Command line reference for Oracle, Windows,

Linux and OS X

An A-Z Index of the Windows NT/XP command line

ADDUSERS Add or list users to/from a CSV file
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
ASSOC Change file extension associations
ASSOCIAT One step file association
AT Schedule a command to run at a later time
ATTRIB Change file attributes

BROWSTAT Get domain, browser and PDC info

CACLS Change file permissions

CALL Call one batch program from another
CD Change Directory - move to a specific Folder
CHANGE Change Terminal Server Session properties
CHKDSK Check Disk - check and repair disk problems
CHKNTFS Check the NTFS file system
CHOICE Accept keyboard input to a batch file
CIPHER Encrypt or Decrypt files/folders
CleanMgr Automated cleanup of Temp files, recycle bin
CLEARMEM Clear memory leaks
CLIP Copy STDIN to the Windows clipboard.
CLS Clear the screen
CLUSTER Windows Clustering
CMD Start a new CMD shell
COLOR Change colours of the CMD window
COMP Compare the contents of two files or sets of files
COMPACT Compress files or folders on an NTFS partition
COMPRESS Compress individual files on an NTFS partition
CON2PRT Connect or disconnect a Printer
CONVERT Convert a FAT drive to NTFS.
COPY Copy one or more files to another location
CSVDE Import or Export Active Directory data

DATE Display or set the date

Dcomcnfg DCOM Configuration Utility
DEFRAG Defragment hard drive
DEL Delete one or more files
DELPROF Delete NT user profiles
DELTREE Delete a folder and all subfolders
DevCon Device Manager Command Line Utility
DIR Display a list of files and folders
DIRUSE Display disk usage
DISKCOMP Compare the contents of two floppy disks
DISKCOPY Copy the contents of one floppy disk to another
DNSSTAT DNS Statistics
DOSKEY Edit command line, recall commands, and create macros

1
DSADD Add user (computer, group..) to active directory
DSQUERY List items in active directory
DSMOD Modify user (computer, group..) in active directory

ECHO Display message on screen

ENDLOCAL End localisation of environment changes in a batch file
ERASE Delete one or more files
EXIT Quit the CMD shell
EXPAND Uncompress files
EXTRACT Uncompress CAB files

FC Compare two files

FDISK Disk Format and partition
FIND Search for a text string in a file
FINDSTR Search for strings in files
FOR Conditionally perform a command several times
FORFILES Batch process multiple files
FORMAT Format a disk
FREEDISK Check free disk space (in bytes)
FSUTIL File and Volume utilities
FTP File Transfer Protocol
FTYPE Display or modify file types used in file extension
associations

GLOBAL Display membership of global groups

GOTO Direct a batch program to jump to a labelled line

HELP Online Help

HFNETCHK Network Security Hotfix Checker

IF Conditionally perform a command

IFMEMBER Is the current user in an NT Workgroup
IPCONFIG Configure IP

KILL Remove a program from memory

LABEL Edit a disk label

LOCAL Display membership of local groups
LOGEVENT Write text to the NT event viewer.
LOGOFF Log a user off
LOGTIME Log the date and time in a file

MAPISEND Send email from the command line

MEM Display memory usage
MD Create new folders
MODE Configure a system device
MORE Display output, one screen at a time
MOUNTVOL Manage a volume mount point
MOVE Move files from one folder to another
MOVEUSER Move a user from one domain to another
MSG Send a message
MSIEXEC Microsoft Windows Installer
MSINFO Windows NT diagnostics
MSTSC Terminal Server Connection (Remote Desktop Protocol)
MUNGE Find and Replace text within file(s)
MV Copy in-use files

2
NET Manage network resources
NETDOM Domain Manager
NETSH Configure network protocols
NETSVC Command-line Service Controller
NBTSTAT Display networking statistics (NetBIOS over TCP/IP)
NETSTAT Display networking statistics (TCP/IP)
NOW Display the current Date and Time
NSLOOKUP Name server lookup
NTBACKUP Backup folders to tape
NTRIGHTS Edit user account rights

PATH Display or set a search path for executable files

PATHPING Trace route plus network latency and packet loss
PAUSE Suspend processing of a batch file and display a message
PERMS Show permissions for a user
PERFMON Performance Monitor
PING Test a network connection
POPD Restore the previous value of the current directory saved by
PUSHD
PORTQRY Display the status of ports and services
PRINT Print a text file
PRNCNFG Display, configure or rename a printer
PRNMNGR Add, delete, list printers set the default printer
PROMPT Change the command prompt
PUSHD Save and then change the current directory

QGREP Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern.

RASDIAL Manage RAS connections

RASPHONE Manage RAS connections
RECOVER Recover a damaged file from a defective disk.
REG Read, Set or Delete registry keys and values
REGEDIT Import or export registry settings
REGSVR32 Register or unregister a DLL
REGINI Change Registry Permissions
REM Record comments (remarks) in a batch file
REN Rename a file or files.
REPLACE Replace or update one file with another
RD Delete folder(s)
RDISK Create a Recovery Disk
RMTSHARE Share a folder or a printer
ROBOCOPY Robust File and Folder Copy
ROUTE Manipulate network routing tables
RUNAS Execute a program under a different user account
RUNDLL32 Run a DLL command (add/remove print connections)

SC Service Control
SCHTASKS Create or Edit Scheduled Tasks
SCLIST Display NT Services
ScriptIt Control GUI applications
SET Display, set, or remove environment variables
SETLOCAL Begin localisation of environment changes in a batch file
SETX Set environment variables permanently
SHARE List or edit a file share or print share
SHIFT Shift the position of replaceable parameters in a batch file

3
SHORTCUT Create a windows shortcut (.LNK file)
SHOWGRPS List the NT Workgroups a user has joined
SHOWMBRS List the Users who are members of a Workgroup
SHUTDOWN Shutdown the computer
SLEEP Wait for x seconds
SOON Schedule a command to run in the near future
SORT Sort input
START Start a separate window to run a specified program or command
SU Switch User
SUBINACL Edit file and folder Permissions, Ownership and Domain
SUBST Associate a path with a drive letter

TASKLIST List running applications and services

TIME Display or set the system time
TIMEOUT Delay processing of a batch file
TITLE Set the window title for a CMD.EXE session
TOUCH Change file timestamps
TRACERT Trace route to a remote host
TREE Graphical display of folder structure
TYPE Display the contents of a text file

USRSTAT List domain usernames and last login

VER Display version information

VERIFY Verify that files have been saved
VOL Display a disk label

WHERE Locate and display files in a directory tree

WHOAMI Output the current UserName and domain
WINDIFF Compare the contents of two files or sets of files
WINMSD Windows system diagnostics
WINMSDP Windows system diagnostics II
WMIC WMI Commands

XCACLS Change file permissions

XCOPY Copy files and folders

An A-Z Index of Oracle SQL Commands (version 9.2)

ANALYZE
AUDIT

CALL
Cluster - CREATE CLUSTER
Cluster - ALTER CLUSTER
Cluster - DROP CLUSTER
COMMENT
COMMIT
CONNECT
CONSTRAINT - Add / Enable
Context - CREATE CONTEXT
Context - DROP CONTEXT
Controlfile - CREATE CONTROLFILE

4
Database - CREATE DATABASE
Database - ALTER DATABASE
DELETE
DESCRIBE
Dimension - CREATE DIMENSION
Dimension - ALTER DIMENSION
Dimension - DROP DIMENSION
Directory - CREATE DIRECTORY
Directory - DROP DIRECTORY

EXEC
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
EXPLAIN PLAN

Function - CREATE FUNCTION

Function - ALTER FUNCTION
Function - DROP FUNCTION

GRANT

Index - CREATE INDEX

Index - ALTER INDEX
Index - DROP INDEX
Indextype - CREATE INDEXTYPE
Indextype - DROP INDEXTYPE
INSERT
INTERSECT

Java - CREATE JAVA

Java - ALTER JAVA
Java - DROP JAVA

Library - CREATE LIBRARY

Library - DROP LIBRARY
Link - CREATE DATABASE LINK
Link - DROP DATABASE LINK
LOCK TABLE

Mview - CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW

Mview - ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
Mview - DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
Mview - CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
Mview - ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
Mview - DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
MINUS

NOAUDIT

Operator - CREATE OPERATOR

Operator - DROP OPERATOR
Outline - CREATE OUTLINE
Outline - ALTER OUTLINE
Outline - DROP OUTLINE

Package - CREATE PACKAGE/BODY

Package - ALTER PACKAGE

5
Package - DROP PACKAGE
Pfile - CREATE PFILE
Procedure - CREATE PROCEDURE
Procedure - ALTER PROCEDURE
Procedure - DROP PROCEDURE
Profile - CREATE PROFILE
Profile - ALTER PROFILE
Profile - DROP PROFILE

RECOVER
RENAME
Resource - ALTER RESOURCE COST
REVOKE
RMAN - Recovery Manager
Role - CREATE ROLE
Role - SET ROLE
Role - ALTER ROLE
Role - DROP ROLE
ROLLBACK
Rollback - CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT
Rollback - ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT
Rollback - DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT

SAVEPOINT
Schema - CREATE SCHEMA
SELECT
Sequence - CREATE SEQUENCE
Sequence - ALTER SEQUENCE
Sequence - DROP SEQUENCE
Session - ALTER SESSION
SHUTDOWN
SNAPSHOT
SPfile - CREATE SPFILE
STARTUP
Statistics - ASSOCIATE STATISTICS
Statistics - DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS
Synonym - CREATE SYNONYM
Synonym - DROP SYNONYM
System - ALTER SYSTEM

Table - CREATE TABLE

Table - ALTER TABLE
Table - DROP TABLE
Tablespace - CREATE TABLESPACE
Tablespace - ALTER TABLESPACE
Tablespace - DROP TABLESPACE
Tablespace - CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
Transaction - SET TRANSACTION
Trigger - CREATE TRIGGER
Trigger - ALTER TRIGGER
Trigger - DROP TRIGGER
TRUNCATE
Type - CREATE TYPE
Type - ALTER TYPE
Type - DROP TYPE
Type - CREATE TYPE BODY

6
Type - DROP TYPE BODY

UPDATE
UNION
User - CREATE USER
User - ALTER USER
User - DROP USER

View - CREATE VIEW

View - ALTER VIEW
View - DROP VIEW

SYNTAX:

Words in CAPS are Oracle commands, words in lower-case are the options you can
modify.
Sections enclosed in [] are optional, underlined options are the default
Sections enclosed in {} are alternatives. The pipe symbol | indicates OR.

An A-Z Index of the Linux BASH command line

alias Create an alias
awk Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index
break Exit from a loop
builtin Run a shell builtin

cal Display a calendar

case Conditionally perform a command
cat Display the contents of a file
cd Change Directory
cfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux
chgrp Change group ownership
chmod Change access permissions
chown Change file owner and group
chroot Run a command with a different root directory
cksum Print CRC checksum and byte counts
clear Clear terminal screen
cmp Compare two files
comm Compare two sorted files line by line
command Run a command - ignoring shell functions
continue Resume the next iteration of a loop
cp Copy one or more files to another location
cron Daemon to execute scheduled commands
crontab Schedule a command to run at a later time
csplit Split a file into context-determined pieces
cut Divide a file into several parts

date Display or change the date & time

dc Desk Calculator
dd Data Dump - Convert and copy a file

7
declare Declare variables and give them attributes
df Display free disk space
diff Display the differences between two files
diff3 Show differences among three files
dir Briefly list directory contents
dircolors Colour setup for `ls'
dirname Convert a full pathname to just a path
dirs Display list of remembered directories
du Estimate file space usage

echo Display message on screen

ed A line-oriented text editor (edlin)
egrep Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression
eject Eject CD-ROM
enable Enable and disable builtin shell commands
env Display, set, or remove environment variables
eval Evaluate several commands/arguments
exec Execute a command
exit Exit the shell
expand Convert tabs to spaces
export Set an environment variable
expr Evaluate expressions

factor Print prime factors

false Do nothing, unsuccessfully
fdformat Low-level format a floppy disk
fdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux
fgrep Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string
find Search for files that meet a desired criteria
fmt Reformat paragraph text
fold Wrap text to fit a specified width.
for Expand words, and execute commands
format Format disks or tapes
free Display memory usage
fsck Filesystem consistency check and repair.
function Define Function Macros

gawk Find and Replace text within file(s)

getopts Parse positional parameters
grep Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern
groups Print group names a user is in
gzip Compress or decompress named file(s)

hash Remember the full pathname of a name argument

head Output the first part of file(s)
history Command History
hostname Print or set system name

id Print user and group id's

if Conditionally perform a command
import Capture an X server screen and save the image to file
info Help info
install Copy files and set attributes

join Join lines on a common field

8
kill Stop a process from running

less Display output one screen at a time

let Perform arithmetic on shell variables
ln Make links between files
local Create variables
locate Find files
logname Print current login name
logout Exit a login shell
lpc Line printer control program
lpr Off line print
lprint Print a file
lprintd Abort a print job
lprintq List the print queue
lprm Remove jobs from the print queue
ls List information about file(s)

m4 Macro processor
man Help manual
mkdir Create new folder(s)
mkfifo Make FIFOs (named pipes)
mknod Make block or character special files
more Display output one screen at a time
mount Mount a file system
mtools Manipulate MS-DOS files
mv Move or rename files or directories

nice Set the priority of a command or job

nl Number lines and write files
nohup Run a command immune to hangups

passwd Modify a user password

paste Merge lines of files
pathchk Check file name portability
popd Restore the previous value of the current directory
pr Convert text files for printing
printcap Printer capability database
printenv Print environment variables
printf Format and print data
ps Process status
pushd Save and then change the current directory
pwd Print Working Directory

quota Display disk usage and limits

quotacheck Scan a file system for disk usage
quotactl Set disk quotas

ram ram disk device

rcp Copy files between two machines.
read read a line from standard input
readonly Mark variables/functions as readonly
remsync Synchronize remote files via email
return Exit a shell function
rm Remove files
rmdir Remove folder(s)
rpm Remote Package Manager

9
rsync Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)

screen Terminal window manager

sdiff Merge two files interactively
sed Stream Editor
select Accept keyboard input
seq Print numeric sequences
set Manipulate shell variables and functions
shift Shift positional parameters
shopt Shell Options
shutdown Shutdown or restart linux
sleep Delay for a specified time
sort Sort text files
source Run commands from a file `.'
split Split a file into fixed-size pieces
su Substitute user identity
sum Print a checksum for a file
symlink Make a new name for a file
sync Synchronize data on disk with memory

tac Concatenate and write files in reverse

tail Output the last part of files
tar Tape ARchiver
tee Redirect output to multiple files
test Evaluate a conditional expression
time Measure Program Resource Use
times User and system times
touch Change file timestamps
top List processes running on the system
traceroute Trace Route to Host
trap Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)
tr Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
true Do nothing, successfully
tsort Topological sort
tty Print filename of terminal on stdin
type Describe a command

ulimit Limit user resources

umask Users file creation mask
umount Unmount a device
unalias Remove an alias
uname Print system information
unexpand Convert spaces to tabs
uniq Uniquify files
units Convert units from one scale to another
unset Remove variable or function names
unshar Unpack shell archive scripts
until Execute commands (until error)
useradd Create new user account
usermod Modify user account
users List users currently logged in
uuencode Encode a binary file
uudecode Decode a file created by uuencode

v Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')

vdir Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')

10
watch Execute/display a program periodically
wc Print byte, word, and line counts
whereis Report all known instances of a command
which Locate a program file in the user's path.
while Execute commands
who Print all usernames currently logged in
whoami Print the current user id and name (`id -un')

xargs Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)

yes Print a string until interrupted

.period Run commands from a file

### Comment / Remark

The tcsh command shell of Darwin Apple OS X(the open

source core of OSX)
alias Create an alias
alloc List used and free memory
awk Find and Replace text within file(s)

basename Convert a full pathname to just a folder path

bash Bourne-Again SHell (Linux)
bless Set volume bootability and startup disk options.
break Exit from a loop

cal Display a calendar

case Conditionally perform a command
cat Display the contents of a file
cd Change Directory
chflags Change a file or folder's flags.
chgrp Change group ownership
chmod Change access permissions
chown Change file owner and group
chroot Run a command with a different root directory
cksum Print CRC checksum and byte counts
clear Clear terminal screen
cmp Compare two files
comm Compare two sorted files line by line
complete Edit a command completion [word/pattern/list]
continue Resume the next iteration of a loop
cp Copy one or more files to another location
cron Daemon to execute scheduled commands
crontab Schedule a command to run at a later date/time
cut Divide a file into several parts

date Display or change the date & time

dc Desk Calculator
dd Data Dump - Convert and copy a file
df Display free disk space
diff Display the differences between two files
diff3 Show differences among three files
dirname Convert a full pathname to just a path
dirs Display list of remembered directories

11
diskutil Disk utilities - Format, Verify, Repair
ditto Copy files and folders
dscl Directory Service command line utility
du Estimate file space usage

echo Display message on screen

ed A line-oriented text editor (edlin)
enable Stop or start printers and classes.
env Set environment and run a utility
eval Evaluate several commands/arguments
exec Execute a command
exit Exit the shell
expect Programmed dialogue with interactive programs
Also see AppleScript
expand Convert tabs to spaces
expr Evaluate expressions

false Do nothing, unsuccessfully

fdisk Partition table manipulator for Darwin UFS/HFS/DOS
find Search for files that meet a desired criteria
fmt Reformat paragraph text
fold Wrap text to fit a specified width
for Expand words, and execute commands
foreach Loop, expand words, and execute commands
fsck Filesystem consistency check and repair
fs_usage Filesystem usage (process/pathname)
ftp Internet file transfer program

GetFileInfo Get attributes of HFS+ files

getopt Parse positional parameters
goto Jump to label and continue execution
grep Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern
groups Print group names a user is in
gzip Compress or decompress files

head Display the first lines of a file

hdiutil Manipulate iso disk images
history Command History
hostname Print or set system name

id Print user and group names/id's

if Conditionally perform a command
info Help info
install Copy files and set attributes

jobs List active jobs

join Join lines on a common field

kill Stop a process from running

l List files in long format (ls -l)

ll List files in long format, showing invisible files (ls -la)
less Display output one screen at a time
ln Make links between files (hard links, symbolic links)
locate Find files
logname Print current login name

12
login log into the computer
logout Exit a login shell (bye)
lpr Print files
lprm Remove jobs from the print queue
lpstat Printer status information
ls List information about file(s)
lsbom List a bill of materials file
lsof List open files

man Help manual

mkdir Create new folder(s)
mkfifo Make FIFOs (named pipes)
more Display output one screen at a time
mount Mount a file system
mv Move or rename files or directories

net Manage network resources

nice Set the priority of a command
nohup Run a command immune to hangups

onintr Control the action of a shell interrupt

open Open a file/folder/URL/Application
osascript Execute AppleScript

passwd Modify a user password

paste Merge lines of files
pbcopy Copy data to the clipboard
pbpaste Paste data from the Clipboard
pico Simple text editor
pmset Modify power management settings
popd Restore the previous value of the current directory
pr Convert text files for printing
printenv Print environment variables
printf Format and print data
ps Process status
pushd Save and then change the current directory
pwd Print Working Directory

quota Display disk usage and limits

rcp Copy files between machines.

repeat Execute a command multiple times
rm Remove files
rmdir Remove folder(s)
rpm Remote Package Manager
rsync Remote file copy - Sync file tree (also RsyncX)

say Convert text to audible speech

sched Schedule a command to run at a later time.
screencapture Capture screen image to file or disk
sdiff Merge two files interactively
sed Stream Editor
set Set a shell variable = value
setenv Set an environment variable = value
setfile Set attributes of HFS+ files
shift Shift positional parameters

13
shutdown Shutdown or restart OS X
sleep Delay for a specified time
softwareupdate System software update tool
sort Sort text files
split Split a file into fixed-size pieces
stop Stop a job or process
su Substitute user identity
sudo Execute a command as another user
sum Print a checksum for a file
switch Conditionally perform a command

tail Output the last part of files

tar Tape ARchiver
tee Redirect output to multiple files
test Condition evaluation
time Measure Program Resource Use
touch Change file timestamps
traceroute Trace Route to Host
tr Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
true Do nothing, successfully
tty Print filename of terminal on stdin

umask Users file creation mask

umount a device
unalias Remove an alias
uname Print system information
unexpand Convert spaces to tabs
uniq Uniquify files
units Convert units from one scale to another
unset Remove variable or function names
unsetenv Remove environment variable
users Print login names of users currently logged in
uuencode Encode a binary file
uudecode Decode a file created by uuencode

wc Print byte, word, and line counts

where Report all known instances of a command
which Locate a program file in the user's path
while Execute commands
who Print all usernames currently logged on
whoami Print the current user id and name (`id -un')

xargs Execute utility - passing arguments

yes Print a string until interrupted

Note: tcsh is the default shell in OS X Jaguar (10.2)

Panther (10.3) and Tiger (10.4) default to bash - many commands do work in either shell,
but this page will soon be updated to list the bash syntax.

14