Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
This report is made up of two Parts, A and B. The text in Part A does not form part of
the formal budget amendments, which are set out in Part B.
PROTECTING PUBLIC SERVICES
The Mayor has reduced the amount of council tax precept for the
Metropolitan Police by £16.4million.2 We have restored that cut in our
budget amendment.
Specifically, we propose:
• To make tackling gun and knife crime one of the highest priorities,
in particular by funding 246 extra officers in the Boroughs with the
highest incidence of gun and knife crime;
2
See note 9, p.11
The main threat for future years to the London Fire and Emergency
Planning Authority is the uncertainty about government funding.
However LFEPA’s reserves of £27.2million are excessive, sufficient to
meet even the most pessimistic of the Mayor’s targets as far ahead as
2014. Officers at LFEPA have reported:
There are Grade II listed cottages at the rear of West Hampstead Fire
Station. They are in poor condition and have been identified as “At Risk”
by English Heritage. A Brigade scheme to refurbish them will provide
accommodation for fire-fighters and provide rental income as well as
satisfy the Brigade’s statutory obligations to preserve the buildings.
Nevertheless, the Conservative leadership of the Authority refuse to act,
unless and until the local authority takes enforcement action (at a cost
to their local taxpayers). We do not accept such shoddy behaviour from
a public authority and would pay for the vital work to be undertaken.
A better way to go
The highlight of our package is the ‘One Hour’ bus ticket, a fair way to
charge passengers who have to take more than one bus in order to
reach their destination. Tube passengers already enjoy this ability and it
is discrimination towards bus passengers that they have to pay twice for
what could be a relatively short journey. The ‘One Hour’ bus ticket will
also encourage more people out of their cars and onto public transport
instead, which will help the environment and relieve congestion.
The promise to cut press officers has proved hollow. In 2008 there were
15 press officers in the then Mayor's media relations team, today there
are 14.8.3 Boris Johnson has not delivered on his promise to cut
3
Media relations. 2008 staffing in then mayor's media relations team: 15. (Source:
Mayor's question 1872/2009). October 2009 press staffing: 14.8 fte. Source: Mayor's
expenditure at City Hall, which rises to £134.7million next year
compared to £125.6million under his predecessor.4
With the outer Low Emission Zone now in place, the focus should be
where the problem is worst, in central London and around arterial roads.
Therefore we propose to fund a feasibility study into introducing one or
more inner ‘clean air’ zones. Not only will this improve the health of
Londoners, it will ensure that London has cleaner air in time for the
Olympics in 2012.
question 2936/2009
4
Council tax precept income: 2010/11 £922 million; 2007/08 £882 million
education does not form any part of its remit. We believe the money
would be better-spent supporting projects to teach and enhance school
leavers’ skills, and enable people who have lost their jobs to re-train.
Conclusion
The Mayor said last year: "I have put openness and accountability at the
heart of my mayoralty because I passionately believe that London
taxpayers have a right to know where their money is being spent and
how decisions are taken over crucial issues like policing, the economy
and transport.”
Add
The Mayor allocates a proportion of the GLA £16.4 million Note 9
precept income to the Met each year.
Despite this income increasing by £7 million
in 2010/11, the Mayor has reduced the
amount given to the MPA by £16.4 million.
We believe this is unacceptable and should
be restored immediately which would in
effect increase Met income by £16.4 million.
Note 1
The MPA/MPS Draft Supporting Financial Information to the Policing
London Business Plan 2010-13 assumes a reduction in the all 32
Borough’s Devolved Budgets of 5%. We would remove the need for this
reduction, by providing an additional £8.9 million of funding.
Note
2 Staffing requirements in the draft Policing London Business Plan 2010-13, for the year
2010/11:
The cost for a set of epaulettes is £2.02 (MPS figures Jan 2010). We would equip
every police officer, recruit, PCSO, Special Constable and Traffic Warden with two
sets of epaulettes. We would also allow for 100% turnover in staff positions each
year, due to movement of staff between Operational Command Units. The costs are
as follows:
We would also equip every person employed by the MPS with two name badges, at
an estimated cost of £0.80 each. The costs would be as follows:
Note
3 Borough Name 2008 Number Numb
Population Gun Enabled Crime of MPS er of
** officers Wards
Incidents Rate Rank in
in the 12 per Boroug
months to 1,000 h
Nov 09* people
Lambeth 274,500 242 0.88 1 1021 21
Lewisham 261,600 229 0.88 2 673 18
Southwark 278,000 224 0.81 3 947 21
Hackney 212,200 162 0.76 4 767 19
Haringey 226,200 159 0.70 5 716 19
Waltham Forest 223,200 149 0.67 6 573 20
Brent 270,600 175 0.65 7 706 21
Newham 249,500 132 0.53 8 791 20
Barking & 168,900 88 0.52 9 442 17
Dagenham
Greenwich 222,900 112 0.50 10 701 17
Note We propose to expand the existing Paladin team by funding the following additional
4 posts:
Cost including
overheads
3 Detective Sergeant £216,000
8 Detective Constables £480,000
Total £696,000
Note The table below illustrates how £1.6 million could be saved by abolishing cars and
5 chauffeurs for all senior officers with the exception of officers who require these for
security purposes.
Note 7 Reduction of 50% in staff employed who deal with the media. The detailed figures
are as follows:-
Running expenses
Employee related expenditure 72 36
Premises costs 17 10
Transport costs 38 19
Supplies and services 3,036 2,024
Total Running expenses 3,163 2,089
Note In 2008/9 the MPS spent £9.4 m on consultants (MQT 2350/2009). A reduction of 40%
8 in this expenditure would result in a saving of £3.76 million.
Note
9 The Mayor’s draft budget shows (p. 66, para 8.4) the Council Tax for Police Services
as follows:
2009-10 £m 2010-11 £m
MPA Budget Requirement 2,640.3 2,673.3
General Government Funding -1,978.3 -2,027.7
Council Tax Amount for Police 662.0 645.6
Services
This shows a decrease of £16.4 million in the amount given to the MPA from the
Mayor’s Council Tax Precept from 2009/10 to 2010/11.
APPENDIX 2 LFEPA Budget Proposals
Note ‘Fare evasion costs Londoners £70 million a year’ – (Source - page 48
1 of the TfL Annual Report 2009).
The principal purpose of Revenue Protection Inspectors (RPIs) is to
drive down fare evasion. RPIs cost TfL around £31,000 each per year.
(Source – TfL)
Therefore, 97 extra RPIs would cost around £3 million per year.
It is difficult to quantify an exact figure for how much increased
revenue will be generated from the increased number of RPIs. Not
only do they issue penalties to people, which does generate money,
but they also act as a deterrent to potential fare evaders.
We estimate a prudent figure of £10.2 million in revenue from
spending £3 million on extra RPIs.
Note Costing done by Colin Buchanan and Partners in 2007 was £1.2 million,
2 so we have added inflation.
Buchanan's conclusion was that high levels of patronage could be
expected on Fastbus phase 1 (Wembley Park to North Acton at that
stage - now extended to Acton Main Line station). They considered the
scheme to be "a valuable and cost effective scheme for improving
public transport in north west London, in line with the Mayor's
Transport Strategy".
The Fastbus concept fits with the Mayor's manifesto comment on
express bus services linking rail stations in outer London.
Note In the 3rd quarter of 2008/09 there were 102 million Pay As You Go
3 bus journeys. The fares revenue was £79 million.
TfL estimate that 16% of such journeys involve using a second bus
within 60 minutes of the first. This accounts for £12.64 million of the
revenue. Worked out as an annual cost, this would come to £50.56
million.
This figure does not, however, include any extra revenue, which we
believe will be generated for TfL, from additional passengers. We
believe there will be a considerable shift from short car journeys to
short bus journeys due to this handy and cost effective new ticket.
The figure is calculated with a start date of September in the 2010/11,
half way through the fiscal year.
16% of £79 million = £12.64 million
£12.64 million x 4 (for estimated annual figure) = £50.56 million
£50.56 million / 2 (for 6 months of the fiscal year 2010/11) = £25
million (to the nearest million)
Note One quarter of all the adults in London own a bike, equating to over
4 1.5million bikes. 40% of these bike owners haven’t used their bikes so
far in 2009 equating to over 600,000 unused bikes. 9% of these
owners have not used their bikes for over 5 years, equating to 137,000
unused bikes in London. (Source You Gov poll for Sky 17 06 09)
This bike-recycling scheme is based on a successful scheme run by
Waltham Forest Council. The project is run by two part-time casual
staff, and supported by 20 volunteers.
The public, the Council and the police provide a steady stream of
bikes, which are re-built at the centre. The scheme recycles about 30
bikes each month, and holds a bike sale on the first Saturday of every
month, with bikes typically available for £45 for an adult bike and £20
for children’s bikes. The centre runs a regular drop-in workshop and for
a £3 donation the public can receive help from a professional
mechanic and have access to tools.
We would give £100,000 to set up and run similar projects to each of
the three boroughs to fund the scheme in its first year.
Note In 2008/09 TfL spent £9m on supporting walking initiatives in the
5 boroughs. We believe a considerable boost for additional signage and
maps is needed to increase walking in the Capital.
Note In answer to MQT 2937/2009 £5,341,140 was paid to this group of TfL
6 employees in 2008/09.
Note Bendy Bus Withdrawal timetable:
7 Single-deck buses took over from bendy buses on route 521 and 38 in
2009. Routes 18 and 149 are scheduled to convert by the end of
2010. The remaining routes - 12, 25, 29, 73, 207, 436 and 453 - will
convert by the end of 2011. (Source – TfL Commissioner’s Report, 21st
October 2009).
http://www.londontravelwatch.org.uk/document/3526/get/.
LondonTravelWatch calculated the cost of withdrawing all Bendy Buses
from service was estimated at £60m in 2008/09 prices.
LondonTravelWatch estimates that the replacement of bendy buses
costs around £0.3 million per bus per year in additional costs. TfL
estimate inflation in their recent Business Plan to be at 2.7% to bring
this figure to £0.308 million.
In order to run routes 18 and 149 reliably during the busiest periods at
the advertised frequencies, they each require a Peak Vehicle
Requirement of 32 and 27 respectively. (Source – TfL).
Therefore, if we plan to delay the withdrawal of routes 18 and 149
bendy buses in London, it would cost:
59 x £0.308 million = £18 million (to nearest million)
Note Eliminating TfL Staff Nominee Travel
8 On the 28th January 2009, Mike Tuffrey AM asked the question
(0089/2009) to the Mayor “could you provide the annual cost to
TfL of providing free travel to the nominees of TfL employees.”
Answer from the Mayor:
“Staff Travel passes are a long-standing non-contractual benefit for TfL
staff and are a key way of recruiting and retaining staff.
As of 20 January 2009, there were a total of 21,612 Oyster cards
issued to the nominees of employees*.
Any cost to TfL of providing free travel to nominees of TfL employees
cannot be reliable estimated. The reason is that if nominees were
asked to pay for their travel then their travel patterns would
undoubtedly change significantly, but in a manner that cannot be
accurately predicted or costed.
*The above figure does not include Bus Operator Nominees or retired
nominees, who are not TfL employees. But the total number does
includes staff employed by Infracos such as Tubelines and other TUPEd
staff: which cannot be readily separated out.”
If each nominee spent an average amount travel (lowest), as
calculated by London Living wage report
http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/economic_unit/docs/living-wage-
2009.pdf of £26.76 a week.
For 46 weeks of year (excluding holidays) = £1230 per nominee
* 21,000 nominees (from the above question)
This will come to £25,850,160
If we are extremely lenient and assume that less than half of nominees
don't commute/use it regularly this would still come to an estimate of
£11.5m (this prudent figure also counter balances the argument that
the free card holders may travel more due to having free travel).
APPENDIX 4 Greater London Authority Budget
Proposals
Use of reserves
Additional reduction of the General Reserve £1,600,000 Note 5
to 3% of 2009/10 non-Olympic budget
£3.1m has been spent on temporary staff (May 08-Aug 09). For the
year to August £2.5m was spent.
100
80
60
40
20
0
Se 8
08
9
08
M 9
9
08
M 9
l-0
l-0
-0
0
-0
v-
-
n-
p-
ay
ay
ar
Ju
Ju
No
Ja
M
Background
Expenditure per
number month £
Period per month
May-08 44 102,774.97
Jun-08 53 133,957.80
Jul-08 77 222,885.93
Aug-08 62 124,064.85 Costs for a year
Sep-08 63 159,852.68 Sep-08 63 159,852.68
Oct-08 64 198,044.37 Oct-08 64 198,044.37
Nov-08 58 164,861.12 Nov-08 58 164,861.12
Dec-08 63 205,229.12 Dec-08 63 205,229.12
Jan-09 66 232,388.86 Jan-09 66 232,388.86
Feb-09 74 248,357.04 Feb-09 74 248,357.04
Mar-09 79 457,395.29 Mar-09 79 457,395.29
Apr-09 70 -121,094.96 Apr-09 70 -121,094.96
May-09 69 237,173.28 May-09 69 237,173.28
Jun-09 68 259,109.31 Jun-09 68 259,109.31
Jul-09 79 272,461.70 Jul-09 79 272,461.70
Aug-09 73 230,369.30 Aug-09 73 230,369.30
Total 3,127,830.66 Total 2,544,147.1
1
£3,233,734,753
NOTE: Amendments to the draft consolidated budget will take effect as follows.
Where a figure is shown in column 3, the figure in column 2 is amended to the
figure in column 3. If no figure is shown in column 3, then the figure in column
2 shall be taken to apply un-amended. If “nil” or “£0” is shown in column 3,
then the figure in column 2 is amended to nil.
1 2 3 4
Line Mayor’s Budget Description
proposal amendment
(1) £342,300,00 £340,792,35 estimated expenditure of the Mayor calculated
0 3 in accordance with s85(4)(a) of the Act
(2) £500,000 £500,000 estimated allowance for contingencies for the
Mayor under s85(4)(b) of the Act
(3) £5,000,000 £5,000,000 estimated reserves to be raised for meeting
future expenditure of the Mayor under s85(4)(c)
of the Act
(4) £0 £0 estimate of reserves to meet a revenue account
deficit of the Mayor under s85(4)(d) of the Act
(5) £347,800,0 £345,942,35 aggregate of the amounts for the items set out
00 3 in s85(4) of the Act for the Mayor (lines (1) + (2)
+ (3) + (4) above)
(6) - - estimate of Mayor's income calculated in
£227,500,00 £227,800,00 accordance with s85(5)(a) of the Act
0 0
(7) £5,800,000 £3,042,40 estimate of Mayor’s reserves to be used in
0 meeting amounts in lines (1) and (2) above
under s85(5)(b) of the Act
(8) - - aggregate of the amounts for the items set out
£221,700,0 £224,757,60 in section 85(5) of the Act for the Mayor (lines
00 0 (6) + (7))
(9) £126,100,0 £121,534,75 the component budget requirement for Mayor
00 3 (being the amount by which the aggregate at (5)
above exceeds the aggregate at (8) above
calculated in accordance with section 85(6) of
the Act)
The draft component budget requirement for the Mayor for 2010-11
is: £ 121,534,753
[insert Line 9 figure]
Part 2: Greater London Authority: London Assembly (“Assembly”)
draft component budget requirement calculations
NOTE: Amendments to the draft consolidated budget will take effect as follows.
Where a figure is shown in column 3, the figure in column 2 is amended to the
figure in column 3. If no figure is shown in column 3, then the figure in column
2 shall be taken to apply un-amended. If “nil” or “£0” is shown in column 3,
then the figure in column 2 is amended to nil.
1 2 3 4
Line Mayor’s Budget Description
proposal amendmen
t
(10) £8,600,000 £8,600,000 estimated expenditure of the Assembly for the
year calculated in accordance with s85(4)(a)
of the Act
(11) £0 £0 estimated allowance for contingencies for the
Assembly under s85(4)(b) of the Act
(12) £0 £0 estimated reserves to be raised for meeting
future expenditure of the Assembly under
s85(4)(c) of the Act
(13) £0 £0 estimate of reserves to meet a revenue
account deficit of the Assembly under s85(4)
(d) of the Act
(14) £8,600,000 £8,600,00 aggregate of the amounts for the items set
0 out in s85(4) of the Act for the Assembly (lines
(10) + (11) + (12) + (13) above)
(15) £0 £0 estimate of the Assembly’s income calculated
in accordance with s85(5)(a) of the Act
(16) £0 £0 estimate of the Assembly’s reserves to be
used in meeting amounts in lines (10) and (11)
above under s85(5)(b) of the Act
(17) £0 £0 aggregate of the amounts for the items set
out in section 85(5) of the Act for the
Assembly (lines (15) + (16))
(18) £8,600,000 £8,600,00 the draft component budget requirement for
0 the Assembly (being the amount by which the
aggregate at (14) above exceeds the
aggregate at (17) above calculated in
accordance with section 85(6) of the Act)
The draft component budget requirement for the Assembly for 2010-
11 is: £8,600,000
[insert Line 18 figure]
Part 3: Metropolitan Police Authority (“MPA”) draft
component budget requirement calculations
NOTE: Amendments to the draft consolidated budget will take effect as follows.
Where a figure is shown in column 3, the figure in column 2 is amended to the
figure in column 3. If no figure is shown in column 3, then the figure in column
2 shall be taken to apply un-amended. If “nil” or “£0” is shown in column 3,
then the figure in column 2 is amended to nil.
1 2 3 4
Line Mayor’s Budget Description
proposal amendment
(19) £3,645,000,0 £3,661,400,000 estimated expenditure of the MPA for the year
00 calculated in accordance with s85(4)(a) of the
Act
(20) £0 £0 estimated allowance for contingencies for the
MPA under s85(4)(b) of the Act
(21) £0 £0 estimated reserves to be raised for meeting
future expenditure of the MPA under s85(4)(c)
of the Act
(22) £0 £0 estimate of reserves to meet a revenue
account deficit of the MPA under s85(4)(d) of
the Act
(23) £3,645,000, £3,661,400, aggregate of the amounts for the items set out
000 000 in s85(4) of the Act for the MPA (lines (19) +
(20) + (21) + (22) above)
(24) - - estimate of the MPA’s income calculated in
£967,500,00 £967,500,0 accordance with s85(5)(a) of the Act
0 00
(25) -£4,200,000 -£4,200,000 estimate of MPA’s reserves to be used in
meeting amounts in lines (19) and (20) above
under s85(5)(b) of the Act
(26) - - aggregate of the amounts for the items set out
£971,700,0 £971,700,0 in section 85(5) of the Act for the MPA (lines
00 00 (24) + (25))
(27) £2,673,300, £2,689,700,0 the draft component budget requirement for
000 00 the MPA (being the amount by which the
aggregate at (23) above exceeds the aggregate
at (26) above calculated in accordance with
section 85(6) of the Act)
The draft component budget requirement for the MPA for 2010-11 is:
£2,689,700,000
[insert Line 27 figure]
Part 4: London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority (“LFEPA”)
draft component budget requirement calculations
NOTE: Amendments to the draft consolidated budget will take effect as follows.
Where a figure is shown in column 3, the figure in column 2 is amended to the
figure in column 3. If no figure is shown in column 3, then the figure in column
2 shall be taken to apply un-amended. If “nil” or “£0” is shown in column 3,
then the figure in column 2 is amended to nil.
1 2 3 4
Line Mayor’s Budget Description
proposal amendment
(28) £469,200,00 £470,000,000 estimated expenditure of LFEPA for the year
0 calculated in accordance with s85(4)(a) of the
Act
(29) £0 £0 estimated allowance for contingencies for
LFEPA under s85(4)(b) of the Act
(30) £0 £0 estimated reserves to be raised for meeting
future expenditure of LFEPA under s85(4)(c) of
the Act
(31) £0 £0 estimate of reserves to meet a revenue
account deficit of LFEPA under s85(4)(d) of the
Act
(32) £469,200,0 £470,500,0 aggregate of the amounts for the items set out
00 00 in s85(4) of the Act for LFEPA (lines (28) + (29)
+ (30) + (31) above)
(33) - - estimate of LFEPA’s income calculated in
£31,900,000 £31,900,00 accordance with s85(5)(a) of the Act
0
(34) £0 - estimate of LFEPA’s reserves to be used in
£25,200,00 meeting amounts in lines (28) and (29) above
0 under s85(5)(b) of the Act
(35) - - aggregate of the amounts for the items set out
£31,900,00 £57,100,00 in section 85(5) of the Act for LFEPA (lines (33)
0 0 + (34))
(36) £437,300,0 £412,900,0 the draft component budget requirement for
00 00 LFEPA (being the amount by which the
aggregate at (32) above exceeds the aggregate
at (35) above calculated in accordance with
section 85(6) of the Act)
The draft component budget requirement for LFEPA for 2010-11 is:
£412,900,000
[insert Line 36 figure]
Part 5: Transport for London (“TfL”) draft component budget
requirement calculations
NOTE: Amendments to the draft consolidated budget will take effect as follows.
Where a figure is shown in column 3, the figure in column 2 is amended to the
figure in column 3. If no figure is shown in column 3, then the figure in column
2 shall be taken to apply un-amended. If “nil” or “£0” is shown in column 3,
then the figure in column 2 is amended to nil.
1 2 3 4
Line Mayor’s Budget Description
proposal amendmen
t
(37) £9,076,000,0 £9,075,000, estimated expenditure of TfL for the year
00 000 calculated in accordance with s85(4)(a) of the
Act
(38) £84,000,000 £84,000,0 estimated allowance for contingencies for TfL
00 under s85(4)(b) of the Act
(39) £0 £0 estimated reserves to be raised for meeting
future expenditure of TfL under s85(4)(c) of the
Act
(40) £0 £0 estimate of reserves to meet a revenue account
deficit of TfL under s85(4)(d) of the Act
(41) £9,160,000, £9,159,000, aggregate of the amounts for the items set out
000 000 in s85(4) of the Act for TfL (lines (37) + (38) +
(39) + (40) above)
(42) - - estimate of TfL’s income calculated in
£8,659,000,0 £8,658,000,0 accordance with s85(5)(a) of the Act
00 00
The draft component budget requirement for TfL for 2010-11 is:
£1,000,000
[insert Line 45 figure]
Part 6: London Development Agency (“LDA”) draft component budget
requirement calculations
NOTE: Amendments to the draft consolidated budget will take effect as follows.
Where a figure is shown in column 3, the figure in column 2 is amended to the
figure in column 3. If no figure is shown in column 3, then the figure in column
2 shall be taken to apply un-amended. If “nil” or “£0” is shown in column 3,
then the figure in column 2 is amended to nil.
1 2 3 4
Line Mayor’s Budget Description
Proposal amendment
(46) £335,300,00 £335,300,0 estimated expenditure of the LDA for the year
0 00 calculated in accordance with s85(4)(a) of the
Act
(47) £3,000,000 £3,000,000 estimated allowance for contingencies for the
LDA under s85(4)(b) of the Act
(48) £0 £0 estimated reserves to be raised for meeting
future expenditure of the LDA under s85(4)(c) of
the Act
(49) £0 £0 estimate of reserves to meet a revenue account
deficit of the LDA under s85(4)(d) of the Act
(50) £338,300,0 £338,300,0 aggregate of the amounts for the items set out
00 00 in s85(4) of the Act for the LDA (lines (46) + (47)
+ (48) + (49) above)
(51) - - estimate of the LDA’s income calculated in
£319,700,00 £319,700,0 accordance with s85(5)(a) of the Act
0 00
(52) - - estimate of the LDA’s reserves to be used in
£18,600,000 £18,600,00 meeting amounts in lines (46) and (47) above
0 under s85(5)(b) of the Act
(53) - - aggregate of the amounts for the items set out
£338,300,0 £338,300,0 in section 85(5) of the Act for the LDA (lines (51)
00 00 + (52))
(54) £0 £0 the component budget requirement for the LDA
(being the amount by which the aggregate at
(50) above exceeds the aggregate at (53) above
calculated in accordance with section 85(6) of
the Act)
The draft component budget requirement for the LDA for 2010-2011
is: £0
[insert Line 54 figure]
Part 7: The Greater London Authority (“GLA") draft consolidated budget
requirement calculations
NOTE: Amendments to the draft consolidated budget will take effect as follows.
Where a figure is shown in column 3, the figure in column 2 is amended to the
figure in column 3. If no figure is shown in column 3, then the figure in column
2 shall be taken to apply un-amended. If “nil” or “£0” is shown in column 3,
then the figure in column 2 is amended to nil.
1 2 3 4
Line Mayor’s Budget Description
proposed amendment’s
consolidated proposed
budget consolidated
requirement
budget
requirement
(55) £3,257,300,000 £3,233,734,753 the GLA’s consolidated budget
requirement (the sum of the
amounts in lines (9) + (18) +
(27) + (36) + (45) + (54))
calculated in accordance with
section 85(8) of the Act