Acoustic Weapons—A ProspectiveAssessment: Sources, Propagation,and Effects of Strong Sound
Jürgen AltmannExperimentelle Physik IIIUniversität Dortmund, Dortmund, GermanyCORNELL UNIVERSITYPEACE STUDIES PROGRAMOCCASIONAL PAPER #22©May 1999
© 1999 Cornell University Peace Studies Program. All rights reserved.ISSN 1075-4857Acoustic Weapons—A Prospective Assessment: Sources, Propagation, and Effects of StrongSoundJürgen AltmannThe Peace Studies Program was established at Cornell in 1970 as an interdisciplinary programconcerned with problems of peace and war, arms control and disarmament, and more generally,instances of collective violence. Its broad objectives are to support graduate and post-doctoralstudy, research, teaching and cross-campus interactions in these fields.Copies of Occasional Papers may be ordered from:Peace Studies Program130 Uris HallCornell UniversityIthaca, NY 14853-7601
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Table of Contents
Abstract....................................................................iiiPreface.....................................................................iv1. Introduction.............................................................11.1 Acoustic Weapons as Part of "Non-lethal" Weapons.........................11.2 Some Historic Aspects of Acoustic Weapons...............................31.3 Actual Developments..................................................61.4 Goals of This Report..................................................81.5 General Remarks on Acoustics..........................................92. Effects of Strong Sound on Humans.........................................102.1 General Remarks on the Ear............................................102.1.1 Hearing and Hearing Damage........................................102.1.2 Vestibular System.................................................152.2 Effects of Low-Frequency Sound........................................152.2.1 Hearing Threshold and Loudness Perception at Low Frequencies............152.2.2 Low-Intensity Effects of Low-Frequency Sound.........................162.2.3 High-Intensity Effects of Low-Frequency Sound.........................172.2.3.1 Effects on Ear and Hearing.......................................172.2.3.2 Effects on the Vestibular System..................................182.2.3.3 Effects on the Respiratory Organs.................................192.2.3.4 Other Effects..................................................202.2.4 Vibration Considerations............................................202.2.4.1 Effects of Whole-Body Vibration..................................202.2.4.2 Vibration Due to Low-Frequency Sound............................212.3 Effects of High-Intensity High-Frequency Audio Sound.....................212.3.1 Effects on Ear and Hearing..........................................212.3.2 Non-Auditory Effects...............................................242.4 Effects of High-Intensity Ultrasound.....................................272.4.1 Auditory Effects...................................................272.4.2 Non-Auditory Effects...............................................282.5 Impulse-Noise and Blast-Wave Effects...................................282.5.1 Auditory Effects...................................................302.5.2 Non-Auditory Effects...............................................333. Production of Strong Sound...............................................353.1 Sources of Low-Frequency Sound.......................................353.2 Acoustic Sources Potentially Usable for Weapons..........................384. Protection from High-Intensity Sound, Therapy of Acoustic and Blast Trauma.......444.1 Protection from Sound................................................444.2 Therapy of Acoustic and Blast Trauma...................................455. Analysis of Specific Allegations with Respect to Acoustic Weapons...............465.1 Allegations Regarding Weapons Principles................................465.1.1 Infrasound Beam from a Directed Source?..............................46
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