Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Aniruddha Chandra
ECE Department, NIT Durgapur
aniruddha.chandra@nitdgp.ac.in
Outline
Wireless World
Radio Communication Basics
Modulation
Design of Transceiver
Wireless World
V-Day Scenario
Communicating Without Wires
Radio Communication Services
Walkie-Talkie
How it all begun?
V – Day Scenario
Speak Shout
1m 10 m
Transmitter -
Microphone - Receiver
Loudspeaker
100 m 1 km
Radio Communication means any transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writing,
images, sounds or intelligence of any nature by means of electromagnetic waves of frequencies
0Hz - 3000GHz propagated in space without artificial guide.
Radio broadcasting
TV broadcasting
Satellite communication
Mobile telephony
Internet
and more ....
Walkie Talkie
The name walkie talkie was said to have been coined in 1941 during a demonstration in Toronto. A reporter saw
a soldier walking about with the C-18 version strapped to his uniform. "What does it do?" the soldier was asked.
"Well, you can talk with it while you walk with it," was the answer and the name Walkie Talkie was born.
Canadian, Al Gross invented the walkie-talkie in 1938. Al Gross' device did not
win FCC approval until 1958.
In Sep. 2003 US manufacturers released the first application allowing a GSM to act like a walky-talky. In
Nov. 2003 Nokia, provided the first push-to-talk (PTT) GSM, the Nokia 5140, displayed at left. According
to a poll made on Aug. 2003 in the U.S.A by Zelos Group 45 % of them declared wishing that their next
GSM is equipped with the PTT functionality. The Push-to-talk comes thus in second position behind the
picturing functionality.
Wireless World
Radio Communication Basics
E.M. Waves
Radio Communication – Building Blocks
Types of Communication
Amplifier and Antenna Design
Modulation
Design of Transceivers
E. M. waves - Basics
Electromagnetic waves are a form of radiated energy
Wavelength ( λ ) is the distance between a point on one wave and a similar point on the next wave (in meter)
Time Period ( T ) is the time taken by the wave to travel one wavelength distance (in second)
Thus, λ . f = c or, λ = c / f
Amplifier Amplifier
Tx Rx
Transducer Antenna Antenna Transducer
Source of (Microphone) (Loudspeaker) User of
information information
Block diagram of a radio communication system
In a transmitter,
The input sound signal is converted into equivalent electrical current / voltage by a transducer
The transducer output is amplified by a chain of amplifiers (so that it can travel longer distance)
The purpose of the transmit antenna is to efficiently transform the electrical signal into radiation energy
In a receiver,
The receive antenna efficiently accepts the radiated energy and convert it to an electrical signal
As the signal suffered attenuation during travel it requires further amplification
The output transducer converts the electrical signal back into sound energy
Types of Communication
Transmitter Channel Receiver
(Air Medium)
Amplifier Amplifier
Tx Rx
Transducer Antenna Antenna Transducer
Source of (Microphone) (Loudspeaker) User of
information information
Block diagram of a radio communication system
Amplifier Amplifier
Tx Rx
Transducer Antenna Antenna Transducer
Source of (Microphone) (Loudspeaker) User of
information information
Block diagram of a radio communication system
These units have 3 to 12 transistors, and 9-V battery is often used as a power supply
The usual controls on the small transceivers unit are off-on switch with volume control, push-to-talk button, squelch
control (eliminates background noise) and jack for earphones
Amplifier Design
Transmitter Channel Receiver
(Air Medium)
Amplifier Amplifier
Tx Rx
Transducer Antenna Antenna Transducer
Source of (Microphone) (Loudspeaker) User of
information information
Block diagram of a radio communication system
Antenna Design
Transmitter Channel Receiver
(Air Medium)
Amplifier Amplifier
Tx Rx
Transducer Antenna Antenna Transducer
Source of (Microphone) (Loudspeaker) User of
information information
Block diagram of a radio communication system
Antenna Dimension ~ λ / 2
Wireless World
Radio Communication Basics
Modulation
Modulation
Modulation Types
A.M. vs. F.M.
Carrier Frequency Bands
Managing Radio Spectrum
Design of Transceivers
Modulation
Modulation is the process of superimposing a signal (of relatively low frequency) on a high frequency signal (carrier
wave), which is more suitable to transmit.
A modulator is a circuit that perform the modulation process, which is combining speech or music information with
the carrier wave.
s(t) Signal c(t) Carrier r(t) Modulated signal r(t) Modulated signal s(t) Original Signal
t
+ t
= t t t
The received
The wave you A wave that can The actual wave Output of the
signal at
want to transmit be transmitted that is transmitted demodulator
demodulator
Modulation Demodulation
Modulation (2)
Transmitter
l
ne
an
Amplifier Modulator
Ch
Tx
Transducer Antenna
Source of Receiver
(Microphone)
information
m)
iu
Demodulator Amplifier
ed
Rx
ir M
Antenna Transducer User of
(A
(Loudspeaker) information
Block diagram of a practical radio communication system
Secondly, the microphone output is then fed into the modulator circuit where the audio and carrier waves are
combined.
Modulation Types
Modulation
Modulation
Analog
Analog Digital
Digital
Continuous
Continuous Wave
Wave (CW)
(CW) Continuous
Continuous Wave
Wave (CW)
(CW) Pulse
Pulse
(1)
(1) Amplitude
Amplitude Modulation
Modulation (AM)
(AM) (1)
(1) Amplitude
Amplitude Shift
Shift Keying
Keying (ASK)
(ASK) (1)
(1) Pulse
Pulse Code
Code Modulation
Modulation (PCM)
(PCM)
(2)
(2) Frequency
Frequency Modulation
Modulation (FM)
(FM) (2)
(2) Phase
Phase Shift
Shift Keying
Keying (PSK)
(PSK) (2)
(2) Differential
Differential PCM
PCM (DPCM)
(DPCM)
(3)
(3) Phase
Phase Modulation
Modulation (PM)
(PM) (3)
(3) Frequency
Frequency Shift
Shift Keying
Keying (FSK)
(FSK) (3)
(3) Delta
Delta Modulation
Modulation (DM)
(DM)
Pulse
Pulse
(1)
(1) Pulse
Pulse Amplitude
Amplitude Modulation
Modulation (PAM)
(PAM)
(2)
(2) Pulse
Pulse Width
Width Modulation
Modulation (PWM)
(PWM)
(3)
(3) Pulse
Pulse Position
Position Modulation
Modulation (PPM)
(PPM)
Modulation Types
Modulation
Modulation
Analog
Analog Digital
Digital
Continuous
Continuous Wave
Wave (CW)
(CW) Continuous
Continuous Wave
Wave (CW)
(CW) Pulse
Pulse
(1)
(1) Amplitude
Amplitude Modulation
Modulation (AM)
(AM) (1)
(1) Amplitude
Amplitude Shift
Shift Keying
Keying (ASK)
(ASK) (1)
(1) Pulse
Pulse Code
Code Modulation
Modulation (PCM)
(PCM)
(2)
(2) Frequency
Frequency Modulation
Modulation (FM)
(FM) (2)
(2) Phase
Phase Shift
Shift Keying
Keying (PSK)
(PSK) (2)
(2) Differential
Differential PCM
PCM (DPCM)
(DPCM)
(3)
(3) Phase
Phase Modulation
Modulation (PM)
(PM) (3)
(3) Frequency
Frequency Shift
Shift Keying
Keying (FSK)
(FSK) (3)
(3) Delta
Delta Modulation
Modulation (DM)
(DM)
Pulse
Pulse
(1)
(1) Pulse
Pulse Amplitude
Amplitude Modulation
Modulation (PAM)
(PAM)
(2)
(2) Pulse
Pulse Width
Width Modulation
Modulation (PWM)
(PWM)
(3)
(3) Pulse
Pulse Position
Position Modulation
Modulation (PPM)
(PPM)
AM vs. FM
Advantage of FM over AM
In FM, the audio signals cause the FM carrier signal to change frequency above and below assigned center
frequency.
In FM, the amplitude of the audio signal is proportional to the amount of frequency shift above and below the carrier
frequency.
VLF 3kHz 10km Navigation, long distance communication Ground propagation, stable
to 30kHz to 100km
UHF 300MHz 10cm Cellular telephony (GSM, NMT, AMPS), Shadowing by mountains and buildings
to 3GHz to 100cm digital TV, fixed point-to-point, satellite,
radar
SHF 3GHz 1cm Broadband indoor systems, microwave Attenuation due to rain, snow and fog
To 30GHz to 10cm links, satellite communications
EHF 30GHz 1mm LOS communication (short distance or Attenuation due to rain, snow and gases
to 300GHz to 10mm satellite)
International cooperation and regulations are required for an orderly worldwide use of the radio spectrum
Frequency assignment
Weblink: www.itu.int
Standardization
Research
Wireless World
Radio Communication Basics
Modulation
Design of Transceivers
Let’s Get Our Hands Dirty!
Before We Proceed Further
Coil-Less F.M. Transmitter
Component List
Long-Range F.M. Transmitter
Short Circuit
protection
Removing
feedback
Input fed at
base of BC548
Power Supply
from battery
FM Transmitter
Tx
Amplifier Modulator
Antenna
Transducer CE mode
Tuned oscillator
(Microphone) Voltage divider bias
The simple circuits are for educational demonstration with a range of 10-100m
It is better to use transistors compatible with RF frequencies (BC548 is not strictly a RF transistor)
It is very difficult to build a coil (inductor). The previous circuit consists of 7 turns on a quarter inch plastic
former with a tuning slug. The tuning slug is adjusted to tune the transmitter. Actual range of the prototype
tuned from 70MHz to around 120MHz.
The aerial is a few inches of wire. TV aerials and Yagi-Uda antenna may increase the range further
Although RF circuits are best constructed on a PCB, you can get away with Vero board, keep all leads
short, and break tracks at appropriate points
Don't hold the circuit in your hand and try to speak. Body capacitance is equivalent to a 200pF capacitor
shunted to earth, damping all oscillations
Coil-less FM Transmitter
FM Transmitter
The RF oscillator using the inverter N2 and 10.7Mhz ceramic filter is driving the parallel combination of N4 to
N6 through N3.Since these inverters are in parallel the output impedance will be low so that it can directly
drive an aerial of 1/4th wavelength. Since the output of N4-N6 is square wave there will be a lot of harmonics
in it.
The 9th harmonics of 10.7Mhz (96.3Mhz) will hence be at the center of the FM band. N1 is working as an
audio amplifier. The audio signals from the microphone are amplified and fed to the varycap diode. The signal
varies the capacitance of the varycap and hence varies the oscillator frequency which produce Frequency
Modulation.
Component List
Component No. of Price
units per
required unit
FM Transmitter (2 Sets)
IC 4069 1 20/-
BB109 Varicap 1 10/-
Condenser Mic 1 20/-
Resistors 6 2/-
Capacitors 6 3/-
10.7 MHz ceramic crystal filter 1 10/-
FM Receiver (2 Sets)
Conventional FM receiver board 1 50/-
TBA 820 Amplifier Board 1 10/-
Speaker 8 ohms small size 1 10/- FM Receiver Amplifier Board
Common Parts
Antenna TV arial 1 10/-
DPDT Switch 1 3/-
Power Supply 9V Battery 1 15/-
Assemble the circuit on a glass epoxy board and house the transmitter inside an Al case. Shield the oscillator stage
using an Al sheet.
VR1 Pot is used to vary the fundamental frequency (near 100 MHz), VR2 Pot is used as power control. For hum-free
operation, use a 12V (10 x 1.2V) rechargeable battery pack of Ni-Cd cells. Transistor T2 must be mounted on a heat
sink. Do not switch on the transmitter without a matching antenna. Adjust both trimmers (VC1 and VC2) for maximum
transmission power.
A. Chandra, NIT Durgapur – Walkie Talkie 29
CCA, NITD, 15th Feb, 2008
Questions???
Thank You!