMuonf/
tawmftqifajyaeNyD; aemufqHk;wGif 0,f,lrnfh av,mOfukrÜPDu 0,f,la&;ñTefMum;
a&;rSL;ESifh qufoG,fa&;ukrÜPD\ ta&mif;tzGJUacgif;aqmifwdkY rajyrvnf jzpfMuonf/ av,mOf
ukrÜPDu a'gowBuD;ESifh pGyfpGJonf/ qufoG,fa&;ukrÜPDu tjyif;txef ckcHumuG,fonf/
aemufqHk;&vm'frSm bmrQta&mif;t0,f rjzpfjcif;yif jzpf\/
xdkudpöudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfaomtcg t"dutrSm;rSm em;r0ifEdkifatmif pdwfwdkaeaom
vludk tusdK;taMumif;&Sif;vif;&ef BudK;pm;aecJhjcif;yif jzpfonfudk awGU&onf/ xdktcsdefrsdK;wGif
ajymorQpum;udk vHk;0em;raxmifbJ &SdvQif&Sdrnf/ odkYaomf ydkíydkí em;vnfrIvGJ aumufcsuf
csoGm;Edkif\/
xdkodkY &efvdkaeaom olrsm;ESifh jyóemwpfckudk raqG;aEG;rD xdkolrsm;udk t&ifqHk; pdwf
ajyoGm;atmif vkyfzdkYvdkygonf/ yGJMunfhpifay:odkY wufoGm;jcif;onf oifhpdwf"gwfwnfNidrfrIudk
&apcJhNyDqdkygu oifwpfzufom;\ pdwf"gwfwnfNidrfatmif wnfaqmufay;&ef vdkygonf/
oifh wpfzufom;onf r,HkouFmpdwfrsm;ESifh jynfhESufaernf? pdwfqdk;aernf? (odkYr[kwf)
xdwfvefYwkefvIyfvsuf &SdvQif &SdaeEdkifonf/ oluomrSefNyD; oifurSm;onf[k ,HkMunfaeNyD;? oifh
pum;udk em;raxmifvdkbJ &SdEdkifonf/ xdkodkYaomol\ &efvdkpdwfrsm;udk aysmufysufap&efvdktyf
onf/ xdktcgrSom olu oif\tjrifudk em;axmifvdrfhrnf/ oifhudkav;pm;pGm em;axmifvdrfh
rnf/ oifhudk olu ESpfoufcsifrS ESpfoufrnf jzpfaomfvnf; oifhudkawmh vlom;wpfa,muf
vkdyif qufqHvmygvdrfhrnf/
þodkY pdwfaysmhoGm;ap&ef t"dutcsufrSm oifu olarQmfvifhxm;onfESifh qefYusifzuf
udk aqmif&Guf&ef jzpfonf/ olu em;ydwfxm;vQif oifuwGef;tm;ay;í ajym&vdrfhrnf/ olu
wdkufcdkufvQif oifuckcHvdrfrnf[k ,lqxm;onf/ xdktcg oifu zdtm;vnf;ray;? ckvJrckcH
bJESifh olYbufodkYom ajymif;vdkufyg/ olYtjrif olY&IUaxmifhudk todtrSwfjyKyg/ xdkYaemuf oifwwf
EdkiforQ olESifh oabmwlvdkufyg/
cufcJaomolwpfa,mufudk vdkufavsm&rnfrSm oifrESpfNrdKUqHk; tvkyfwpfck jzpfEdkifygonf
olu olYem;rsm;udk ydwfxm;vQif olYvdkbJjyefvkyfvdkrnfrSm "r®wmyif jzpfygonf/ olu oifh&Iaxmifh
21
rS tjrifudk todtrSwfjyKzdkY jiif;qefaeygvQif oifuvnf; olY&Iaxmifhudk todtrSwfjyKvdkrnf

r[kwfyg/ olu oifajymorQtm;vHk;ESifh oabmxm;uGJvGJygonf[k qdkaeygvQuf olYwifjycsuf
wpfckckESifh oabmxm;wdkufqdkif&efrSm cJ,Of;vSygvdrfhrnf/ þonfwdkYrSm obm0usaomfvnf;
aqG;aEG;yGJwpfck wpfqdkYaezdkYtwGuf taumif;qHk; az:jrLvmyif jzpfonf/
(u) olu oifajymonfudk em;axmifapvdkygu olajymonfudk oifut&ifem;axmifvdkufyg/
(c) olu oift h jrifukd todtrSwjf yKapvdyk gvQif ol&Y UI axmift
h jrifukd oifu t&iftodtrSwf
jyKvdkufyg/
(*) olu oifESifh oabmwlnDvmap&ef olESifhwwfEdkiforQ vdkufavsmoabmwlvdkufyg/
(u) wuf<upGm em;axmifyg

rMumcPqdkovdkyif aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;onf atmufygyHkpHtwdkif; jzpfwwfMuonf/ ygwD Au
olwdkY\ tpOD;wifjycsufudk az:xkwfonf/ ygwD Bu oljyefvnfwifjy&rnfh tcsufudkom
pdwfapmaeojzifh ygwD A ajymaeonfudk em;raxmifrd? xdkYaMumifh tvSnfhodkYa&mufaomtcg
ygwD Bu olajymvdk&mudk ajymvdkufonf/ xdktcg Au ]] igajymwm olrMum;vdkufbl;? jyefajym
rS jzpfr,f }} [k xifNyD; olYtvSnfha&mufaomtcg ajymNyD;om;rsm;udk jyefajymonf/ Buvnf;
þtwdkif;jyefvkyfonf/ þodkYESifh b,fvdkrS tusdK;r&Sdaom em;xdkif;rsm;\ aqG;aEG;yGJjzpfoGm;&
awmh\/
oifuom em;axmifzdkY toifh&SdaevQif xdkodkYaom tajctaeudk y,faysmufapEdkifyg
vdrfhrnf/
(u) (1) oifhwpfzufom;udk em;axmifyg

wpfpHkwpfa,mufudk pl;pdkufem;axmifvdkufjcif;onf olYtwGufoifvkyfay;Edkif&m tm;vHk;
wGif tvG,fulqHk; jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ vlom;tm;vHk;wGif rdrdudkem;vnfoabmaygufapvdkaom
qE´ &SdMuonfom jzpfonf/ xdk qEúdk jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;jzifh aqG;aEG;yGJudk tvSnfhtajymif;
jzpfapEkdifygonf/ atmufyg Oyrmudk avhvmMunfhyg/
oHrPdpuf&Hktvkyform;or*¾ESifh tkyfcsKyfrItydkif;wdkYonf aemufwpfESpftwGuf pmcsKyf
csKyfqdk&ef aqG;aEG;aeMuonf/ ,cifESpfu þodkYaom aqG;aEG;yGJ ysufcJhonfhtwGuf (191)&uf
Mumaom tvkyform;oydwfBuD; jzpfcJh&m ESpfzufvHk; txdemcJhNyD;NyD/ ,ckESpfwGifvnf; vkyfc
jzefajza&;udpöwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;zufrS wif;rmaom oabmxm;udk udkifpGJxm;jyefonf/ xdkjyóem
odkY a&mufonfESifh taxGaxGrefae*smu ]] 'Dudpöuawmh uRefawmfwdkY vHk;0ravsmhEdkifwJh udpöyJ
vdkY ,HkMunfygw,f }} [kqdkonf/ xdkYaemuf ]] 'g uRefawmf wyfEdkiforQ ajyajyvnfvnf ajym
aewmyg }} [kxyfajymonf/
xHk;pHtwdkif;qdkvQif xdkae&mwGif tvkyform;or*¾onf wkHYjyefwdkufcdkufvdkufrnfom
jzpfonf/ odkYaomf ,ckESpf tvkyform;acgif;aqmifu rlum; ]] uRefawmf taxGaxGrefae*smBuD;
ajymwmudk oabmusygw,f? wwfEdkiforQ ajyajyvnfvnf ajymaewmyg qdkwmudkaygh }} [k
qdkonf/
22
þodkY or*¾bufrS vdkufavsmzGifhay;vdkufaomtcg taxGaxGrefae*smu þvkyfc

jyóemwGif tb,fhaMumifh tav;teufxm;ae&onfudk &Snfvsm;pGm&Sif;jyawmhonf/ ol&Sif;jy
orQudk or*¾bufu pdwf&SnfpGm em;axmifNyD;aomtcg or*¾jyefvnfwifjyorQudkvnf; tkyf
csKyfa&;bufu aoaocsmcsm em;axmif&awmhonf/ þodkYESifh tm;vHk;u arQmfvifhxm;onfh
oydwfBuD;onf ay:aygufrvmawmhyg/
em;axmifjcif;onf pdwf&SnfrIESifh rdrdudk,fudk xdef;csKyfrIwdkY vdkygonf/ wpfzufuajym
onfudk csufcsif;wkHYjyefjcif; odkYr[kwf aemufwpfqifh wufzdkYpdwfxJrS tpDtpOfcsaejcif;wdkY rvkyfyJ
oifhwpfzufom;ajymaeorQudk pl;pdkufem;axmifzdkY vdkygvdrfhrnf/ em;axmif&jcif;onf cufcJvQif
cufcJygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf txufwGif jyocJhonfh erlemuJhodkYyif wefzdk;BuD;Edkifygonf/ oifhwpf
zufvl\pdwfwGif;odkY 0ifMunfhEdkifaom jywif;aygufwpfck &aponf/
oif\wpfzufvlonf pdwfqdk;? pdwfysufaeygu taumif;qHk;aomenf;rSm olYrauseyf
csufrsm;udk olxkwfaz:ajymorQ em;axmifvdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/ olu rSm;aeonfhwdkifatmif
odkYr[kwf olajymonfrsm;u oifhudkapmfum;ovdkjzpfaeonfhwdkifatmif olYudkrwm;ygESifh/ ol
ajymaecsdefwGif ]] tif; }} ]] [kwfvm; }} ponfjzifh vdkufay;jcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;? olYudk pl;pdkuf
Munfhaejcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? oludkem;axmifaeaMumif;olodygap/ olt&SdefavsmhoGm;aomtcg
olajymp&m bm&Sdao;ovJ[k at;at;oufom xyfar;yg/ olajymorQudk ]] qufygtHk; tJ'Dawmh
b,fvdkjzpfoGm;ovJ }} ponfjzifh pum;axmufay;yg/
vlwdkif;vlwdkif;onf rdrd\rauseyfcsuf? cHpm;csufwdkYudk xkwfazmfajymvdkuf&jcif;jzifh
wpfpHkwpf&maom auseyfrIudk tppftrSef &SdMuonf/ pdwfqdk;aeaom azgufonfwpfa,mufudk
udk,fubmrSvkyfray;EdkifvQifaomfrS olajymorQ rauseyfcsufrsm;udk av;av;pm;pm; em;axmif
vQif pdwfrysufbJ &SdwwfaMumif; ta&mif;refae*smwdkif; odMuonf/
xdkYaMumifh txda&mufqHk; aqG;aEG;ñSdEdIif;a&;orm;rsm;onf olwdkYajymonfxuf tq
aygif;rsm;pGm ydkí em;axmifwwfMuonf/
(u) (2) olajymorQudk jyefajymjyNyD; rSef rrSefar;yg

wpfzufvludk em;axmifae&HkrQru oifu em;axmifaeaMumif; olodatmifvkyfzdkYvnf;
vdkygao;onf/ xdkYaMumifh olajymorQudk olYudkjyefíajymjyyg/ Oyrm-
oluajymá cifAsm; awmfawmfa&SmfwJhvlyJ? cifAsm;vlawGudkvnf; cifAsm;rEdkifbl;? cifAsm;
ajymwkef;uawmh pnf;eJYurf;eJY vkyfyghr,fqdk? tckawmh cifAsm;vlawGu
xifwmvkyfwmyJ/
cifAsm;jyefajymá [kwfNyD cifAsm;qdkvdkwm uRefawmfjyefajymr,f? uRefawmfhvlawG uRefawmf
rEdkifbl;? uRefawmf cifAsm;udk ajymxm;wkef;u pnf;urf;wus vkyfr,f
ajymxm;w,f?tck uRefawmfh vlawGu vkyfcsifwma&Smufvkyfaew,f
cifAsm;qdkvdkwm uRefawmf ajymovdkbJaemf/
oluajymá [kwfw,fav? uRefawmf 'gbJ ajymaewm/
cifAsm;jyefajymá tJ'gqdk&if 'Dudpöudk b,fvdk&Sif;Mur,fvdkY MunfhMu&r,f/
23
jyefNcHKajymjcif;qdkonfrSm olajymorQudk oifhpum;ESifh olYudk jyefajymjyjcif;yif jzpfonf/

oifh t,ltqrsm;udk xnfh&efrvdkouJhodkYyif olrSm;onf rSefonfudkvnf; ajymaep&mrvdkao;
acs/ ]] uRefawmfh vlawGu olwdkYrSefw,fxifwmudkvkyfwm? cifAsm;u rauseyfbl; [kwfp }} [k
olYudk jyefajymvQif olu auseyfrnf r[kwfacs/
txufwGifaz:jycJhovdk jyefajymvdkufjcif;jzifh wpfzufvlu oifonf olYudk aumif;pGm
em;vnf oabmaygufoGm;NyD[k auseyfoGm;onfhtjyif oifuvnf; olajymorQ tcsuftm;vHk;
udk NcHKiHkrd rrd? rdrdbmom oHk;oyfEdkifygonf/
(c) olYudk todtrSwfjyKyg

oifhwpfzufom;udk em;axmifNyD;aomtcg aemufwpfqifhtaeeJY olYzufu ,lqcsufrsm;
udk todtrSwfjyK&ef vdkygonf/ vlom;wdkif;onf tb,frQ *Gusonfh vljzpfygap olYudktod
jyKjcif;udk cHvdkonfom jzpfomf/ xdkudpöudk jznfhqnf;ay;vdkufvQif oabmwlnDcsufrsm; &Edkifrnfh
tajctae wpfckudk wnfaqmufNyD; jzpfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/
wpfzufom;\,lqcsufudk todtrSwfjyKjcif;onf olY,lqcsufrsm;udk oabmwljcif;
r[kwfyg/ olY,lqcsufonf ,lqcsuftrsm;tjym; &Sdonfhteuf wpfckyifjzpfaMumif; oifu
vufcHjcif;rQom jzpfonf/ ]] cifAsm; b,fvdk&Iaxmifhu Munfhw,fqdkwm uRefawmf jrifEdkifygw,f }}
[k qdkjcif;rQom jzpfonf/ oifu ]] cifAsm;ajymaewmawGudk uRefawmf oabmaygufygw,f }}
[k qdkvQif vHkavmufygonf/
oifhwpfzufvludk olYzufu tjrifrsm; ajymqdkcGifh jyKvdkufNyD;aemuf olYt,ltqudk tod
trSwfjyKvdkufjcif;jzifh olYpdwfxJwGifvnf; ]] igh t,ltqtjyif tjcm;t,ltqawGvnf; &SdEdkif
ygao;vm;¿ }} [laom tawG;tac:twGufae&m &vmapEdkifygonf/
wpfzufvl\ t,ltqudk todtrSwfjyK&mwGif tm;tygqHk;aomenf;rSm olYt,ltq
udk olYt&ifudk,fu wifjyvdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/
tar&duefu qdkAD,ufwGif usL;bm;EdkifiHrsm;rS ]] 1962-ckESpf usL;bm;'Hk;ysH jyóem }} wGif
ta&;ygqHk;aom t"duyk*¾dKvfrsm;\ pkaygif;aqG;aEG;yGJudk 1989-ckESpfu usif;ycJhygonf/ xdk
tpnf;ta0;odkY wufvmaom qdkAD,ufESifh usL;bm;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf xdkpOfu EsL;uvD;,m;
xdyfzl;wyf 'Hk;ysHrsm; vQdKU0SufpGm wyfqifcJhjcif;tay: ckcHwdkufcdkuf umuG,fvdkpdwf &Sdonfudk &dyfrd
aom (xdk 'Hk;ysHjyóem jzpfpOfu tar&duef umuG,fa&;0efBuD;) a&mbwfruúem;rm;&m; u
atmufygtwdkif; pí ajymvdkufonf/
]] tJ'Dwkef;u uRefawmfom qdkAD,uf 'grSr[kwf usL;bm;acgif;aqmifom jzpfcJhr,f qdk&if
tar&duef[m usL;bm;udk 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufzdkY pDpOfaewmvdkY ,lqrSmyJ? cifAsm;wdkY &cJhwJh t
axmuftxm;awGt& qdk&ifawmh cifAsm;wdkYcscJh aumufcsuf[m rSefwmyJ? 'gayr,fh uRefawmf
wdkY 'Dvdk0ifa&muf wdkufcdkufzdkY &nf&G,fcsuf r&SdcJhygbl;? qdkwmudkawmh ajym&rSmyJ }}
qdkAD,ufESifh usL;bm;udk,fpm;vS,fwdkY\ acgif;xJü &Sdaeonfudk þodkYBudKí todtrSwf
jyKvdkufjcif;jzifh ruúem;rm;&m; ajymorQudk olwdkYu av;pm;pGm em;axmif&eftqifh jzpfoGm;Mu
onfudk awGUcJh&onf/
24
(c) (1) wpfzufom;\ cHpm;csufrsm;udkvnf; todtrSwfjyKyg

oifhwpfzufom;\ cHpm;csufrsm;udk rsufuG,frjyKoifhay/ oluwdkufcdkufaejcif;\ aemuf
uG,fwGif olYa'go&Sdaewwfonf/ olu rsufpdrSdwfí jiif;y,faejcif;\ aemufwGif aMumuf&GHUjcif;
&Sdaewwfonf/ olYcHpm;csufrsm;udk avQmhyg;roGm;apbJESifh oifajymorQonf olYem;wGif;odkY 0if
rnf r[kwfacs/
oifh\wpfzufvlonf olYukd b,folurS em;vnfrIr&SdaMumif; olYudk tm;vHk;u 0dkif;í
ypfy,faeaMumif; ,lqaumif; ,lqaernfjzpfí olYcHpm;csufudk em;vnfaMumif; jyvdkufvQif
olYudk tawmftwef aysmhajymif;oGm;apEdkifygonf/ ]] uRefawmfom cifAsm;ae&mrSmqdk&ifvnf;
uRefawmfvnf; pdwfwdkrdrSmygbJ }} [laom oabmrsdK;jzifh tb,fhaMumifh olpdwfqdk;aeaMumif;
oabmaygufonfudk ajymjyEdkifygonf/
owdjyK&eftcsufrSm oifonf wu,fpdwfygvufyg todtrSwfjyKaeovm;¿ odkYr[kwf
[efaqmifaeovm;¿ qdkonfudk oifhtrlt&m [efyeftaetxm;rsm; rSwpfqifh oif\ wpf
zufom;u tvG,fwul od&SdoGm;Edkifjcif;yif jzpfonf/
(c) (2) cGifhvTwfzdkY awmif;yefyg

uReaf wmfwYkd uav;b0uyif awmif;yefzYkd oifMum;cJ&h onf/ upm;&if;rawmfwq xdcu kd f
rdvQif ]] rawmfvdkYygaemf }} vdkY odkYr[kwf ]] aqm&D;yJ }} avmufajymvdkufrS qufNyD;upm;vdkY t
qifajyrnf/ odkYaomf þoifcef;pmudk vlBuD;jzpfaomtcg arhoGm;wwfMuonf/ odkYaomf þodkY
awmif;yefvdkufjcif;onfyif wpfzufom;\ cHpm;csufudk taumif;qHk;aom todtrSwfjyKjcif;
yif jzpfonf/
oifucGifhvTwfzdkY awmif;yefaomfvnf; atmufBudKU wdk;vQdK;zdkY rvdkyg/ udk,fhudkudk,f tjypf
uif;jcif;vnf; r[kwfap&yg/ oifESifh awGU&rnfholonf oif\azgufonf jzpfaeonfqdkygu
jzpfvm&aom jyóemonf olYtjypfaMumifh jzpf&apumrl ]] tckvdk jzpf&wm uRefawmfpdwfr
aumif;ygbl;Asm? cifAsm;u uRefawmfhtaumif;qHk; azgufonfyJ? b,f'Dvdk jzpfapcsifyghrvJ }} [k
oifhzufu t&ifqHk;awmif;yefvdkufyg/ olYzufuvnf; awmif;yefzdkY tajctaersm; jzpfay:vm
ygvdrfhrnf/
(c) (3) ,HkMunfrIudk wnfaqmufyg

oifwpfzufvludk todtrSwfjyKjcif;onf tm;enf;rIudk az:jyjcif; jzpfoGm;rnf[k oif
pdk;&drfygvdrfhrnf/ trSefrSm olYudk todtrSwfjyKjcif;onf oif\tiftm;udk xif[yfaejcif;yif
jzpfonf/ oifwpfzufvlu þtcsufudk owdjyKrdap&ef olYudk todtrSwfjyKonfh wpfcsdefxJwGif
oifhudk,fudk ,HkMunfrIudk ay:vGifatmif jyo&ef vdktyfonf/ Oyrm oluwdkufcdkufvmygu
oifhrsufESmudk wwfEdkiforQwnfNidrfí udk,fhudk,fudk ,HkMunfrI&Sdaom rsufESm[efyef? udk,fae
udk,fxm;ESifh toHudk xm;yg/ rwfrwf&yfí olYrsufESmudk aoaocsmcsmMunfhyg/ olYemrnfudk
ac:í ajymyg/ oifhwGif aMumuf&GHUjcif; uif;aMumif;odvQif aysmhajymif;vmapygvdrfhrnf/
1979-ckESpfrS 1981-ckESpftxd tD&efwdkYu oHkYyef;rsm;tjzpf csKyfaESmifxm;jcif; cHcJh&aom
25
tar&duefoHwref wpfOD;udk erlemtjzpfMunfhEdkifygonf/ olYtapmifhu olYtcef;wGif;odkY 0ifvm

onfhtcgwdkif; olu tapmifhudk ]] vmygxdkifyg }} [k zdwfac:onf/ aemufydkif;wGif olu &Sif;jy
onfrSm ]] 'Dvdk tao;tzGJ enf;vrf;av;eJYyJ olu uRefawmf&JU {nfhonf jzpfoGm;&w,f/ tajc
taeudk xdef;csKyfolu uRefawmfjzpfvmw,f/ 'Dtcef;[m ightcef;? ighe,fajrqdkwJhtod0ifvm
NyD;awmh uRefawmfhtwGuf oufom&m tawmf&vmw,f }} [k qdkonf/ þonfrSm wpfzufvl
udk todtrSwfjyK&if; rdrdu tajctaeudk xdef;csKyfEdkifcJhrI Oyrm wpfck jzpfygonf/
(*) oifwwfEdkifaom ae&mwdkif;wGif oabmwlvdkufyg

txufuqdkcJhwJhtwdkif; oifwpfom;ajymonfwdkYudk em;axmifNyD;NyD? olYudkvnf; todt
rSwfjyKNyD;NyDqdkygu olESifhwwfEdkiforQ oabmwlvdkufyg/ rdrdESifh oabmwlnDaeolwpfOD;udk wdkuf
cdkuf&rnfrSm tawmfcufonfhudpö jzpfygonf/
(*) (1) tavQmhray;bJ oabmwlyg

oifu wpfpufrS tavQmhay;&ef rvdkyg? oifu oabmwlNyD; jzpfaeonfhudpö rsm;udk
vdkufíoabmwl&Hkom jzpfonf/
tar&duef qDedwfwm wpfa,mufu olY0efxrf;rsm;udk þodkY rdefYMum;cJhonf/ ]] uRefawmf
rJqE´&SifawGu rSm;aeapOD;awmh olwdkYeJY b,fawmhrS rjiif;ygeJY? uRefawmfhrJawG qHk;&HI;ukef&HkyJ
&Sdr,f/ cifAsm;wdkY wuúodkvfawGrSm oifcJh&wmeJY ajymif;jyefvkyfrSmyJ? wuúodkvfawGrSmu oabm
wlwmawGudk tomxm;NyD; oabmrwlwJhtcsufawGudk aqG;aEG;zdkY oifMuw,f/ 'DrSmuawmh
'Dvdkr[kwfbl;? uRefawmfhrJqE´&SifawGu cifAsm;wdkY oabmrwlEdkifwJh (99%)udk ajym&if cifAsm;
wdkYu uRefawmfwdkY oabmwlygw,fvdkY ajymNyD;? cifAsm;wdkY vufcHEdkifwJh usefwJh (1%)udk pl;pdkufNyD;
aqG;aEG;vdkufMuyg }} rwljcm;em;csufrsm;udk tm&HkpdkufMujcif;rSm obm0usvSygonf/ rwlnDcsuf
rsm;udk ñSdEdIif;rS jyóemudk ajz&Sif;í &rnfr[kwfygavm/ odkYaomf aqG;aEG;yGJtpwGifawmh wlnD
aom tcsufrsm;wGif tm;jyKtajcwnfMu&zdkY vdkygonf/
(*) (2) [kwfuJhrsm;udk pkaqmif;yg

]] [kwfuJh? [kwfwmaygh }} ponfwdkYrSm oabmwlnDcsufrsm;twGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaom
pum;vHk;rsm; jzpfonf/ xdkpum;vHk;rsm;onf wpfzufom;tm; aysmhajymif;vmapEdkifygonf/ oif
u tavQmhay;jcif;r[kwfbJ tjcm;wpfzufudk [kwfuJh? [kwfwmaygh? rSefw,f ponfjzifh ajym
Edkifrnfh tajctaeudk apmifhyg/ [kwfwmaygh 'Dae&mrSm cifAsm;bufu Munfh&if rSefwmyJ ponf
wdkYudk wyfEdkiforQ rsm;rsm;ajymay;yg/
xdkYtwl oifuvnf; wpfzufom;udk [kwfuJh rsm;rsm;ajymatmif zefwD;ay;&ygrnf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh wpfzufvlu ]] cifAsm;wifjycsufawG[m b,fvdkrS,kwådr&Sdbl; }} [k qdkvmvQif
oifujyefí ]] cifAsm;qdkvdkwmu uRefawmfwGufjyovdk jzpfrvmEdkifbl;vdkY qdkvdkwmvm;¿ [k
jyefar;yg/ olu ]] [kwfw,f }} [k qdkvdkufvQif &efvdkaom a0zefrIrS qifjcifwHkw&m;&Sdaom
aqG;aEG;yGJtjzpfodkY ajymif;oGm;EdkifNyD jzpf\/
26
[kwfuJh wpfckpDwdkif;onf wif;rmrIudk wpfp wpfp avQmhyg;apygonf/ olajymaeonfh

tay:wGif oabmwlnDrI rsm;rsm; &avav wu,fhta&;ygaomudpörsm;udk oifu wifjyonfh
tcg olu oabmwlnD&ef vG,favav jzpfygonf/
(*) (3) wpfzufvlESifh vdIif;EIef;ñSdyg

oabmwlnDaMumif;udk toHxGufNyD; ajymrS&onf r[kwfyg/ oli,fcsif;ESpfa,muf av;
eufpGm aqG;aEG;aeonfudk oif owdxm;MunfhvQif jrifygvdrfhrnf/ wpfa,mufu wa'gifaxmuf
NyD;ajymvQif aemufwpfa,mufuvnf; wa'gifay:rSm axmufNyD;ajymrnf/ wpfa,mufu toH
wdk;NyD;ajymvQif aemufwpfa,mufuvnf; wdk;wdk;vdkufajymrnf/ olwdkY owdrxm;bJESifh wpf
a,mufESifh wpfa,muf ñSdEdIif;ajymqdkaewwfMuonfudk awGU&rnf/
wpfO;D ESihf wpfO;D qufo,
G &f mwGif tcsut f vuftrsm;pkukd twGi;f om;tjzpfxuf twGi;f
om; tjzpfxuf toGifo@eftjzpf o,fydk;oGm;jcif;u ydkrsm;onf/ oifhwpfzufvl\ ajymqdk
qufqHyHk trlt&mudk avhvmyg/ olu pum;aES;aES;ajymvQif oifuvnf; cyfajz;ajz; avQmhí
ajymoifhonf/ olu ta&;BuD;onfh tcsufrsm;udk ajymonfhtcg udk,fudk a&ShodkYudkif;í ajymvQif
oifuvnf; a&Shudk udkif;í em;axmifjcif;jzifh pdwf0ifpm;aMumif; jyoifhonf/ olvkyfovdk vdkuf
vkyf&rnf[k qdkvdkjcif; r[kwfyg/ oif\ ajymqdkqufoG,fa&; trlt&mudk olESifh [yfrdatmif
vkyfzdkY jzpfygonf/ olESifh vdIif;EIef;jcif; ñSdoifhonf [k qdkMuygpdkY/
oifh wpfzufvl\ bmompum; toHk;tEIef;udkvnf; *&kjyKoifhonf/ olu t&yfoHk;
pum;udkajymvQif oifuvnf; omreft&yfoHk;pum;rsm;u ydkí xnfhoGif; oifhonf/
oif\ wpfzufvlESifh olem;tvnfqHk;jzpfrnfh bmompum;[efyefjzifh qufoG,foifh
ygonf/
(C) vludkvnf; todtrSwfjyKyg

olajymonfudkvnf; em;axmifonf? olwifjycsufudkvnf; todtrSwfjyKonf? wwfEdkif
orQvnf; olESifh oabmwlnDvdkufNyDqdkvQif oifu olYudk vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;taejzifh todtrSwf
jyKNyD; olYudkav;pm;aMumif; jyovdkufNyD; jzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif þonfxufydkí olYudk vl
yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKzdkY vdkaumif;vkdayvdrfhrnf/
urÇmay:wGif ajz&Sif;&tcufqHk; y#dyu©wpfckjzpfonfh tm&yf? tpöa&; y#dyu©udk erlem
jy&ayrnf/ (1977) ckESpftxd tm&yfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf tpöa&;EdkifiH &Sdaeonfudkyif tod
trSwf rjyKEdkif&HkrQru emrnfyif wyfírac:Muacs/ xdkESpfEdk0ifbmwGif tD*spfor®w tEé0gqm'wf
onf a*s&kqvifNrdKUodkY ordkif;c&D;oGm;jcif;jzifh tqdkyg tpGJBuD;udk acszsufvdkufonf/ tpöa&;wdkY
tzdkYrSmrl olwdkYEdkifiHudk vGefcJhaom av;ESpfurS 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufcJhol &efolEdkifiH\ acgif;aqmif
wpfa,muf tvnfa&mufvmjcif;avmuf tHhMop&maumif;aom t&mr&Sdacs/ olwdkY\ tD*spf
Ekid if t
H ay: cH,cl surf sm;rSmvnf; uarmufur jzpfuek Mf uonf/ wif;rmrIrsm; avQmyh g;oGm;ygonf/
xdkc&D;pOfwpfckESifhyif y#dyu©\ (90%)jzpfaom pdwf"gwfa&;&m? twm;tqD;udk ausmfjzwfEdkif
cJhonf/ xdkc&D;pOfwpfckESifhyif tEé0gqm'wfonf b,folYurS jzpfEdkifrnf[k rxifcJhaom tD*spf
27
ESifh tpöa&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkEdkifrnfh vrf;pudk az:ay;cJhonf/

pdwfynm&Sifrsm; tvdkt& vlwpfOD;udk yk*¾dKvfa&;t& todtrSwfjyKjcif;jzifh pdwftodESifh
tm&HkvTJacsmfjcif;udk jzpfay:aponf/ qdkvdkonfrSm vufawGUb0ESifh rdrdcH,lxm;onfwdkYtMum;
uGJjym;aejcif;yif jzpfonf/ oif\ wpfzufvlu oifhudk &efoltjzpfjrifaecJhonfudk oifu olYudk
yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,muftjzpf todtrSwf jyKvdkufaomtcg ,cifu rdwfaqGwpfOD;tjzpf ae&m
odkY ,lvdkufonf/ xdktcgwGif olonf ]] todESifh tm&HkvGJrSm;aejcif; }} udk avQmhyg;ap&eftwGuf
oifh wpfzufvlonf ol\cH,lcsufudk ajymif;vJzdkY BudK;pm;vm&awmhonf/
(C) (1) olYta&;ygrIESifh t&nftcsif;&SdrIudk todtrSwfjyKyg

oifonf vufaygufuyfaom oifh txuft&m&Sdudk &Hk;udpöwpf&yfwGif qefYusifajymqdk
&ef vdkvmonf qdkygpdkY olu oifonf olvkyfydkifcGifh odkYr[kwf ol t&nftcsif;udk pdefac:vm
onf[k xifaumif; xifaeayvdrfhrnf/ þodkYxifvQif ajymorQudk oluydkí ckcHydwfqdkYayvdrfh
rnf/ xdktcgrsdK;wGif oifu olYudk pdefac:aejcif;r[kwfaMumif; xif&Sm;&atmif oifbmrSrajymrD
]] q&mu ydkodygw,f }} odkYr[kwf ]] q&murS vkyfydkifcGifh&SdvdkY ajym&wmyg }} ponfwdkYudk BudKí
yPmr ysdK;oifhonf/
oifhwpfzufvlonf twåBuD;vGef;aevQif oifhtwGuftcuftcJ r[kwfbJ tcGifhaumif;
[k omrSwfvdkufyg/ olY b0ifudk avyifhay;&ef vdktyfonfh tjcm;olrsm;\ todtrSwfjyKjcif;
tay:wGif rSDcdkae&oonfom jzpfonf/ todtrSwfjyKvdkaom qE´wdkYudk oifu jznfhqnf;ay;
EdkifonfESifhtrQ olYudk aysmhajymif;apEdkifonf/ udk,fhudkudk,f txifBuD;b0ifajrmufaeaom AsL&dk
u&ufqDrS oifu uif;vGwfcGifhwpfckudk vdkcsifonf qdkygpdkY ]] olrsm;awGu cifAsm;[m 'DudpörSm
awmh t"du yk*¾dKvfyJ? cifAsm;u NyD;&ifNyD;wmyJqdkvdkY vmcJhwmyJAsm }} ponfjzifh pvdkufEdkifonf/
(C) (2) vkyfazmfudkifzuf qufqHa&; xlaxmifyg

oif wpfzufvludk todtrSwfjyK&ef taumif;qHk;aomenf;rSm vkyfazmfudkifzuf qufqH
a&;udk xlaxmifjcif; jzpfonf/ olu Y kd vufzuf&nf oGm;aomuf&atmif? aeYvnfpmoGm;pm;&atmif
ponfjzifh zdwfac:yg/ xdktcsdefrsdK;wGif rdrd0goemyg&m udpötaMumif;? rdom;pktaMumif; odkYr[kwf
olpdwf0ifpm;&m udpöwpfckckudk ajymqdk pum;vufqHk usaeoifhonf/ odkYr[kwfuvnf; tpnf;
ta0; rprD odkYr[kwf NyD;aomtcg a&mufwwf&m&majymjcif; ponfh trlt&mrsm;onf trSef
xda&mufygonf/
vkyfazmfudkifzufcsif; qufqHa&; qdkonfrSm aiGpkbPfrSm aiGpkouJhodkYyif wu,fhjyóem
ay:vQif toHk;cszdkY jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwdkY cifrifESpfoufolESifhqufqH&aomtcg omrefjyóem
rsm;udk ajyaysmufoGm;apEdkifonf/ rdrdESifh cifrifolwpfOD; aqG;aEG;yGJodkY a&mufrvmvQif ]] olae
raumif;vdkY jzpfrSmyJ }} ajzodrfhEdkifonf/ rdrd rESpfoufoluom a&mufrvmygu ]] ol wrifpD;ydk;wm
ighudk apmifhae&atmif vkyfwm }} ponfjzifh xifwwfonfom jzpfonf/ wpfenf;ajym&vQif
oif\ wpfzufvlonf oifESifh yk*¾dKvfa&;t& cifrifaeygu oifhudk oHo,\ tusdK;cHpm;cGifh
ay;ygvdrfhrnf/ þenf;tm;jzifh em;vnfrI vGJrSm;jcif;qdkonfudk y,fazsmufEdkifygonf/
28
(i) olYudk rxdk;qGbJ oifhtjrifudk wifjyyg

oifwpfzufvludk tm&Hkpdkufí em;axmifNyD;NyD/ olYudkvnf; todtrSwfjyKNyD;NyD qdkaom
tcgwGif oluvnf; oifhwifjycsufrsm;udk em;axmifzdkY eD;pyfvmygNyD/ oifhtjrifrsm;udk wifjyzdkY
tcsdefusa&mufvmygNyD/ odkYaomf xdkodkYwifjy&if;ESifh olem;rsm;udk jyefydwfroGm;ygapESifh/ ta&;BuD;
qHk;tcsufrSm oifhpdwfaepdwfxm;udk jyifqifzdkY jzpfygonf/ jzpfaeus cH,lcsufrSm tjzL odkYr[kwf
trJ qdkaom cH,lcsuf jzpfwwfygonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm uRefawmfrSef&ifolrSm;w,f? uRefawmfrSm;&if
olrSefw,f qdkaomtjrif jzpf\/ xdktjrifudk ]] ESpfOD;pvHk; }} [laom cH,lcsufjzifh tpm;xdk;yg/
]] udk,fh[mudk,fawmh rSefaewmyJ }} [laom tjrif jzpfonf/
oifu oif\ wpfzufvludk ]] cifAsm;&JU tawGUtBuHKt& qdk&ifawmh cifAsm;ajymaewm
awGu rSefaewmyJ? uRefawmfh tawGUtBuHKusawmh wpfrsdK;jzpfaew,fAs }} [k ajymEdkifonf/
olYxifjrif,lqcsufudk todtrSwfjyK&if; olYudk rqefYusifbJESifh jcm;em;aom tjrifwpfck
udk wifjyEdkifygonf/ þodkYaom tajctaewGif uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;wdkYonf Nidrf;csrf;pGm ,SOfwGJ
aeEdkifayvdrfhrnf/
(i) (1) ]] 'gayr,fh }} [k rajymygESifh? ]] [kwfuJh 'ghtjyif }} [kqdkyg

oif\ jcm;em;aom tjrifwpfckudk wifjyawmhrnf qdkvQif yxrqHk; pum;OD;tjzpf ajym
Mum;avh&SdonfrSm ]] 'gayr,fh }} [laom pum;vHk;yif jzpfonf/ Oyrm aps;0,folu ]] &Sifhypönf;
BuD;u aps;BuD;vSacsvm; }} [k qdkvQif a&mif;olu ]] 'gayr,fh 'Dypönf;u taumif;qHk;tpm;
xJuygAsm }} [k ajymavh&Sdonf/ jzpfavh&SdonfrSm 0,folonf ]] 'gayr,fh }} [laom pum;pk
aemufwGif ]] cifAsm;ajymwmrSm;aeNyD }} [k pGyfpGJcsufyg0ifaeonf[k xifoGm;wwfonf/ xdkYaMumifh
]] 'gayr,fh }} [laompum;pkudk Mum;vdkufonfESifh aemufuvmaom pum;wdkYudk rMum;vdkawmhay/
xdkYaMumifh ol ajymorQudk [kwfuJhvdkufNyD;rS aemufwGif ]] 'ghtjyif }} [laom pum;quf
jzifh oifajymvdkonfwdkYudk qufNyD;ajymoifhonf/ txufyg OyrmwGif 0,folu ajymorQudk
a&mif;olu oabmwlvdkufNyD; ]] [kwfygw,f? cifAsm;ajymovdkyJ uRefawmfwdkYqdkifu aps;EIef;u
jrifhwmrSefygw,f/ 'ghtjyif aps;EIef;enf;enf;ydkwJhtwGuf t&nftaoG;ydkaumif;w,f? ydkNyD;pdwfcs
&w,f? aemufydkif;jyifqifwJhtcg pdwfcsrf;om&w,f qdkwmawG &Sdygao;w,f }} [k qdkoifhonf/
ajzmifhajzmifhBuD;qefYusifaeaom tcsufrsm;udk udk,fydkícHomatmif pum;ajymif;íajym
Edkifygonf/ ]] cifAsm;'DtwGufudk odyftav;teuf xm;wmudk uRefawmfoabmaygufygw,f
av;vJav;pm;ygw,f/ bmbJjzpfjzpf uRefawmfzufu tjrifudkawmh wifjycGifhjyKygOD; odkYr[kwf
cifAsm;eJYuRefawmfuawmh vHk;0jcm;em;aewmyJAs/ cifAsm; 'Dtcsufudkawmh xnfhrwGufrdbl;xif
w,f }} [k acsmarGUatmifajymEdkifygonf/ oif b,fudk b,fvdkbJajymajym oifajymonfh tcsuf
onf olajymaeonfhtcsufudk xyfrHjznfhpGufonfh oabmjzpfoifhNyD; olYtcsufESifh 0da&m"d rjzpf
oifhyg/
ààààà
29
(i) (2) ]] uREfkyftaMumif;ajymyg? ]] oifh }} taMumif;rajymygESifh

oifESifh oifhwpfzufvlwdkY aqG;aEG;&mwGif olYtaMumif;udk ajymonfxuf udk,fhtaMumif;
udkom ajymqdk wifjyaeygu olYudk taESmuft,Suf jzpfap&ef cJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh oifonf uwdzsufNyD; pnf;urf;csdK;azgufcJhaom vli,fwpfa,mufESifhawGU
NyD; aqG;aEG;&onf qdkygpdkY? oifu ]] cifAsm; uwdrwnfwJhvlyJ? wm0efrJhvkyfwmyJ }} odkYr[kwf
]] cifAsm;[m wpfudk,faumif;qefw,f? udk,fhudpöom udk,fMunfhwmyJ? tzGJUtpnf;&JU rsufESm
raxmufbl; }} ponfjzifh ]] oifhtaMumif;udk píajymvdkufygu aemufydkif;wGif oifaqG;aEG;
qHk;rorQudk olYem;xJ0ifrnf r[kwf }}
xdkodkYrpbJ ]] udkjzL&m raeYwkef;u uRefawmfpdwf"gwfusoGm;w,f? wpfckck jzpfoGm;NyDvm;
vdkY pdwfylvdkuf&wmAsm? zrf;rsm;oGm;NyDvm;vdkY vdkufpHkprf;ao;w,f }} ponfjzifh oif\cHpm;csuf
ESifhtawGUtBuHKrsm;udkom pajymoifhonf/ xkdokdYaom ]]uREfkyftaMumif;}} pum;pkrsm;ukd okH;jcif;
jzifh wpfzufvlukd wkdufckdufjcif;r[kwfawmhbJ oluvnf;oifhpum;ukd em;axmifzkdYvG,fvmyg
vdrfYrnf/ oifu oifhtaMumif;ukd jyefwifjyaejcif;jzpfí olu r[kwfrrSef[kqkdum y,fcszkdYcJ
,Of;vdrfYrnf/ ]]uRefawmf b,fvkdcHpm;&wm}} ]]uRefawmf b,fvkd,lqwm}} ]]uRefawmfpdwfysuf
oGm;wm}} ponfjzifh jyóemwpfckaMuifh oifjzpfcJh&onfrsm;ukd wifjyjcif;jzpfí olukdqefYusif
aejcif; r[kwfEdkifawmh? oifESifholwkdYjcm;em;csufrsm;ukd olukd odapjcif;rQomjzpfí olwGif ol
ukd,fykdif tjrif&Sdovkd oifhwGifvnf; oifhukd,fykdiftjrif&Sdonfukd az:jyjcif;rQomjzpfonf/
(i) (3) ckdifNrJpGm &yfwnfyg

wpfzufvlukd todtrSwfjyKonfqkd&mü oifutavQmhay;&rnf[k qkdjcif;r[kwfyg/ olY
tjrifukd todtrSwfjyKonfESifh wpfcsdefwnf;wGif oif\tjrifwifjycsufukd ckdifNrJpGmukdifpGJxm;
aMumif; olodatmifjy&rnfjzpfonf/
oifu ckdifNrJpGm&yfwnfxm;jcif;onf olukd todtrSwfjyKjcif;ukd qefYusifacszsufaponf
r[kwfyg/ ckdifNrJwnfwHhaom vlwpfa,muf\ todtrSwfjyKjcif;? cH&jcif;onf tm;enf;awGa0
ol wpfa,muf\ tavQmhay;vkdufavsmjcif;xuf? wpfzufvltzkdY ykdrkdwefzkd;&Sdygonf/
wpfckESihfwpfck qefYusifzufrsm;[k xif&aom jcm;em;aomtjrifukd ckdifNrJpGm pGJukdifjcif;
wkdYukd wpfcsdefwnf;wGifjyKvkyfjcif;onf xkdwpfckwpfckpDukd wpfcsdefpDcGJí aqmif&Gufjcif;xuf rsm;
pGm ykdrkdxda&mufrI&Sdygonf/
(i) (4) jcm;em;csufrsm;tay: taumif;jrif0g'jzifh todtrSwfjyKyg

oifwpfzufom;ESifh wwfEdkiforQ vkdufavsmjcif;qkdonfrSm oifwkdY\jcm;em;csuf zkH;uG,f
xm;&ef r[kwfyg/ jcm;em;csufrsm;ukd yGifhvif;pGm todrSwfjyKjcif;jzifh oifh wpfzufvltzkdY olY wif
jycsufukd oifuem;vnfaMunufoGm;jyD[k pdwfcsoGm;apEkdifygonf/ þtcsufonf vlrsKd;a&;
y#dyu©rsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&mü ta&;ygvSygonf/ vlrsKd;a&;y#dyu©rsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&mü ESpfOD;ESpfzuf
wkdY\ uGJjym;jcm;em;csufwkdYukd taotcsmaz:jyNyD;rSom oabmxm;jcif;wlnDaeonfh tcsuf
rsm;ukd todtrSwfjyKí jzpfEkdifonfukdawGU&ygonf/
30
jcm;em;csufrsm;ukd taotcsmppfaq;Munfhvsif ESpfzufpvkH;uxifxm;oavmuf jyó

emrBuD;rm;wwfaMumif; awGY&wwfygonf/ okdYaomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&HwGif wpfu,fBuD;rm;aom
jyóem jzpfaewwfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh oifhwifjycsufrsm;wGif taumif;jrift,ltqrsm; yg0if
ae&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ pdwfauseyfavmufaomajz&Sif;csuf wpfpkHwpf&m &Ekdifavmufonf[k
,kHMunfaMumif;ESifhxkdokdYaom oabmwlnDcsufukd&atmifaqmif&Guf&ef toifh&SdaMumif; &J0YHpGm
wifjyxm;oifhonf/ oifht,ltqukd &J0YHpGmpGJukdifxm;yg/ xkdYtjyifjcm;em;csufrsm;ukdajz&Sif;í
&Ekdifonf[k ,kHMunfaMumif; &J0YHpGmwifjyyg/
(p) awGYqkHaqG;aEG;a&;twGuf tajctaeaumif;rsm; wnfaqmufyg

tusOf;csKyfí qkd&ygvQif oifausmfjzwf&rnfh twm;tqD;rsm;rSm wpfzufvl\oHo,
ESifh &efvkdrIrsm;pdwfxm;aom em;rsm;ESifh rcefYav;pm;vkyfrIrsm; jzpfygvdrfYrnf/ oifhr[mAsL[m
rSm olYzufokdYae&majymif;vkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf/ oif\wifjycsufukd av;pm;pGmem;axmif tod
trSwfjyKNyD; oifhcHpm;csufukd oabmaygufolwpfa,mufukd &efvkd&efjyK&efrSm cufcJygvdrfYrnf/
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31
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32
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33
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34
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yHkpH ajymif;zdkYyif jzpf\/
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toGifajymif;&mwGif taumif;qHk;ESifh wpfckwnf;aom vufeufud&d,mum; jyóem
tajz&Smonfh ar;cGef;yif jzpf\/ vdktifqEúdk xdk;jyvdkufygonf/ xdkqE´rsm;tm; jznfhqnf;&ef
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olYzufu ydkrdkajymvmap&ef atmufygar;cGef;rsm;ESifh zdwfac:yg/ ]] vlBuD;rif;u 'gudk bmaMumifh
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taMumif;wpfpHkwpf&mudk oifrnfodkYar;onfqdkjcif;u rnfonfudk ar;onfuJhodkYyif
ta&;BuD;ygonf/ wdkuf&dkufar;cGef;rsm;onf olYtm; qefYusif&m usaecJhyguvnf; oG,f0dkufar;
cGef; yHkpHESifh ar;yg/ ]] vlBuD;rif; 'gbmaMumifh vdkcsifw,fqdkwm uRefawmfaoaocsmcsm oabm
raygufao;ygbl; 'g[m vlBuD;rif;twGuf bmaMumifhta&;BuD;w,fqdkwmudk uRefawmfjrifvm
atmif ulnDygcifAsm }} odkYr[kwf ]] 'gudk vlBuD;rif; tawmfxufoefaeyHk&ygw,f/ bmaMumifh
qdkwmudk uRefawmfvnf; em;vnfoabmaygufcsifygw,f/ ]] oif\ar;cGef;udk atmufygtod
trSwfjyKrIESifh pum;pvQif aumif;ygonf/ ]] vlBuD;rif; ajymaewmudk uRefawmfMum;&ygNyD? ukrPD
35
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36
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37
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38
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39
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40
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taeESifh rnfodkYajz&rnfqdkonf ñTefMum;csufr&Sdao;aomaMumifh armfpudkodkY jyefoGm;íwifjy
ygrnf[k ajymygonf/ armfpudkodkY jyefa&mufaomtcg u&ifrvifrS txufvlBuD;rsm;udk wifjy
NyD; oabmwlnDcsuf &Edkifonfh aysmhajymif;rIrsm; csrSwfay;Edkif&ef atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEdkif
cJhygonf/
oHwrefESpfOD;\ pHerlemudk,lí oifESifhaqG;aEG;&rnfh wpfzufom;u ]] [ifhtif; }} [laom
tqifoifhtjzrsdK; r&Sdaom ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;yg/ oif\ ar;cGef;rsm;onf wpfzufom;udk pOf;pm;
&ef tajctaersdK;a&mufoGm;ap&rnf/ tar&duef txufvTwfawmftrwf bD'if\ ar;cGef;u
*&dkrDudk taeESifh txufvTwfawmftrwftcsdKU\ oabmxm;tay: pOf;pm;&awmhrnfh tajc
taeodkY a&mufoGm;apjcif;rsdK; jzpfygonf/ oif\ ar;cGef;rsm;udk pOf;pm;&if;ESifh wpfzufom;onf
pdwfajymif;oGm;Edkifygonf/ oabmwlvufcHvm&ef ydkNyD;eD;pyf vmEdkifygonf/
(c) (7) wdwfqdwfaejcif;&JU pGrf;tifudk toHk;csyg
jyóem tajz&Sm&mwGif ar;cGef;ar;jcif;onf tiftm;wpf0ufom &Sdygao;onf/ tjcm;

wpf0ufrSm wdwfqdwfaejcif;yif jzpfygonf/ wpfzufom;udk oif\ar;cGef;rsm;tay: pOf;pm;&ef
ESifh tajz&Sm&ef tcsdefay;&ygrnf/ þodkY tajzray;onfh trSm;rsdK;udk vltrsm;pk usL;vGefwwf
ygonf/ olu tajzray;ygu wdwfqdwfaerItay: oifu rtDrom jzpfvmwwfygonf/ oif
ar;vdkufonfh ar;cGef;tay: olrnfodkY csufcsif; tajzay;&rnf rodawmhonfhtcg oifu pum;
wpfckckudk pum;p&Smíajymwwfygonf/
oifhtaeESifh þodkYrvkyfbJ olYxHrS tajzudk apmifhoifhygonf/ oifu olYudk oifxifonfh
ar;cGef;udk ar;vdkufNyDyJ? wdwfqdwfrIESifh rtDrom jzpfrIrsm;u olYOD;aESmufudk tvkyfay;ygap/
tcsdefwefonfhtcgwGif olYzufrS jzpfcsifonfrsm; jzpfEdkifonfh tajzwpfckck odkYr[kwf oifhwifh
onfh pHEIef;wpf&yf&yf az:xkwfvmygvdrfhrnf/ þuJhodkY jzpfvmNyDqdkvQif jyóemudk tajz&Smrnfh
aqG;aEG;yGJwGif olyg0ifvmygNyD/
tajzwpfck&vQif oifh\vkyfief; qufvufwdk;wufvmNyD[k rSwfxm;yg/ xdkYaMumifh ZGJ
aumif;aumif;ESifh BudK;pm;yg/ oif\ vdktyfcsufudk ar;cGef;wpfckwnf;ESifh r&ao;ygu tjcm;
&Iaxmifhrsm;ESifh BudK;pm;yg/ tifwmAsL;vkyfaom olwpfOD;&JU BudK;pm;rIrsdK;vdkygonf/ atmifjrifrI
&Sdaom aqG;aEG;olrsm;udk avhvmvdkufygu 4if;wdkYonf ra&rwGufEdkifaom ar;cGef;rsm; ar;wwf
onfqdkjcif;udk oifawGU&ygvdrfhrnf/
ààààà
41
(*) enf;AsL[mudk yHkpHajymif;vJ usifhoHk;yg
jyóemudk tajz&Smonfh ar;cGef;rsm;xJrS wpfzufom;\ taetxm;rsm;? qE´rsm;? enf;

vrf;rsm;ESifh pHEIef;udk oifu yHkpHajymif;vJNyD; wifjyEdkifygonf/ odkYaomf olYenf;AsL[mrsm;udkvnf;
oifBuHKawGU&ygvdrfhrnf/ ]] [ifhtif; }} [k jiif;aejcif;rsm;? wdkufcdkufjcif;rsm; ESifhwuG tjcm; ynm
jyrIrsm;ESifh olYoabmxm;udk vufcHvmap&ef olBudK;pm;ygvdrfhrnf/ olYenf;AsL[mrsm;udk jyefvnf
í yHkpHopfjzifh usifhoHk;NyD; jyóem\ tajzudk a&mufoGm;ap&ef olYudk rnfodkYvkyf&rnfenf;/
(*) (1) olYbufu ausmufwHwdkif;cwfjiif;y,faejcif;udl auGUywfa&Smifyg
wpfzufom;u tpGef;a&muftaetxm;udk ,lxm;NyD; ]] 'gudk vufcH&ifcH? rcH&ifjyefawmh }}

[k ajymvmvQif odkYr[kwf w&m;ao oabmxm;wpf&yfudk wifvmvQif oifrnfodkY vkyfrnf
enf;¿/ oifxdkausmufwHwdkif;udk auGUywfNyD; a&Smifvdkufyg/ Oayu©m jyK&ifjyKvdkufyg/ odkYr[kwf
t"dyÜg,fwpfrsdK;aumufvdkufyg/ odkYr[kwfvQifvnf; olYoabmxm;udk prf;Munfhyg/
(u-u) vHk;0jiif;y,fonfudk a&Smifjcif;
oifh\ wpfzufom;u ajymNyDqdkygpdkY/ ]] 'gudkvufcH&ifcHyg/ vufrcH&ifvJ oGm;ygawmh }}

odkYr[kwf ]] ig;em&DtwGif; taMumif;jyefyg? ig;em&D aemufqHk;xm;NyD; taMumif;jyefyg? 'grSr[kwf
&ifawmh udpöjywfNyDaygh }} [k ajymonf qdkygpdkY? oifhtaeESifh þonfrSm twnfajymaeonfvm;¿
odkYr[kwf cyfwnfwnfESifh NzD;aeovm;¿ qdkonfudk taotcsm rodEdkifyg/ xdkYaMumifh ol\
enf;AsL[mudk Oayu©mjyKvdkufNyD; olrnfrQ tav;teufxm;í ajymaeonfqdkjcif;udk prf;oyfyg/
ol,ckvdk ajymcJhonfudk Oayu©mjyKNyD; jyóemudk qufajymyg/ odkYr[kwf ajymMum;rnfh taMumif;
t&mudk vTJajymif;vdkufyg/ tu,fí olu twnfajymaejcif;jzpfvQif aemufxyfxyfNyD; ajym
ygvdrfhrnf/
(c-c) ausmufwHwdkif;cwfjcif;udk aumif;wJhtcsuftjzpf rSwf,lyg

tvkyform;or*¾acgif;aqmif wpfOD;u oifhudk þodkYajymonfqdkygpdkY/ ]] uRefawmfht
aeeJY tvkyform;awG&JUvpm (15)&mcdkifEIef; wdk;r&cJh&if vnftjzwfcHr,fvdkY ajymvmcJhNyD;ygNyD }}
qdkcJhvQif oifbmvkyfrnfenf;¿ olYrSm tusyftwnf;a&mufaeygNyD/ ol\ taetxm;udk oif
u qefYusifajymqdkcJhvQif olYzufuavQmh&ef ydkcufcJoGm;awmhrnf/ qefYusifrnfhtpm; olYt"d|mef
udk arQmfrSef;csuf wpf&yfrQom jzpfonf[k t"dyÜg,fzGifhyg/ jyóem\ t&if;tjrpfudk pOf;pm;Edkif
ap&ef vrf;aMumif;&ygrnf/
]] uRefawmfwdkY tm;vHk;rSm arQmfrSef;csufawG &SdMuygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY&JU pDrHcefYcGJrI tydkif;
uvnf; pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeawG raumif;wmaMumifh 0efxrf;awG&JU vpmudk avQmhcscsifyg
42
w,f/ odkYayr,fh uRefawmfwdkYtm;vHk;[m vpmjyóemESifhywfoufNyD; obm0usus pOf;pm;Mu

zdkYoifhw,fvdkY uRefawmf,HkMunfygw,f/ vkyfief;tqifhcsif;wl&if wpfjcm;ukrÜPDawGu olwdkY&JU
tvkyform;awGudk b,favmufay;aeMuygovJ¿ }} oif þodkY ajymvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh olYtae
ESifh odu©m&Sd&Sd tavQmhay;oGm;&ef vG,fuloGm;Edkifygonf/
wpfzufom;u oifhudk &uftwdtus tcdkiftrmowfrSwfNyD; &mZoHay;vQif b,fvdk
vkyfMurnfenf;¿/ oifu tajctaeudk oufom&m&ap&ef þodkYvkyfEdkifygonf/ ]] tJ'D&ufcsdef;
eJY udkufnDatmif uRefawmfwdkY ñSdEdIif;rIvkyfMu&atmif/ 'Dtwdkif;jzpfEdkif&if taumif;qHk;ygyJ/
tckuwnf;u pvkyfMuwmayghAsm }} þodkY ajymNyD;onfhaemufwGif oifhzufu oabmxm; rSef
uefaMumif; jyoEdkif&ef jyóem\ tajzudk &Smyg/
(*-*) jiif;aewmudk tav;teufoabmxm;yg odkY&mwGif prf;oyfMunfhyg

wwd,enf;rSm jiif;qdkaejcif;onf trSefwu,f[kwfrS [kwfyg&JUvm;¿ [k prf;oyfMunfh
&efyif jzpfonf/ Oyrm oifhwpfzufom;u aemufqHk;owfrSwfxm;onfh aeYpGJudk tav;xm;NyD;
jyifqifaqmif&Gufxm;yg/ odkYaomf xdktcsdef eD;vmonfhtcgusrS ta&;wBuD; tjcm;udpöESifh
w,fvDzkef;ac:&ef&Sdonf? tpnf;ta0;&Sdonf? ponfjzifh vkyfvdkufyg/ tMurf;zufrIESifh ywfouf
í "m;pmcHrsm; zrf;xm;onfh udpöudk aqG;aEG;&mwGif aqG;aEG;onfh vlrsm;taejzifh olwdkYrwwf
Edkifaom tajctaeaMumifh a&G;aiGudk aiGay;&rnfhbPfu xkwf,lzdkY aemufusEdkifonf[k ajym
avh &Sdygonf/ Oyrm bPfydwf&uf jzpfaeonf pojzifh.../ þuJhodkY aqG;aEG;aeus tMurf;
zuform;rsm;ESifh acgif;aqmifwpfOD;u ajymzl;ygonf/ ]] aemufqHk;&uf owfrSwfxm;vQif
uRefawmfwdkYu BudKufw,f? &ufwdkavav aumif;avygyJ/ tJ'Dumv uefYowfcsufudk uRefawmf
wdkYu azmufzsufEdkifNyDqdk&if olwdkY&JU useftpDtpOfawGudk uRefawmfwdkY zsufEdkifoGm;ygNyD/
]] [ifhtif; }} [k tajzay;rnfh vltrsm;tm; olwdkYudk wdkuf&dkufrqefYusifbJ vkyfEdkif
onfh enf;wpfckrSm ar;cGef;rsm;rsm; ar;&ef jzpf\/ um;ta&mif;t0,form;wpfOD;u um;aps;
udk ravQmhEdkifbl;[k qdkvmvQif oifar;zdkYuawmh ]] 'Dum;twGuf t&pfus qyfvdkY&rvm;¿ }}
odkYr[kwf ]] um;a[mif;eJYtvdkufay;NyD; vJvdkY&rvm;¿ }} [lí jzpfygonf/ xdktcgwGif um;a&mif;
orm; taeESifh aysmhajymif;vmNyD; aps;EIef;avsmhay;vmEdkifygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif wpfzufom;
&JUjiif;y,frIrsm;onf oifhtwGuf tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm; jzpfvmEdkifonf qdkonfudkvnf; rarh
oifhyg/ Oyrm olu oifhudk aeYpGJwpfck owfrSwfay;vdkufonfqdkygpdkY/ oifu þodkY jyefajymEdkif
onf/ ]] vlBuD;rif;&JU qEúdk vdkufavsmrI vkyfEdkifzdkYtwGuf bkwftzGJUtpnf;udk uRefawmfwif
ay;rS jzpfygr,f? odkYayr,fh tcsdefwdkawmif;wmaMumifh uRefawmfhtaeeJY tck 'DavmufyJ vkyfay;
Edkifygvdrfhr,f }} odkYr[kwf ]] cifAsm;u 'Dvdktcsdef owfrSwfxm;wJhtwGufaMumifh cifAsm; tul
tnDudk uRefawmfwdkYvdkygvdrfhr,f/ ypönf;awGudk vmo,fzdkY cifAsm;uyJ vkyfay;Edkifrvm;cifAsm }}
ààààà
43
(*) (2) xdk;ESufrIawGudk cgxkwfvdkufyg
oifhwpfzufom;u oifhudkapmfum;NyD; odkYr[kwf tqifrajyonfhudpötwGuf oifhudk

tjypfwifNyDqdkvQif oifbmvkyfrnfenf;¿ oifhudk tjypfwifwdkufcdkufjcif;rS jyóemudkom tm
&Hkpdkufap&ef oifrnfodkYaqmif&Gufrnfenf;¿
(u-u) wdkufcdkufrIudk Oayu©mjyKyg

enf;vrf;wpfckrSm xdkwdkufcdkufrIudk rMum;csifa,mifaqmifí jyóemudkom qufjcif;
jzpfygonf/ Oyrm oifonf tvkyform;or*¾acgif;aqmifwpfOD; qdkygpdkY/ oif\ tvkyf&Sifu
tvkyform;OD;a&udk wpf0ufavQmh&awmhrnf/ odkYr[kwf tvkyform;vcawGudk jzwf&vdrfhrnf
[k qdkaeNyD/ olNcdrf;ajcmufrIudk *&kpdkufaernfqdkvQif olYtzdkY aemufqkwfzdkY ydkcufoGm;awmhrnf/
]] t"dyÜg,fr&Sdwm ajymraeygeJYAsm? cifAsm;b,fwkef;urS 'DvdkrvkyfcJhbl; }} [k ajymjyefvQifvnf;
olu a&Shwdk;vkyfawmhrnf/ xdktpm; oifvkyfoifhonfrSm olNcdrf;ajcmufonfudk Oayu©mjyKvdkuf
NyD; ukrÜPD\ tajctaetay: ajymif;NyD;tm&Hkpl;pdkufvdkufyg/ ]] cifAsm;rSmvnf; tcuftcJawG
&Sdaew,fqdkwm uRefawmfodygw,fAsm uRefawmfhudkvnf; xyf&Sif;jyygOD; }}
oifh&JU qefYusifbufvlu olwdkY&JU&efvdkwJhenf;AsL[mawG[m ratmifjrif[k qdkvQif olY
bmomol &yfwefYoGm;jcif;rsdK;vnf &SdEdkifygonf/
(c-c) oifhtay: wdkufcdkufjcif;udk jyóemtay:wdkufcdkufjcif;tjzpf ajymif;vJvdkufyg
'kwd,csOf;uyfenf;rSm oifhtay:wdkufcdkufrIudk jyóemtay: wdkufcdkufrItjzpf yHkpH

ajymif;vdkuf&ef jzpfonf/ Oyrm ypönf;topfwpfck xkwfvkyfrIESifh ywfoufí oufqkdif|mecGJ
\ oabmwlnDcsufukd &&Sd&ef oifuBudK;pm;ae&mwGif oifh\vkyfaz:ukdifzufwpfOD;u þokdY
ajymNyDqkdygpkdY ]]'DvkdrjzpfEkdifwJh tBuHtpnfxuf aumif;wmrsm; cifAsm;rpOf;Ekdifbl;vm;}} [k ar;
cJhNyDqkdygpkdY? oifu xkdvlukd qefYusifNyD; aNymEkdifygonf/ þokdYr[kwfbJ oifhtay: yk*¾Kdvfa&;t&
a0zefcsufukd Oayu©mjyKNyD; vkyfief;tay:om a0zefcsuftjzpf tm&kHpkdufvkdufEkdifygonf/ xkdt
cgwGif oifjyefajymEkdifonfrSm ]]cifAsm;ajymwm [kwfw,fAs? tJvkdqkd&if tJ'DtqkdjyKcsufukd aumif;
oGm;atmif b,fvkdvkyfBurvJ}}
oifhudk wdkufcdkufol taeESifh wifjycsuf ESpf&yfudk vkyf&ygonf/ yxr wpfcsufrSm oif\
wifjycsufonf raumif;aMumif;? 'kwd, wifjycsufrSm oif[mrpGHaMumif;wdkYyif jzpfonf/ oif
taeESifh acsyEdkif&ef tcGifhtvrf;ESpfck &Sdygonf/ ydkíw&m;ojzifh tcGifhta&;&Sdaom acsycsuf
jzpfonfh tvkyfudpöjyóemudk acsyjcif;tm;jzifh oifhtay: yk*¾dKvfa&;t& wdkufcdkufrIudk a&Smif
vTJEdkifygonf/
ààààà
44
(*-*) yk*¾dKvfa&;wdkufcdkufrIudk cifrifvdkY vkyfjcif;tjzpf yHkpHajymif;vdkufyg
yk*¾dKvfa&; wdkufcdkufrIudk aemufwpfenf;yHkpHajymif;EdkifonfrSm cifrif&if;ESD;í olu rdrd

udk þuJhodkY qufqHjcif;tjzpf t"dyÜg,fudk vGJrSm;NyD;aumufvdkufyg/ om"uaqmif&vQif xif
&Sm;BuD;jrwfaom y&yf&Sm; ppfolBuD;vnf;jzpf? {u&mZfvnf;jzpfonfh z&ufx&pfbk&ifrif;jrwf
onf (18)&mpk twGif;u ol\ ppfAdkvfcsKyfwpfa,muftay: rsufrmefawmf&ScJhygonf/ ppfAdkvf
u bk&ifxHtcpm;0ifaomtcg bk&ifudk tvGefav;pm;pGmjzifh tav;jyKygonf/ xdktcg z&uf
x&pfu ausmcdkif;vdkufygonf/ ]] t&Sifrif;jrwf[m uRefawmfrsdK;udk pdwfrqdk;awmhbl; qdkwm
awGU&vdkY uRefrsdK;odyf0rf;omygw,f }} [k ppfAdkvfu avQmufxm;ygonf/ ]] bmaMumifh[kwf&
rSmwkef; }} [k bk&ifBuD;u trdefY&Sdygonf/ ]] bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh t&Sifrif;BuD;[m t&Sifrif;BuD;
&JUoufwrf;wpfavQmufvHk;rSm &efolwpfa,mufudk ausmay;rxm;bl; }} [k AdkvfcsKyfu jyefajz
vdkufygonf/ z&ufx&pfbk&ifvnf; rsufrmefawmfajyoGm;NyD; xdkAdkvfcsKyfudk jyefvnf csD;ajrSmuf
ygonf/
oifh&JUaeYpOfudpörsm;rSmvnf; rdrdtay: yk*¾dKvfa&;wdkufcdkufrIudk pdwfylyefaMumifhMuíajym
jcif;jzpfonf[k oabmxm;í jyóem\ t&if;tjrpfbufudk tm&Hkpl;pdkufatmifvkyfvdkufyg/
Oyrm oifhaqG;aEG;az:zufom;u oifhudk pdwfrtDromjzpfap&ef &nf&G,fNyD; ]] cifAsm;
Munfh&wm aeraumif;bl;xifw,f? cifAsm;aeaumif;&JUvm;Asm }} pk ar;cJhvQif cifAsm;u þodkY
jyefajzEdkifygonf/ ]] cifAsm; pdk;&drfaMumifhMuwmtwGuf aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ uRefawmfodyfudk
aeaumif;ygw,f? uRefawmfwdkYMum;rSmvnf; oabmwlnDcsuf&zdkY eD;vmygqdkawmh uRefawmf
pdwfvnf;csrf;omygw,f }}
(C-C) twdwf&JUtrSm;awGudktem*wfudkukor,fh tem*wf&JU ukxHk;tjzpfyHkpH ajymif;vdkufyg
wpfzufom;u oifhudk wkdufcdkuf&mwGif oifhtay:tjypfwifonfh yHkpHrsdK; rMumcPvkyf

avh&Sdwwfygonf/ rdom;pktwGif; aiGa&;aMu;a&; oHk;pGJoltajctaeudk aqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif
a,muFsm;vkyfolu olYrdef;rudk þodkY pGyfpGJonf qdkygpdkY ]] rif;[mtusdK;r&SdwJh aygufu&udpöawG
rSm aiGjzKef;aew,f? bmrStoHk;ruswJh a<ueJYvkyfxm;wJh aMumif&kyfuav;wpfckudk (75)a':vm
BuD;rsm;awmif ay;NyD;0,fcJhwm rSwfrdao;vm;¿ }} ZeD;vkyfoluvnf; jyefESufonf ]] &Sifaum
bmxl;vJ udkvl<um;&JU &Sifhtaygif;toif;awG tm;vHk;udk vGefcJhwJhtywfu t&ufac:wdkufwm
av? aiGawGb,favmuf ukefoGm;ovJ }} þodkYESifh olwdkYESpfOD;udk wpfOD;twdwftaMumif;rsm;
az:xkwfNyD; &efawGUMu&if; tdrfaxmifoHk; bwf*suftaMumif;udk arhoGm;Muawmh\/
twdwfu tjiif;yGm;p&mudpöwpf&yfudk tem*wftusdK;twGuf toGifajymif;Edkifonfh
tcGifhtvrf;rsm; tNrJ&Sdaeygonf/ b,folrSm;onfqdk&mrS þjyóemtwGuf b,fvdkukpm;Edkif
onfqdkonfudk ajymif;NyD;aqG;aEG;Edkifygonf/ rdef;ru ]] [kwfygw,f 'gvif&,f? aMumif&kyf&JU
aps;u tawmfBuD;oGm;w,fqdkwm uRefrwdkYESpfa,mufpvHk;oabmwlygw,f? uRefr'Dvdk trSm;
rsdK; xyfrvkyfawmhygbl;/ aemufvbwf*sufudk b,fvkd vkyfMu&ifaumif;rvJ¿ 0ifaiGESifh xGuf
45
aiG oifhwifhatmif uRefrwdkYb,fvdkvkyfMu&if aumif;rvJ¿ }} wpfzufom;u oifhtwdwfu

jzpf&yfwpfcktwGuf a0zefNyD qdkygpdkY/ oifu þodkYjyefar;&ef rarhygESifh ]] 'Dvdkxyfrjzpfatmif
uRefawmfwdkYwpfawG b,fvdkvkyfMu&&if aumif;rvJAsm }} tjypfwifonfh udpöudk tm;vHk;u
0dkif;NyD; ajz&Sif;Mu&rnfh udpötjzpf ajymif;vGJvdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/
(i-i) ]]cifAsm;}} eJY ]]uRefawmf}} qdkwJh pum;awGtpm; ]]uRefawmfwdkY}} vdkY jyifoHk;yg

vifr,m;ESpfa,muftdrfaxmifa&; 0ifaiG?xGufaiGESifh ywfoufí pum;rsm;Muwdkif; Mum;
&wwfonfrSm ]] rif; 'g vkyfcJhw,f }} ]] ig 'g rvkyfcJhbl; }} qdkíjiif;Muonfudkom Mum;&rnf/
pum;toHk;tEIef;wGif ]] rif; }} ESifh ]] ig }} tpm; ]] wdkY }} [k &dk;&dk;pif;pif; ajymif;vJvdkuf&HkrQESifh
tusdK;xl;apygonf/ ZeD;jzpfolu þodkYar;oifhonf/ ]] uRefrwdkY 0ifaiG? xGufaiGtwGif; oifh
wifhrQwatmif uRefrwdkYb,fvdkvkyfMu&if aumif;rvJ }} ]] uRefrwdkY? uRefawmfwdkY }} [k oHk;pGJjcif;
onf tusdK;wl? b0wl aumif;pm;a&;[laom bufodkY tm&Hkajymif;oGm;apygonf/
]] cifAsm; }} odkYr[kwf ]] uRefawmf }} [k ajymaeMuonfh tajctaerS ]] uRefawmfwdkY }}
[laom tajctaeodkY ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf &dk;&dk;av;ESifh xda&mufvSaom enf;vrf;rSm udk,f
[ef taetxm;jzpfonf/ vltrsm; jiif;cHkMuonfhtcg rwfwyf&yfíjzpfap? rsufESmcsif;qdkif
xdkifíjzpfap? jiif;ckefwwfygonf/ olwdkY\ xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifaerIudk &kyfoabmESifh az:jywwf
ygw,f/ xdkYaMumifh tqifajyrnfh taMumif;udk &SmNyD;ab;wdkufxdkifoifhygonf/ pm&Guf? pmwef;
odkYr[kwf oif\ ZeD;? cifyGef;ESifh qdkzmay:rSm ,SOfwGJxdkifNyD; aqG;aEG;Muyg/ rD;zdkwGif; aumifwm
pm;yGJ wpfzufwpfcsufrS atmf[pfaeMurnfhtpm; ESpfOD;ab;wdkuf ,SOfxdkifjcif;tm;jzifh tajc
taeu rsufvSnfhjyvdkufovdk csufcsif;BuD; aumif;roGm;onfhwdkif cufcJonfh udpörsm;udk twl
,SOfwGJí vkyf&rnfhoabmudk tm;aqmifaponf/
(*) (3) aumufuspf vSnfhpm;rIudk az:xkwfyg
aumufuspfvSnfhpm;rIrsm;udk toGifajymif;,ljcif;rSm tcufqHk; jzpfygonf/ &dk;om;,HkMunf

pGmjzifh aqG;aEG;ñSdEdIif;aecsdefwGif vSnfhpm;aumufuspfrIESifh tompD;,ljcif;rsdK;rsm; &Sdygonf/ wpf
zufu trSefw&m;udkom ajymaejcif;qdkNyD; ,HkMunfrdwwfygonf/ wpfzufvlu oluwday;
xm;onfhtwdkif; ukefypönf;rsm;udk vTJajymif;ay;tyfvdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfrdwwfonf/ olYrSm vkyf
ydkifcGifh &SdygonfvdkY qdkcJhonfudkvnf; ,Hkrdwwfonf/ jyóemudk oabmwlnDcsuf&NyD;vQif jyef
aqG;aEG;p&m rvdkawmh[k ,Hkxm;rdonf/ vSnfhpm;rIawGudk yHkpHjyefajymif;&jcif;rSm cufcJvSygonf/
tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf þodkYaomvlrsdK;rsm; oifhudkvSnfhpm;vdkonfhtwGuf pum;vHk;vSvSav;
rsm;ESifh em;0ifcsdKatmif oifvufcHvmatmif ajymwwfMuaomaMumifh jzpf\/
vSnfhpm;aewmyJ[k oifhtaeESifh wdkuf&dkufBuD;ajymEdkifaomfvnf; tEÅ&m,fBuD;ygonf/
taMumif;wpfckrSm oifhzufu rSm;aewmvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/ oifhzufu rSefaeonfyJqdkOD;
awmh wpfzufom;taeESifh vlvdrf? vlnpf [k tajymcH&jcif;aMumifh oifhudk pdwfqdk;vdrfhrnf/
46
oifwdkY\ qufqHa&;[m ysufjym;oGm;Edkifygonf/

vSnfhpm;rIudk jiif;y,fypfEdkifonfh enf;wpfenf;rSm wpfzufom;ESifh vdkufavsmnDpGm ajym
oGm;yg? wpfzufom;u &dk;om;pGm aqG;aEG;aewJh oabmrsdK; oifu wkHYjyefyg? odkYaomf cyfjznf;
jznf; jyKrlqufqHyg/ olY\&dk;om;rIudk qef;ppfEdkifonfh ar;cGef;rsdK;ar;yg/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh qdk&vQif
ajracG;wpfaumifuJhodkY EHkt[efaqmifyg/ wpfzufuom &dk;om;ajzmifhrwfolqdkvQif oifhtay:
pdwfqdk;rnf r[kwfyg/ olu oifhtm; vSnfhpm;&ef BudK;pm;aejcif;qdkvQifawmh ol\vSnfhpm;rI
rsm;udk oifaz:xkwfEdkifygvdrfhrnf/ oifu olYudk wnfhwdk;BuD; qefYusif? wdkufcdkufjcif; r[kwf
onfhtwGuf olvnf;rsufESmrysufyg/ olYtaeeJY rSm;oGm;vdkYyg? xifjrifvGJrSm; oGm;wmyg ponf
jzifh avsmcsoGm;Edkifygonf/
(u-u) uGJuGJjym;jym; od&atmif ar;yg
wpfzufom;&JUajymMum;csufrsm;udk wdwdusus uGJuGJjym;jym; od&atmifar;yg/ oifu

ukrÜPDwpfckudk 0,f,lcsifaeNyD qdkygpdkY/ a&mif;olu olukrÜPD\ ydkifqdkifrIpm&if;rsm;xJwGif &&ef
&Sdonfha<u;tcsdKUudk xnfhoGif;xm;onf qdkygpdkY/ olwdkYudk r,Hkaeonfh avoHrsdK;rygbJ? ]] 'Da<u;
awGudk jyef&rSmbJvdkY cifAsm;,HkMunfwmtwGuf vHkavmufwJhtaMumif;&SdrSmyg/ cifAsm; bmaMumifh
'Dvdk ,lqw,fqdkwm odyg&ap }} rvGJEdkifonfh ,HkMunfavmufaomenf;rsm; (uGefysLwm ponf
jzifh)udk olu udk;um;cJhvQifvnf; pdppfMunfhyg/ enf;enf;avmufzdar;ay;&ef tm;emraeygESifh/
olu 0dk;wdk;0g;wm;ajzvQif odkYr[kwf tajzay;zdkYa&SmifcJhvQifvnf; owdxm;yg/ a&ShaemufrnD
onfrsm; awGU&vQifvnf; wdkuf&dkufBuD;olYudk raxmufvdkufygESifh? r&Sif;ao;íqdkonfh oabm
rsdK;omjyKrlyg/ ]] uRefawmf0rf;enf;ygw,fAsm? uRefawmf oabmraygufao;bl;Asm? 'DudpöeJY
cifAsm;t&ifajymcJhwmeJY b,fvdk qufpyfw,fqdkwm uRefawmfhudk &Sif;jyygvm;¿ }}
oif\ oHo,rsm;udk prf;oyf&efwpfenf;rSm oiftajzodNyD;om; taMumif;t&mrsm;
tm; olYudkar;&ef jzpfonf/ olYwkYHjyefrI yHkpHrsm;wnf;rS oifodp&mrsm; trsm;BuD; od&ygvdrfhrnf/
oifhudk vSnfhpm;enf;rsm;xJwGif trsm;tjym;BuHK&EdkifonfrSm olYwGif vkyfydkifcGifh tmPm
r&Sdonfudk &Sdoa,mifaqmifjcif;yif/ oifhbufu vdkufavsmrItrsdK;rsdK; ay;vdkufNyD;onfhtcgrS
olYzufu olYtxufvlBuD;udk aomfvnf;aumif;? 'g&dkufwmtzGJUudkaomfvnf;aumif; wifjy&OD;
rnf/ olwdkYuvnf; xyfNyD;aps;qpfMuOD;rnfudk odvm&jcif;rsdK;rsm;/ oihfudk,foif umuG,f&ef
twGuf oifESifhaqG;aEG;&ol\ vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odEdkifrnfh ar;cGef;rsm;
apmapmuwnf;u ar;xm;yg/ ]] 'Dudpöudk vlBuD;rif;u qHk;jzwfay;Edkifw,fvdkY uRefawmf,lq
csuf rSefygovm; cifAsm }} wdwdusus tajz&atmifvkyfyg/ olYrSmtmPmr&SdvQif rnfolYxHrSm
tmPm&Sdonf tajz&zdkY b,frQMumrnf qdkonfudk pHkprf;yg/
aemufvkyfwwfMuao;aom vSnfhpm;csufrsm;rSm oabmwlnDcsuf &NyD;í aemufqHk;
rdepfusrS awmif;qdkcsuf topfwifvmjcif;rsdK; jzpfonf/ þawmif;qdkcsufrsdK;udk oifu pdefac:
vdkufrnfhtpm; oif þodkYar;Edkifygonf/ ]] 'gqdk&if aumif;ygNyDAsm? uRefawmfwdkYtck oabm
47
wlxm;wJh twdkif;yJ qufvkyfMu&atmifvm;Asm }} olu [kwfuJh [k ajzvQif oifqdkEdkifonfrSm

]] aumif;ygNyDAsm 'gqdk&if tck[mudk yl;wGJa&;xm;wJh rlMurf;vdkYyJ owfrSwfNyD;awmh vlBuD;rif;
uvJ vlBuD;rif; txufvlBuD;udk jyefwifjy? uRefawmfuvJ uRefawmfvlBuD;udk wifjyNyD;awmh
eufjzefjyefawGUMur,f? tajymif;tvJav;awG &Sdr,fqdk&ifvJ aqG;aEG;MuwmayghAsm }} olu
tydkwpfckck vdkcsifonfqdkvQif oifuvnf; tvm;wl &atmifawmif;yg/

(c-c) usdK;aMumif;qDavsmfonfh arwåm&yfcHcsuf jyKvkyfyg
ajymifajymif qefYusifaeaomvlESifh qufqH&jcif;ESifh pmygu vSnfhpm;vdkolESifh qufqH

&jcif;u oifhtwGuf wyef;omcsufwpfcsuf &Sdygonf/ olu tusdK;taMumif; oifhwifhqDavsmf
csifa,mif olYtaeESifh ae&jcif; jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh olYpum;udk oifu,lNyD; olYudk prf;oyf
yg/ olñSyfyl;ñSyfydwf rdaeygvdrfhrnf/ olYtaeESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdkygonf qdkaom ta,mif
aqmifrIESifh vdkufavsmnDap&ef olqufNyD; aevQifvnf;ae odkYr[kwf ta,mifaqmifrsufESmzHk;
udk olcGmcs&ygawmhrnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ajym&vQifawmh usdK;aMumif;qDavsmfaom arwåm&yf
cHcsuf aq;enf;eJY oifukpm;Edkifygonf/
wpfzufom;[m wu,fyif yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdkpdwf&SdvQif oabmwl&ef aocsmonfh
arwåm&yfcHcsufrsdK; jyKvkyfyg/ Oyrm olYtaeESifh a<u;qHk;awGudk zHk;xm;wm &Sdonf[k xif&vQif
þodkY arwåm&yfcHyg/ ]] vlBuD;rif;&JU &&ef&Sd aiGpm&if;awGudk uRefawmfpm&if;udkifeJY vTwfNyD;Munfh
yg&ap/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGrSm vkyf&dk;vkyfpOf tvkyfayghcifAsm }} a&mif;csrnfholu olYpm&if;
rsm;udk oifhpm&if;udkifESifh ppfMunfh&ef oabmrwl[k qdkvQif olY ajymqdkcsufrsm; pdwfrcs&bl;[k
oifaumufcsufcsEdkifygNyD/
xyfrHawmif;qkdrIrsm;vkyfcJh&jcif;onf olxHwGif&Sdaeaom tvGefacgif;rmonfhtpk&Sifwpf
a,mufaMumifhjzpfygonf[kqkdcJhvQif oifu þokdYjyefí arwåm&yfcHEkdifygonf/ ]]cGifhjyKyg *s,f&D
uGsefawmfem;vnfw,fvkdY raocsmbl;Asm}} t&ifaqG;aEG;yGJawGUwkef;u cifAsm;&JUbPfuvlawG
ukd rzdwfcJhrdwm uGefawmfrSm;rsm;rSm;oGm;ovm;? cifAsm;'Dtajctaea&mufatmif uGsefawmfvkyf
rdwm pdwfraumif;ygbl;? uGsefawmfwkdYaqG;aEG;cJhwmawGukd olwkdYeJYuGsefawmf jyefaqG;aEG;&&if
aumif;rvm;? tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;rsKd; pDpOfay;Ekdifygvm;cifAsm/
*s,f&Du enf;vrf;wckckukd a&G;&awmhrnf/ olu olzufrS vlrsm;ESifhawGUaumif;awGUay;
vdrfhrnf/ xkdtcgwGif olwkdY\uefYuGufcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; oifykdíod&rnf okdYr[kwfvQif
vnf; vSnfhuGufay:vmayrnf okdYr[kwfvQifvnf; awGUcGifhay;csifrSay;vdrfhrnf/ xkdtcgwGif
oifowdxm;EkdifvdrfYrnf/ okdYr[kwfyguvnf; olYawmifqkdcsuftopfukd vkH;0&kyfodrf;vkdufNyD;
rlvoabmwlnDcsuf twkdif vufcHaumif;vufcHoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ b,f&vm'fyifjzpfjzpf oifht
aeESifh usKd;aMumif;qDavsmfonfh arwåm&yfcHcsufrsm;? &Sifvif;csufar;cGef;rsm; oifqufvkyfEdkif
ygNyD/
ààààà
48
(*-*)vSnfhuGufukd oifhtwGuf tusKd;jyKcsuftjzpf ajymif;vJvkdufyg
wpfzufom;\vSnfhuGufukd oifjrifoGm;NyDqkdygu oifhtwGuftusKd;&Sdatmif ajymif;vJ

usifhokH;Ekdifygonf/ vif;r,m;jywfpJjcif;wGif oifu r,m;zufuvkduf&onfh a&SUaeqkdygpkdY? a,m
usFm;vkyfolu om;orD;twGufaxmufyHYp&dwfukd ay;ygrnf[k uwdjyKxm;onf/ okdYaomf ol
onf pum;rwnfEkdif[k ,lq&eftaMumif;rsm; oifhwGif&Sdaeonf/ oif\ þpkd;&drfcsufukd ajym
jyvkdufvQif ol\a&SUaeu a,musFm;vkyfol[m wpfu,fay;r,fYvlyg[k ajymygvdrfYrnf/
]]cifAsm;aocsm&JUvm;Asm}} vkdY oifuar;onf/
]]odyf aocsmwmayghAsm? uRefawmf&JUtrIonfu vlBuD;vlaumif;wpfOD;ygAsm}}
[k olYa&SUaeu jyefajymygvdrfYrnf/
]]'gqkd&ifawmh qkH;jzwfcsufav; wpfykd'fukdxnfhvkduf&if uefYuGufrSmr[kwfygbl;}}
tJ'Dpmykd'fuav;uawmh uav;p&dwfay;zkdY okH;vysufuGufcJh&if uGsefawmf&JUtrIonf taeeJY
cifyGef;avmif;&JU tdrfykdifqkdifcGifha0pkukd uav;awGp&dwftjzpf tpm;xkd;&ykdifcGifhayghAsm}}
a,musFm;zufua&SUaetaeESifh oltrIonf onf pdwfcs&oljzpfonf[k ckdifckdifrmrm
ajymavav þtykd'fxnfhoGif;&efukd uefYuGufzkdY cufavav jzpfoGm;ygrnf/
(C) aqG;aEG;ñSdEIdif;zkdY pnf;rsOf;awGeJY ywfoufNyD;

b,fvkdcsrSwfr,fqkdwm ñSdEIdif;yg
oifhzufu wtm;BuKd;pm;aomfvnf; wpfzufom;uqufvufí jiif;y,faevQif? wkduf

ckdufaevQif? vSnfhuGufawGvkyfaevQif? oifu aqG;aEG;onfhykHpHukd wpfrsKd;ajymif;Ekdifygao;onf/
aqG;aEG;yGJtwGuf rnfokdYaqG;aEG;Murnfqkdonfukd ñSdEIdif;&efjzpfygonf/
trSefwGif ñSdEIdif;aqG;aEG;csuf ESpfckay:aygufaeygonf/ wpfckrSm &kyf0x¬Ktykdif;ukd aqG;
aEG;aejcif;jzpfonf/ rnfokdYvkyfMuukdifMurnf/ a':vmrsm;? qifhrsm;ESifh ywfoufygonf/ aemuf
ñSdEIdif;aqG;aEG;rIwpfckrSm rnfokdYrnfykHaqG;aEG;Murnf qkdjcif;yifjzpfonf/ aqG;aEG;ñSdEIdifrIukd rnf
okdYaqmif&GufMurnf owfrSwf&efjzpfonf/ Oyrm-rdbrsm;ESifh uav;rsm;onf tdyf&m0ifcsdef
wGif olwkdY\ edpö"l0 udpörsm;ukd aqG;aEG;MuonfqkdygpkdY? pdwfwkdrIrsm;? Ncdrf;ajcmufwmawG? ajrSmuf
pm;&mawG? b,favmuftwkdif;twmxd vufcHrnfqkdonfukdvnf; olwkdYaqG;aEG;Muwm oif
Mum;ygvdrfhrnf/
jzpfavhjzpfx&SdonfrSm þ'kwd, aqG;aEG;rIrsKd;rsm;ukd oG,f0kdufNyD;omjzpfwwfonf/ aqG;
aEG;rIykHpHukd oifajymif;atmifraqmif&GufEkdifvQif þaqG;aEG;rIrsKd;ukd oifajymifajymifyJ vkyf&yg
awmhrnf/ wpfzufom;\tjyKtrIaMumifh oifajym&awmhrnf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh enf;enf;yg;
yg;avmufom ajym&efvkdtyfavh&Sdygonf/
ààààà
49
(C)(1) zGifhajymyg
enf;AsL[mrsm;ukd trsKd;rsKd;vkyfaewwfonfh olonf oifhukd aoG;wkd;prf;aejcif; jzpfEkdif

ygonf/ xkdvkyf&yfrsm;&yfoGm;ap&eftwGuf olbmawGvkyfaeonfqkdonfukd oif odaeaMumif;
olukd today;&efjzpfonf/ ol\ enf;y&d,m,frsm;ukd oif odaeaMumif; zGifhxkwfvkdufyg/
]]uGsefawmf[m raeYurSarG;wJhuav;r[kwfygbl;? cifAsm; bmvkyfaew,fqkdwm uGsefawmfod
w,f? 'Denf;eJYr&bl;av}} pojzifh oifhwpfzufom;onf oabmwlnDcsufwpf&yfukd vkdcsifae
onfrSefygu olu xkdenf;rsm;ukd pGefYygvdrfYrnf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf þenf;okH;vQif oabm
wlnDcsuf&&ef cufonfxufcufvmrnfjzpfaomaMumifhyifwnf;/
jyóemwpfckrSm wpfzufom;u ol\enf;AsL[mrsm;udk oifu owday;aejcif;tm; olY
udk wdkufcdkufjcif;[k rSm;,Gif;NyD; xifEdkifygonf/ vkyfoifhonfrSm ol\enf;AsL[mudk aumufuspf
vSnfhpm;rI[k oifu rajymbJ pdwf0ifpm;p&m wifjycsuftjzpf oifu vTJajymif;oHk;EIef; ajymqdk
&ef vdktyfonf/ Oyrm vZfeJY yrf;wdkYonf a&Shaevli,fESpfa,mufjzpfMuygonf/ olwdkYESpfOD;u
abmh*feJY csmvDqdkaom xif&Sm;onfh a&ShaeBuD;ESpfOD;xHrS tvkyform;Oya' pmtkyfa[mif;awG
wpfpHkudk 0,f&efBudK;pm;aeonf qdkygMuygpdkY ppcsif;a&ShaeBuD;abmh*fu toHus,fus,fESifh þ
odkY qdkygonf/ ]] 'DpmtkyfawGtwGuf tenf;a&mif;aps;uawmh a':vmwpfaomif;oHk;axmif
bJuG? rif;wdkY,lcsif,l? r,lcsifvJoGm; }} [k ajymrnf/ a&ShaeBuD;csmvDurl ol\vkyfaz:udkifzuf
abmh*fudk avat;at;av;ESifh þodkYajymygonf/ ]] rvkyfygeJYAsm? 'Dvli,fESpfa,muf[m tckrS
vkyfief;pump &Sdygao;w,f/ uRefawmfwdkY olwdkYudk ulnDwJhoabmeJY a':vmwpfaomif;wpf
axmifbJ awmif;Mu&atmif }} 'Dpmtkyfa[mif;rsm;\ oifhwifhwJhaygufaps;rSm a':vmckESpfaxmif
om &Sdygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; a&ShaeBuD;ESpfOD;u BudKwifZmwfwdkufxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ abmh*fu
vlqdk;BuD;ae&m,lí odyfjrifhaomaps;udkawmif;onf/ csmvDu vlaumif;ae&mrS 0ifajymonf/
þodkYaom jzpf&yftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif tvGeftuRHawmif;qdkxm;onfhtwdkif; &vQifvnf;&oGm;
wwfygonf/ csmvDu pdwfajymif;rnfpdk;NyD; csmvD ajymonfhtwdkif; wpfaomif;wpfaxmifudk
ay;&ef vZfeJY yrf;wdkY oabmwloGm;Edkifygonf/ odkYaomf þudpöwGifrl vZfu þodkYjyefajymvdkuf
onf/ ]] 'g[m pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;ygw,f }} qdkNyD; pOf;pm;csdef&ap&ef wpfpuúefYcefY qdkif;vdkuf
onf/ xdkYaemufawmh atmf&DNyD; oabmus tHhMo[efESifh þodkY qufajymygonf/ ]] &SifwdkYu
odyfawmfwmyJ? uRefrjrifzl;wJh xJrSmawmh &SifwdkY[m vlqdk;eJY vlaumif; Zmwfxkwfcif;&mrSm t
aumif;qHk;ygyJ/ &SifwdkY BudKwifpDpOfxm;wmvm;¿ odkYr[kwf wdkufqdkifrIyJvm;¿ uRefrwdkYtwnf
ajymMu&atmif? 'DpmtkyfawGtwGuf oifhwifhaps; b,favmufqdkwm ñSdMu&atmif }} [k NyHK;NyHK;
&Tif&TifESifh ajymygonf/ abmh*fESifh csmvDwdkYu rnfodkYwkHYjyef&rnf qdkonfudk rodoavmuf jzpf
oGm;ygonf/ olwdkY pdwfqdk;vdkYvnf; r&yg/ vZfu olwdkYudk csD;rGrf;aejcif;jzpfNyD; vZfu twnf
ajymjcif; [kwf? r[kwfudkvnf; olwdkY raocsmyg/ þenf;AsL[mudk qufoHk;í r&awmh? þenf;
onf wpfzufom;u rodrSom xda&mufrI &Sdrnfjzpfí a&ShaeBuD;ESpfa,muf\ enf;AsL[mudk
&yfwefYapcJhNyD; olwdkYESifhvnf; cdkuf&efa'go rjzpfcJhacs/ þaemufydkif;wGif vZfESifh yrf;wdkYonf
pmtkyfrsm;udk oifhwifhrQwaom aps;ESifh0,f&ef qufNyD; aqG;aEG;EdkifcJhygonf/
50
wpfzufom;\ enf;y&d,m,fudk az:xkwf&mwGif wpfzufom;udk yk*¾dKvfa&;t& wdkuf

cdkufjcif;rsdK;rjzpfap&ef t&;BuD;ygonf/ olYudk vlvdrf? vlnm[k ac:jcif;tm;jzifh jyóemtajz
&Sm&ef ñSdEdIif;aqG;aEG;&mwGif atmifjrifrnfr[kwfyg/ csmvDESifh abmh*fwdkY\ uRrf;usifrIudk oabm
usaMumif;jyNyD; olwdkY\enf;y&d,m,fawGudk ayghoGm;atmifvkyfvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh olwdkYrsufESm
rysufap&ef vZfu umuG,fEdkifcJhygonf/ olr\ qEú tEdkif,l&ef r[kwfyg/ Oya'pmtkyf
wpfpHkudk oifhwifhonfh aps;ESifh0,fEdkifNyD; emrnfausmf Oya'tzGJUBuD;ESifhvnf; aumif;rGefaom
qufqHa&; &ap&ef jzpfygonf/ wpfzufom;taeESifh enf;y&d,m,fudk pGefYvTwf&ef? vG,ful
vm&ef oifu vkyfay;&ygrnf/ wpfzufom;u tvGef&dkif;pdkif;onf qdkvQif olYtaeESifh taMumif;
jyEdkif&efudk oifu ulnD&Smay;&rnf/ ]] vlBuD;rif; 'DaeY tifrwefudk tvkyfawGrsm;NyD; yifyef;
aew,f xifygw,f }} qdkouJhodkY jzpfonf/ olu oifhudk Ncdrf;ajcmufaeonfqdkvQif pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;&Sif trsdK;orD;wpfOD; wkHYjyefcJhonfh enf;udkoHk;yg/ ]] uRefrudk rNcdrf;ajcmufeJY }} [k jyefNyD;
tHwkrnfhtpm;tHMooGm;onfh avoHESifh wnfwnfNidrfNidrf þodkYjyefar;cJhygonf/ ]] &Sif uRefr
udk Ncdrf;ajcmufzdkY &nf&G,fcsufr&Sdygbl;aemf }} olru ar;cGef;ar;vdkufaomtcg wpfzufom;vnf;
rsufESmrysufbJ xGufayguf&oGm;ygonf/ ]] uRefawmfvm; r[kwf&ygbl;Asm? uRefawmf cifAsm;udk
Ncdrf;ajcmufraeygbl; }} tu,fíom wpfzufom;\ tjyKtrludk oifu vTJrSm;NyD; t"dyÜg,faz:
xkwfcJhygu þuJhodkY vkyfenf;aMumifh tusdK;,kwfrI &SdcJhaomfrS xdcdkufrIudk avsmhcsEdkifygonf/
wpfzufom;udk pGyfpGJrI rvkyfygESifh olbmvkyfaeonfqdkwm ajymjyyg/ olu oifajymae
orQudk jzwfjzwfNyD; ajymaeonf qdkygpdkY? olYrsufvHk;udk wnfhwnfhMunfhNyD; olYemrnfudk ac:NyD;
þodkY ajymyg/ ]] rdkuf cifAsm; uRefawmfajymwmudk Mum;xJu jzwfjzwfajymaew,f }} odkYr[kwf
þodkYar;yg/ ]] uRefawmf pum;av;qHk;atmif ajymyg&ap }} wpfzufom;udk qefYusifonfh toHk;
tEIef;rsdK; roHk;ygESifh? at;at;oufomyJ ajymyg/ olu xyfNyD;usL;vGefaeao;ygu pdwf&Snf&Snf
ESifh olYudk today;yg/ vdktyf&if nifnifomomESifhom olYudk owday;yg/ ]] cifAsm; uRefawmfh
udk jzwfNyD; ajymaejyefNyDAsm }} olYtaMumif;udk olYrdwfaqGwpfOD;u jyefajymaeovdk jyKrlyg/ ol
wdkY tjyKtrleJY ywfoufí taumif;ajymyg/
(C) (2) ñSdEdIif;aqG;aEG;rIeJY ywfoufvdkY ñSdEdIif;aqG;aEG;yg
ñSdEdIif;aqG;aEG;p&mrsm; wifjy&HkrQESifh rvHkavmufcJhvQif ñSdEdIif;aqG;aEG;rIESifh ywfoufaom

pnf;urf;csufrsm;udk tjynfhtpHk aqG;aEG;Mu&ygawmhrnf/
wpfzufvludk ab;ac:NyD;ajymyg/ uRefawmfwdkY aqG;aEG;aeMuyHkeJYawmh uRefawmfwdkY tm;
vHk; ñSdcsifwJh udpöudk a&mufawmhr,f rxifbl;cifAs/ jyóemawGudk t&ifraqG;aEG;MubJ aqG;
aEG;yGJpnf;urf;csufawGudk aqG;aEG;zdkY vdkaeNyDAs }} vkyfief;oabmrqefbJ þodkYvnf;ajymEdkifyg
onf/ ]] uRefawmfhpdwfxJrSm wpfrsdK;bJAs? tJ'DtaMumif; cifAsm;eJY wdkifyifcsifygw,f }}
taMumif;t&mudk aqG;aEG;ouJhodkYyif aqG;aEG;rI vkyfenf;vkyf[efudk aqG;aEG;yg/ ESpfOD;
ESpfzuf\ qE´rsm;? enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK;&SdyHk? b,fyHkaqG;aEG;MuvQif taumif;qHk; jzpfrnf? w&m;rQ
waom tjyKtrlrsm; ponfwdkYudk aqG;aEG;EdkifMuonf/ tu,fí wpfzufom;u olYt,ltq
51
uvGJí udpörsm;udk rajymcsif[k qdkvQifawmh oifu þodkY ajymaumif; ajym&ygvdrfhrnf/ ]]uRef

awmfh qEúawmh ESpfzufauseyf vufcHr,fh oabmwlnDcsufudk aumif;aumif;rGefrGef? cspfcspf
MunfMunfESifh &oGm;csifwmygyJ/ uRefawmfjrifwmuawmh 'gudk&zdkY&m uRefawmfwdkY wpfOD;&JU
pum; wpfOD;uem;axmif &ygvdrfhr,f/ uRefawmfwdkY qEáwG tjrifawGudk zvS,f&ygr,f/ t
wlwGJNyD; OmPfxkwfMu&r,fAsm? uRefawmfwdkY&Edkifr,fh tusdK;w&m;awGudk BuD;vmatmif vkyf&
ygr,f? cGJrypf&ygbl;/ cifAsm;&JU qEéJY tjrifudk uRefawmfydkem;vnfvmcJh&if 'gawG cifAsm; jynfh0
zdkY uRefawmfulnDEdkifvmrSmyg/ tvm;wlygyJ? cifAsm;uvnf; uRefawmfhudk ulEdkifr,f/ uJ 'g
twGuf BudK;pm;Munfh&atmifAsm/
wpfzufom;\ odu©mudk rxdcdkufapbJ vkyfenf;? vkyf[ef wpf&yf&yfpD\ w&m;rQwrI
&Sd? r&Sdudk aqG;aEG;Muyg/ ]] oabmwlnDcsuf&NyD;rS uRefawmfxyfawmif;r,fqdk&if bmjzpfoGm;
rvJ¿ 'gu w&m;rQwwJhenf;vdkY cifAsm;,lqrvm;¿ wpfzufom;&JUtjyKtrludk rnfodkYajymif;vJ
apvdkonf qdkonfudk wdwdusus awmif;cHyg/ wpfzufom;u oifhudk yk*¾dKvfa&;t& wdkufcdkuf
aeao;ygu at;at;oufomESifhyif þodkYajymyg/ ]] cifAsm; uRefawmfhudk wdkufcdkufwm&yfcsif
NyDqdkwmeJYwpfNydKifeuf uRefawmfuvnf; 'Dtvkyfudpöudk cifAsm;eJY qufaqG;aEG;csifygw,fAsm}}
aqG;aEG;yGJ pnf;urf;csufawGtay: oabmwlnDMuNyDqdkygu taMumif;t&m tcsuftvuf
rsm;tay: ydkí tjyKoabmuspGm tusdK;&SdpGmESifh jyefvnf aqG;aEG;EdkifMuygvdrfhrnf/
(i) ta&;BuD;wJh onftajymif;tvJ tcsdef
jyóem tajz&SmzdkY enf;vrf;wGif ta&;BuD;onfh tajymif;tvJ tcsdefrSm ESpfOD;ESpfzuf

taetxm; tompD;&&ef aps;qpfae&mrS jyóemudk tajz&Sm&ef ajz&Sif;&ef ñSdEdIif;aqG;aEG;
Muonfh tqifhudk a&mufogm;jcif; jzpf\/ yHkpH ajymif;vJoGm;ap&ef aqmif&Guf&mrSm aomhcsuf
rSm oHk;EIef;rIyHkpHrsm;udk ajymif;vJjcif;yif jzpfonf/ oif\ wpfzufvlu ajymorQ pum;rsm;udk
jyóem tajz&Sm&efbufodkY OD;wnf ay;jcif; jzpfygonf/
ààààà
52
tqifh - 4
a&TwHwm;BuD; cif;ay;vdkufyg
]] oifh &efolaemufqkwf&eftwGuf a&TwHwm;wpfck cif;ay;yg }}

qGefZl;
wpfzufom;udk oifu aysmhajymif;apNyD;aemuf jyóem ajz&Sif;rnfh aqG;aEG;ñSdEdIif;a&;
udk aqmif&GufEdkifNyDjzpfonfhwdkifatmif olYudk cdkifrmaom oabmwlnDcsuf wpfck&onftxd
ac:aqmifoGm;&ef vdktyfaeygao;onf/
(u) awGUEdkifaom twm;tqD;rsm;
oabmwlnDcsufr&rD twm;tqD;rsm;? ESpfOD;ESpfzuf\ tusdK;pD;yG;ESifha&G;Edkifaom vrf;

rsm;udk &SmazGNyD;aomtcgwGif oifwdkYtzdkY oabmwlnDcsuf&,l&ef toifhjzpfaeavmufygNyD/
odkYaomf oifhwpfzufvlonf wkHYqdkif;aevQif aevdrfhrnf/ olu yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;ESifh ckcHvdrfhrnf/ oif
wifjyorQudk pdwfr0ifpm;bJ &SdEdkifonf/ ra&r&m? ta&r& tzwfr&rsm;udk avQmufajymvQif
ajymvdrfhrnf/ tv[ó tcsdefqGJvQifqGJrnf/ oabmwlNyD;rS jyefqkwfvQif qkwfoGm;vdrfhrnf/
odkYr[kwf [ifhtif;[k wHk;wdBuD; jiif;csifjiif;vdrfhrnf/ tcsdKUaom udpörsm;wGifum; t"dyÜg,fr&Sd
aom aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk a&&SnfqGJí a&Smufvkyfaejcif;jzifh oabmwlnDcsufudk ydwfqdkYwwfonf/
xdktcsufrsm;wGif oifu oifhwpfzufvl\ Oy"d&kyfESifh tajccH "avhp&dkufwdkYudk tjypf
wifwwfygonf/ trSeftm;jzifh þodkYaom ydwfqdkYaejcif;\ aemufuG,fwGif tvGefcdkifvHkaom
taMumif;rsm;&Sdwwfonf/ tjzpfwwfqHk;aom taMumif;&if; av;ckudk avhvmMunfhMuygpdkY/
(1) olY tBuHtpnfr[kwfí/ / oifhwpfzufvlu oif\ tBuHjyKcsufonf olu pwif
aom tBuHOmPfr[kwfojzifhyif wrifjiif;y,fwwfonf/
(2) olYtusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdcdkufí/ / wpfcgwpf&HwGif oifu oifhwpfzufvl\ wu,fhtajc
cH tusdK;pD;yGm;udk owdrjyKbJ vQHoGm;wwfonf/
(3) rsufESmysufrSmpdk;í/ / rdrdu tavQmhay;vdkufonf[k rnfolurS rdrdtodkif;
t0dkif;xJwGif rsufESmysuf rcHEdkifacs/
(4)rsm;rsm;BuD;jrefjrefBuD; ajymif;jcif;/ / tu,fí oabmwlnDcsufonf tvGefrsm;aom t
csufrsm;udk tvGefwdkaom umvwGif aqmif&Guf&rnf
qdkvQif ]] [ifhtif; }} [k jiif;vdkuf&onfu ydkvG,fay
vdrfhrnf/
ol\ vuf&Sd tajctaeESifhoabmwlnDcsufMum;wGif oifhwpfzufvl rauseyfrI? ra&
&mrIESifhaMumuf&GUHjcif;wkdYjzifh jynfhESufaeaom acsmufBuD;wpfckukdjrifae&vdrfhrnf/ xkdacsmufBuD;
ukd ausmfvGefatmif oifrnfokdYqGJaqmif&ygrnfenf;/
ààààà
53
(c) a&TwHwm;BuD; cif;ay;vkdufyg
oifhwpfzufvl wkYHqkdif;aerIukd pdwfysufum oifu olukdzdtm;ay;rnf (okdYr[kwf) acsmh

armhrnf (okdYr[kwf) twifwkdufwGef;rnf/ oiftrsKd;rsKd; tm;ay;Murnfomjzpfonf/
okdYaomf wGef;tm;ay;av oifhwpfzufom;tzkdY oabmwlnD&cufavyifjzpfonf/ oif
u olYukd twif;wkdufwGef;jcif;uyif þoabmwlnDcsufonf oifhtBuHjzpfonf qkdonfukd
az:jyaeovkd &Sdonf/ olYtusKd;pD;yGm;ukd rjzpfyGm;apEkdif? ykdíwGef;tm;ay;av olu oabmwl
vkdufavsmvkdufvsif t&IH;ay;&onfESifh wlavavjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh oabmwlnDcsufonf
ykdíykdí BuD;xGm;vmaom jyóemBuD; jzpfoGm;awmhonf/
xkdYaMumifh oifhwpfzufvlu ykdíykdí ckcHawmhayvdrfhrnf/ trSefqkd&aomf oltzkdY ta&;
BuD;aom qkH;jzwfcsufwpfckukd rcs&atmif wdrf;a&SmifEkdifaom vrf;pwpfckyif yGifhvmjcif;jzpf
onf/
xkdYaMumifh oifhwpfzufvlukd zdtm;wGef;tm;ay;jcif;ESifh qefYusifzufukd vkyfzkdYvkdtyfyg
onf/ oifu oGm;apcsifaomvrf;aMumif;twkdif; olukdqGJaqmif&efvkdonf/ oifu ]]acsmuf}}
ay:jzwfí a&TwHwm;wpfck xkd;ay;&rnf/ olYtzkdY vuf&SdtajctaerS aemufqkwfay;&onf[k
rxifrSwfbJ ykdíaumif;aomtajctaeokdY wkd;wufvm&onf[kxifatmif vkyfay;&rnf/
trSeftwkdif;qkd&vQif a&TwHwm;BuD;cif;ay;&efrSm vG,fulaomtvkyfr[kwfyg/ tBudwf
te,f aqG;aEG;ñSdEIdif;&mwGif Mum;rSjzefajzay;ol&SdvQif taumif;qkH;jzpf\/ okdYaomf þokdYaom
Mum;cHrsKd;r&Sdoifh? r&SdEkdifonfhtcgrsKd;wGif oifh bmomoif Mum;rSjzefajzoltjzpf aqmif&Guf&
awmhrnfjzpf\/
oifonf oif&yfwnfae&mtaetxm;rS pwifaqG;aEG;jcif;rjyKygESifh? oifh wpfzufvl
\ taetxm;rS pwifNyD;olukd oabmwlnDcsufwpfck &&Sdonftxd qGJaqmifoGm;oifhonf/
þudpöukd jyifopf*EÅ0if 0x¬KwpfckwGifygaom oHwrefa&;&m u0dBuD;wpfql\ tqkdukd avh
vmvQif &Sif;vif;pGm oabmaygufEkdifrnf/
xkdyk*¾KdvfBuD;u ]]uGsefawmfpdwfxJrSm wpfzufvl&JUae&mukd 0if,lvkdufw,f? ol&JUtaet
xm;ukd tuGsrf;0ifaMunufatmifvkyfw,f? ol&JUuHMur®meJY OD;wnf&mtwkdif; ykHoGif;Munfhvkduf
w,f/ olae&muaeNyD;awmh ol&JUuHMur®mtqkd;taumif;awGukd cHpm;Munfhw,f? tJ'Daemuf
rSmawmh uGsefawmftjrifukd olYtay:rSm vTrf;rkd;apzkdYu ta&;rygawmhbl;? olYtwGuf taumif;
qkH;vkdYuGsefawmfxifwJh vrf;ukd ola&G;apzkdY qGJaqmifodrf;oGif;zkdYukdom uGsefawmf*&kpkdufawmhw,f
tJ'DtaumifqkH;vrf;qkdwmuvJ uGsefawmf&nf&G,fcsufeJY wpfoabmwnf;av}} [kqkd\/
a&TwHwm;xkd;ay;jcif;qkdonfrSm oifhwpfzufvltwGuf oabmwlnDcsuf wpfckcsrSwf
jcif;rS [efYwm;xm;onfh twm;tqD;rsm;ukd ausmfvTm;&mwGif vG,fulapjcif; yifjzpfonf/ w
enf;qkd&vQif ajz&Sif;csuf&vm'fwpfckukd&Sm&mwGif olwyg;wuf~uGpGm yg0ifvmNyD; oifhvuf&m
csnfh rjzpfapa&;yifjzpf\/ xyfíqkd&vQif ol\rjynfh0ao;aom tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd jynfhpkHap&ef
okdYr[kwf olrsufESmrysufapatmif umuG,fay;&ef ñSdEIdif;aqG;aEG;yGJ vkyfief;pOfukd vG,fulEkdif
orQ vG,fulap&efyif jzpfonf/
54
(*) oifhwpfzufom;vJ yg0ifygap

awGUqkHñSdEIdif;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif trsm;qkH;awGUBuKH&aomtrSm;rsm; ñSdEIdif;csuf&
vm'ftajzwpfckukd oifuawGUvkdufNyD[k aMunmvkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf/ Oyrm-vlxk\qEó
abmxm;ukdr,lbJ jrLeDpDy,faumfrwDu trIdufodrf; pHepfopfwpfckukd ajymif;vJvkyfaqmif
awmhrnf[k amunmvkdufonf/ aemufwpfaeYwGifyif raMueyfolrsm;u wkdifMu? awmMu? uefY
uGufMuawmhonf/ tar&duefor®w\ tdrfawmf0efESifhtrsKd;om;bwf*suf ñTefMum;a&;rSL;wkdY
u uGef*&ufacgif;aqmif av;? ig;OD;wkdYESifh ñSdEIdif;um bwf*sufwGif jzwfawmufjypf&rnfh t
okH;p&dwfrsm;ukd oabmwlvkdufNyD[k aMunmvkdufonfESifh xkdñSdEIdif;yGJwGif ryg0ifaomuGef*&uf
trwfrsm;u jypfwifa0zefNyD; uefYuGufrJay; y,fcsvkdufawmh\/
xkdYtwlyif oifhwpfzufvlonf oifwpfOD;wnf;a&;qGJcsrSwfcJhaom wifjycsufukd y,fcs
rnfrSm aocsmvSygonf/
awGYqkHaqG;aEG;a&;qkdonfrSm jyóemajz&Sif;a&; avhusifhcPf;wpfckomrQ[kwfyg/ t
oGifjcm;em;aom tzGJUrsm;u yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh oabmwlnDcsufwpfckukd azmf
aqmif&rnfh vkyfief;pOfvnf;jzpfonf/
vkyfief;pOfrsm;onfvnf; aemufqkH;&vmonfh&vm'fuJhokdYyif ta&;ygvSygonf/ aqG;
aEG;yGJonf rvkdtyfbJESifh&SnfMumvSaomaMumifh wpfcgwpf&Hpdwfysufrdwwfonf/ xkdtcgrsKd;
wGif oifu owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrSm awGUqkHaqG;aEG;a&;qkdonfrSm bufaygif;pkHu yg0ifaqmif
&Guf&rnfh tcrf;tem;wpfckvnf; jzpfaeao;aMumifhyif jzpfygonf/
wpfzufvlonf aqG;aEG;yGJ&vm'fukd &SmazG&mü yg0ifvmaomtcgwGif oltjrifyg ajymif;
vJvmwwfygonf/ omreftajctaewGif olcGifhvTwfEkdifaom udpörsm;ukd cGifhjyKvmwwfonf/
wpfcgu ol jiif;y,fcJhaom tBuHÓPfrsm;ukd olu vufcHvmEkdifonf/ oabmwlnDcsufrsm;
xJokdY oltBuHÓPfrsm; xnfhay;jcifjzifh &vmaomoabmwlnDcsufonf olYvuf&mtjzpf jrif
vmayvdrfYrnf/
(*) (1) wpfzufvl\ tBuHOmPfudk &,lNyD; toHk;csyg
awGUqHkaqG;aEG;&mwGif tvGef ]] ajym }} csifwwfMuonf/ oifhwpfzufom;udk b,fvdk

ajz&Sif;vdkufprf;yg [k oifu ajymjycsifwwfonf/ oifBuHqxm;aom ajz&Sif;enf;onf t
b,fhaMumifh olYtwGuftaumif;qHk;jzpfonfudk ajymjycsifvSonf/
owdxm;oifhonfrSm awGUqHkaqG;aEG;a&; qdkonfrSm ]] ajym }} jcif;xuf ]] ar; }} jcif;udk
t"duxm;aom tvkyfjzpfonf qdkonfh tcsuf jzpfonf/ ESpfOD;ESpfzufvHk;\ tusdK;twGuf
b,fodkYvdkufavsm ajyNidrf;Murnf qdkonfudk olYudkar;&rnf/
oifu wpfzufvl\ tBuHOmPfudk awmif;cH&,lNyD;onfESifh xdktBuHOmPfrsm;udk tajc
cHí wnfaqmufzdkYvdkvmonf/ olay;orQ tBuHOmPftm;vHk;udk ,l&rnf[k rqdkvdkyg/ tjyK
oabmaqmifaom tcsufrsm;udk,lNyD; xdktcsufrsm;rS oifvdk&mzufodkY qGJ,l&ef jzpfonf/
]] cifAsm; tBuHay;wJhtwdkif;qdk&if uRefawmfwdkY 'Dvdkvkyf&if rjzpfbl;vm;¿ }} odkYr[kwf ]] raeYu
55
cifAsm;ajymwJhtay:rSm tajccHNyD; pOf;pm;vdkufawmh uRefawmf tBuHwpfck&vmw,f }} odkYr[kwf

]] eHeufwkef;u ajymaeMuwmudk qufvdkuf&if 'Dvdkjrif&r,fxifw,f }} ponfjzifh udk,fvdk&m
zufodkY qufqGJjcif;jzpf\/ oifwifjyonfh tBuHOmPfonf olYtBuHOmPfrsm;udk tajccHNyD; ay:
xGuf vmjcif;jzpfonf[k ay:vGifaponf/
olYtBuHOmPfudk tajccHí wnfaqmufjcif;onf oifhtBuHOmPfrsm;udk ypfy,fjcif;
r[kwfyg/ oifhtawG;tac:rsm;tMum; wHwm;xdk;ay;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ q,fhckESpf&mpku bkef;
awmfBuD;wpfyg; taMumif;udk xdkpOfu ykyf&[ef;rif;BuD;u þodkY qdkcJhonf/
]] uRefawmfwdkY pNyD;aqG;aEG;prSm olu uRefawmfxifjrif,lqcsufawGudk axmufcHae
awmhwmyJ? aqG;aEG;vdkY NyD;wJh tcsdefvJusa&m uRefawmf[m olYudk axmufcHaerdom; tNrJwrf;
jzpfae&w,f }} [l\/
(*) (2) tjyKoabm a0zefa&;udk awmif;cHyg
oif\ tBuHOmPfudk qufvufwifjyaepOfwGif wpfzufom;\ a0zefa&;udk awmif;cH

ygw,f/ oifu olYxHrS [kwf? r[kwf? qHk;jzwfcsufudk awmif;cHaeonf r[kwfbJ oifudk,foif
jyefvnfxdef;aMumif;&ef wpfzufom;\tjrifudk awmif;aejcif;jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;ygap/ tjyK
oabm axmufjycsufrsm;udk tm;ay;yg/ jyóemajz&Sif;apEdkifaprnfh ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;yg/
]] 'Dvdkvkyf&if cifAsm;udk b,fvdkxdcdkufaprvJ }} ]] 'Dvdkvkyf&if rw&m;bl;vdkY bmaMumifhxif&
ovJ }} ]] 'gudk ydkaumif;atmif b,fvdkvkyfEdkifrvJ }} ]] uRefawmfzufu rembJ cifAsm;zufu
ydkaumif;vmatmif enf;vrf;rsm;r&Sdbl;vm;¿ }} ponfjzifh ar;Edkifonf/
wpfzufom;\ tBuHjyKcsufrsm;udk &,lNyD;aomtcg oifhtBuHa&m olYtBuHrsm;yg yg0if
onfh ESpfOD;oabmwl rlMurf;wpfapmifudk pwifjyKpkyg/ xdkYaemuf olYudk wpfacgufjyefzwfapí
xyfrHa0zefygap/ tzGJUtrsm;tjym; yg0ifaom aqG;aEG;yGJjzpfygu ta&;ygaom aqG;aEG;ol
tm;vHk;udkzwf&Iapí olwdkY\tBuHOmPfudk ,lygOD;/ xdkYaemuf oifh rlMurf;udk jyefjyifyg/ xdkYaemuf
xyfrHjyNyD; a0zefcsufrsm; xyfrH&,lyg/ wjznf;jznf;ESifh tm;vHk; oabmwlnDcsuf wpf&yfudk
&vmygvdrfhrnf/
xdk vkyfief;onf vlrsm;pkaygif;í eH&Hay: yef;csDum;wpfcsyfudk a&;qGJ&ovdk jzpfonf/
wpfa,mufvQif pkwfwpfcsuf? ESpfcsufESifh wu,fNyD;oGm;aomtcg tm;vHk;u udk,fhvuf&m[k
xifoGm;zdkYom ta&;BuD;ygonf/
(*) (3) wpfzufvludk a&G;cs,fcGifh ay;yg
tu,fí wpfzufvlu olYtBuHÓPfrsm;ukd xkwfaz:ajymjyzkdY 0efav;aernf okdYr[kwf

oifh wifjycsufukd a0zef&efjiif;qefaernfqkdygu olukda&G;cs,fapcsif;jzifh yg0ifywfoufvm
ygap? Oyrm- oluoifESifh awGYqkHpum;ajym&ef a&SmifvTJaernfqkdygu ]]t*FgaeY reuf q,fem
&DeJY Ak'¨[l;aeY naeokH;em&D b,f[mu cifAsm;twGuftqifajyrvJ? cifAsm;&kH;rSmawGUcsifo
56
vm;? uRefawmf&kH;rSmvm;}} ponfjzifh ar;jref;jcif;jzifh a&G;cs,fapEkdifonf/

þtajctaexd olu qufvufjiif;qefaeOD;rnfqkdygu olukd a&G;cs,fp&mpm&if;w
ckukd jyía&G;ygap? oifESifhoifhwpfzufom;vlonf ta&mif;t0,ftwGuf aps;EIef;ñSdaeonf
qkdygu ]]cifAsm;awmifwJhaps;EIef;eJY uRefawmfvkdufEkdifwmeJYuGmaewmukd;? &mjywfwpfa,muf
a,mufeJYaqG;aEG;Munfhrvm;? 'grSr[kwf uRefawmfu wpfckckeJY tvkdufay;&rvm;? 'grSr[kwf
r[kwf aiGukdcGJNyD; acsvkdY&rvm;? b,f[mukdoabmusovJ}} ponfjzifh ola&G;cs,fp&m trsm;
tjym; csjyvkdufvQif oltzkdY ykdívG,fulvmygvdrfhrnf/ oluwpfckckukda&G;rdvkdufonfESifh þ
udpöonf oltBuHtpnf jzpfoGm;ayNyD/
oifhwpfzufom;ESifh tvkyftwl vkyfukdif&jcif;rSm cJ,Of;yifyef;&SnfMumNyD; pdwfarmp&m
aumif;wwfygonf/ okdYaomf &EdkifonfhtusKd;tjrwfrSm jrifhrm;Ekdifygonf/ w&kwfpum;ykHwpfck
ukd rSwfom;xm;oifhygonf/
]]uRefawmfukdajymjy&if em;axmifaumif;rSem;axmifrdr,f}}
]]uRefawmfukdoifMum;ay;&if uRefawmfrSwfrdaumif;rS rSwfrdr,f}}
]]uRefawmfukd yg0ifywfoufap&ifawmh uRefawmfvkyfukdvkyf&rSmyJ}}
(C) rjynfh0ao;aom tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd jznfhqnf;yg

oifh wpfzufvlonf oabmwlnDcsufwpf&yfukd az:xkwf&mü ukd,fa&mpdwfyg yg0if
onfwkdifatmif wpfcgwpf&Hü wu,fwef;oabmwl&rnfh tcsdefokdYa&mufaomtcgusrS jiif;
qefaewwfygonf/ xkdokdYuwfowfaewwfjcif;onf oifowdrxm;rdaomol\ tusKd;pD;yGm;
tvkdrjynfhrIrS aygufzGm;vmjcif;jzpfygonf/
wpfcgwpf&HwGif rdrdu tpGrf;ukefvkdufavsmaeygvQuf wpfzufvlu b,fvkdrSoabm
rwlEkdif jzpfaeaomtcg wpfzufvl\yifukd,fp&kdufukdu *Gusí jzpfrnf[k oifu,lqwwfyg
onf/ trSefrSm þokdYr[kwfyg/ rdrdu owdrxm;rdaom wpfzufvl\tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd rsufuG,f
jyKNyD; rjznfhqnf;rdbJ&Sd&ef vG,fulvSygonf/
xdkodkYaom tusdK;pD;yGm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;Edkif&efrSm oifhxHrSvG,fvifhwul csrSwfxm;NyD;
jzpfaom BudKwifawG;qcsuf oHk;ckudk y,fzsufvdkuf&ef vdktyfygonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm-
(u) oifhwpfzufvlonf qifjcifwHkw&m;r&SdbJ rjynfh0Edkifaom qEómvQif &Sdaeonf[k r,lq
vdkufygESifh?
(c) oifhwpfzufvl\ vdktyfcsufrSm aiGjzpfonf[k rxifvdkufygESifh?
(*) olYvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;vQif oifhtusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdcdkufvdrfhrnf[k rwGufygESifh/
ààààà
57
(C) (1) oifhwpfzufvlonf qifjcifwHkw&m;r&Sd[k rawG;qygESifh
oifonf b,fvdkrSvdkufavsmrIr&Sdaom wpfzufvlaMumifh pdwfysufvufysuf jzpfae&

csdefwGif xdkvlYudk qifjcifwHkw&m;&Sdol r[kwf[k tjypfyHkcs&ef vG,fulvSygonf/ ]] vli,fawG
[m pdwfukefp&mygyJ? b,fawmhrS qifqifjcifjcif vkyfw,fvdkY r&Sdbl;/ olwdkYudk tusdK;oifh t
aMumif;oifh ajymaevdkY tydkygyJ }} [laom pum;rsdK;rSm Mum;aeMu jzpfonf/ oifhwpfzufom;
onf b,fvdkrS ajymvdkY&rnfr[kwf[k oifaumufcsufcsvdkufNyD;NyD qdkygu xdkol\ rjznfhqnf;
&ao;aom tusdK;pD;yGm;udk 'ku©cH &SmazGaevdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/
"m;pmcHrsm;udk jyefay;qGJaom tMurf;zuform;rsm;onf qifjcifwHkw&m; r&Sd[k aumuf
csufcs&ef tvG,fulqHk; jzpfygonf/
]] 'DaumifawGu t&l;awGyJ olwdkYeJY ñSdEdIif;vdkY b,f&yghrvJ }} [k ajymaeMu jzpfygonf
rSefygonf? olwdkY\ tjyKtrlonf uRefawmfwdkY\ tjrifwGif qifjcifwHkw&m;r&Sd[k ,lqEdkifyg
onf/ odkYaomf olwdkYtzdkYrlum; t"dyÜg,ftjynfh&SdaeEdkifygonf/ olwdkY\ tusdK;pD;yGm; vdktif
qEÉSifh olwdkY\tjyKtrl vkyfaqmifyHkwdkY\ tMum;wGif ,kwåd&Sdaom usdK;aMumif;oifh qufEG,f
rI&Sdonf[k olwdkYu xifaeygu olwdkYudk vTrf;rdk;Edkifonfom jzpfonf/ "m;pmcHjyefay;rsm;ESifh
aqG;aEG;&mwGif xif&Sm;olwpfOD;u ]] olwdkYvJ qifjcifwHkw&m;&SdwmyJ? b,folrqdk aqG;aEG;
ñSdEdIif; &EdkifwmyJ? t&l;vdkYxifxm;wJh vlawGawmif ydkufqHudkawmh wefzdk;xm;wwfMuwmyJ }} [k
qdkygonf/ "m;pmcHrsm;udk jyefay;qGJonfh tMurf;zuform;onfyif aqG;aEG;ñSdEdIif;í &ao;vQif
rnfolrqdkESifh oifñSdEdIif;í &rnfom jzpfygonf/
xdkYaMumifh vG,fvG,fESifh vufravsmhygESifh? oifu wpfzufvl\ ae&mwGif 0if,lMunfh
NyD; rdrdbmomar;Munfhyg? ]] igvJ olYae&mrSmomqdk&if 'Dtcsufudk oabmwlyghrvm;¿? rwlEdkif
&if bmaMumifhvJ¿ }} xdkYjyif owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrSm olwefzdk;xm;aom tcsufrsm;ESifh oif
wefzdk;xm;onfh t&mrsm; uGJjym;jcm;em; aewwfjcif;aMumifh oifu taumif;qHk;[k xifí
wifjycsufudk olu y,fcsEdkifygonf/ oifuom aphaphpyfpyfMunfhvQif oifhwpfzufvlu t
b,fhaMumifh jiif;y,f&onfqdkonfh taMumif;&if;jzpfaom olYtusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;udk awGUjrifvm&
ayvdrfhrnf/ oifhwpfzufvl\ uefYuGufcsufrsm;udk ajz&Sif;í oifhtusdK;pD;yGm;udkvnf; rxdcdkuf
apbJESifh olYtusdK;pD;yGm;udk wwfEdkiforQvdkufavsmyg/
Oyrmtm;jzifh tMurf;zuform;rsm;onf olwdkY\0g'? vrf;pOf oabmw&m;rsm;udk vlxk
u odapvdkaom qE´jyif;jypGm &SdwwfMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh olwdkYESifh ñSdEdIif;&mwGif taumif;qHk;
aomenf;rSm olwdkY\oabmxm;rsm;udk vlxku odNyD;jzpfaMumif; em;vnfoabmaygufap&ef
ESifh tu,fí "m;pmcHrsm;udk owfjzwfygu vlxktjrifwGif olwdkYudk txiftjrifao;oGm;ap
rnfom jzpfaMumif; oabmaygufap&ef jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh "m;pmcHzrf;qD;onfh udpötrsm;pk
wGif tMurf;zuform;rsm;u wDADGESifh a&'D,dkwGif rdepftenf;rQ toHvTifhNyD;onfESifh ajyvnf
oGm;onfudk awGU&\/
ààààà
58
(C) (2) vlom;wdkY\ tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;udk rsufajcrjywfygESifh
uREfkyfwdkYu rdrdwdkYESifhEdIif;íwpfzufvl\ t"duvdktyfcsufrSm aiGaMu; odkYr[kwf &kyf0w¬K

ypönf;wpfckckom jzpfonf[k wGufwwfMuonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf &kyf0w¬Kypönf;r[kwfaom vlom;
wdkY\ t"duvdktyfcsufudk rsufajcjywfoGm;wwfMuonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm vHkNcHKpdwfcsvdkrIESifh tod
trSwfjyKjcif;udk cHvdkrIwdkYyif jzpfonf/ vlwdkif;vlwdkif;onf tkyfpkwpfckckESifh yl;aygif;yg0ifNyD; rdrd
b0udkrdrd vrf;aMumif;vdkaom qE´&SdMuonf/ EdkifiHrsm;? vlrsdK;rsm;onfvnf; þtajccHvdktyf
csufrsdK; &SdwwfMuonfom jzpfonf/ þvdktyfcsufrsm;udk rjznfhqnf;ygu oabmwlnDcsuf
rsm;udk &vdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/
oifhwpfzufom;\ tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;udkjyí jznfhqnf;Edkifygu olYudkpdwfvnfvm
apEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ Oyrm tDwvDEdkifiH x&efwDEdk-atmfwdkt'pfcsf a'oü jzpfcJhaom vlrsdK;a&;
y#dyu©rSm *smrefpum;ajym vlenf;pkudk ,Ofaus;rIESifh pDrHcefYcGJa&; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfe,fajrtjzpf
owfrSwfay;vdkufjcif;jzifh ajz&Sif;EdkifcJhonf/ todtrSwfjyKcHvdkjcif;onf ta&;BuD;qHk;aom
vlom;wdkY\ vdktyfcsufqdkonfudk rnfonfhtcgrS rarhygESifh/
(C) (3) rHkYa0pm;jcif; r[kwfyg
jznfhqnf;ay;&efoifhonfh wpfzufvl\ vdktifqEúdk oifu odvdkufNyD[k qdkOD;awmh

olYqEúdk jznfhqnf;vQif oif\ tusdK;,kwfavQmhoGm;vdrfhrnf[k oifutaowGufxm;NyD;om;
jzpfaewwfygonf/ i,fpOfu rHkYa0pm;ouJhodkY oifhwpfzufvlu ydk&orQ oifhqDu avQmhoGm;
&onf[k oifhpdwfxJwGif pGJaewwfonf/ odkYaomf rMumcP qdkovdkyif oifhtusdK;udk rxdcdkuf
bJ wpfzufom;\ tusdK;pD;yGm;udk jznfhqnf;EdkifaMumif; awGU&wwfygonf/
(C) (4) ukefusp&dwfenf;enf;ESifh tjrwfrsm;rsm;&rnfh zvS,frIrsm;udk &SmMunfhyg
ESpfOD;ESpfzufvHk; tusdK;&Sdaprnfh enf;wpfenf;rSm ukefusp&dwfenf;enf;ESifh tjrwfrsm;

rsm; &&Sdrnfh zvS,frIrsm;udk &SmMunfhjcif;yif jzpfonf/ olYtwGuf tusdK;rsm;rsm;&Sdaomfvnf;
oiftwGuf odyfta&'rygvSonfh tcsufrsm;udk &SmazG&ygrnf/ tvGef&dk;aom Oyrmwpfckudk
wifjyvdkygonf/ wpfcgu (qdkAD,uf,leD,H rNydKuGJrD) armfpudkodkY a&mufvmaom tar&duef
ukefonf wpfa,mufonf &k&Sm;wuúpD'&dkifbmudk [dkw,fodkYoGm;&ef aps;qpfonf/ '&dkifbmu
&lb,fav;q,f awmif;onf/ xdktcsdefu a':vmajcmufq,fcefY wefaeonfjzpfí xyfqpf
onf/ r&yg/ tjcm;'&dkifbmrsm;uvnf; þaps;udkyif qdkMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh ukefonfonf
av,mOfuGif;xJodkY jyef0ifoGm;NyD; a':vmESpfq,fwef t&ufwpfykvif;udk EdkifiHjcm;aiGESifha&mif;
onfhqdkifrS 0,fvdkufonf/ av,mOfuGif;rStxGuf yxrqHk;awGUaom wuúpD'&dkifbmudk [dkw,f
odkY vdkufydkYay;vQif þt&ufykvif;udk ay;rnf[k qdkvdkufonfESifh csufcsif;yif aps;wnfhoGm;NyD;
tqifajyoGm;onf/
59
tb,fhaMumifhygenf;? xdkt&ufykvif;rsdK; 0,fvdkvQif wuúpD'&dkifbmtzdkY av;em&DcefY

wef;pDapmifh&rnf/ tar&dueftzdkYrSm aps;csdKaom t&ufykvif;onf &k&Sm;'&dkifbmtzdkY wefzdk;
BuD;vSonf/ avqdyfrS [dkw,fodkY c&D;vrf;onf wuúpD'&dkifbmtzdkY odyfwefzdk;r&SdvSaomfvnf;
tar&dueftzdkY wefzdk;BuD;vSonf/
(C) (5) 'Dvdkqdk&if 'Dvdkvkyfr,f
aemufwpfenf;rSm 'Dvdkqdk&if 'Dvdkvkyf&atmif [laom enf;yifjzpfonf/ Oyrm oif

onf um;yGJpm;wpfa,muf[k qdkygpdkY/ oifhtod wpfa,muf\ um;udk a&mif;ay;&ef oifu
yGJc ig;axmifawmif;onf/ olu rsm;onf[kxifNyD; olYtaeESifh aemufxyfum;wpfpD;jyef0,f
&OD;rnf jzpfí þum;udk a&mif;&aomaiGxJrS odyfNyD; tyGef;tyJhrcHEdkif[k qdkonf/ xdktcgrsdK;
wGif oifu olYudk ]] cifAsm;um;udk cifAsm;rSef;xm;wJh oHk;odef;cGJatmufrSm &&if? uRefawmfhudk
oHk;axmifyJay;? oHk;odef;ig;aomif; ig;axmifxufydk&if aemufxyf oHk;axmifxyfay; }} [k qdk
vdkufEdkifonf/ xdktcgrsdK;wGif oluoabmwlvdkufavsm&ef vG,fuloGm;onf/ olrSef;xm;onf
xufydk&ygu oifhudkvnf; olrSef;xm;onfxuf ydkay;&ef 0efav;rnf r[kwfacs/ xdkudpöwGif
oifu tenf;i,f pGefYpm;&onfrSefaomfvnf; oifrlvrSef;onfxuf ydkí tqifajyoGm;rnf
jzpfonf/
(i) wpfzufvl rsufESmrysufygapESifh

oifu wpfzufvl\ tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;í&onfyJ qdkygOD;awmh olu
oabmrwlEdkifao;bJ &Sdaewwfygao;onf/ ñSdEdIif;aqG;aEG;yGJ qdkonfrSm vlr&Sd? olr&Sd ae&m
wGifoGm;í vkyfMuonfr[kwf/ aqG;aEG;yGJapmifhMunfhaeaom ESpfzufy&dowfu &SdaeMuonf/
wpfzufvlu tav;xm;&aom olYq&m? olYtzGJUtpnf;? olYvkyfaz:udkifzufrsm;? olYrdom;pkESifh
rdwfaqGrsm; ponfwdkYESifh olYrJqE´&Sifrsm;u aqG;aEG;yGJudk apmifhMunfhaernfrSm aocsmvSygonf/
vlYobm0twdkif;yif olut&HI;ay;vdkuf&NyD[lí olYvltrsm;u olYtay:xifoGm;rnfudk b,f
olurQ ESpfoufrnfr[kwf/ tu,fí olonf a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufcH&aom wm0efwpfckudk ,l
xm;oljzpfygu olaemufqkwfvdkufonfESifh olYrJqE´&Sifrsm;u ]] igwdkYudka&mif;pm;oGm;NyD }} ]]b,f
vdk vlrsdK;ygvdrfh nHhvSacsvm; }} ponfjzifh a0zefMuawmhrnf jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh oifhwpf
zufvlu oabmxm;wif;rmaejcif;rSm olYtusdK;pD;yGm;oufoufxuf olYrJqE´&Sifrsm;udkaMumuf
í tavQmhray;&JbJ jzpfaejcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/
]] olYvlawG udpö[m olYudpöyJ? igeJYrqdkifbl;[k oifu xifaumif;xifrnf/ odkYaomf xdk
vlrsm;u oif&vdkonfh oabmwlnDcsufudk r&atmif t[efYtwm;jzpfaeonf qdkygu olYvl
trsm;udk oludkifwG,f ajz&Sif;Edkifatmif oifu ulnD&efoifhygonf/ olYvlrsm;u olYudk a0zefEdkif
onfh tajccHpGyfpGJcsuf ESpfck&Sdygonf/ yxrpGyfpGJcsufrSm ]] olonf rlv vrf;pOftaetxm;
udk pGefYvTwfvdkufNyD; }} [k jzpfNyD; 'kwd,pGyfrSm ]] &&Sdvmonfh oabmwlnDcsufrSm auseyfzG,f&m
r&Sd }} [lí jzpfMuonf/
60
(i) (1) olatmufrusbJ aemufqkwfEdkifatmif ulnDyg

rsufESmrysufatmif umuG,fjcif;onf aqG;aEG;ñSdEdIif;yGJ\ ausm&dk;yif jzpfonf/ rsufESm
rysufatmifvkyfjcif; qdkonfrSm ñSdEdIif;aqG;aEG;yGJ\ tqHk;owfusawmhrS Munfhaumif;atmif
ESrf;jzL;jcif;tvkyf[k trsm;u txifvGJwwfMuygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; owdxm;oifhrSm rsufESm
ysufjcif;qdkonfrSm twåBuD;jcif;ESifh rqdkifacs/ vlwpfa,muf\ wefzdk;? *kPf? odu©m? *kPfoa&
olYrl0g'twdkif; vdkufemrI uwd pum;wnfrIESifh tjcm;vlrsm;tjrifwGif wifhw,fvdkrI ponf
wdkYudk twdkenf;tm;jzifh ]] rsufESm }} [k ac:xm;jcif; jzpfonf/
oifhwpfzufom;u olpGJudkifcJhaom taetxm;udk jyifvdkufvQif txufwGifaz:jycJhaom
udpötm;vHk;udk ysufpD;apEdkifonfh tEÅ&m,fu &Sdaeonf/ olYrsufESmrysufatmif oifu umuG,f
ay;EdkifrSom olu vdkufavsm&ef jzpfEdkifayrnf/ þodkYqdkvQif rsufESmrysufatmif rnfodkYum
uG,f ay;rnfenf;/
(u-u) tajctaersm; ajymif;cJhNyDqdkonfudk jrifygap
yxrenf;rSm oifhwpfzufvludk t&iftajctaea[mif;rsm;t&qdkvQif olonf rSef

aumif;rSefrnf jzpfaomfvnf; ,cktcg tajctaersm; ajymif;cJhNyD[k jrifomatmif jyoifhonf/
(c-c) Mum;vlwpfa,muf\ wdkufwGef;csufudk ,lyg
tpOftquf oHk;cJhaom enf;wpfckrSm Mum;vlwpfa,mufudk ac:jcif;yif jzpfonf/ xdk

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uvnf; rwefbl;[kxifaeonf/ Mum;rSaeíñSdEIdif;ay;Ekdifrnfh apsEIef;uGsrf;usifoluvnf;r&Sd
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61
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ukr®PDykdifaiGukd okH;pGJwm odwfvufzGmwmyJ? cifAsm;vlawGukd vcodyf`rSifhay;aeawmh uGsefawmf
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'DESpftwGif; ol&Smay;vkdY azmufonftopfawG trsm;BuD;&cJhwmyJ}} okdYr[kwf ]]ol'DavmufBudK;
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62
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(p)(1) wpfzufom;ukd wpfvSrf;csif;oGm;ygap

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63
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wpfxpfjcif;wpfxpfjcif; wkd;vmaomaMumifhom olYwm0ef atmifjrifoGm;jcif;yifjzpfonf/
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wpfcgwpf&HwGif wxpfjcif;oGm;onfhenf;onf tokH;rwnfhonfukdawGU&wwfygonf/

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jynfhjynfhpkHpkHjrifNyD;NyDqkdrS oabmwlnDcsufcsEkdifaMumif; ajymí olYukd pdwfoufomrI&ygap/
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64
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aomoabmwlnDcsufukdom cs&awmhojzifh ykdrkdvG,fuloGm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh olwkdYESpfOD;pvkH;u
oabmwlvkdufMuawmhonf/
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65
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jzifh yGJudkajymif;vdkufonf/ olYtzdkY acgif;ndwf&ef vG,fuloGm;aprnfhtpm; ]] [ifhtif; }} ajym&ef
vnf; ydkícufoGm;apvdrfhrnf/ yGJtwGuf rdrdu tpGrf;&Sdoavmuf tiftm;jznfhqnf;&if; wpf
zufxHrSvnf; &Edkifoavmuf ñSpfxkwf,lvdkvmonf/ rdrd\ &nfrSef;csufa&m enf;AsL[myg
ajymif;vdkufNyD; ESpfzufajyvnfrItpm; atmifyGJudkom &,lvdkcsifawmhonf/
cGeftm;oHk;enf;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/ rdrdu wpfzufvludk Ncdrf;ajcmufonf/ odkY
r[kwf twif;t"r® tMuyfudkifonf/ xdktcg olu enf;enf;avsmhay;vmonf/ odkY&mwGif
rdrdwGif omaeaom cGeftm;opf wpfck rdrd&& vufqkyf? vufudkifr&Sdygu olujyefí ckcHwdkuf
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qdkvmjcif;aMumifhomru oabmwlnDvdkufjcif;onfyifvQif olYtwGuf &HI;edrfhrI[k t"dyÜg,fayguf
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0ifvmonf/ trItcif;? oydwf odkYr[kwf ppf/ ,if;wdkYudk qifETJ&mwGif tcsdefESifhaiGaMu; omru
aoG;acR;ESifh rsuf&nfwdkYudkvnf; rsm;pGm toHk;jyK&onf/
rdrdarQmfrSef;xm;aom atmifyGJtpm; t&HI;yGJESifhvnf; qHk&wwfonf/ uGm&Sif;pum;qdkcJh
aom ZeD;onf tdrfa[mif;avmif;ESifh vnf;aumif;? azgufonftm; w&m;pGJcJhaomukrÜPDonf
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67
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awmh olYrsufvHk;wpfvHk;igu jyefazguf tJ'Dawmh wdkYtm;vHk; uef;Mua&m }} [k qdkcJhonf/
yGJuav;wpfyGJ Edkifvkdufonfhwdkif yGJpOfwpfckvHk;usawmh &IH;Edkifonf/ wpfzufvlESifh quf
qHa&;udkvnf; qHk;&HI;oGm;Edkifonf/ oluvnf; olYtajctaeomvmonfESifh uwdudk zufí
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t&? jynfwGif;a&;t& tvGefwefzdk;BuD;aom enf;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;
ESpfaxmifausmfu w&kwfvlrsdK; ppfa&;yg&*lBuD; qGefZl;u atmufygtwdkif; a&;cJhonf/ ]] wdkuf
yGJwpf&m atmifyGJwpf&mqdkonfrSm ppfa&;uRrf;usifrI\ txGwftxdyfr[kwf? &efoludk rwdkuf
bJ ESdrfeif;Edkifjcif;onfom ppfa&;uRrf;usifrI\ txGwftxdyf jzpfonf }}
wefzdk;BuD;rm;aomwdkufyGJudk rwdkufbJ wpfzufvloabmwlvmap&ef rdrd\cGeftm;owåd
udk rnfodkYtoHk;jyKrnfenf;¿ cGeftm;owådudk zsufqD;jcif;enf;tpm; wnfaqmufjcif;enf;jzifh
rnfodkYoHk;rnfenf;¿ cGeftm;owådtrSefw&m;udk ya[Vdudk rnfodkYajz&Sif;rnfenf;¿
(u) cGeftm;owåd (yg0g)udk ynmay;&mwGif toHk;jyKyg
pdwfyifyef;vmaomtcg jyKvkyfwwfaom t"dutrSm;rSm ajz&Sif;jcif;enf;udkpGefYí tif

tm;yGJ zufvSJYjcif; jzpf\/
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onf/]] [kwfuJh }} udk ydkívG,fulpGmqdkatmif jyKvkyfrnfqdkvQif jyóemajyvnfaprnfh aqG;
aEG;rIrsm; vdktyfonf/ ]] [ifhtif; }} qdk&ef ydkícJ,Of;ap&ef tiftm;toHk;jyKrIudk vdktyfonf/
,if;ESpfckteuf wpfckcka&G;cs,f&ef rvkdyg/ ESpfckvHk;udk jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/
jyóemajz&Sif;rIaqG;aEG;yGJwGif cGeftm;owåd toHk;jyKrIonf ta&;ygaom tydkif;wpfck
jzpfygonf/ wpfzufvltm; aqG;aEG;yGJwGif yg0ifvmap&ef cGeftm;owådudk toHk;jyKyg/ rdrdatmif
yGJtpm; ESpfOD;ESpfzufauseyfa&;udk OD;wnfyg/ wpfzufvltm; 'l;axmufvmaprnfhtpm; em;
vnf oabmaygufvmygap/
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olatmifyGJqifEdkifonf[k ,lqaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJrvkyfbJ ol\ 'k-taumif;
qHk;tajz odkYr[kwf ol\ BATNA onf rdrdzGifhay;aom vrf;xufomonf[k ,lqaomaMumifh
jzpfEdkifonf/ þtcsufrSm;aMumif; ol oabmaygufatmif aqmif&Guf&ef vdkonf/
rdrd\ tpGrf;owådudkoHk;NyD; olYtm;ynmay;yg
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wpfzufvlonf olYwGufcsufrIrsm; rSm;aeouJhodkY jyKrlyg/ oabmwlnDcsuf r&atmifa&Smifwdrf;
68
jcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmrnfh qdk;usdK;rsm;udk wpfzufvljrifvmatmif ñTefjyyg/ rdrdvdkcsifonfrsm;

udk olYtay:twif;xdk; ray;ygESifh? ol\ vdkvm;csufudk xdef;aMumif;ay;jcif;jzifh rdrdtwGuf
a&m olYtwGufyg tusdK;&Sdaprnfh qHk;jzwfcsufwpfckudk csEdkifatmif ulnDaqmif&Gufyg/
olYtm; oabmaygufatmif jyKvkyfjcif;ESifh olYtm; a&TwHwm;cif;ay;jcif;wdkYonf a&Shqifh
aemufqifh jzpfonf/ oabmaygufatmifjyKjcif;onf oabmwlnDrI r&jcif;\ ay;qyf&rIBuD;
rm;yHkudk tav;teufjyKNyD; wHwm;cif;ay;jcif;onf oabmwlnDcsuf&jcif;\ tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;
udk rD;armif;xdk;jyonf/ wpfzufvltzdkY oabmwlnDrI r&jcif;ESifh &jcif;wdkY\ tusdK;oufa&muf
rIrsm;tMum; wpfzufzufudk a&G;cs,f&ef vdktyfaeayNyD/ rdrd\ wm0efrSm wHwm;ay:rS ausmf
jzwfjcif;omvQif ol\ vdkvm;csufrsm;udk taumif;qHk;jznfhqnf;EdkifaMumif; olodem;vnfvm
atmif BudK;yrf;ay;&ef jzpfonf/
(c) wpfzufvltm; tusdK;qufrsm;udk oabmaygufygap
wpfzufvlonf oabmwlnDrI r&jcif;\ tusdK;qufrsm;udk em;rvnfygu olodem;

vnfvmatmif jyKvkyfyg/
(c)(1) tajctaerSef prf;oyfaom ar;cGef;rsm;ar;yg
wpfzufvltm; ynmay;&eftaumif;qHk;ESifh wefzdk;tenf;qHk;enf;rSm olYbmol avhvm

ap&ef jzpfonf/ olYtm; oabmwlnDcsuf r&jcif;aMumifh jzpfvmrnfhtusdK;qufrsm;udk xnfh
oGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh ar;cGef;rsm; ar;Munfhyg/ olYtm; tajctaerSefu ynmay;ygvdrfhrnf/
1979-ckESpf c&dkufpvm aumfydka&;&Sif; rGJjymusudef;qdkufcsdefwGif ukrÜPDOuú| tD,m
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ief;rsm;twGuf Mum;0ifíru,foifh[k cdkifrmpGm ,HkMunfMu\/ uGefu&ufMum;emyGJrsm;wGif
tD,maumhumonf oHo,&Sdaeolrsm; oabmaygufvmatmif BudK;pm;onf/ c&dkufpvm
tm; aiGacs;&ef jiif;ygu jzpfay:vmrnfh tusdK;qufrsm;udk owdjyKrdap&ef ]] tajctaerSef
prf;oyf }} aom ar;cGef;rsm;udk csjy\/ ]] c&dkufpvm zsufodrf;vdkuf&NyD; nwGif;csif; tvkyfvuf
rJhEIef; oHkn'orig; &mcdkifEIef;wufoGm;r,fqdk&if wdkif;jynftwGuf wu,ftusdK;&Sdrvm;¿
c&dkufpvmjyKwfoGm;NyD; EdkifiH&yfjcm;&Sd aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyftudkifrsm; &yfqdkif;&vQif
vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,frItwGuf tusdK;&Sdygrnfvm;¿
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tpdk;&u uscH&rnfh tvkyfvufrJh tmrcHaMu;ESifh oufomacsmifcsda&; axmufyHhaMu;rsm;udk
udk;um;NyD;aemuf ]] a':vm (2.7)bDvD,Hudk ay;rvm;? 'grSr[kwf aemifcgtm;vHk; jyef&Edkif
ao;wJh tJ'g&JUwpf0ufudk cktmrcHay;vdkufrvm;¿ cifAsm;wdkY BudKufwmudk a&G;Muyg }}
wpfenf;tm;jzifh tD,maumhu ]] oabmrwljcif;&JU tusdK;qufrsm;udk vufcHrvm;¿
'grSr[kwf a&TwHwm;ay: jzwfausmfrvm;¿ }} [líar;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ uGef*&ufudk,fpm;
69
vS,frsm;rSm tajccH ,HkMunfcsuft& c&dkufpvmudk ulnD&ef uefYuGufcJhMuaomfvnf; olwdkY

&ifqdkif&rnfh tajctaerSefudk oabmaygufvmaomtcg oabmxm;ajymif;vmonf/ olu
]] udk,fpm;vS,fwpfa,muf[m olYrJqEé,fu vlb,fESpfa,muf c&dkufpvmtay: rSDcdkae&
w,fqdkwm oabmaygufvmawmh olYrlv ,HkMunfcsufudk pGefYvTwfvdkufawmhwmygyJ }} [ka&;
om;zl;onf/ tD,maumhumonf oltvdk&Sdaom a':vm(1.5)bDvD,Hudk &&SdoGm;avonf/
a,bk,stusqHk; tajctaerSef prf;oyfenf; oHk;enf;
(u-u) oabmwlvQif bmjzpfrnfvdkY xifovJ
tjrifomqHk;ar;cGef;rSm tD,maumhumu uGefu&ufodkY ar;aomar;cGef; jzpfonf/

]] oabmwlnDcsufr&vQif b,favmufukefusrvJ¿ }} wpfzufvlu tajctaeudk tjynfhtpHk
rjrifEdkifvQif ar;cGef;wpfckjzifh ar;Munfhyg/ ]] oydwfa&&SnfarSmufjcif;jzifh 'DukrÜPD a'0gvDcH&
NyD; usKyfwdkYtm;vHk; tvkyfjyKwfMur,fqdkwm pOf;pm;rdovm;¿ odkYr[kwf ]] 'Djyóem rajy&if
cifAsm;a&m usKyfa&mtwGuf jzpfvmr,fhtusdK;qufawG[m b,favmufav;eufw,fqdkwm
oabmayguf&JUvm;¿ wpfzufvlonf þtcsufudk &Srf;oGm;NyD; jzpfay:vmrnfh tusdK;qufrsm;
azghí wGufxm;cJhygu oif\wifjycsuf rnfrQoabmuszdkYaumif;onfudk odem;vnfvmyg
vdrfhrnf/
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wpfzufvlonf oif\ BATNA tiftm;udk avsmhwGufae[k xifygu olYtm;]] oabm

wlnDrI r&&if usKyfvdkvm;csufawG jynfhzdkYtwGuf bmvkyfr,fvdkYxifovJ¿ }} odkYr[kwf ]] usKyf
bmvkyf&rvJ¿ }} [kar;yg/ tvkyfysufuGufaeaom tvkyform;wpfa,muftm; ol\abmhpf
tm; ]] rif;aemufwpfcg 'Dvdkysuf&if igbmvkyf&rvJ }} odkYr[kwf ]] rif;vufatmufu vlwpf
a,mufu tvkyfysufysufaevdkY pDrHudef; rrSDEdkifjzpfae&if bmvkyfrvJ }} [kar;rnf/ or*¾
acgif;aqmif wpfa,mufjzpfvQif yk*¾dKvfa&; odyfrqefatmif rJqE´&Sifrsm;udk vTJcsjyyg/ tkyfcsKyf
a&;zufrS aqG;aEG;zuftm; ]] tvkyform;awGom usef;rma&; tusdK;cHpm;cGifhawG qHk;&HI;&r,f
qdk&if olwdkYb,fvdkcHpm;&rvJ¿? olwdkYbmvkyfr,fvdkY cifAsm;xifovJ¿ }} [k ar;Munfhyg/
wpfzufvlu Ncdrf;ajcmufvmaomtcg olYNcdrf;ajcmufrIudk taumiftxnfaz:ygu oif
u b,fvdkwkYHjyefrnfxifovJ¿ [k ar;Munfhyg/ oifom tvkyf&SifjzpfvQif or*¾udk ]] cifAsm;
wdkY oydwfarSmufcsif arSmufEdkifwmaygh? 'gayr,fh cifAsm;wdkYu tJ'Dvdkvkyf&if usKyfwdkYbmvkyfr,f
xifovJ¿? vufydkufNyD; xdkifMunfhaer,fvdkY xifaeovm;¿ }} [k ar;Edkifonf/ ol\ Ncdrf;ajcmuf
rIu oifhtm;odyfrxdcdkufEdkifaMumif; oif\ wkHYjyefrIaMumifh ESpfzufpvHk; txdemrSmjzpfaMumif;
odomaprnfhar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;ay;yg/ ]] usKyfwdkYrSm ajcmufvpm avSmifxm;NyD;om; t&Hoifh&Sd
w,f/ tkyfcsKyfrI0efxrf;eJYyJ pufudk tJ'DavmufvnfEdkifw,f/ usKyfwdkYudk xdcdkufrSmxuf tvkyf
70
orm;awGu ydkemr,f/ tJ'Dawmh usKyfwdkYbmvkyfMurvJ¿ ]] olNcdrf;ajcmufrIudkom oifhpD;yGm;zuf

rsm;udk jyefítoday;vdkufygu olYtwGufqdk;usdK;oufa&mufrIom jzpfay:EdkifaMumif; olYtm;
odygap/ ]] 'Dudpöudk usKyf'g&dkufwmtzGJU0ifawGudk today;vdkuf&if olwdkYudk tEdkifusifhcH&w,f
vdkY ,lqMurSm olwdkYeJY qufqHzdkYvJ odyfcufoGm;vdrfhr,f }}
(*-*) cifAsm; bmvkyfrvJ¿
wpfzufvlonf ol\ 'k-taumif;qHk;udk ydkíwGufaeonf[k ,lqygu olYudk 'Dvdkar;

Munfhyg/ ]] oabmwlnDrI r&&if bmvkyfzdkYpdwful;ovJ¿? tJ'gu b,favmufwefzdk;BuD;rvJ¿
cifAsm;vdktyfcsufawGudk b,fvdkenf;eJY jznfhay;EdkifrvJ¿ }} oluvnf; ol\ BATNAudk t&Sd
xufydkoa,mif csJUxm;vmEdkifonf/ xdktcgrsdK;wGif (tEkwfvu©Pm) aysmhuGufrsm;udk jrifvm
atmif axmufjyyg/ ]] 'Dudpöudk w&m;&Hk;rSm pGJqdkEdkifwmrSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'gu odyfMum
oGm;Edkifw,f/ aemufNyD; &Hk;p&dwfawGu tJ'Dvdk xifcsifrSxifrSm }}
(c)(2) owday;yg rNcdrf;ajcmufygeJY
wpfcgwpf&H ar;cGef;rsm;ar;jcif;jzifh wpfzufvltm; oabmwlnDrI r&jcif;\ tusdK;quf

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wpfqifhtaejzifh aemifbmjzpfvmrnfudk wdkuf&dkufaz:jy&rnf/ rdrd\ BATNAudk toHk;rjyKrD
rdrdbmvkyfawmhrnfudk wpfzufvltm; today;&rnf/ oluaqG;aEG;&ef jiif;qefaerIudk jyefí
oHk;oyfcGifh ay;&zdkYvdkonf/ trSeftm;jzifh rdrd\ BATNAudk vufawGUtoHk;jyKrnfhtpm; owd
ay;jcif;u ydkí xda&mufwwfygonf/ oifu olESifh ñSdEdIif;rI rjyKbJ &Edkifonfh taumif;qHk;
tajzonf wpfzufvl\ txifü tppftrSefxuf ydkí BuD;us,f aeEdkifygonf/
odkY&mwGif wpfzufvltm; rNcdrf;ajcmufrd&ef owdjyKzdkYvdkygonf/ Ncdrf;ajcmufrIonf ajymif;
jyeftusdK;oufa&muf apwwfygonf/ omrefudpöwpf&yfrS wpfzufvl\ tmPmESifh *kPfodu©m
udk pdefac:&modkYa&mufoGm;wwfygonf/ xdktcg oluvnf;ydkí jyif;jyif;xefxef jyefvnfwdkuf
cdkufvmygvdrfhrnf/ olYtzGJUtpnf;uvnf; oifhtm; twdkuftcHvkyf&ef ydkípnf;vHk;vmvdrfh
rnf/ olwdkY\ rlvu&Sdxm;aom oabmxm;uGJjym;rIrsm;udkz,fNyD; bHk&efol(oifh)tm; wdkufcdkuf
&ef nDñGwfvmMuvdrfhrnf/
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rnfonfhenf;jzifh olodem;vnfapEdkifygoenf;¿/ t"duaomhcsufrSm rdrdajymvdkorQudk Ncdrf;
ajcmufrI wpfckuJhodkYr[kwfbJ owday;csufwpfckuJhodkY abmifcwfay;&ef jzpfonf/ &kwfw&uf
MunfhvQif owday;jcif;ESifh Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif; ESpfrsdK;vHk;onf oabmwlnDrI r&jcif;\ tEkwfvu©
Pm tusdK;qufrsm; jzpfaeojzifh qifwlonfxif&\/ odkY&mwGif 4if;ESpfckwGif odrfarGUaomfvnf;
ta&;ygaom jcm;em;csufwpfck&Sd\/ Ncdrf;ajcmufrIonf (yk*¾dvdu) yk*¾dKvfa&;qefí &ifqdkifrIudk
az:jyNyD; owday;csufu "r®'d|mefusí av;pm;rIudk az:jyonf/
71
Ncdrf;ajcmufrIonf rdrdu wpfzufvltm; emusOfaprI? 'Pf&m&apvdkrI wkdYudk aMunm

jcif; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tEkwfvu©Pm tvm;tvmudk az:jy\/ owday;rIrSm tEÅ&m,fudk
BudKwiftoday;jcif; jzpf\/ Ncdrf;ajcmufrIu wpfzufvloabmrwlvQif bmvkyfrnfudk az:jyí
owday;rIu oabmwlnDcsufr&vQif bmjzpfrnfudk az:jyonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh qdk&aomf
BATNAudk cGJjcm;ay;vdkufonf/ owday;rIu oabmwlnDcsuf r&jcif;\ tusdK;qufrsm;udk
toGifo@efwpfcktjzpf az:jyonf/ xdktusdK;qufwdkYonf tajctaerS tvdktavsmufayguf
zGm;vmonf[k ,lqapEdkifonf/ wpfzufvltzdkYvnf; tjzpfrSefudk vdkufavsm&jcif;onf oifh
tm; yk*¾dKvfa&;t& vdkufavsm&jcif;xuf vG,fulayvdrfhrnf/
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wifjy&onf/ ]] xkwfvkyfrIudk wdk;zdkY oabmrwlbl;qdk&if 'Dudpöudk |mecsKyfudk wifjy&rSmyJ }} xdk
tcg olu atmufygtwdkif;wkYHjyefzdkY aocsmygonf/ ]] usKyf |mecsKyfrSm bmvkyf&r,fvdkY usKyf
udkvmajym&atmif cifAsm;udk,fcifAsm; bmxifaeovJ¿ }} [k olu a'goxGufvmNyD; rdrdESifh
&efyGJwpfck qifETJ&ygvdrfhrnf/ owday;jcif;rSmrl jcm;em;ygonf/ vkyfaz:udkifzuftm; ]] oabm
wl owfrSwfxm;wJh pHEIef;rjynfhvdkY&Sd&if 'D|metaeeJY epfemr,f? usKyfwdkYtm;vHk;vJ |mecsKyfeJY
jyóemwufvdrfhr,f }} þenf;tm;jzifh olYtm; jyóem&Sif;vif;a&; aqG;aEG;rIodkY jyefíqGJaqmif
Edkifygvdrfhrnf/
wpfcgwpf&H qHk;jzwfcsufwpfckudk wGef;tm;ay;&eftwGuf tcsdefowfrSwfcsufwpfckudk
oHk;&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif tcsdefowfrSwfcsufudk Ncdrf;ajcmufrIwpfcktjzpf t"dyÜg,faygufoGm;jcif;
rsdK;vnf; &Sdwwfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh rnfolYqE´rQ rygaom owday;csufrsm;tjzpf odkYr[kwf o
bm0 tcsdefowfrSwfcsufrsm; uefYowfay;vQif ydkí xda&mufygonf/ yHkpHtm;jzifh avmavm
q,f twnfjyK&awmhrnfh ,ckESpfwGif bwf*sufqHk;jzwfcsuf bkwf 'g&dkufwmrsm;\ oHk;vywf
tpnf;ta0;? rMumrD jyKvkyfawmhrnfh owif;xkwfjyefcsuf? odkYr[kwf rMumrD usa&mufawmh
rnfh c&pörwftm;vyf&ufwdkY jzpfonf/ xdkaeYpGJwdkYrSm rdrdu BudK;rudkifEdkifaom aeYpGJrsm;jzpfaom
aMumifh wpfzufvltzdkY vufcH&ef ydkívG,fulygvdrfhrnf/
(c)(3) olESifhñSdEdIif;aqG;aEg;yGJrvkyfbJ rdrdbmom bmvkyfEdkifonfudkjyyg BATNAudkjyyg
wpfzufvlu rdrd\ owday;csufudk vspfvsL&IUaomtcg aemufwpfqifhwufzdkY vdkayNyD/

BATNAudk o&kyfaz:jyjcif;jzifh rdrd\tpGrf;udk odomapjcif; jzpfonf/ o&kyfaz:jcif;qdkonfrSm
vufawGUtaumiftxnfaz:jcif; r[kwfbJ rdrdbmqufvkyfrnfudk az:jyjcif;jzpfonf/
*syefEdkifiHwGif tvkyform;rsm;onf rMumcPtvkyfrysufbJ ]] oydwfarSmuf }} wwf
Muonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&'zufu rdrdwdkY\ epfemrItwdkif;twmudk odem;vnfap&ef vufywfteuf
rsm; ywfxm;wwfMuonf/ ,if;vufywfeufrsm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfrItydkif;tm; ukrÜPD\ tem*wf
pD;yGm;a&;ay:wGif tvkyform;wdkYrnfrQtxd MoZmoufa&mufEdkifonfudk oabmaygufaponf/
þuJhodkYaom oabmjyoydwfrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;\ epfemcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufí tav;
teufaqG;aEG;&ef tkyfcsKyfa&;tydkif;tm; wGef;tm;ay;&mwGif tHhMobG,faumif;avmufatmif
72
xda&mufaMumif; awGU&onf/
aqG;aEG;yGJysufvQif w&m;&Hk;odkYwuf&efjzpfygu aqG;aEG;yGJodkY Oya'tusdK;aqmifwpf
a,muftm; yg0ifapjcif;jzifh rdrd BATNAudk az:jyEdkifonf/ ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;
wpfckonf rsufpd&Iyfapaom rdk;ysHwHwm;rsm;tpm; ajratmufvdIPfacgif;rsm;aqmufap&ef
twGuf avQmufvTmwif&mwGif acgif;rmaom vrf;wHwm;|meodkY tzGJU\ ajyma&;qdkcGifh&SdolESifh
twl xif&Sm;aom Oya'tusdK;aqmifwpfa,mufudkyg yl;wGJvdkufapygonf/ udpöudk w&m;&Hk;
odkYwufrnf[laom pum;wpfvHk;rQ rqdk&apumrl ,if;oabmrSm rsm;pGm ay:vGifxif&Sm;ae\/
vrf;|meuvnf; 4if;\ rlvqHk;jzwfcsufudk ajymif;jyefvSefvdkufawmhonf/
aqG;EG;yGJjyKvkyfaepOftwGif; rdrd\ BATNAudk vufawGUaz:jyvdkygu aqG;aEG;yGJrSxGuf
cGmoGm;vdkufyg/ þenf;udk ayghayghwefwefawmh oabmrxm;ygESifh/ rdrdonf [dwf[efvkyfae
jcif;r[kwfbJ rdrd\ BATNAudk toHk;jyK&ef tav;teufjyKaMumif; wpfzufvlESifh ol\tzGJU
om;rsm;tm; tiftm;tav;teuf tcsufjyaeaMumif; owdjyKyg/ tjyifodkYxGufoGm;&mwGif
wHcg;udk aqmifhydwfzdkY rvdkyg/ ]] 0rf;enf;ygw,fcifAsm? ckyHktwdkif;qufajymaeMuvdkYawmh tusdK;
&SdwJh&v'f&zdkY rvG,fygbl;/ cifAsm;wdkY qufaqG;aEG;vdk&if uRefawmfu toifhygyJ/ uRefawmfhqD
w,fvDzkef;eHygwfudk ,lxm;vdkufyg? cifAsm;wdkY tqifoifhjzpf&if uRefawmfhqD qufvdkufyg/ tJ
'Dtcsdeftxdawmh uRefawmfvJ vkyfp&m&Sdwm&SmNyD; vkyf&ygvdrfhr,f }} [kajymyg/ wpfzufvlu
rdrdtm;jyefac:&ef rdrdtxufvlu olYtxufvltm;ac:&ef odkYr[kwf wwd,vl wpfOD;OD;u
rdrdESifh wpfzufvlwdkY ESpfOD;tm; jyefvnfawGUqHkay;Edkifatmif wHcg;zGifhxm;ay;yg/
rdrd\ BATNAudk o&kyfaz:jy&efaemufwenf;rSm wpfzufvlu rdrd\vsmxm;csufudk
wifBudKíodoGm;atmif jyifqifenf; jzpfonf/ yHkpHtm;jzifh atmufwef;tusqkH; tvkyfrsm;ukd
omvkyf&eftwGuf vlenf;pktEG,f0ifrsm;ukdXm;&ef;avh&Sdaom vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;rI0g' usifhokH;onfh
ukefwkdufBuD;wpfck\ tjzpfukdMunfhMupkdY/ vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;wpfcku xkdtcsufukduefYuGuf\
okdY&mwGif ukefwkdufuaqG;aEG;&ef jiif;qefavonf/ xkdtcg tzGJUtpnf;u vljzLr[kwfaom
aps;0,folokH;axmifukd pnf;&kH;í 4if;wkdYukd0wfaumif;pm;vS0wfqifapum ukefwkdufwGif tvkyf
t&IyfqkH;jzpfaom paeaeYwpfaeYwGif ukefwkdufokdY pka0;ac:aqmifoGm;&ef pDpOf\/ xkdolrsm;
onf em&Daygif;rsm;pGmMumatmif ukefwkdufxJwGif w0Jvnfvnf Munfh&Ijcif;jzifh ta&mif;0ef
xrf;rsm;tzkdY rsm;pGmtvkyf&IyfMuNyD; tjcm;0,f,lolrsm;uvnf; þvltkyfukdjrifí qkdifukda&Smif
oGm;Murnfjzpf\/ tzGJUtpnf;rS pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;rsm;onf þtpDtpOftaMumif;aqG;aEG;&mwGif
ukefwkdufokdY owif;ykdYrnfhvlwpfa,mufukdyg xnfhxm;\/ ukefwkdufrefae*smrsm;onf þowif;
ukd Mum;onfESifh wpfjyKdifeuf vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;ESifh csufjcif;aqG;aEG;&ef yefMum;vmNyD; vljzL
r[kwfaom vlenf;pkrsm;xJrS ta&mif;0efxrf;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&mtvkyfoifrsm;ukd tuefY
towfXm;&ef;&ef tvsiftjrefoabmwlcJhMuavonf/
tiftm;qkdonfrSm tvSw&m;uJhokdYyif Munfhol\rsufpdwGif wnf&Sdayonf/ rdrd
BATNA \ ynmay;a&;&vm'fonf wpfzufvltm; aqG;aEG;yGJokdY jyefac:&efjzpfygu oltm;
trSefw&m;ukd oabmaygufap&efvkdtyfonf/
ààààà
73
(*) BATNA ukd okH;yg wkYHjyefrIukd acszsufyg
wpfzufvlu aqG;aEG;&ef qufvufjiif;qefaeygu rdrd\ BATNA ukd tokH;cs&efrS

yg; tjcm;a&G;p&m r&SdawmhNyD? tvkdrjynfhaomtvkyform;rsm;qkdvQif oydwfarSmufMuvdrfhrnf/
ywf0efusifqkdif&mtoif;u vrf;vkyfief;Xmetm; w&m;pGJvdrfhrnf/ vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;uvnf;
ukefwkdufokdY 0,folwpftkyfBuD;tm; ac:oGm;vdrfhrnf/ ta&mif;oufqkdif&m XmerSL;onf xkwf
vkyfa&;|mecGJtm; ykdrkdxkwfvkyf&ef trdefYay;vdrfhrnf/
okdY&mwGif rdrdu ajymif twdtvif;tpGrf;jyjcif;onf wpfzufvltm;jyefí wkdufckduf
vmatmif qGay;wwfonf/ jyefvnfwkdufckdufjcif;\ ay;qyf&jcif;rsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;jcif;\ t
usKd;aus;Zl;wkdYukd rcsifhcsdefEkdifawmhbJ pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIuom tEkdif,loGm;vdrfhrnf/ ol\ usKd;aMumif;
rqDavsmfaom ckcHrIonf olYtm;tiftm;okH;í ynmay;&ef oif\usKd;pm;rIukd ysufpD;apvdrfh
rnf/
xkdYaMumifhcGeftm;ukd tokH;jyKenf;onf rsm;pGmta&;BuD;ayonf/ cGeftm;ukdrsm;rsm; t
okH;jyKonfESifhtrQ wpfzufvl\ckcHrIukd acszsuf&ef ykdívkdtyfayonf/
(*)(1) &efpjcif; rjzpfapbJ BATNA ukd tokH;jyKyg
cGeftm;onf tvGJokH;pm;ukd jzpfay:aponf/ tiftm;ukdtokH;jyKjcif;onf rdrd\csKyf

wnf;xm;&orQ pdwfysufrIESifh a'gowkdY\ xGufaygufjzpfvmwwfonf/ wpfzufvlaMumifh rdrd
cHpm;&aom pdwfqif;&JrItm;vkH;twGuf olYtm;rdrdenf;wl cHpm;apvkdaomqE´rsKd; jzpfay:Ekdif
onf/ okdY&mwGif rdrdubmvkyfvkyf oluvnf;nDrQí ajymif;jyefjzpfaomwkYHjyefrI wpfckjyKvkyf
Ekdifonf/ xif;&Sm;aomNAdwdoQppfa&;yg&*lwpfOD;jzpfol qmvpf',f[wfu ]]rdrdtokH;jyKaom
enf;u &ufpufonfESifhtrQ wpfzufvlu emusnf;vdrfhrnf? obm0usaom &vm'frSm rdrdu
ausmfvTm;vkdonfh olY\ ckcHrIonfvnf; ykdíjyif;xefvmjcif; jzpfonf[k}} a&;om;xm;onf/
(u-u) tiftm;ukd tenf;qkH;okH;yg

BATNA ukd vkH;0rokH;bJ rjzpfawmhvQif aemufwpfqifhcsOf;uyfenf;rSm ,if;ukdwwfEkdif
orQ tenf;qkH;okH;jcif;jzpfonf/ wpfzufvltm; aqG;aEG;yGJokdYjyefvm&eftwGuf tiftm;ukd
enf;EkdiforQ tenfqkH;tokH;jyKyg/ tiftm;jzifht&Sdefjrifhí raqmif&GufrD wwfEkdifaomenf;vrf;
rsm;ukd ukefpifatmiftokH;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ usL;bm;'kH;ysHta&;tcif; tpOD;ykfdif;wGif or®w u
ae'Donf usL;bm;&SdqkdAD,uf'kH;ysHrsm;ukd csufjcif;avaMumif;rS wkdufckdufjcif;ukd a&SmifusOfcJh
onf/ olonf 0efBuD;cskKyfu&k&Suftm; bmvifESifhwl&uD&Sd tar&duefwyfrsm;tm; wkYHjyefwkduf
ckduf&ef trdefYay;jcif;jzifh wwd,urÇmppfBuD; jzpfyGm;a&;txd wkd;jrifhvmonftxd jzpfvmrnf
ukd a&Smif&Sm;vkdonf/ olYwGif &SdorQ (tiftm;tm;vkH;) ukd o&kyfaqmifjy&eftwGuf usL;bm;
ukda&wyfjzifh ydwfqkdYvkdufonf/ ol\r[mAsL[matmifjrifoGm;onf/ 'kH;ysHtMuyftwnf;onf
ppfjzifhr[kwfbJ aqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh ajyvnfoGm;avonf/
74
rdrdu onf;cHcsKyfwnf;onfESifhtrQ wpfzufvl\wkYHjyefrIuvnf; avsmhíavsmhí oGm;

vdrfhrnf/ rdrd\or®*onf oydwfarSmufaeygu oydwfukd jidrfoufaeygap? aoG;qlolrsm;tm;
ukdxdvufa&muftMurf;zufrI okdYr[kwf pufrIzsufqD;rIrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;wkdYrS a&Smifygap? rdrdonf
tvkyf&Sifjzpfaeygu oydwform;rsm;ae&mwGif vlpm;rxkd;rD aocsmpGmpOf;pm;yg/ wpfzufvl
tm; pdwfEkd;qGay;onfhtjzpfrsKd; ra&mufatmif trsm;qkH;usKd;pm;yg/ rdrd\ tqkH;owfyef;wkdif
rSm oltm;aqG;aEG;yGJokdY aqmifusOf;&efjzpfonfukd tjrJowd&yg/
1948-ckESpfu rav;&Sm;wGif uGefjrLepfwkdY ykefuefx~uGaomtcg 0ifpwefcsmcsDonf
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;wify,fweftm;ac:,lNyD; x~uGrIukd acsrIef;&eftwGuf tmPmukefvTJtyfvkdufonf/
csmcsDu AkdvfcsKyfBuD;tm; tBuHÓPfwpfckawmhay;vkdufonf/ ]]tpGrf;ukeftmPmqkdwm tawmf
,pfrI;apwwfw,f? tJ'Dawmh acGsacGswmwmokH;aya&mh wify,fwefa&}}
(c-c)Oya'abmiftwGif;u (w&m;0if) enf;rsm;ukdomokH;yg

tiftm;ukd w&m;0iftokH;jyKonfESifhtrQ wpfzufvl\ckcHrIvnf;avsmhvmNyD; olYtm;
aqG;aEG;&eftm;ay;vdrfhrnf/ txufwpfae&mwGifaz:jycJhaom vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;onfh ukefwkduf
udpöwGif aps;0,fjcif;rSm w&m;0ifudpöjzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh ukefwkdufuaps;0,f&efvmaom vljzL
r[kwfolrsm;ukd ESifxkwfygu olwkdY\tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;aom tvkyform;Xm;&ef;a&;rlukd zGifh
csvkdufovkdom &Sdayvdrfhrnf/ usL;bm;'kH;ysHudpöwGifvnf; or®wuae'Donf avaMumif;rSwkduf
ckdufjcif;tpm; a&wyfjzifhydwfqkdYjcif;u ykdí w&m;0ifonf[k,lqaomaMumifh ,if;enf;ukdt
okH;jyKcJhjcif;jzpf\/ w&m;Oya'abmif0ifjcif;onf tiftm;tokH;jyK&mwGif yk*¾Kdvfa&;tykdif;ukd
z,f&Sm;vkduf\/ wpfzufvluvnf; oltm;yk*¾Kdvfa&;t& pdefac:jcif;[krcHpm;&awmhbJ wkYHjyef
&ef vkdvm;ayvdrfhrnf/
(*)(2) wpfzufvl\ wkdufckdufrIukd acszsufvkdufyg
tm;NydKifyGJqkdonfrSm ESpfvrf;oGm;udpö&yfjzpf\/ wpfzufvlonf tiftm;tokH;jyKjcif;ukd

qefYusifhonftaejzifhvnf;aumif;? okdYr[kwf ol\oabmxm;ukd vufcHap&eftwGufvnff;
aumif; rddrdtm;jyefvnfwkdufckdufvmEkdifonf/ jyefvnfwkdufckdufjcif;onf trsm;tm;jzifh tusKd;
r&Sdaom xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifrIwGif tqkH;owfavh&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh wpfzufvlukd jyefvnfwkduf
ckdufrnfhtpm; acszsufjcif;uykdí xda&mufonf/
aps;0,folu aps;ykdí aps;avsmhcsap&eftwGuf rdrd\txufvlBuD;qDokdY wufNyD; aps;
qpfypfrnf[k xifygu txufvlBuD;ukdBudKwif tusKd;taMumif;ajymjyxm;yg/ oku 0,fol
tm; rdrdxHokdYjyefvTwfrnfqkdonfh tmrcHcsufukd &atmif,lxm;yg/ 0,folu olYNcDrf;ajcSmufrI
ukd xkwfaz:vmaomtcg ]]uGsefawmhq&mukd ajymcsifajymMunfhEkdifygw,f olu uGsefawmfajym
ovkd ajymrSmyJ/ oleJYuGsefawmf 'DtaMumif;ukd aqG;aEG;NyD;om;yg}}[k jyefajymEkdifygvdrfhrnf/ þ
enf;tm;jzifh 0,foltm;wkdufckduf&efrvkdbJ rdrdtm;twif;tMuyf tEkdif,lEkdifpGrf;ukd acszsuf
vkdufEkdifygvdrfhrnf/
75
tvkyform;tkyfcsKyfrIqufqHa&; jyóemrsm;ay:aeaom owåKrdkif;wpfck\ udpöudkMunfh

MupdkY/ tvkyform;tqdkif;rsm; vJaecsdefrsm;wGif owåKwGif;tm; AHk;axmifxm;onf[k w,fvD
zkef;cvkwfcHkrSwpfqifh Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;&&SdvmcJhonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tydkif;tzdkY AHk;&SmaecsdefwGif
rdkif;udk ydwfxm;&efom&Sdawmhonf/ aemufqHkwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;rsm;u cvkwfcHk0efxrf;
tm; zkef;ac:qdkorQudk toHzrf;xm;NyD; ac:olrsm;tm; ]] cifAsm;toHudk zrf;xm;NyD;ygNyD? usKyf
wdkY bmvkyfay;&rvJ¿ }} [k jyefajymaponf/ zrf;xm;aomtoHudkvnf; rdkif;orm;rsm;tm;zGifh
jyNyD; ,if;toHrsdK;Mum;vQif tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUodkY taMumif;Mum;&ef ñTefMum;xm;onf/ odkYta&;
,lNyD; aemufydkif;wGif Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm; ododomom avQmhenf;oGm;avonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU
onf zkef;ac:ol\ enf;AsL[mudk xda&mufpGm acszsufEdkifcJhavonf/
wzef EdkifiHwumqdkif&m Oyrm wpfckudkMunfhMupdkY/ 1948-ckESpfwGif qdkAD,ufacgif;aqmif
*sdK;Zufpwmvifonf r[mrdwfwyfrsm;tm; bmvifrSxGufcGmay;&rnf[k awmif;qdkNyD; NrdKUudk
ydwfqdkYxm;avonf/ taemuftkyfpk0ifrsm;tm; ydwfqdkYrIudk vufeufudkif ,mOfwef;BuD;jzifh xdk;
azmufzsufypfvdkonf/ odkY&mwGif þenf;jzifh wwd,urÇmppfBuD; jzpfvmrSmudkvnf; aMumuf
Muonf/ ,if;tpm; ydwfqdkYcHae&aom bmvifNrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;xH ajrmufrsm;pGmaom &du©mESifh
axmufyHhypönf;rsm;udk av,mOfrsm;jzifh o,fydkYay;jcif;tm;jzifh 0dkif;&HydwfqdkYrIudk acszsufay;vdkuf
Muonf/ pwmvifonf ydwfqdkYrI tusdK;r&Sdjcif;udk oabmaygufí &yfqdkif;vdkufNyD;aemuf aqG;
aEG;jcif;jzifhom ajyvnfapEdkifaMumif; olYtm; jyo&ef jzpfonf/
(*) (3) wwd, tiftm;pkudk toHk;csyg
rdrdwpfudk,fwnf;qdkvQif vIyf&Sm;EdkifpGrf; vHkavmufpGm &SdcsifrS&Sdayvdrfhrnf/ uHaumif;

onfh tcsufrSm aqG;aEG;yGJwdkif;vdkvdkonf BuD;rm;aom ywf0ef;usiftodkif;t0dkif;xJwGif jzpfay:
avh&SdNyD; ,if;ywf0ef;usif todkif;t0ef;onf aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;twGuf tvm;tvmaumif;aom
tiftm;BuD;rm;onfh wwd,tiftm;pk jzpfayonf/ tjcm;vltrsm;udk ywfoufyg0ifvmap
jcif;onf tcgrsm;pGmwGif wpfzufvl\ wdkufcdkufrIudk wm;qD;ay;aom aemufqHk;enf;wpfckjzpf
NyD; wpfzufvlxHrS wefjyefwHkYjyefrItpm; oabmwlnDrIudk&&Sdaponf/
(u-u) ñGefYaygif;tzGJU zGJUyg (0g) yl;aygif;rIudk wnfaqmufyg
tmPm&Sifwpfacwf odkYr[kwf ukefwdkufBuD;wpfwdkuf odkYr[kwf uyfoyfaomydkif&Sifwpf

a,muf? ,if;wdkYudk aqG;aEG;yGJodkY yg0ifvmatmif usdK;pm;&mwGif tiftm;BuD;rm;aom rdrdtm;
axmufcHolrsm;\ yl;aygif;tzGJUwpfzGJUwnfaqmuf (zGJUpnf;) EdkifvQifrsm;pGmtaxmuftul jzpf
aponf/ bmvif tMuyftwnf;wGif ,lEdkufwufpwdwfonf NAdwdef? jyifopf wdkYESifh aygif;pnf;
cJh\/ (txufwGifqdkcJhaom ywf0ef;usiftzGJUonf xif&Sm;aom a&Shae\ tultnDudk ,lcJh\/)
(vlrsdK;i,fpkrsm;tzGJUtpnf;onf aps;0,f oHk;axmifudk pnf;&Hk;EdkifcJhonf/) þodkY tvm;tvm
&Sdonfh bufawmfom;rsm;udk &SmazG&mwGif rdrd\ &nfrSef;csufudk pmemaxmufxm;NyD; taxmuf
76
tuljyKrnfholrsm;udk a&G;cs,fyg/ yHkpHtm;jzifh ,HkMunfpdwfcs&aomrdwfaqG odkYr[kwf aqGrsdK;om;

csif;? ESpf&Snfvrsm;qufqHcJhaom trIonf rdrdESifh&nfrSef;csufcsif;wlaom toif;tzGJU?odkYr[kwf
wpfzufvlESifh tvm;wljyóemrsm; ay:cJhzl;aom olwpfa,mufwdkY jzpfEdkifygonf/
rdrd\rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh r[mrdwfrsm;udkom owd&NyD; tm;udk;vdkpdwf jzpfay:onfrSm o
bm0usygonf/ wpfzufvl\ bufawmfom;rsm; yHkpHtm;jzifh ol\rdom;pk rdwfaqGo*F[? vkyf
azmfudkifzufrsm;? trIonf ponfwdkYtm; odrf;oGif;&efudkrl owd&cJhMuonf/ wpfzufvlu rdrd
pum;udk tav;rxm;aomfvnf; olYzufawmfom;rsm;u tav;xm;Edkifygonf/ yHkpHtm;jzifh
jyefay;qGJrItwGuf pum;qdkMu&mwGif &J0efxrf;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh jyefay;orm;\ rdom;pk
0ifrsm;ESifh rdwfaqGrsm;rSwpfqifh jyefay;orm;rsm;tm; usdK;aMumif;uspGm vkyfaqmifatmif em;
csEdkifygonf/ EdkifiHwumqdkif&m jzpf&yfrsm;wGif jyefay;qGJaomtMurf;zuftkyfpkESifh tquft
oG,f&Sdaom EdkifiHrsm;udk Mum;0ifaqmif&Gufay;&ef yefMum;&avh &Sdygonf/
rdrd\ r[mrdwfrsm;ESifh wpfzufvl\ r[mrdwfrsm;omru tv,fwGif&Sdaeaom b,f
zufrS rygao;aom Mum;vlrsm;udkvnf; pnf;&Hk;,lEdkifygonf/ pDrHudef;topfwpfckESifh ywfouf
í rdrdESifh |meqdkif&m NydKifzufwdkYpum;qdkaecsdefwGif Mum;vlonf ESpfa,mufvHk;\ tBuD;tuJ
jzpfEdkifygonf/ rdrdu vlrIa&;tzGJUwpfcktaejzifh pnf;urf;rJhaom NrdKUjytdrf,m wnfaqmufol
uefx&dkufrsm;ESifh ta&;qdkMuaomtcg owif;tjzpfESifh vnf;aumif;? t,f'Dwmhtmabmftjzpf
vnf;aumif; trsm;odvmatmif pme,fZif;rsm;\ tultnDudk awmif;cHtyfonf/
(c-c) wdkufcdkufrIrsm;&yfoGm;atmif wwd,tkyfpkudk toHk;jyKyg
wwd,tpkwpfpk &Sdaejcif;jzifh wpfzufvlu rdrdtm; Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;? wdkufcdkufjcif;wdkYudk

wm;qD;Edkifonf/ uav;tcsif;csif; &efjzpfMuaomtcg rdbwpfOD;OD;u apmifhMunfhaevQif udk,f
xdvufa&muf jyKjcif;rS umuG,fEdkifonf/ jynfolvlxku apmifhMunfhaevQif tmPm&Siftpdk;&
onfyif qefYusifqE´jyolrsm;tm; tMurf;zuf&ef vuf&GHUaewwfonf/
xl;jcm;aom aqG;aEG;rIwpfckudkMunfhMupdkY/ 1943-ckESpf *sL;vlrsdK;a,muFsm;rsm;tm; vuf
xyfaom *smreftrsdK;orD;&maygif;rsm;pGmonf bmvifNrdKUvrf;rsm;ay:ü &ufowåwpfygwfausmf
rQ csDwufqE´jyMu\/ olwdkYu "gwfaiGUrD;zdkrsm;odkY ydkYNyD;ruGyfrsufrD emZDtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif
csKyfaESmifcHae&aom cifyGef;onfrsm;udk vTwfay;&ef awmif;qdkMu\/ emZDrsm;u olwdkYtm; puf
aoewfrsm;jzifh csdef&G,fxm;aomfvnf; olwdkYum; rwkefvIyfMuay/ olwdkYaMumifh emZDrsm;tzdkY
BuH&mr& tBuD;tus,f jzpfMu&\/ tusOf;om;rsm;tm; vTwfay;vdkuf&rvm;? odkYr[kwf emZD
wdkYtwGuf axmufcHrIESifh ,HkMunfrIudk rsm;pGmvdkaeNyDjzpfom *smrefjynfolvlxka&ShwGif tm&D,H
trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufrvm;? aemufqHk;wGif urÇmht&ufpufqHk;tpdk;&tzGJU
onf yxrenf;vrf;udk a&G;cs,fvdkufojzifh *sL;vlrsdK;wpfaxmifhig;&mcefYonf aoab;rSvGwf
ajrmufoGm;Mu\/ þjzpf&yfwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;onf pufaoewfjzifh ypfowfawmhrnfhwpfzuf
\ wkYHjyefrIudk aESmifhaES;apNyD; vrf;ray:csDwuf qE´jyEdkifjcif;rSm wwd,tpkjzpfaom *smref
jynfolvlxk &SdaerIaMumifh jzpfonf/
77
(*-*) aqG;aEG;rIjzpfvmap&ef wwd,tpkrsm;udk oHk;yg
wwd,tpkrsm;onf wpfzufvltm; oifESifhaqG;aEG;vmatmif pGrf;aqmifEdkifonf/ t

rIaqmift&m&SdcsKyfonf oifESifhoif\ NydKifzufwdkYtm; tjiif;yGm;rIudk wpfygwftwGif; ajz&Sif;
apvdkaMumif; ajymEdkifonf/ w&m;olBuD;wpfa,mufonf oifESifh oif\w&m;NydKifzuftm; ol\
&Hk;awmfwGifac:,lNyD; &Hk;jyifywGif udpöajyNidrf;apvdkaMumif; wdkufwGef;Edkifonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif
trsm;u rdrdwdkYtm; owdESifh apmifhMunfhaeaMumif; odaejcif;uyif wpfzufvltm; aqG;aEG;yGJ
odkY wGef;ydkYEdkifonf/
wwd,tpkonf Mum;rSjzefajzay;jcif;jzifhvnf; tcsif;rsm;rIudk ajyvnfapEdkifonf/ ol
onf rdrdwdkYwpfOD;pDtm; wpfzuf\vdkvm;csufrsm;udk em;vnfoabmaygufapNyD; oabmwlnD
rI&&Sdapa&;twGuf jzpfEdkifaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk tBuHjyKEdkifonf/ wpfzufvltzdkY&mwGifvnf;
oifhudk tavsmhay;vdkufrnfhtpm; Mum;vl\jzefajzrIudk oabmwljcif;u ydkívG,fulayrnf/
rdrdESifhwpfzufvlwdkY pum;rajymMuvQifvnf; Mum;vlu qufay;Edkifonf/ Mum;vlqdkonfrSm
ESpfzufvHk;\ rdwfaqGwpfa,mufjzpfEdkifonf/ odkYr[kwf tBuD;tuJ? vlrIa&;acgif;aqmifwpf
a,muf odkYr[kwf jzpfyGm;aeaom jyóemESifhqdkifaom ynm&yfqdkif&m Mum;aeolwpfa,muf
jzpfEdkifonf/
wpfzufvlu rdrd\wifjycsufudk y,fcsygu oloabmaygufvmap&eftwGuf tjcm;
olrsm;\ tultnDudk ,lEdkifonf/ t&uform;rsm;tm; aq;uko&eftwGuf azsmif;zs&mwGif
trsm;tm;jzifh toHk;jyKavh&Sdaom Mum;0ifcsOf;uyfenf;udk MunfhMupdkY/ þjzpf&yfwGif t&uform;
vifonfu t&ufjzwfrnf[laom tmrcHcsufudk rMucPcsdK;azgufaeojzifh ESpf&Snfvrsm;
pdwfqif;&Jae&aom ZeD;wpfa,mufonf om;orD;rsm;? cifyGef;\armifESrrsm;? t&if;ESD;qHk;rdwf
aqGrsm;ESifh tvkyf&SifwdkYxH tultnDawmif;cHavonf/ olwdkYu pkaygif;NyD; t&uform;tm;
aq;0g;uko&ef wdkufwGef;azsmif;zsMuonf/ olwdkYwpfOD;pDu t&uform;tm; rdrdwdkYu rnfodkY
cifrifyHkudk az:jyMu\/ ol\ t&ufrl;pOf um;armif;&rf;um;jcif;? yk*¾dKvfa&;tMurf;zufrIESifh
&Sufp&maumif;aom tjyKtrlwdkYudk wdwdusus axmufjyMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh aq;ukozdkY vdktyf
aeNyDjzpfaMumif; tm;vHk;pkaygif;í wifjyMuonf/ olvG,fulpGm oabmwlvmEdkifap&ef t&uf
jzwfa&;|mersm;udk pm&if;wpfckjyKí |mewpfckpDwGifvnf; pm&if;oGif;xm;cJhMuonf/ trsm;u
,ckuJhodkY 0dkif;0ef;pdk;&drfaMumifhMuNyD; tultnDay;aeMuaomtcg t&uform;onf aq;uko
&ef qHk;jzwf&awmhonf/ þae&mwGif ZeD;\ usdK;yrf;rIwpfckwnf;jzifh rvHkavmufyg/ rdwfaqG
rsm;? armifESrrsm;ESifh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;\ wGef;tm;ay;rIudkvnf; vdktyfygonf/ pum;yHkwpf
ck&Sdonfr[kwfygvm; ]] vlwpfa,mufu a[hrif;rSm tNrD;aygufaew,fvdkYqdk&if cifAsm;&,frSm
aygh? vloHk;a,mufu 'Dvdkajymvm&ifawmh cifAsm; aemufudk vSnfhNyD;Munfhawmhr,f }} [lownf;/
rdrd\ awmif;qdkrIonf w&m;rQwaMumif;jyEdkifvQif tjcm;olrsm;tzdkY tultnDay;&ef
ydkí pdwfygvmvdrfhrnf/ a&S;tpOftvm ukrÜPDpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh Oya'rsm; t"d|mefusaom rSwf
ausmufrsm;wdkYudk az:xkwfjyyg/ trsm;tm;jzifh rdrdzufu rSefuefjcif;wpfckwnf;jzifh rvHkavmuf
ay/ xdkYaMumifh udpö&yf\ tajccHtcsufonf wwd,tpktwGufvnf; ta&;BuD;aMumif; o&kyf
78
ay:atmif (yHkaz:) ay;yg/ rdrdwdkYq&morm;xHrS tultnD&,lvkdaomtcg þudpöonf ol\

udk,fa&;vdktyfcsufrsm; twGufvnf;aumif; ukrÜPD twGufvnf;aumif; rnfrQta&;BuD;
aMumif; olYtm;oabmaygufatmif jyKvkyfEdkifvQif olYtultnD&zdkY ydkí tvm;tvm &Sdayonf/
wwd,tpku wpfzufvltm; oabmwlnDvmap&eftwGuf taxmuftuljyK&efpdwf
r0ifpm;aomtcg olwdkYu *&kjyKvmatmif taMumif;&Smay;&ef vdktyfvmonf/ qif;&Jom;
&yfuGufwGif aexdkifaom tdrfiSg;wpfpk jyKrlyHkudk MunfhMupdkY/ olwdkYu wdkufrsm;ydkif&Siftm; a&ydkuf
tysufrsm; jyifay;&efwifjyaomfvnf; wdkufydkif&Sifu *&krjyKcJhay/ xdkYaMumifh tdrfiSm;rsm;u
qE´jy&ef qHk;jzwfMuonf/ olwdkYonf wdkufydkif&Sif\ &Hk;udk ydkpwmrsm;udkifí 0dkif;rnfhtpm; vluHk
xH&yfuGuf&Sd ol\tdrfodkY oGm;í0dkif;Mu\/ rdepftenf;i,frQMumvQifyif wdkuf&Siftm; tdrfeD;csif;
trsm;u w,fvDzkef;jzifh qlyluefYuGufMu\/ ]] cifAsm; b,fvdk aiG&Smaew,fqdkwm usKyfwdkY
pdwfr0ifpm;bl;? vltkyfpkudkom 'Dvrf;ay:u xGufoGm;atmifvkyfay;yg }} [k qdkMuonf/ tdrf
&Sifvnf; a&ydkufjyifay;&ef oabmwlvdkuf&avonf/
BATNA ukd toHk;jyKonfhtcgwGif wpfzufvltm; aqG;aEG;yGJodkY jyefa&mufapa&;twGuf
wwd,tpk\ toHk;0ifaomtcef;udk tNrJ*&kjyKyg/ wwd,tpkrSwpfqifh rdrd\yg0g(tpGrf;)udk
toHk;jyKvQif wpfzufvlxHrS tEkwfvu©Pm wkHYjyefrI&&Sd&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; avsmhenf;ygonf/
(C) wpfzufvltwGuf a&G;p&mvrf;rsm;udk tNrJjywfom; xif&Sm;&Sdygap
oabmwlnDcsufr&jcif;\ wefzdk;BuD;rm;rIudk oloabmaygufatmif ynmay;aepOf olY

twGuf rdrducif;ay;xm;aom a&TwHwm;udkvnf; olowd&atmif tNrJowday;aeyg/ olu
aqG;aEG;&ef jiif;y,faomtcg rdrduvnf; a&TwHwm;udk (rwif) z,f&Sm;ypfvdkpdwf ay:vmwwf
onf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh aemufqHk; taumif;qHk;wifjyxm;csufudk &kyfodrf;vdkvmonf/ trSef
tm;jzifh rdrd\ taumif;qHk;wifjycsufudk tjrifomqHk;ae&mwGif wifjyNrJ jyxm;&rnf/ olYtzdkY
xGufaygufwpfck&Sdaejcif;onf ol\ckcHrIudk rsm;pGm avQmhusoGm;apEdkifygonf/
rdrdu wpfzufvltm; oabmwlvmapEkdifaom tpGrf;owådonf rdrdESifhol oabmwl
bDrIr&jcif;\ tusKd;qufrsm;ESifh a&TwHwm;ay:ausmfjzwfjcif;wkdY\Mum; uGm[csufay:wGif wnf
onf/ rdrdwm0efrSm ol\ vkdtyfcsufrsm; taumiftxnfay:vmap&eftwGuf taumif;qkH;
enf;rSm a&TwHwm;ay:ausmfjzwfjcif;omjzpfonf[kaom todw&m;jzpfay:vmonfxd ,if;
uGm[csufukd xif&Sm;jywfom; jyKvkyfay;&efjzpfonf/
(C)(1) wpfzufvltm; xGufayguf&SdaMumif; odygap

oifhtm;ukdtokH;jyKí wpfzufvltm; olYcGeftm;&SdorQ rdrdukdckcHap&ef acsmifxJokdYwGef;
ykdYay;ygu ,if;tiftm;onf wefbkd;&Sdonf[krqkdEkdifay/ olYtwGuf xGufaygufay;jcif;onf
umv&SnfMumpGmu tokH;jyKcJhaom erIemaumif;wpfckjzpfonf/ a&S;acwfw&kwfjynf\ ppfa&;
79
orkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif atmufygtjzpftysufwpfckukdawGU&onf/ AkdvfcsKyfwpfa,mufonf

olykefwpfpkxdef;odrf;xm;aom &Grf0kac: NrKdUwpfNrdKUukd 0kdif;0ef;ydwqkdYxm;onf/ NrdKUukdrodef;Ekdif
aomtcg bk&ifu AkdvfcsKyftm;tjypfwifpum; ajymMum;\? ]]ck rif;u ppfom;awGpkNyD; olykef
awGukdydwfqkdYxm;w,f? olwkdYuvnf;aoonftxd jyefwkdufzkdY qkH;jzwfxm;Muw,f? olwkdYrSm
ajy;zkdYxGufayguf wpfck&Sdw,fqkdwm today;vkduf&if olwkdYxJu wpfpdwfwpfykdif;xGufajy;NyD;
vlpkuGJoGm;vdrfhr,f}} tJ'Dtcgusawmh aus;&Gm&Jom;avmufu acgif;aqmifNyD;zrf;Ekdifvdrfhr,f/
AkdvfcsKyfonf þtBuHukd vkdufemNyD; &Grf0kNrKdUukd odrf;,lEkdifcJhonf/
wpfzufvlu xGufayguf&SdaerSef; odonf[k rdrdu ,lqonfwkdif olurl xGufayguf
r&Sdawmh[k oabmaygufaumif; aygufaeEkdifonf/ "m;pmcHrsm;zrf;xm;aom bPf"m;jywpf
a,mufonf &Jt&m&Sdwpfa,mufukdaoewfjzifh ypfrdNyDjzpfojzifh ,ck"m;pmcHrsm;tm; owfypf
vkdufjcif;jzifh trIykdíqkd;rvmEkdif[k ,lqEkdifonf/ þtcgrsKd;wGif aqG;aEG;ol&Jt&m&Sd\ wm0ef
rSm aqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh olYtwGuf tenf;tusOf;rQjzpfap tzwfq,fEkdifaMumif; ajzmif;jz&efjzpf
onf/ rl;,pfaq;0g;0,f&ef rdbxHrSykdufqHckd;í tdrfrSajy;cJhbl;aomq,fausmfoufonf rdom;
pku olYukd jyefvnfvufcHvdrfhrnf[laomtcsufukd r,kHMunfEkdifay? olYtm;tdrfokdYjyefvmEkdif
aMumif; oabmaygufap&efrSm rdbrsm;\wm0efjzpfonf/
rdrdutiftm;okH;í wpfzufvltm;ynmay;&ef usKd;pm;rIukd olYtm;tEkdif,l&ef BuHpnf
rItjzpf txifrSm;Ekdifonf/ rdrd\&nfrSef;csufrSm olYtay:atmifyGJcH&ef r[kwfbJ ESpfOD;ESpfzuf
auseyfrI&apa&;omjzpfaMumif; tNrJwrf;owday;aeyg/
vpmwkd;a&;twGuf tvkyf&SifESifhpum;qkd&mwGif rdrdxnfhoGif;ajymjyaom tvkyfurf;
vSrf;csufukd olu tvkyfxGufrnf[laom Ncdrf;ajcmufrIwpfcktjzpf oabmaygufoGm;Ekdifonf/
rdrdonf þtvkyfwGif qufíwm0ef,lvkdaMumif; ol oHo,uif;atmif wwfEkdiforQ&Sif;jy
yg/ tiftm;wpfatmifp tokH;jyKwkdif; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;wpfatmifp xnfhíokH;&efvkdtyf
ygonf/
(C)(2) wpfzufvlukd a&G;cGifhay;yg

wpfzufvlu pdwfvnfvmonf[k xif&onfhtcgwGif rdrduaemufqkwfay;NyD; olYzm
omol qkH;jzwfygap/ oabmwlnDcsufr&jcif;\ tusKd;qufrsm;ESifha&TwHwm;wkdYtMum; ol a&G;
vkd&mukd vGyfvyfpGma&G;cGifhukd tav;ay;vkdufyg/ aemufqkH; qkH;jzwfcsufonf olYoabmt&
jzpf&vdrfhrnf/ trl;orm;tm; rdom;pkESifhrdwfaqGrsm;u wpfpkwpfa0;wnf;&ifqkdif&mwGif olY
twGuf aq;ynmtultnD&,l&ef wkdufwGef;Muonf/ aq;rukjcif;\tusKd;qufrsm;ukd &Sif;
jyMuonf/ okdY&mwGif aemufqkH;wGif olY (qkH;jzwfcsuf)ukd av;pm;vkdufem&\/
wpfzufvltm; 'gr[kwf&if[kd[m[laom qkH;jzwfcsufrsKd;ukdomcsray;ygESifh? trl;orm;
\ypönf;rsm;ukdxkwfykd;jyifqifNyD; t&ufjzwfaq;uko&eftwGuf rSwfykHwifNyD;onfhwkdif olYtm;
aq;uk|meESpfckteuf wpfckckukda&G;cs,fcGifhjyKxm;vkduf\/ þenf;tm;jzifh qkH;jzwfcsufonf
olYukd,fykdifqkH;jzwfcsuf jzpfoGm;onf/
80
(C)(3) rdrdwGif Ekdifajc&Sdaeonfwkdif aqG;aEG;yg

twif;t"r® &,lxm;aom&vm'frsKd;onf rwnfjidrfyg? rdrdcGeftm;u jywfjywfom;om;
tm;omrI&&Sdaeonfwkdif wpfzufom;tay:wGif &kyfysufqif;ysufjzpfaprnfh oabmwlnDcsuf
rsKd;jzifh atmifyGJr,lrd&ef rsm;pGmowdxm;yg/ þtcgrsKd;wGif wpfzufvlonf tpGrf;&SdorQckcH&kH
ru tcGifhomonfESifhwpfjyKdifeuf &vm'fukdysufatmif okdYr[kwf ajymif;jyefjzpfatmifvkyfvdrfh
rnf/ þ&mpktOD;ykdif;wGif urÇmBuD;onf þoifcef;pmukd wefzkd;BuD;BuD;ay;í oif,lcJhMu&onf/
yxrurÇmppfBuD;tNyD; twif;t"r®wpfpD;&,lxm;aom Nidrf;csrf;a&;onf ysufpD;oGm;NyD; 'kwd,
urÇmppfBuD;qDokdY wGef;ykdYcJhonf/
wnfNidrfrIt&SdqkH;ESifh auseyfbG,ftaumif;qkH;&vm'frsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh aqG;aEG;
rIrS &&Sdaom &vm'frsm;jzpfonf/ tiftm;omaomzuftwGufvnf; þtcsufrSefuefygonf/
(19)&mpk NAdwdoQ0efBuD;csKyf bif*srif'pöa&vDu aqG;aEG;olrsm;twGuf oifcef;pmwpfckukd
atmufygtwkdif;az:jycJhonf/]]tm;omcsufwpfckukd &,lzkdY odem;jcif;[m ta&;BuD;qkH;jzpfw,f
tJ'gNyD;&if 'kwd,ta&;BuD;qkH;u tm;omcsufukd b,ftcgrS vufvTwfvkduf&r,fvkdY odjcif;
jzpfw,f}}[k qkdcJhonf/ tpGrf;NyKdifyGJwpfckwGif rdrd\ &nf;rSef;csufonf tpGrf;tiftm;omjcif;
jzifh atmifEkdifjcif;r[kwfbJ aqG;aEG;rIomjcif;aMumifh auseyfrI&&Sdjcif;jzpfaMumif; owd&zkdY rsm;
pGmta&;BuD;onf/
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bufwGif uyfvQuf&Sdaom a&eHcsufpuf&kHBuD;u ay;&ef&SdaomtcGefaiGrsm;ESifhywfoufí aqG;
aEG;ñSdEIdif;&ef usKd;pm;\? NrKdU&Sdausmif;rsm;rSm tqifhtwef;edrfhvSonf/ vrf;rsm;uraumif;bJ
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tcGefEIef;onf NrdKUolNrdKUom; wpfOD;csif; ay;aqmifaeonfh EIef;xufenf;aomfvnf; ukrÜPDu
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