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Till the 1960’s, the term economic development and economic growth
were used synonymously. However, the term economic development is no
longer considered as economic growth.
• Literacy rates,
• Poverty,
• Life expectancy,
• Natural resources,
• Infrastructure, etc.
The provision of universal and compulsory education for all children in the
age group of 6-14 was a cherished national ideal and had been given
overriding priority by incorporation as a directive policy in article 45 of the
commission, but it is still to be achieved more than half of the century
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since the constitution was adopted. Parliament has passed the
constitution 86th amendment act, 2002, to make elementary education a
fundamental right for children in the age group of 6-14 years
The table below shows the position of literacy in India at various years:
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Government schemes to reduce illiteracy:
The Sarva Siksha Abhiyan was launched in 2001 to ensure that all
children in the age group 6-14 years attend school and complete eight
years of schooling by 2010. Important components of this scheme are the
Education guarantee scheme and alternative and innovative education
meant primarily for children where there is no formal school within a
radius of one kilometre.
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Historical trends of poverty statistics:
1951 47.0
1954-55 64.0
1960-61 45.0
1977-78 51.3
1983 44.5
1987-88 38.9
1993-94 36.0
2004-05 27.5
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Government strategies to alleviate poverty:
Eradication of poverty has always been one of the key objectives of
governments in its five-year plan. To reduce poverty, the
government has given importance to education, reservation of seats
in government jobs, and increasing empowerment of women. After
liberalization in 1991, India is adding 60-70 million people in its
middle class every year.
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State Total Male Female
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Some of the major infrastructure project planned by the Indian
government for the future is as follows:
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Economic planning in India:
The pattern of economic development in India is very significantly
affected by government planning. The direction of the development
pattern of the various sectors and the relative priorities with in each
sector are determined by the five year plans.
• To advise the centre and the state government from time to time on
special matters referred to the commission.
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• To prescribe guidelines for the formulation of the national plan
including the assessment of the resources of the plan.
State plans
State plans account for about one half of the total outlay of the
government under a five year plan. The subjects that come under state
jurisdiction include such vital sectors of development as agriculture, small
industries, irrigation and power, roads and road transport, and education
and social services. The successful implementation of the major national
policy objectives depends upon the successful implementation of the state
level plans.
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Five year plans with their emphasis:
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The growth performance of the tenth five year plan is as follows:
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The major objective of the eleventh five year plan is to reduce poverty.
Other objectives are as follows:
India-vision 2020:
Planning commission has released India vision -2020 on January 23, 2003
which presents pre-assessment of the progress of Indian economy for the
Indian economy for the next two decades. This document is prepared by
Mr. Shyam Prasad gupta, a member of planning commission. The salient
point s of the document are:
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• With 2% annual employment generation rate, 20 crore new
employment opportunities to be created by 2020.
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References:
www.wikipedia.org
www.worldbank.org
www.adb.org
www.un.org
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