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15 THE POSS
* i; cinni
H
uumervs.
ABDUCTIONslfi,lPIY *E :, a' 'a'a-:

... : ',rw"*- a hoax' u*Pt#jll*-

o,n H9;ll-.***
::::: ::' :: 'l

A DETUDI ffi " *F*#irs*H#

tu r fu b e k

Snowllake*ridn
! in (JFO.Iinked,iw:idcnt
E he incredible and terrifying events bolt of energy' strike :":i:ing
o *Xi,,i*lt**lii,sr.i+L.l:,1r",.j-..."r-"""r,r*I,*r----
that unfolded on the evening of walron'sback.panicking. **,'{'_^:;k
1"::- i"*: -i-;];;,'ii;:i, *"#il*}'tii$},?f#
U
5 November 1975 were to shatter the Rogersinstantly floored " 'r:';'*ji'i,$.;r"i'y.l;t'i:
:,",'#:;.":;"",:."
.9 t:::*,'*r';;r*-';;l'"'i:.:
q lives of Travis Walton and his six col- the accelerator and drove away.A few
leasues. As they drove home to Snor{lake, hundred metres down the road, realizing he A The vost pine forests of
o
'tr
,\-izona, after working in the forest, the crew had left his friend for dead, Rogers drove Arizono wos lhe setting

s
noticed a strange, bright light comine down back, only to see the spaceship rise rapidly for the firsl ever
thlough the trees.As the truck screeched to into the sky and disappear. Walton was wilnessed olien obduclion.
T
a lialt. \\hlton and his colleagueswere con- nowhere to be seen. Newspopers (inset)
j
o
fiontecl rvith an awesomesight. reported how Trovis
o '\\l.rer-r\re got around the trees,we all saw F A C IN G A MU R D E R C H A R GE Wolton disoppeored in
in
the solrrce of the light - boom - less than After five days and a massivepolice search, front of his colleogues ond
100 feet a\{a\.a rnetallicdisc hovering in the there was still no sign of Walton. But,.just as wos nol seen for neorly o
air, glon'ine.' \\ alton recalls. the police were aboul to charge the crew week. For over 2O yeors,
His more calrtious friends remained in rvith murder, Walton reappeared. the only explonolion for
the truck rvhile the irnpetuous Walton He was discovered naked in a phone whot hoppened to Wolton
leaped out and ran to\\'ards the craft. He booth on the outskirts of town, seriously remoins his own - he is
did not want to miss the chance of seeingit dehydrated, delirious and half dead. convinced he wos
up close.As he stood almost beneath it, his Finally, after months of recovery, he was kidnopped by oliens.
bravery left him. He turned to run back to able to remember fragrnents of what had
the truck. He never made it. happened. He recalled being taken inside a
Mike Roeers, the crew boss, saw a 'blue space craft. 'I was lyinu on a table... I saw

several strange creatures standing over me.
I became completely hysterical and flipped
out. I knocked them away,but I f'elt so weak
I collapsed. They forced me back on the
table, placed a mask over my face and I
blacked out.'
suffered nightmores for
T E ttIN G THE T RU TH
before hypnosis
dElnils of What is significant about the Travis Walton
Afler hypnosis, case is that it is one of the few abductions
remembered the olien observed by independent witnesses.It is
irnd rhe stqr also unusual because Walton was missing
for five days. In most contemPorary cases,
the abduction experience lasts for only
a few hours.
Over the years, sceptics have tried to
debunk Walton's claims. The rarity of abduc-
tion reports in the 1970s,meant Walton and
his friends were subjected
to years of ridicule and
accusations of trickery. Yet
: .. all the men subsequently
.':j passedlie-detector testsand
,n^. case has.withstood years
,,,
^€ of rigorousinvestigation.
!
€o
ll:i,:
a : -.... ::::::t;a.aar.:a.r
The abduction phenomenon, which is
characterized by specific and highly distinc-
tive episodes reported consistently by thou-
sands of people from around the world, is
generally a modern occurrence, confined
lo the post-warperiod
TH E FIR S T E N C OU N TE R
Researchers now acknowledge that the
abduction phenomenon began on 20
September 1961. Betty and Barney Hill were
driving through New Hampshire around
midnight when they spotted a 'pancake-
shaped object with two rows of windows'
which appeared to be following them.
Eventually, Barney pulled off the highway
and crept to within 25 metres of 'an enor-
mous ring-shaped craft with projected fins
and whirring red lights' in the air.
Terrified, the Hills sped off, but moments
afterwards, the car began vibrating. Then
they heard an unusnal beeping sound, and a
haze seemed to fall over them. Later, when
the Hills arrived home, thev discovered that
33 r$
Abducfions profoundly
offect the lives of those
who experience them. The
effects ore lroumqtic ond
distur bing, but they o l s o
cqn be fr onsfor m ing
Dr JohnMock, Psychiotrist
q l\
,,
both their watches were two hours slow.
They could not remember rvhat had hap
pened to them in the'missing' two hours.
Afterwards, both were plagued by dis-
turbing dreams. Eventually, they agreed to
undergo a technique known as hypnotic
regression therapy to discover what had
happened to them.
Hypnotic regression allows subconscious
or buried memories to emerge. Under hyp-
nosis, the Hills described being taken on
board the UFO 'by bald-headedalien beings,
about five foot tall, with greyish skin, pear
shaped heads and slanting cat-like eyes.'
Betty in particular provided a vivid picture
of what seemed to have taken place during
the period of 'missing time'. She remem-
bered being subjected to a medical examina-
tion. She said samples of tissue were taken
 { Whitley Striebercloimsto hove been
obductedin t985. In his book Communion
he describeshow he wos 'mentollyond
physicollyroped' by his obducrors.In his
sequeflronsformalion, Sfriebersoys the
oliensore in foct trying to help Monkind.

soon discredited, but their fabrications put

the credibility of UFO research back years.
It took unti l l he earl y 1980sbel ore f ir sr t he
UFO community and then the public were
.il
taking claims of alien abduction seriously.

TA TK IN G OF A I.IE N S
In.fune 1992, the Massachusetts Institute of
Technologv (MIT) chaired the Abduction
Study Conference. This lvas the first scien-
tific debate on alien abduction and was an
attempt to allow the leadins investigators to
presentthei r evi dencearrdprovi de a f ior um
fcrrseri orrssci ent i fic di scussi on. tta
Attending the MIT conference were three
of rhe w orl d' s l eadi ng cxperts whose
researchprovidesmuch of rhe evidencesup-
porting the alleeed reality of alien abduc-
tion. Budd Hopkins is responsible for much
of the pioneering investigationsinto abduc-
tion. Dr DavidJacobs, associateprofessor of
Historlr at Temple Universiq', has been inves-
tigating UFOs for 25 r'ears.Ard chairing the
abduction conference rvasperhaps the most
o influerrtial acaclernicto join the abduction
o
o
c:rnp. Dr John E. Mack, prof-essor of
o
Psr.cl'riutrv at Harvard Medical School, and a ,
P rrli rzel P l i zc tr i rrrrer' .
:
o

and a long needle was insertecl into hcr navel

as part of what she called a'preenancv test'.
bYAffens:
AbCue*:o:rs
She was also shown a star nrap of Zeta {4f&a*Fe*PJe&ecalJ
Reticuli. Betty believed the aliens u,'ere shcil.-
' =---- I1!!11!asu,urd,r aprr zo rs"
ing her where they came from. Sy W,4'LTli
trncounters
ABDUCTEE OR CONTACTEE? withafiens
The charactcristic nature of' abduction attractseffout
cases,which started rvith the Hills in the
19[r0s,contrasts sharply tvith the notorious
conference
and colourful events described by various
gl1l#,;:triliiffiT;fr"T,I3.
people, known as 'contactees',whose dubi- L":',ll-i'-*'ti"rys*".,
ous encotrnters with aliens filled the
-\nelican tabloids in the 1950s.
Tl-refirst and most famous contactee was
Ceorse Adamski, who claimed to have been
visited bv various humanlike aliens who j,t:i::l

gave him riclesin UFOs to Venus,Mars and

Saturn. Adamski and other contacteeswerc
t.tr'

.,'.i'

:lr':,

,.:;
 ,

One of the outcomes of the conference

:
was the realization that a huge range of dii t
ferent people had described the same tJpe of
abduction procedure, fhe same details about --***'nl,
what they are subjected to and the same type
of aliens involved. To abduction researchers, *:#
this was strong evidence that abduction is a
reality. If alien abduction was some form of
';i
delusion, the accounts would be fantasy dri- ll:
ven and thus differ wildly. Yet they all fall into :,li
similar and repeated patterns. €:
"i-i' i
UNDE R A LI E N C ON T R OT
{4tr*..
When inside the craft, abductees are under
the total control of the aliens. They are usu-
ally asked to strip, placed on a table and
subjected to often painful and frightening
types of invasive surgery. Once returned,
most people's memories of the events have

F*"'#
somehow been wiped clean and cannot be
accessedwithout hypnosis. i .-
Dr Mack cites evidence from several of
his cases.He says,'there are several types of
physical evidence fbr abduction: people
return with fully healed scarson their bod-
ies that were not present the day before.
Also, strange implants... are located on
CAI scans; some have even been removed
and examined.'
So far, chemical analysis of the implants
show that they are made up elements found
on earth. A colleague of Dr Mack's, a
nuclear biologist, ran tests on one implant
taken from the nose ofan alleged abductee.
The implant was not a naturally occurring

'biological subject' bltt nrav hale been a

manufacturecl fibre.
Sceptics maintain that no leliable evi-
dence for abducti on exi sts otrtsicle t he
'l- victim's imagir-ration.T1-rearea that receives
t the heaviestcriticism h:rs been the process
::r g by which hidden rnernories are extracted
using hypnotic regressiontechniques.

U N R E LIA B TE ME MOR IE S
Kevin McClure, a member of The Society
i:]]:j:

ol
::l::
:l for Ps,vchicalResearch, claims that man)'
of Horvord soid rhot abduction researchersusinp; hypnosis are
:::l .
fqihd to conform lo iL not qualifiecl psychologists. And McCh.rre
slqndords of accusesthose who are qualilied of implant-
's lowyer ing memories - encouraging victims to
His superiore were oulrcgd recount details that support the abduction
when he published his book scenario by asking leading questions.
Abduction: Humon Encanders McClure also states that False Memorv
with Aliens in 1994. lhe Den Syndrome (FMS) may be responsible for
 explaining abductees' reports. FMS is a ctis- But none of these theories cut any ice
order where a memory has been created bv with researchers like Hopkins, Jacobs or
o the subconscious to replace some child- Mack. To them, the evidence for alien
_9
I
hood trauma, such as sexual abuse. Sceptics abduction overwhelms any psychological
i: of alien abduction argue that many reasonsput forward by rhe sceptics.
abductees are subconsciouslyusing an alien Researchers are positive that Travis
E abduction experience
as a screen to hide a
€s
Walton was not suffering from any mental
I traumatic experience from their past. illness when he rvas abducted. AIso, it is
.9 unlikely that all six of Walton's colleagues
AR T I F IC IA T ST IMU TA TION
p would have had hallucinations of their
o
Psychologist Susan Blackmore claims that fiiend's alien abduction at the same time.
abduction experiences can be atificially
#ffi 1& r
j

6 induced by stimulation of the temporai

- o
lobes (an area of the brain that
r'-?ri!
+
- I hove not come ocross lhe
ii, , r-:- plat's a role in the stor-
-.::
:.; i- phenom enon of obduction s by
a g e o f memo)' ). Thrs
\4 lfrEtfr
< * a F1 qliens except os q delusi onql
theorv \\ras demon-
strated by a Canaclian- belief of someone suffering
based research tearn from schizophrenio
who designed a device Dr SueDovidson,Psychotheropist
A Sceptics hove
exploined owoy the
fypicol sinister portrcits
of oliens os simply
that generatecl a mag-
netic field which, when applied to the back
of the brain, stimulated an alien abduction
experience in someone lvho has never
And the lie-detector tests show that they
wg
believed they saw Walton's abduction.
modern imoges of claimed to have had orrc. Over-active imaginations and temporal
demons ond evil spirits Albert Budden, author of Allergies and lobes cannot explain the physical scars on
thot hove olwoys been Aliens, has a similar explanation. He is abductees' bodies or the implants taken
presenf in folklorc. convinced that alien abduction is caused by From thei r bocl i es. N ow . U FOl ogi sr s ar e
However, the implonts electromagnetic pollution. Budden believes introducing the theory that rhe butchered
(inser) cloimed to hqve that the electromagnetic radiation in the carcassesof livestock are further evidence
been extrscted from atmosphere is strong enough to affect the that aliens are conducting a planet-wide
obductees' brqins temporal lobes of abductees' brains, caus- experiment. This link has yet
suggest thot obduction ing an alien-abduction-like experience. 'It is to be proven.
is very reol. clear,' he states,'that all abductees are elec-
trically hypersensitive,and that their experi-
ences are a symptom of their allergic reac- In the next issue, WO FILE examines the
tions to an exposure to electromagnetic carcosses
of mutilated anirnals a,nd seeksto dis-
fields in the environment.' coueruthetheraliens are inuolaed.

A Stonehenge, on mons the many enigmas that sur-
Solisbury Ploin, took round Stclnehenge,its relationship
roughly 3OO yeors with other prehistoric monlrments
ro build, storting in sil{A-i{ili*is one of the most contentious.
oround 2OOOBc. According to ley lir.rehunters, Stonehenge
Why ir wos builr is is part of a 30-kmlong ley line.
=
not reolly known, but Ley lines (the proper term is actually
whot is undenioble is l e y s )a re i n v i s i b l ea l i g nmentsof l andmarks.
Typical features on a ley include stone
the focr rhot it lines
up wifh onolher five circles, standing stones, pagan altars and
prehistoric ond &burial sites. Churches, h<-rlywells, hill tops,
religious londmorks. cairns and even ancient trees can also be
points on a ley. Mosl researchersagree
there must be dt least four markers within
15 km before an alignment of lanclmarks
becomes a genuine ley.
It was.businessmanAlfred Watkins who
first mooted the concept of leys more than
75 years ago, after having a vision of a net-
work of straight lines linking up landmarks
in his nadve Herefordshire. He believed
these alignments were Stone Age tracle
*.:
::.:::
::::::::
: ...:;.-;1
::::.:
=:::::
routes'Iaid out by line of sight. \\htkins
th.ought the leys had been modifiecl durins
tlie Bronze and Iron Ages but hacl been for-
gotten by modern times. The nenlork of'
leys were accidentally preservecl as rrlallv
medieval churches were built on top of
pagan siteswhich were monllme llts on a ley'.
:
I FI c A N
$J"":""tF*S_l_gy_l*:J..9*N
-!.1
Watkins' adoption of the term 'Ler-' lvas
from a Selxon word meaning 'a cleared
stretch of ground'. FIe was never happr'rvith
the term and used it onlv for a limited
period of years, but it str,ick artd is used
commonly today. After \'Vatkins' discover,v,
finding leys became an English national
pastime. But, although searching for leys
was populaq there was no agreelnent on the
purpose of the alignments.
Watkins' theory that leys \rere pre-
historic trade routes was dismissed by
They refused to believe that
archeolc-rp;ists.
ff*
L

I s outH W EST
I EN G T AN D
I

Stone Age men had the technology to

,,,,,..
build straight paths over long distances.
;::r: TumulusQ
And common sensedictates that travellers l*a:.
tt"t""'-:.^,,
e^---L---^^

would follow the easiestroute, which is not $ll' .i'....i'iox.;

-
fOld Sorum
always in a straight line. Stone Age tech- lHti'Til corhedrot onolYsis.c
OCleorburY Ring ley, Invoft
nology, howeveq should not be dismissed
to o quic k ly .S t oneh e n g ew a sb u i l t s o th a t a r n'tffi', li;n:?;
d a wn on m ids um m e r mo rn i n g , 2 l J u n e . :.,t,:t::: i ,1,.:il
LEY l'l':il:
the sun rose over the'circlels Heel Stone.
,,,,r.:i:
'1,,:1,:, 'I
N th o ugh ley s m ay n o t b e l ra d e ro u te s . rri:::
,.i:;:
\

there is evidence to showlthat Stone"Age

ma n d id hav e t he s ki l l to e re c r mo n u me n ts
th a t a ligned wit h ea c h o rh e r.
In t he 1960sand 7 0 s . l e v h u n re rs a n c l
archeologists fell out rrhen researchers
such as author.fohn Michell and dowser
Tom Graves claimed that leys were chan-
nels of a mystical earth power. They said
that prehistoric people were more aware of
th e i r own ps y c hicab i l i ri e sa n d c o u l d s e n s e
the earth power so brlitt monuments on
th e l e y s .T his ear t h p o w e r.c l a i me d rh e l e y
hunters, could be picked up by energy
dowsers.Others have gone further. After a
spate of UFO sightings in 1961, Tony
Wedd, a former RAF pilot, suggested leys
are lines of magnetic energy which alien
c raft tap i nro to refuel .
These theories were rubbished by scien-
tists. Energy dowsers (unlike water and
mineral dowsers) have not put themselves
up to rigorous scientific testing. And no
scientific equipment has been able to

A Whqt mokes the
Nozco lines so
remorkoble is thor they
con only be seen from
the oir. Drowings such
os the humming bird
con seen ot orcund l5O
mefres obove lhe
deseri. The.geometric
shopes ond stroight
lines (which run for over
3 km) ore besi seen ot
obove 45O melres.
V Monlgomery ley, on
rhe Welsh border, is one
of the less cleor-cut leys.
The phofogroph of 5r
Nicholos' (right) is roken
fiom Monlgomery Costle
looking south on lo on
oligned roqd. The losl
poinl on rhe ley is a
crossroods, proving thot
ley hunring cqn be q
t€nuous discipline.
I the N azcal i nes and of areasi n B ol ivia.just
i on the other side of the Andes mountains
06
'o
re c o rd a n y my s te ri o u s force emanati ng
lrom the earth.
So, rather than look for some 'magical'
explanation for the significance of the leys,
ley hunters sought out alignments.from
around the world to see if other cultures
thought straightlines were special.
DE S E RT_M4S TJRP T E CE s
T h e my s te ri o u sl i n e s d raw n on the desert
floor in the Nazca region of Peru are per-
haps the world's most famous linear mark-
i n g s . Be c a u s eo f th e i rn i que cl i mati c and
geological conditions in the desert, the
animals.birds and geometric shapesdrawn
on the desert floor have survived for cen-
tu ri e'ss- a s mu c b a s 1 ,5 0 0years.A s for thei r
significance,no-one really knows for sure..
Author Eric von Dziniken proposed that
th e l i n e s w e re l a n d i n g gui des for U FOs.
But, if aliens had the technology to cross
th e v a s tn e s so f s p a c e . i t i s unl i kel y they
would have needed the Nazca desert as a
landing strip. A'more probable answer
came from author and film maker Tonv
Morrison, 'who . has explored Sor,rth
A meri ca and has hecome an exper t or r it s
mythology. He believes that.the straight
lines had a religious significan'ie lor the
peopl e w ho drew them.
Morrison has made extensive studies of
from P eru. U si ng i nfra-red su r veying
equi pment. he rel i gi ous m onu-
-studi ed
ments i n B ol i vi a' sA ymaran regi on. He dis- ''
covered that many religious monuments
lvere ir-rperfect alignment - sodre of these
alignments were over 30 krn long. The
l ocal A vmaran Indi ans cal l ed the se lines
si q' i s (meani ng strai ghl l i nes of holy
pl aces).One ol d w oman sai d to Mor r ison
SF
e @ rt
We qre so good ot
pr oiecting our focile not i ons
on fo the fqce of our plonet:
we or e less skilled ot seei ng
whqf deep sec#etsifs qncient
, londscope con r eveol
=
P oul D eve'eux, Ley H l n'e.
that the siq'is were 'spirit paths'.
Ftr
, To ley hunters, this was the clne to the
true significance of alignments. Straight
lines, whether physical (as in the Nazca
l i nes) ' or i nvi si bl e (as i n the l i nes b er ween
t-Wo points on a ley), were important
b€cause their planners believed them to

,ti

L
f"
Monlgomery GosrleQ
3
sr Nicholos'
i tvtorrrgo-"" s
j
=
Aligned nood i
E

o
o

T
o

E
od

o

r The theory of leys,
first discussed in Alfred ' the dead were carried over specially made
Wqtkins' The Ley
' Hunler's /|lonucl in the , srbund. The tracks became sacred.
l92Os, hos chonged
dromoticolly. The ideo : path myths from around the world come
of leys being.sources of
energy puf lhe serious
ley reseorchGrs back 2O
'.jj
yeorc. lf is only now,
when ley hunlers ore
looking for historicol
'
focts, lhoi ley hunring is
1
being token more
seriously by experts.
E
be pathways ofthe 4ead. .v
This-mythology is common all round
th e w o rl d . T h e C h i n e se bel i eve i n the
a n c i e n t p ra c ti c e o f fe n g shui w hi ch states
s
that a straight landscape'allows. the easy
passageof evil spirits.
The,.iDutch have evidence that associ-
aies ghosts with straight paths. They have
physical remnants gf medieval death roads
(doodwegen) , ghoit roads (spokenwegen)
and corpse roads (lykyy*egen). These were
straight roads where the dead were taken
l o c e me te ri e s . R e s e a rc herJohn P al mer
fo u n d l e g a l l y b i n d i n g oaths i n H ol l and
fro m th e M i d d l e Ag e s th at suaranteedthe
carriage of the dead'in straight lines only
along death roads.
this trance, shamen believed they flew to
CORPSE WAYS the spi ri t w orl d. Ley researchersbelieve
In GMapy and Britain, there is evidence that the alignments all over the world are
of 'church paths' or ',corpseways' where representations of the shamen flight into
the spi ri t w orl d.
straight tracks to a cemetery or burial
TH E WAY A H TA D FOR LEYS
"
L e y h u n te rs th i n k the roots of spi ri r- Ley researchers now dismiss the New Agp.*
'i:.
earth energy theories ffom the 1960s and.
from the traditions of shamen. These 70s. In doing so, they have tregun to mend
w e re l h e tri b a l me d i c i n e men and w i tch- the bridge with professional archeologists.
doctors of western Europe, Asia and the Danny Sullivan, editor of The Lq Hunter
Americas. Slramen were known to take magazi ne,bel i evesthe younger breed of
p l a n ts th a t ma d e th e m hal l uci nate. archeologists are starting to work closer
Anthropologist Marlence Dobkin de Rois with seriousley hunters, Iooking for arche-
believes these plants would induce a ological and anthropological evidence not
.tra n c e -l i k es ta l e .w h e re th e shamanw oul d just of leys but of our prehistoric pasl s
'**
have an out-of-body experience. During asa whole. ffi
 il
:

ffiffi
ffiffiKffiffi
WTTnU PUBLISHERS NNO TV
COMPANIES NEED INTELLIGENT
RESEARCH ON UFOS AND THE
PARANORMAL, THEY CALL ON

JENNY RANDLES. HERE SHE

SHARES HER FORTHRIGHT
VIEWS ON THE UNKNOWN

enny Randles' fascination with the paranormal
began in the 1960s when, as a teenager, she was
unsatisfied with the incomplete rurswers science
P.#.# provided for unexplained phenomena. She
saved up money from delivering newspapers to join
the British UFO Research Organization (BUFORA),
and later became one of the group's investigators.
Between 1981 and l993,Jenny became BUFORA
Director of Investigations, where she helped to devise
and establish an authoritative code of practice for
paranormal researchers.
Today, Jenny is a respected author and researcher on
many unexplained phenomena. She has written over
30 books on subjects as diverse as spontaneous human
combustion and time travel. In 1996
she made a documentary about
UFO research for the BBC and is
the consultant for ITVos Strange But
Tiue? seies.
{ Jenny Rondles' mosl recenl
book deols wirh olleged UFO
croshes oround the world.
Alwoys coreful lo present
?wo sides lo every slory, her
bolonced, rotionsl opprooch
hqs won her respect from
fons qnd critics olike.
In her seaside homeJenny speaks candidly and with
passion about her work, and explains how her interest
in the paranormal stemmed from early encounters
with unexplained phenomena which, at the time, were
almost taken for granted.
Since I rr'asa child I was aware of abilities, such
as ESP,through my grandmother. She alwaysturned
up at our home when somebody was ill - shejust
knew. I didn't really think there was anything strange
about it. I was too young to think in terms of
'normal' and 'paranormal'; I thought everyone cor-rld
do it. I was also brought up in the Rossendale\/alley.,
south of Burnley in Lancashire - an area that has
since become known as 'UFO Alley' because of the
number of sightings. But it was actually on a famil'r'
trip to Blackpool that I saw my first UFO - a series of
strange lights in the sky. I knew what I san'rvasreal
and was later able to verifizfrom nen'spaper reports
that there had been other witnessesto the everlt too.
Did the UFO sighting influence your choice
of coreer?
Yes.I trained to be a science teacher, but I for-rnd
myself questioning the answerssciencegave for the
things I had witnessed.So, in October 1972 I joined
the investigative team of BUFORA. In 1976, I was
organizing a BUFORA conference in Birmingham and
saw a book for sale on UFOs that was badly researched You've qlso reseorched qlien qbducfions.
and badly written. The author, an American, was going Whqt's your view on this conlnoversiql oreo?
to write next about the British UFO experience, based Something is definitely happening, but I'm not sure
only on press cuttings. I was appalled that someone that it's alwayslittle green men whisking people off
with such limited knowledge of the subject could do into space.I believe the abduction experience is
this, and wrote off to his publisher to say so. Most investigatedin avery'either... or' manner:
publishers would have thrown my letter in the bin. This investigators, skeptics, scientists - whoever - tend to see
one invited me to write the book. It was pure luck. claims of abduction as either an alien kidnapping or a
hallucination, which is a very narrow set of parameters
Hqve you reqched ony firm conclusions on to work with. Rather than looking for evidence of an
lhe exislence of UFOs- do you think, for external third party, like an alien craft, investigators
exomple, there qre cover-ups go:ng on? should concentrate more on the 'internal' phenomena
\A/hile conspiracy theories can be very compelling, I - the beliefs of the individuals concerned in abduction.
think it highly unlikely that there's global secrecyon The frequency and similarities in people claiming to
the subject - someone would have spilt the beans by have been abducted by aliens leads me to think that
now if there was indisputable there is a kind of global psychosis
evidence out there. I think there is
a cover-up of ignorance, rather €# DespitetheFreedomof
going on, a sharedconsciousness.
the origins of which could be
than suppression of the truth. If terrestrial as well as extraterrestrial.
governments are interested in Information Act, papers are This isn't to saythat abduction
UFOs - as I believe the evidence beingwithheld.I{o rational claims are alwaysimagination-
shows- it's because they want personcan claim there'sno there is definitely something
accessto that technology for goaernnxentcouer-up fascinating going on which science
military and commercial use. just doesn't yet understand.
Intelligence agencieswould nr
therefore have an interest in
== Do you think lhere's ony
keeping any information they might have secret from weight to qbducfion testimonies gcined
each other, but as yet I don't think they have any hard from hypnotic regression methods?
evidence to keep secret. They're as much in the dark I'm very suspicious of the regression techniques used
as most people, and it's this ignorance - this lack of to extract evidence of alien abduction. Indeed, in
evidence - that's covered up. 1988 I was instrumental in arrangine a moratorium

Do you think certqin UFOlogisrsore keen to

perpetuote the myfh of cover-ups?
Yes,sometimes they are. Conspiracy theories are
perpetuated by the commercial end of the UFO
community, keen to turn out dramatic stories and
cash in on the current climate of suspicion and
paranoia. This sensationalism creates a real danger
where any old rubbish can get published ro boost
salesand ratings. Then, if the story is later
discredited, it helps to demean serious research.
This is the opposite of the cover-up of ignorance - it
is the active marketing of nonsense. Both add to the
pool of misinformation and disinformation
surrounding UFOs.
Whilst BUFOR{ is a sober research group whose
work I largely respect, the dangers of commercialism
were becoming apparent and it's one of the reasons
why I have now left their council.
The power politics that appeared on the horizon
scared me. However, there are some excellent people
within BUFORA whose ideals I support, and I remain
a loyal member of the association.Indeed, I'm
optimistic that today's council will see things more
clearlv in the future.
for BUFORA which banned its use - the only UFO How should poronormol reseqrch be
group in the world to do so. developed in the future?
There are dangers with regression hypnotherapy. I have found that emotion is the key to that question;
If you have someone who genuinely believes they that often paranormal phenomena are triggered by
have been kidnapped by aliens, who visits a an emotional need in the subconsciousmind. Thus,
researcher who genuinely wants to prove that aliens in order for tests to be successful,you have to
abduct people, all kinds of self-fulfilling prophecies produce the emotional stimulus, The way to establish
can be established. It becomes easy,through these tests is by long-term co-operation with the
regression techniques and a individuals involved, ideall-vin
ce rtain line of que s ti o n i n g ,to association with psychologists or
generate 'memory' from fantasy. #€ 1s psychiatrists.
I know ofa researcher with no The danger is that Some people don't like the
medical backgrolnd who LlFOlogyis slipping from the involvement of doctors. It makes
hypnotized a six-year-oldalleged gresp of the UPO cornmunity them thi nk that they are i nsane.
abductee in the US, which I think and becominga plaything or that we - as researchers- are
is totally unethical. of marketforces doubting their saniry. However,
The dangers were also most witnessesare certainly
highlighted by the so-called satanic sincere and not mentally deluded.
child abuse casesa few years ago - ## Psychologistshelp to keep things
when the evidence for allegations was later proved balanced and objective.
to result from suggestivemethods of regressive My own specialist area is investigating claims of
hypnotism. A lot of damage was done to many paranormal experiences, and the psychologists I
families as a result of spurious evidence obtained work with are dedicated to understanding the
by these methods. workings of the human psyche. Often we attempt to
discover the truth behind paranormal experiences
Why hos reseqrch into the pqrqnormql by investigating the individual's belief in that
generolly fqiled lo come up with definirive experience. It can take months, even years - I've
qnSwers? been working with one alleged abductee since the
Becausethe laboratory experiments that have been mid 1970s;it all depends on the person involved.
devised just don't stimulate people. In the real world The mind will give up information at its own rate.
you see casesof ESP happening when it needs to You can force information out by intrusive
occur - in times of danger or distress,for example. techniques like hypnotherapy, but I believe it's best
This is what we should be concentrating on. Scientific fbr people to confront and understand therr
experiments in labs have failed to provide conclusive experiences in their own time. Real memory,
answers, so we have to find a new way. We need to how ever l ong i t takesto arri ve. w i ns over
perfect experiments that work in the real world. stimulated hypnotic memory any day.
FF
 €:=
,l ' i :..: i,

t-t'.-,
-TH
E P H Y S IE

- xi
6r
aptain James T. Kirk steps up have to scan every atom in his -: -t:g
-
. i .-E ;
to the transporteq nods at body. However, there are roughly
.9,
his chief engineer, and says 10" in total (that is, 1 followed by LA\^/RENC ENCE

re the fateful words: 'Energize, 28 zeros). Quite apart from the w@ M. KE

Mr Scott.'A moment later, the USS formidable task of storing this

Enterpriseexplodes, as a beam of
pure energy, equivalent to the
force of 1,000 one-megaton
hydrogen bombs, rips through its
hull, tearing the vesselapart - its
captain, crew and contents sucked
into the soullessvacuum of space.
It never happens like that in Sl,ar
Treh,but that, according to
physicists,is how it would happen
in real life. This cataclysmiceffect
woulcl result directly from the
energy released in trying to
vaporize Captain Kirk's body with a
'transporter beam'.
But even before Kirk is
vaporized, the transporter would
impossibly large volume of
information, and the time it would
take to retrieve it, a law of
quantum mechanics (the
minuscule world of subatomic
particles that underpins physical
reality) makes it impossible to read
the configuration of these atoms
accurately in the first place.
AR T OF TH E P OS S IB TE
Although Professor Lawrence
Krauss, a physicist at Case Western
Reserve University, and author of
I'he Physicsof Star ZreA,cites the
transporter as probably the most
' implausible' technological device
.::..:.p...:
A Almost every plot oI Star Trek
involves lighr-speed lrovel, onlimol{er
power ond tronsporter beoms - oll of
which, soys Lowrence Krquss in his
,11,,1,,.,.1;
,,:l1ll1;
book, Ihe Physics of Stor lrek (inset),
oreo|ongwoyfrombecomingrcality...;.;;.::;.:.;:..;;.:1:.1
on board the Enterprisa,he goes on
to say that not all the effects in
sci encefi cti orrare i rnpossi b le.I n
l act. many turn out ei ther to be
enti rel y possi bl eor l o have
occurred alreadr'.
Onlv 100 yearsago,.fulesVerne
u' asri di cul ed for the very i de a of
space travel, and H.C. Wells'
concepl ol ti me travelw as taken
 2 Snip" thot hove the power to
lrqvel vosi interstellqr distonces,
fike rhose fuirtured in lndependence
a: Day, ane cvrrenily woy beyond our
rechnologicol skills. According lo fhe
Theory o{ Relativi?y devised in | 91 5
by Albert Einirein (inset), nothing
con move foster thon 3OO,OOOkm
per second, the speed of light.
According to this principle, ir would
foke a spocecroft powered by our
conventionol meons mony yeors lo

""#, rovel the vost dislonces ocross lhe

universe. However, ihere is nothing
fo soy thot olien civiliiotions hove
not found woys oround this
problem using exotic fuel supplies
or qdvonced knowledge of the
fobric of spoce-lime. In focl,
olthough our presenl know-how
oullows deep spoce lrovel, mony
scientists hove qcknowledged thor
it is theorelicolly possible.

for what it was - pure fantasy.But
today, space travel is one of
science'smost shining examplesof
fact mirroring fiction, and time
tra vel is t hought b y s o me s c i e n l i s l s
to be possible - in theorl', at least.
Our achievements in space
exploration since the 1960shave
been remarkable, although the,vdo
n (J tm eas ur eup lL )l h e ro rrfi n e
interstellar flights that are the
stock-in-trade of outer-space
sciencefiction. Nor is there much
likelihood of this happening for a
very long time.
Interstellar travel would involve
travelling inconceivably vast
distances.Our galaxy alone, for
example, is approximately 100,000
light yearsacross.This means that
it would take at least a 100,000
years, travelling at the speed of
light - 300,000krn per second -
to get from one end of the galaxy
to the other.
OUTER t t Mt T s
The main dralvback is that
Einstein'sTheory of Relativity
rules that nothing rvith masscan
travel faster than the speed of
light; but travelling at just below
light speed, it wor,rldstill take years
to reach even the nearest stars.
Another problem is 'time
dilation'. Clocks on the spacecraft
w oul d sl orl dow n the neare r it s
velocity reached the speed of light.
Frrl ureasl ronaul sretttrtti n g t o
Earth would Iind that man,v
hundreds or even thousands
ofyears had passedsince they left,
much as Charlton Heston did in
the film The Planet of theApes.
Although this rvould seem to plrt
a dampener on would-be long-haul
spacefarers,all is not lost. In
theory, it appears that it is possible
to travel faster than the speed of
light compared to distant objects,
while staying still in relation to
your immediate surroundings.
To do this you would need to
create a'warp drive' by
manipulating spacetime - the four-
dimensional universe consisting of
Iength, breadth, height and time -
so that the spacebehind you
suddenly expanded by a huge
amount while the spacein front of
you shrank or collapsed. Provided
the space around your starship and
at your destination was not
disturbed, then, literally, in next to
no time at all, and involving
virtually no physical movement, you
would arrive at your destination
with all clocks synchronized.
SP AC E E X P TOR A TION
Mathematically, this is all very well,
but to 'bend' spacetime in this way
depends on there being the
correct balance of matter and
energy in the universe to create
the huge gravitational fields that
would be needed. Scientistsadmit,
however, that they simply do not
know if this is the case.
The problems of interstellar
travel are light-years ahead of the
kind of technological challenges
that are likely to face us in the
short-term. Among possible
projects for the not-too-distant
future are the development of
lunar basesfor research and the
exploitation of resources (oxygen,
for example. can be easily
harvested from the lunar soil).

reseorchond
ic tubei A moon base could also be used as
a stopping-off point on manned
missions to Mars.
In the long-term, scientiststhink
that if the carbon dioxide in the
rocks of Mars ('fixed' as carbonates,
like limestone rocks on Earth)
could somehow be released into
:i the atmosphere, the resulting
greenhouse effect, which causes
global warming on Earth and
Venus, could gradually lead to the
whole planet reaching tolerable
temperatures. Eventually, the
planet might be suitable for fbrms
l':'F"*-
h-*
$ elade Runner deols wirh
purpose-built ondroid
'repliconts' lhot perform the
dongerous qnd nqtty iobs thor
no-one else wonls to do. Hqlf
of the fechnology necessory for
rhis is olreody possible.
'MANNY' (inser) is oble lo
simulote sweoling ond
breofhing, qnd is used in the
US to tesf fire-fighting clothing
ond spoce suits. This fype of
reseorch is obviously too
dongerous lo qtlemPt on
humqns.
Unlike lhe repliconls in Bfode
Runner lhqf leorn to feel
emofion, geneficolly engineered
personolities ore nol yef
possible. Psychologislscloim
thot personolity is the result of
sociol bockground, upbringing,
life experiences, educoiion ond
numerous olher fqctors, most of
which qre outside the confines
of science.Moleculqr biology
qnd neurosciencemoy be oble
to tell us why some people
hove brown hoir, but they
cqnnot exploin the bosis for on
individuol's personolity.
,:: .
-. *"
" -+ . . ' .
.::-
:...::.:t :
.
',,.: 1
.[;l:: '
"..:ltilrr
j-l:i.. -
..=:::a:::_:.
.
:-:
i;:it,t:
1",.-it: '
i.: n
a,:'
of life adapted to high levels of
carbon dioxide (such as plants)
and cold temperatures. \i\rhether
we humans would want to go
there, though, is a different matter.
And whether we could afford to,
given the enormous costs of space
travel, is another consideration.
TIME ' S A R R OW
Time travel has been a basic
i ngredi ent of countl esssci ence
fiction films and novels, but ever
since Stephen Hawking turned his
attention to the subject, it has
acquired a certain respectability.
According to the eminent
professor, time travel rnay be a
possibility, but only in the vicinity
of black holes. These are stars that
have srown so large - about 1,000
times heavier than our own sun -
that their gravity makes them
collapse into themselves.Their
name comes from the fact that
their gravitational pull is so
powerful that not even light can
escapefrom them.
In theory, if two black holes
were to link up they would form a
wormhole - a kind of tunnel in
spacetime, as in the Star Trek series
DeepSpaceltline. It would then be
possible to travel through such a
w o rm h o l e to another poi nt i n
space and time.
tIF E OU T TH E R E
In practice, howeveq the
gravitational force of each black
hole would not only break the link
between them before you could get
through, it would tear you apart
before you even entered the
wormhole. Scientistsbelieve this
could be prevented if the holes
were jammed'with matter that
exerts an anti-gravitational force,
although no one knows how to
generate this to order.
A neat device often used by
science fiction writers to
counteract the technological
problems of crossing vast distances
in space is to have intelligent aliens
visit us. This assumesthat the
visiting extraterrestrials have
acquired the technology to
overcome the obstaclesimposed by
the laws of physics.

aa,:,:'..r,,:
...1:,ir::.i:..]ii.1.
..
,,,Molt,:scientistsare now willing to
1r,,11,,1
l:...,.!Cc,qpt-ttteidea that there is ot.her
else in the
-:;:.:,:r'rlifu'.somewhere
,jr,.l lverse. Their belief is inspired by
1ilttth. tu* of Very Big Numbers - with
s ofgalaxies, each
ning billion s o f s ta rs .l h e
:s,of there being at least
planet capable of
lasfronqmers are regularly
:,:,.'''t:discoveringstars which they reckon
Otnets orbiting them' The
,:;,,.,,,h".
,::::::.:ii:con!ensusamong astronomers rs
th at it will only be a ma tte r o f ti me
)efore more are identified.
UTE ORGANISMS
te what sort of lile thesc
will sustain, however, is
ible to know. In science
, the focus tends to be on
r the visiting aliens'
ntions are benign (as in the
buster film ET1 or hostile (as
IndependenceDay).
*iair.l:.g",the discoveryof life on Mars
l.:ln,Augrttt 1996,in the form of
ancient bacteria.suggeststhat in
realiqr any threat of invasion' is
likely to come - in the foreseeable
future at least - more from
minuscule organisms rather than
'super-beings'. The question of
possible contamination is being
taken very seriously in the design
of a manned space flight to Mars,
planned for the 21st century. If
33 le
Scienceficfion suggesfs
ideos thof fhqf scientists
incorporofe into their
theories bul somefimes
sc:ence furns up nofions
slronger thon ony fiction
StephenHowking,Theoreticol
Physicist
f f int n
there might be some sort of life
out there, the intention is to bring
it back to Earth under controlled
conditions - rather than stuck to
somebody's boot.
If there are indeed intelligent
aliens 'out there' with the means
of looking into deep space, the
chances of them findinq us are
I
.9
rare, even if thev knerv in which
sector of the universe to look. The
vast distance from which they
would be observing Earth means
that they would be seeing life as it
happened millions of years ago,
long before homosapiensappeared.
In effect, this rules out the idea of
alien invasions or abductions for
an indefinite period, unless, of
course, the 'aliens'visiting us are
time travellers from our own
planet's future.
H M r r LESS POSSr Br jl r r _ES
Even if in reality deep space turns
out to be a frontier too far for our
scientists,science fiction has
ventured into a number of other
worlds (such as bionics, genetic
engineering and artificial
intelligence) to offer a tantalizing
glimpse of what the future might
hold in store for us.
If many of these ideas seem
far-fetched at the time, this is no
reason to suppose that they will not
happen absolutely. As Professor
Krauss admits, scientistshave been
proven wrong rvhen assumrng E._.
'absolutes'in rhe pasr.
U$
 hemical and biological weapons are
some of the most terrifying tools of
mass destruction known to man.
Cheap and easy to produce, they
-have the ability to decimate the enemy, poi-
son crops and ensure generations ofdisease
and deformig' for those lucky enough to
survive. All this comes,at a fraction of the
cost of atomic weaponry and without the
need for massivetroop deployment.
By late 1947, US intelligence was well on
the way to attaining these apocalyptic
weapons, having obtained first-hand evi-
dence of the effects of numerous biological
agents on humans - including A.rnerican
prisoners of war - from secret deals with
Unit 731, Japan's biological warfare (BW)
team. and its leader. Shir6 Ishii.
The horror stories told by surviving
American POWs were covered up to spare
Ishii and his staff 'embarrassment', and
Western authorities granted full immunity
to those involved with Unit 731
so they could learn from their
g ruesome experi ments w i thout
outraging public decency. As a
Pentagon report in December
1947 coldly states: 'Such informa-
tion could not be obtained in our own latr I Gnorled trees ore oll
oratories because of scruples attached to thol remoin in on oaeo'
human experimentation. These data were Vietnom dusred with
acquired with a total outlay of $250,000 to defoliont Agent Oroi
date, a mere pittance...' The biologicol worfo
:
techniques used in
G U ITTY SECRET Vietnom Wor rerulted
For this 'pittance', the British and US gov- from 20 yeors of t
ernments obtained comprehensive details lests on rhe US public. r
of the effects of BW on humans. They also Indeed, rhe milirory
received accounts of live autopsies, dissec-
tions and experiments on foetuses and
l",li;^,"#,J*'
development of bi,ol;
,
young babies. The symptoms of plague, worfore wirh o higher
typhoid, venereal diseases, smallpox, degree of secrecy thon
gangrene, salmonella, scarlet fever, diph- the eorly nucleor
theria, tetanus, whooping cough and
 :::: :i::.:;'=: ::r:=:
- ---

i.-:.,,," =*r:

:i;
, t,u

countless other agonizir-rsdiseaseswere progr.unnre of 'dumrny' attacks on some of

also carefully documer)ted ancl handecl theil orr'n rnajor cities to establish the most
over. The fact that the \{est allorved Ishii - e l l c r t i r t r r e l l l o d s o f m a s s c o n t a m i lta ti u l r .
whose crimes were on par rvith sorne of thc \\-ith the onset of the Cold \\rar in the
rvorst Nazi war criminals - to escapeprose- 1!150s.the Perrtagon became rvorried that
cution is one of the darkcst secrets of a Rtrssian submarine could e nte r US
\{brld \{hr II, and rvas withhelcl as classi- \\'ilters. r-elease a cloud of bacteria ancl clis-
fied inlbrmation for or.er 30 I'ears. lrppear before the poptrlace even lealized
Armed rvith the knorvledge of' exactll it had been infected. So, in Scptember
u,hich diseases rn:rcle iclearl B\\' agents. 1!150, trvo Nary patrol boats in the San
\A/estern governmeuts began a shocking Francisco Bay harbour rele2tsed il clor.rcl of
Serratia Marcescens - a relativeh harmless
bacteria developed at the UK biolosical
plant, Porton Dorvn.

HUMAN GUINEA PIGS

After six of these 'mock' att:rcks.it rr"ascon-
ch.rdedthat 300 km sq of the San Friucisccr
area had been infectecl. titl-r almost the
entire population - sonre80{).000- havins
breathed in the bactelia. Tl.re cxperiment
proved that a rnajol US citv rr"astotalll'
unable to defend itself againstnrasscotlta-
mination froln lr'ind-bornebacteria.
ffbwever, the By the late 1950s,the US,\-mr.'had also
conducted fi el d tests i n S ar , anr r : r h,
(J.eorgia, and Atrn Park, Florida. Vast
numbers of mosquitoes were clropped
from aircraft into resiclentialareas- a Unit

s virus that causeshigh temperature, vomit-
p
: ability to biological attack were performed
o heard. This was identified as an Americanl
=
; h e l o o ke d l i ke ... he could
l
-
A During the Vielnom
conflicf, rhe US cloimed
thol the use of Agen!
Oronge to destroy lungle
cover wos nor illegol
becquse defoliqnts were
not outlowed by the
| 925 Genevo Protocol.
Opponenfs to the wor
orgued thot the
indiscriminole deslruclion
of vegelolion wos o
colculoted ot?empt to
poison crops ond inflicr
storvolion. Survivors of
the gossing, such os Vu
Thi Lom (inset, centre),
still suffer the effects, os
do their children, mony
of whom ore born with
genelic deformities.
731 technique. Local residents suffering
under swarms of the insects fell ill, while
others died. Following this, US military
p e rsonnel - mas-
q u e radi ng as publ i c
h e a lth offi ci al s- put
each victim through
a s e ri es of medi cal
te s ts. A l though the
details remain classi-
fi e d , i t i s bel i eved
the mosquitoes were
inlected with a strain
of Yellow Fever - a
ing, and death in one in three sufferers.
Further tests to ascertain a ciq"s \.ulner-
rhroughout the 1950sand 1960sin Britain,
33 tr
I will never forget whof
not lie down, he could not
see. His eyes, like mine,
were ierking erroticolly
Don Bowen,FormerUS Servicemon
u\
,,
Canada and the US, culminating in an
assault on New York City in 1966. Top-
secret Army agents of the Chemical Corps
Special Operations Division sprayed the
bacteria Bacillus into subway stations
via gratings at peak commuter times.
Turbulence from the trains proved to be
an ideal way to rapidly spread the germs
throughout the city.
M U T U AT D ES T R U C TION
It was estimated that the assault 'infected'
up to a million people, and scientists con-
cluded that again there was no way to
defend against an enemy attack. With this
knowledge, the US stepped up its research
into offensive military applications - if it
was impossible to survive an enemy attack,
mutual destruction by means of massinfec-
tion should at least be guaranteed.
Knowledge gained from covert domestic
test programmes was not put to active mili-
tary use until the Korean war. One incident
concerned the Korean villagers of Min-
Chung, who heard a plane flying over their
roofsat night. Theywokethe next morning
to cliscover
a largenumber:tut..1:":lot
them dead and many of them with frac-
tured legs. Panic stricken. the villagers ,-.
killed and burned all but four. Tests con- -.'
ducted on one surviving vole showed it was '
inlected with the plague.
Such was the furore caused by this and
other i nci denl s.that an i nternati onalbody
was formed to investigate.Their findings,
ptrblished in the Report of the International
ScientfficCommissionfor the Facts Concerning
Bacterial Warfare in Korea and China were
damning. Reviewing the Min-Chungviltage
incident, the report states:'There remains
no doubt that a large number of voles suf-
fering from plague were delivered to the
district of Kan-Nanduring the night of April
4-5 1952, by the aircraft which the villagers,
F-82double-fuselagenight-fighter.' The US
heatedl ydeni ed the al l egati ons.
D E A TH IN TH E JU N GTE
Biological warfare featured again in US
i nvol vement i n V i etnam. D el ol i ants wer e
used to stri p the j ungl e of the densevege-
l ati on rhal served as cover for the Viet
Cong. Food crops were destroyed to starve
and demoral i ze enemy sol di ersand t heir
sympathizers.Approximately 26.000 varia-
tions of herbicides and defoliants were
investigatedfor possible use in south-east
Asia. From these. six were chosen to strip
rhe jungle. These were known as Agents
;:
Purple, Green, Blue. White.
Orange and Pink after colour
co ding on t heir co n ra i n e rsO
. I
all of these,Agent Orange was
|-lt. most powerful, and was
used to strip particularlydense
*.u, of u.j.intio,,. The chem-
icalwascomprisedof defoliant
'-.'
245-T,rhe result o[ a Brirish

deadly dioxint the combina-

tion accelerated growth in
trees and bushes,leaving them
crippled and rotting under
their own weight. It also had
terrible effectson humans.
' O per at ion Ra n c h H a n d '
,I :
succeeded
-----1
in sprafng Agent
Orange over an area roughly
equivalentto the sizeo[ Israel. ::'
By the end of the campaign
Asia, the Pentagon insisted that the nse of A Victims of the Sorin gos
ingredient dioxin had been deposited over chemicals to destroyjungle vegetation did oifqck on the Tokyo
Vietnam. (To put this into perspective. just not violate any international agreemeltts. subwoy system loy dying
85 g of the deadly toxin in the water supply Despite this stance, it was obvious that the in one of lhe stofions.
of Washington DC is enough to kill the effects of the defoliants went much further Although lhe Aum
city's population.) Horrible deformities in than just denuding the jungle, and US Shinriyko secl, who were
newly born babies were reported, as was a opponents to the Vietnam war lobbied blomed for the gossing,
three-fold increase in children born with hard to end the use of Agent Orange. In ocquired sophisricoted
cleft palates and spina bifida and a two-fold L977, the government caved in to demands weoponry from the Russiqn
increase in srill-borns. and the Biological Weapons Convenrion intelligence services in
In response to mounting evidence pre- came into effect, outlawing BW on the 1991, reseorchersore now
sented by Saigon doctors that the US had grounds that it was 'repugnant to the con- <osting doubt over their
.
an active -BW- : programme in South-east
science of mankind'. Experimentation, involvemenf in the subwoy
however, continued behind closed doors. strike. A more powerful
s group, consisting of 'o
= FU TU R E WAR Joponese group ond o
p

Today, the US government view prolifera- foreign group' moy hove

.9 tion in biological weapons with great been responsible, using the
I unease.As the 'poor man's nuke', BW is gossing to either discredit
o
I
an attractive and affordable option. qnd disbqnd the Aum secl,
During the Gulf War, the allied or divert oftenlion owoy
forces were extremely wary of B\\- from their reol inlentions.
attacks, where the combination of
hot weather and sweaty skin
would make soldiers highly sus-
ceptible to biological agents.
Prior to the invasion of
Kuwait, it was known that Iraq
had stockpiled numeror-rs BW
weapons and was actively inves-
tigating a range of delivery sys-
tems. Weapons, including 28 SCUD
missiles loaded with Sarin, 800 Frcnr Frtr I
nerve agent aerial bombs, 60 tonnes havc.d*raifcdcvidr
of the nerve aqent Tabun and 250 l*t'",'"ifllf,i:,
Lrclr r6g1lf3slya.,
()nc group
^ rcrr
jfi.irg::i,:';
rr0* rll tlx ularrr
trrggc rc d * .l x .n 1fuq
lr({tF r{trttC fnllE
il(Ud itilrt,li
 tonnes of mustard gas survived the massive
allied bombins, and there is suspicion,fol-
lowing the BW strikes on the Iraqi sector of
Kurdistan in the late 1980s, that Sadclam
Hussein may have been experimenting
with BW against allied forces.

T ER R OR IN THE SUBWAY
While the use of BW agents in a military
context is in itself' alarming, there are
fears that terrorists can gain access to
these weapons and use them indiscrimi-
nately in dense population centres. One
such recent event caused alarm around
=.1 the world. The Tokyo subway Sarin attack
: . : ; l' lt r

t. in March 1995, purportedly by members

.,t of the Aum Shinriyko sect, resulted in 12

33 1*.
o
o
o

e
My son died o senseless
o n d p o i n fu l d e oth. W hen
w i l l t g e t q n onswer ?
My iewel hos gone forever
M o th e r o f Gu f Wo r Ve te r o n,Mi choel A dcock

V During rhe l98Os, nr

British, Europeon ond
Americon monufoclurers
supplied Soddom Hussein's
lroq with BW equipment
ond chemicol precursors
thot resulted in o horrific
gos otfock on Kurds in
Holobio on l7 Morch
1988, which left over
5,OOOpeople deod.
Velerons relurning f rom
rhe Gulf olso hod
symptoms consistent with
BW poisoning, olrhough
the Wesf denies thot
chemicqls were used
ogoinst ollied forces.
c Itritl
x{*din:xl*x$}
,,
fatalities. Had the chemical mixture and
dispersion system been slightly different,
the death toll could have been in the tens
of thousands.
It is now known that the Aum sect was
cledicated to a cataclysmic confrontation
with the West ancl that the acquisition of
BW may have been supplied by Russia,
keen to win Japanese financial aid. The
A u m s e c t, i t i s b e l i e ved, penetrated
Russia'sdefence industries with the aicl of
th e R rrs s i a ni n tc l l i g e rr<c s ervi ces.
The rise of organized crime in Russia
has raised fears in the West that BW knowl-
edge could easily be exchanged on rhe
b l a c k m a rk e t. T h e ti ny concenl ral es
needed to mount an attack similar to the
o unleashed a new and horrific breed
Tokyo subway incident are frighteningly
easv to conceal. Developments in 'binary
combinations', whereby two harmless
chemicals can be combinecl into lethal
agents, means that BW weapons could
theorcti cal l ybe produccd bv arryorganiza-
ti on determi ned to do so.
NEW BREED OF W A R FA R E
It seems dor-rbtful that Britain and the US
coul d have predi crt' dthcsc modern th r eat s
of BW when they decicled to shroud the
events of Unit 731 in secrecy.Yet experi-
mentation with weapons of such destruc-
ti ve potenti al ,so soon after the devas lat ing
strikes on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, some-
times defies belief. In laying the founda-
ri ons for \4brl d !\' ar IIl . rhe West

;l*$'ffi
:t l(j t
p
hil of death upon the world.

l*ffi;ii
{l
rrh l:
.^t

g',xti,{:Sx'.tl
l. ! l d
h fl f
llr r. -l
t' l l . l
,,,,1il.l",..,,'.:',',',.;,1,J.y,l,;,i1,
THESE,LF-HE.ALING

FoR ovER A THOUSANDYEARS,FOILOWERS

OFA MIooIe EnsrrnrusEcTHAVEBEEN
PERFORMINGAMAZING FEATSWHITE IN A
TRANcE.NEw RESEARcH
AIMs To DIscovER
TH E S O UR C EO F T H E I RPOWERS
n the mid-l9th century, in a
town in northern Kurdistan
in Iraq, Sheik Abdul Carim
: was instructed by his Sufi
dervish master to go on a retreat
into the mountains. He did so, and
was not heard from for two years.
His family assumed he was dead.
T hen. one nigh t. C a ri m
appeared to his brother in a dream
and revealed his whereabouts. The
next day his family went up to the
mountain and fetched him home.
itself by bestowing on its followers
- at the same time as they were
initiated into the order - the
power to inflict pain-free
Deliberately Caused Bodily
Damage (DCBD). This was
followed with SRs,or Super
Reactions - the instant healing of
these wounds.
Since the mid-l980s, Jamal
N. Hussein, a young University of
Baghdad graduate with a Ph.D in
Physics,has attempted to shine the o

It seemed that Carim had been light of science on the healing

communing with God during his reputation of the Tariqa. Hussein o
o

tlvo-year retreat. A casnazan - a approached Sheik Muhammad

'secret that no one knows' - had s
al-Casnazani,the present Master of
been given to him in deep
meditation. From that point on his
sect of Sufi dervishes would be
known as Tariqa Casnazaniyyah *
meaning 'the way that is known to
n o one' .

SP I RI T UA T S U F IS
Since the 6th century AD, the Sufis
- an offshoot oflslam that focuses
on the spiritual side of the prophet
Mohammed's teachings - have
demonstrated their powers by
producing paranormal ) The Moloysion Kqovqdi ceremony
phenomena, often in the form of involves the insertion of lO8 needles
self-inflicted wounds that heal in rhe body (inser| while the performer
instantly and painlessly. is in o trqnce. loler, when the needles
The more recenl Tariqa ore removed, no blood or wounds con
Casnazaniyah sect began to define be seen.
2r
The heoling
- of rhe
g Tariqa Casnazaniyyah,and asked if
he would allow some of his
dervishes to undergo testing under

serious wounds induced

in DCBDfeots ore not ffi
&r
strict laboratory conditions.
Hussein's goal was to unlock the
secretsof their paranormal
known to be wirhin rhe
self-heoling obiliry of
ffi
ffi
healing powers.

the humon body in FU N D IN G RESEARCH

n o rmo l ci rcum sfqnces
PoromonnReseorchReport
g To Hussein's delight, Sheik
al-Casnazaniagreed to allow his

n\ =. dervishes to be tested and

instructed his followers to
,, volunteer for the experiments. The
master was even willing to fund the
experiments, at least until Hussein
was able to obtain wider backing.
Thus was born the Paramann
Programme Laboratories (PPL),
located in Amman,Jordan, where,
beginning in 1988, a series of 50
experiments was carried out on 28
. sect members. The results of those
l4M' experi mentsare onl y j ust now
becoming known to the West.

ffi*" % The dervishes shoved

unsterilized metal skewersand
spikes through their cheeks,

tongue, lower part of the mouth,
lobe of the ear, neck, arms, chest
and abdomen. They hammered
daggers into the sides of their skulls
and just below the eyes.They
chewed and swallowed glass and
sharp razor blades, placed red-hot
plates between their hands and
their teeth, laid burning brands
against their faces, arms and legs
for five to fifteen seconds,and
exposed their tongues to the bites
of poisonous snakesand scorpions.
In every caseobserved by the
researchers,the dervishes never
once felt pain. The DCBD healed
o
I
o A wide range of
s
E also showed no deviation from
P
A Sheik Muhommod ol-Cosnozoni is
the present Mosler of rhe self-heoling
dervishes. He permitted the reseorch
info the sect which hos led ro
cworeness in the Wesf of their powers.
to accept what they had been told
in the first place. The self-healing.
powers o[ the dervishes- which
the dervishes had no control over
and did not understand - had
been given to them during their
initiation into the order of Tariqa
Casnazaniyyah.
Religious instruction and the
recitation of vows were part of the
service, but these had nothing to
do with the bestowing of DCBD
powers. It was required only that a
califa (one of a small number of
carefully chosen 'deputies of the
Master' empowered to
crbate new dervishes) lay a
hand on the initiate
for three minutes,
usuallv in the
form of a
and disappeared in a few seconds. handshake.
Usually, a few drops of blood
initially covered the wound; in rare
instances a blood line of a few
centimetres long appeared, then
disappeared. No infections
followed, even though unsterilized
instruments had been used. The
researcherscalled this instant
healing Super Reaction (SR).
IN TOTA T C ON TR OL
'Before, during, and after their
performances the dervishes
remained entirely alert and able
to respond consciously and
promptly to external stimuli in
the surrounding environment,'
Dr Hussein says.'They were in
complete command of their
bodies. senses.and
consciousness,and showed no
loss of control, perceptual
distortion, or any other
indication of shift in their
normal consciousness.'
physiological measurements
n o rm a l i ty.N otabl y,l he sci enri sts
observed no increase in the
presence of slow frequencies in
the EEG of the subjects.
After months of intense
+
;+
analysis,the researchershad
 Curiously, the dervishes could
not heal themselvesif they had
suffered an injury in the normal
manner. The researchersalso
discovered that a handful of their
non-califa DCBD-empowered
subjects- apparently those with
very strong wills - could somehow
temporarily force their powers on
non-dervishes, even if the person
d i d n ot want t hem . Th e s c i e n ti s ts
dubbed this ability Sponraneous
Transmission(ST).
In a few cases,dervishes at the
Paramann labs were able to instill
these powers in non-dervish
subjectspermanently. Sometimes
dervisheswere also able to take
away these powers - er-en frorn
those to whom thev had not
given them, and even,when
the non-dervisheshad been
performing their own brand
of DCBD feats for years. In
rare cases,non-dervishes who
had received paranormal
powers were able to bestow
these powers on other
non-dervishes.
{ Some Sufis ore
-.$nown in the West qs
'ihirling dervishes,
they donce
into a
sfqte of
E
-.9
.=t- ,
The Paramann researchers
came slowly round to the
conclusion - despite a crushing
weight of literature insisting that
these 'self-healing' powers must
come from an altered state of
consciousnessgenerated by the
dervish himself - that they were
dealing not with 'self-healing' but
w i th ' o th e rs -heal i ng' .
OU T SID E FOR C E
The researchersobserved that the
dervishesx'ere able to perform
the DCBD feats equallr'n'ell
rvhethel ther had received their
po\rers a minr,rteor 20 r'e:rrs
previouslr',u'hether ther-rverein a
good state of health or a bad olle,
whether they believed in the
reality of the powers or not, and
whether or not they had any need
to perform them. It seemed that
the performance of the feats had
nothing to do with psychological
and personal components such as
knowledge and understanding of
the DCBD process,motivation,
belief or need.
The fact that no changes
whatsoever took place in the brains
of the performing denishes
suggestedthey were in the grip of
a force that came from outside.
'\Arhatexcites me,' saysParamann
associateDr. Shetha Al-Dargazelli,
who received her doctorate in
physicslrom Durham University,
England, 'is that we may here be
deal i ng w i th a ki nd of i nrel l i gent
---- J-
a-
rt rrm
Think of the possibiliries
for firemen. Shudder ot
the possibiliries for
soldier s ond whqt fhof
might do for the
ombifions of milifory
leoders
Dr DonielJ. Benor,BritishPsychiotrist
-n\ ,,
healing energv that is qualitatively
different from anything observed
by science up till now.'
Modern science has been loathe
to investigate the kind of
phenomena put on display by the
Paramann laboratories. \Ahere it
does so, the information received
i s so contradi croryrhat i r suggest s
the investigation of paranormal
phenomena is completely lacking
in anv kind of comprehensive
conceptualbasi s.In papersand
presentations, Paramann

* I
d
o tt
s
ltlt
-l
.+-:-l l
'-
!
:
researchersat Durham and in
Amman are seeking to begin to lay
the groundwork for such a
conceptual framework.
To isolate and then control the
secrets of the power behind Sufi
dervish DCBDs would bestow vast
- and potentially threatening -
powers upon humankind. And yet
to enable everyone accessto the
'self-healing' powers of dervishes
is indeed the ultimate goal of the
scientists at the Paramann
Programme Laboratories.
D A U N TIN G TA S K
LouayJ. Fatoohi, a graduate in
physics at Durham University and
a close associateofJamal Hussein,
has said that'before being able to
gain any degree of mastery over
these abilities and employ them
in medicine, a reasonable
understanding of these
phenomena must become much
more accessible.'
ForJamal Hussein and his
colleagues, the tendency of
Western science to try to explain
away - or even to refuse to
acknowledge the existence of
DCBD feats - has combined with
the uncertain political climate of
the Middle East to make the PPL
director's task a difficult one.
So far,Jamal Hussein has
presented the Tariqa
Casnazaniyyahderrishes to
audiencesat conferenceson the
medical applicationsof loga in
India; on alternatile medicine in
Brazil and in the Crimea. in
Russia;and on DCBDs and
unconventional healins methods
in Baghdad.
The Amman-based scientist has
continued to work torvards
organizing a conference that
would present DCBD feats to the
W est,and he i s contacti rrger linenr
I. I.
.ltl-
It could well op en
o new er q in med i c i ne,
qnd consequently c oul d
well be r esponsi bl e
for unprecedenfed
improvement in fhe
welfore of humonity
LouoyJ. Fotoohi,DurhomUniversity
E\'
scientistswith a rierr' to forming an
International Board of Researchers
to conductjoint researcheson"
DCBD feats. \\hat are his chances
for successiThe progrrosisis
indeed a difficult one, believes
Hussein. It is, indeed. a'secret that
no one knon's'.
It is Hussein'shope that, on a
mountain top in Northern Iraq
some 150 years ago, it was decided
that these self-healing powers
should be given to the world.
The 'secretthat no one knows',
given by God to Sheik Abdul
Carim Iraq and passeddown from
master to master, is a
continuing mystery. ffi*