IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE

FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR
CORPORATION and FAIRCHILD
(TAIWAN) CORPORATION,
Plaintiffs,
C.A. No. 12-540-LPS

V.

POWER INTEGRATIONS, INC.,

Defendant.

John G. Day, Lauren E. Maguire, Andrew C. Mayo, ASHBY & GEDDES, Wilmington, DE.
Blair M. Jacobs, Christian A. Ondrick, MCDERMOTT WILL & EMERY LLP, Washington,
D.C.
Attorneys for Plaintiffs.

William J. Marsden, Jr., Joseph B. Warden, Jr., FISH & RICHARDSON P.C., Wilmington, DE.
Frank E. Scherkenbach, FISH & RICHARDSON P.C., Boston, MA.
Howard G. Pollack, Michael R. Headley, FISH & RICHARDSON P .C., Redwood City, CA.
Attorneys for Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

March 20, 2015

Wilmington, Delaware

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STARK, U.S. District Judge:

Numerous pretrial motions are pending in this case. The Court heard oral argument on
March 3, 2015. (See transcript ("Tr.")) In this Memorandum Opinion, the Court addresses only
the parties' motions to preclude expert witnesses from providing opinions on certain issues. In
one or more subsequent opinions or orders, the Court will address the remaining motions.

BACKGROUND
On May 1, 2012, Plaintiffs Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation and Fairchild (Taiwan)
Corporation (collectively, "Fairchild" or "Plaintiffs") filed a complaint against Power
Integrations, Inc. ("PI" or "Defendant") alleging infringement of U.S. Patent Nos. 7,525,259
("the '259 Patent"), 7,259,972 ("the '972 Patent"), 7,616,461 ("the '461 Patent"), and 7,268,123
("the '123 Patent"). (D.I. 1) On June 21, 2012, PI filed counterclaims against Fairchild, alleging
infringement of U.S. Patent Nos. 6,229,366 ("the '366 Patent"), 7,876,587 ("the '587 Patent"),
8,115,457 ("the '457 Patent"), and 7,995,359 ("the '359 Patent").
LEGAL ST AND ARDS
In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Phann., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 597 (1993), the Supreme Court

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explained that Federal Rule of Evidence 702 creates "a gatekeeping role for the [trial] judge" in
order to "ensur[ e] that an expert's testimony both rests on a reliable foundation and is relevant to
the task at hand." Rule 702 requires that expert testimony "help the trier of fact to understand the
evidence or to determine a fact in issue." Expert testimony is admissible only if "the testimony is
based on sufficient facts or data," "the testimony is the product of reliable principles and
methods," and "the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the
case." There are three distinct requirements for admissible expert testimony: ( 1) the expert must

be qualified; (2) the opinion must be reliable; and (3) the expert's opinion must relate to the
facts. See Elcock v. Kmart Corp., 233 F.3d 734, 741 (3d Cir. 2000).

DISCUSSION
Pl's Motion Relating to Fairchild's Claim for Damages for
Alleged Inducement with Respect to Fairchild's '972 Patent (D.I. 196)
PI filed a combined motion for summary judgment and Daubert motion relating to
Fairchild's claim for damages for alleged inducement with respect to Fairchild's '972 patent.
(D.I. 196) At this point the Court is addressing only the Daubert portion of that motion.
PI argues that Fairchild's claim for damages with respect to the '972 patent should be
excluded because Fairchild's damages expert, Mr. Malackowski, used the wrong date for his
hypothetical negotiation. "[T]he date of the hypothetical negotiation is the date that the
infringement began." LaserDynamics, Inc. v. Qanta Computer, Inc., 694 F.3d 51, 75 (Fed. Cir.
2012). "[I]n the context of active inducement of infringement, a hypothetical negotiation is
deemed to take place on the date of the first direct infringement traceable to [the defendant's]

first instance of inducement conduct." Id. at 76 (emphasis added).

Mr. Malackowski "looked at the information over this time period [from when
infringement began in 2008 through when inducement began in 2012] to determine ifthere
would be intervening events or other reasons to suggest a change in [his] analysis ... [and] did
not find such intervening events." (D.I. 225, Ex. G at 66:2-8) He failed, however, to consider
the April 27, 2012 jury verdict in Fairchild II (C.A. No. 08-309-LPS) finding no inducement of
infringement of the '972 patent. (See D.I. 233 at 20) As PI writes, the "hypothetical negotiators
would have known about the Fairchild II verdict, and the verdict certainly constitutes an

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intervening event that would have changed the negotiation as between 2008 and April 27, 2012
with respect to Fairchild's claim of inducement," for reasons including that the verdict
establishes an "absolute bar on any inducement liability predicated on Power Integrations'
activities before April 27, 2012." (Id.) While Mr. Malackowski served a new set of damages
calculations limiting damages for Power Integrations' purported inducement as of April 27, 2012
after the timing issue was pointed out to him, he adhered in this new analysis to his flawed
assumption of a 2008 hypothetical negotiation date. (See D.I. 197 at 38-39 n.9)
In the briefing (but not in any separate motion), Fairchild contends that PI's expert also
used a 2008 date for the hypothetical negotiation. (See D.I. 224 at 37 (citing D.I. 200, Ex.Eat
144: 10-145:8)) PI does not contest this allegation. (See D.I. 233 at 19-20) That both sides'
experts used the same hypothetical negotiation date does not necessarily render this the

appropriate date. The Court still has a gate-keeping function to perform. Having done so, the

Court concludes that Mr. Malackowski's analysis must be excluded due to his use of the
incorrect hypothetical negotiation date. Additionally, the Court sua sponte excludes the analysis
of PI's damages expert to the extent it, too, relies on the incorrect hypothetical negotiation date.
Under the circumstances, the Court will provide both sides' experts an opportunity to
serve supplemental expert reports, solely to use the correct hypothetical negotiation date, and
provide each side an opportunity to serve rebuttal reports and to depose the experts - all limited
to the new portions of the supplemental expert reports. The parties will be directed to submit a
proposed order with the deadlines for completing this additional expert discovery.
Fairchild's Motion to Preclude Dr. Kelley and Mr. Robinson (D.I. 198)

Fairchild argues that PI's Dr. Kelley, an infringement and invalidity expert, should be

precluded as his analysis is unreliable for three reasons: (1) he improperly imports a new
limitation into the "sense terminal" term; (2) he improperly imports a new limitation into the
"generating a LED current" term; and (3) he does not provide an adequate elaboration of his
opinion that the '259 patent is invalid under 35 U.S.C. 112. The Court disagrees with

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Fairchild.
Regarding the"sense terminal" limitation, Fairchild specifically contends that Dr. Kelley
imports a temperature compensation limitation into claim element 8(c). Fairchild's argument is

based on Dr. Kelley's opinion that PI's Link:Switch-PH doesn't infringe because "[t]here is
simply no LED temperature compensation function," a conclusion Dr. Kelley supports with his
Temperature Variation Test. (D.I. 200 Ex. Cat if 74) The Court construed "sense terminal" in
claim element 8(c) of Fairchild's '123 patent as "the sense terminal is connecte,d so that it detects
a value of the LED voltage, not the LED light output, where the LED voltage is distinct from the
LED current, and the LED voltage is coupled for adjusting the LED current." (D.I. 87 at 13)
This construction makes no reference to temperature compensation-which is a stated objective
of the invention found in the specification. (See D.I. 229 Ex. 1 at 1:44-46) PI argues that Dr.

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Kelley's references to temperature compensation are merely to explain what the claims, as
construed, require as a matter of physics. (See D.I. 228 at 3) To this end, Dr. Kelley applies the
Court's construction of claim element 8(c) to the accused products to show why they do not
literally infringe, and then proceeds to explain why, among other reasons, the absence of
temperature control makes it unlikely that the accused products can satisfy the elements of claim
8(c) even under a doctrine of equivalents theory. (See D.I. 200 at iii! 68-79; see also D.I. 228 at 4
("[H]e opines that the fact that they [the accused products] maintain a constant current regardless

of changes in temperature (and thus changes in LED voltage) tends to show that they do not
include the claimed circuitry, which as construed must change the LED current in response to
changing LED voltage.")) Accordingly, Dr. Kelley's references to temperature compensation do
not render his opinions unreliable.
Regarding the "generating a LED current" term, Fairchild contends that Dr. Kelley
improperly reads this term to require a "direct-drive type of circuit." (See D.I. 200 Ex. C at if 55)
The Court's construction of"generating a LED current" in claim element 8(a) of the '123 patent
is "producing at an output terminal of the control circuit a current for controlling the LED." (D.I.

87 at 12) The Court's construction does not require a particular type of circuit. PI points out that
Dr. Kelley's opinions related to the type of circuit are directed to what the Court previously
identified as a "factual dispute for the jury to resolve": "While Defendant's expert contend[ s] that

an LED cannot be controlled unless current flows through the LED, Plaintiffs' expert
apparently disagrees." (Id. at 12-13 (emphasis added)) Dr. Kelley's discussion of the "directdrive type of circuit" is in fact directly related to this factual dispute left open by the Court: "[A]

person of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that the claim describes a direct-drive type of
circuit like the examples shown in the '123 patent, where the 'LED current' is the current
produced at the 'OUT' terminal and flowing through the LED." (D.1. 200 Ex.Cat if 55
(emphasis added)) Fairchild's criticisms of this opinion are not grounds for exclusion but, rather,
properly left to cross-examination.
Regarding Dr. Kelley's opinion concerning invalidity of the '259 patent under 35 U.S.C.
112, Fairchild contends that it is too conclusory. The entirety of Dr. Kelley's opinion on this
topic is as follows:

The asserted claims are further invalid as indefinite, lacking in

written description, and enablement in view of the elements
requiring both that ''the current provided to the load at the output
terminal is substantially constant" and that the control circuit and
feedback circuit are "operable to provide a constant current output
to the load." The use of both "constant" and "substantially
constant" in the asserted claims renders the claims indefinite and
the patent's specification lacks any written description or
enablement providing support for the presumed distinction
between the scope of these terms. The "feedback circuit" element
lacks antecedent basis and therefore additionally renders the claim
invalid as indefinite.
(D.I. 200 Ex. D at Ex. 4 at 3 n.1-2) Dr. Kelley's analysis, while minimal, provides the bases for
his opinion. PI has explained that "Dr. Kelley recognized that there was the potential for either
an indefiniteness issue or for the terms to be read more broadly than the specification's
disclosure," but "[i]t was not until Dr. Collins served his own rebuttal report that the issue under
112 became clear" - namely, Dr. Collins' +/-10% requirement for the "substantially constant"
current. (D.I. 228 at 7) PI states that "Dr. Kelley's opinions on 35 U.S.C. 112 will only be
offered (if necessary) in response to new opinions disclosed for the first time in Dr. Collins's
rebuttal validity report and his deposition." (Id. at 6) To the extent Dr. Kelley's 112 analysis is
consistent with the disclosure in his initial report when applied as a response to the +/-10% issue,
should it remain in the case, and in light of PI's concession that Dr. Kelley's 112 opinion will
only be offered in this limited context, his opinion in this regard is sufficiently reliable and will
not be excluded.
Accordingly, the Court will deny Fairchild's Daubert motion with respect to Dr. Kelley.
By its motion, Fairchild also seeks to strike testimony PI would offer through another of
its experts, Mr. Robinson. Fairchild argues that Mr. Robinson's "relative value allocation"

approach to apportionment is unreliable and, additionally, that he made a mathematical error that
is fatal to the reliability of his opinion.
First, Fairchild complains that Mr. Robinson inappropriately used PI products in his
apportionment analysis instead of using the accused Fairchild products. Although Mr. Robinson
admitted that some of Fairchild's products consisted of smaller saleable units than PI's products

(see D.I. 200 Ex.Eat 94:5-95:3), his use of PI's products in calculating his apportionment
percentages does not violate the smallest saleable unit rule, which the Federal Circuit has
specified applies to the selection of a royalty base. See VirnetX Inc. v. Cisco Sys., Inc., 767 F.3d
1308, 1327-28 (Fed. Cir. 2014) ("[T]he smallest salable unit approach was intended to produce a

royalty base much more closely tied to the claimed invention than the entire market value of the
accused products .... ") (emphasis added); Ericsson, Inc. v. D-Link Sys., Inc., 773 F.3d 1202,
1226-27 (Fed. Cir. 2014) ("The principle, applicable specifically to the choice of a royalty base,
is that, where a multi-component product is at issue and the patented feature is not the item
which imbues the combination of the other features with value .... ") (emphasis added). Mr.
Robinson properly relied on Fairchild's products in calculating a royalty base. (See D.I. 200 Ex.
Fat 'if 120; D.I. 200 Ex. Eat 94:5-95:3)
Additionally, Fairchild contends that Mr. Robinson's use of PI products resulted in a
failure to adequately apportion the accused products. In apportioning value between the
infringing and non-infringing products, Mr. Robinson did not analyze Fairchild's accused
products, relying instead on an apportionment based on PI's products, based on his belief that
PI's products "would have a relative value in the marketplace similar to what is exhibited by the
Power Integrations products." (D.I. 200 Ex.Eat 96:14-21) This is inconsistent with the

requirement that a damages analysis "apportion value between the patented features and the vast
number of non-patented features contained in the accused products." VirnetX, 767 F.3d at 1329
(emphasis added). In order to reliably use PI's products for his apportionment analysis, Mr.
Robinson would either have to demonstrate comparability between the proportion of patented
and non-patented features in PI's products and the proportion of patented and non-patented
features in Fairchild's products, or otherwise account for their differences in this respect. Neither
of these approaches is provided in his analysis. This is of particular concern for the reliability of
Mr. Robinson's apportionment analysis because none of the accused Fairchild products practices
all four patents-in-suit. (See D.I. 200 Ex. E at 82: 13-83 :22)
Next, Fairchild argues that Mr. Robinson improperly relies on a largely irrelevant rule of
thumb. Mr. Robinson's apportionment analysis begins with an assumption that up to 80% of
value may be attributable to intellectual property, based on research showing that 80% of a high
tech company's value consists of intangible value, such as intellectual property. (See D.I. 200
Ex.Fat il 177 & n.122) He thus apportions the relative value of various patents and other
"intangibles" to add up to 80% based on an analysis of the PI products. (See id. at iMf 178-79,
sched. D4). Although Mr. Robinson's 80% estimate is only a starting point, it is not properly
applied to the facts of this case because it deals with the value of high-tech companies rather than
high-tech products. (See D.I. 200 Ex.Eat 149:5-150:2) Accordingly, the 80% figure is
improper. See VirnetX, 767 F.3d at 1333 ("Beginning from a fundamentally flawed premise and
adjusting it based on legitimate considerations specific to the facts of the case nevertheless
results in a fundamentally flawed conclusion.").
Ultimately, Mr. Robinson's "relative value allocation" approach to apportionment, in

which he starts with a rule of thumb to apportion based on PI products and then applies the
apportionment values to Fairchild products (see D.I. 200 Ex.Fat W 186-87; D.I. 200 Ex.Eat
83:23-88:19), is an unreliable methodology that will not be helpful to the jury.
Lastly, Fairchild complains that Mr. Robinson's report includes a mathematical error,
resulting in a ten-fold increase in the average sales price of one of PI's products used in the
apportionment analysis. (See D.I. 200 Ex.Eat 52:19-54:18; compare D.I. 200 Ex.Fat sched. Cl
p.1 with Ex. G at Ex. 20.6, Ex. 20.8) PI agrees that this issue should be corrected before trial.

(See D.I. 228 at 20)

Accordingly, the Court will exclude Mr. Robinson's apportionment analysis, but he will
be allowed to submit a supplemental report, to which Fairchild will be permitted to respond with
its own experts' report, and Mr. Robinson and any Fairchild responding expert will be made
available for depositions addressing the revised portions of their new reports.

IV.

CONCLUSION
An appropriate order follows.

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE
FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR
CORPORATION and FAIRCHILD
(TAIWAN) CORPORATION,
Plaintiffs,
C.A. No. 12-540-LPS

v.
POWER INTEGRATIONS, INC.,
Defendant.

ORDER
At Wilmington this 20th day of March 2015, consistent with the Memorandum Opinion
issued this date, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
1.

Power Integrations' Daubert Motion on Fairchild's Claim for Damages for

Alleged Inducement with Respect to the '972 Patent (D.I. 196) is GRANTED to the extent stated
in the Memorandum Opinion. Other portions of this motion (D.I. 196) REMAIN PENDING.
2.

Fairchild's Daubert Motion to Preclude Dr. Kelley and Mr. Robinson (D.I. 198) is

DENIED IN PART and GRANTED IN PART.

3.

The experts whose opinions are excluded to any degree by this Order shall have

an opportunity to serve revised supplemental reports, provided that the opposing side is permitted
to serve a supplemental rebuttal report, and both sides' experts are made available for depositions
limited to the new portions of their new reports. The parties shall submit a form of order to

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establish the timing for this additional expert discovery

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0 5.

UNITE

STATES DISTRICT JUDGE