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a'gufwmar0if;jrifhonf r&rf;ukef;òrd he,frJqENe,ftrSwf (2)wGif trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pD
tzJG@csKyftm; udk,fpm;ðyI 0ifa&muf,SOfòydifcJh&m ckdifvkHrJ (20˜513) rJ/ pkpkaygif; rJ&mckdifE_ef; (74²18)
jzifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif; cHcJh&onf?
armfvòrdiòf rd Zh mwd jzpfonf? 1950 jynfEh pS /f rwfv (8) &ufae@wiG f arG;zGm;onf?OD;aomif;
!Gef@.orD; jzpfonf? a'gufwmar0if;jrifhonf 1967 ckESpfwGif aq;wuUodkvf (1) rSq&m0efbJG@&&SdcJh
onf? 1978 ckESpfrS 1981 ckESpftxd ajrmufOuUvmyESifh ausmufwHwm; or0g,r tcsdefykdif;q&m
0ef/ 1981 ckESpfrS 1983 ckESpftxd vufaxmufq&m0ef (&efukefjynfol@aq;±kH}uD;) / 1983 ckESpf rS
1988 ckESpftxd q&m0ef (orkdif; roefrpGrf;txl;ukaq;±kH)/ 1988ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv (31) &uf
ae@wGif 0efxrf;tjzpfrS EkwfxGufonf? r&rf;ukef;òrd he,ftrsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG@csKyfwGif twGif;a&;
rSL;wm0ef,lcJhonf? 1997 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv(28) &ufae@wGif r&rf;ukef;òrd he,f tzJG@csKyf±kH;wGif
tzJG@csKyfvli,frsm;wm0efay;tyfjcif; tpnf;ta0;ðyvkyf&efpDpOfcJh&m tpkd;&qef@usifa&; qlylv_yf&Sm;
r_ðyvkyf&ef pDpOfcJhonf[kqkdum 1997ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv (26) &ufae@wGif &efukef taemufykdif;c±kdif
w&m;±kH;Y 1950 jynfhESpf/ ta&;ay:pDrHcsuf tufOya' yk'fr 5 (n)jzifh tr_zGifhw&m;pJGqkdcJh+yD;/ 1997
ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (9) &ufae@wGiftvkyfESifhaxmif'%f (7)ESpf csrSwfcJhonf?
2004 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv (23)&uf ae@wGif yk'fr 10(u) jzifh aemufxyf&ufaygif; (60)csrSwf
cJhonf? 2005 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (2)&ufae@wGif yk'fr 10(u) jzifh xyfwkd;jypf'%f (1)ESpf csrSwfcHcJh
&onf? 2006 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (3)&ufae@wGif wzefaemufxyf jypf'%f (1) ESpfcsrSwfjcif; cH&
onf? rw&m;ojzifhESpf&Snfaxmif'%f uscHcJh&onf?vuf&Sd A[dktrsdK;orD;tzGJacgif;aqmif wm0efudk
xrf;aqmifv#u&f o dS nf? A[dt k vkytf r_aqmiftaxmuftulðytzG@J wiG yf g0ifaqmif&u G cf +Jh yD; 2010 ckEpS /f
ZEM0g&Dv (14)&ufae@wGifA[dk tvkyftr_aqmifwm0efudk ay;tyfjcif;cHcJh&ygonf?
a'gufwm oef;+idrf;
&efukefwkdif;/ ausmufwef;òrd he,f
rJ q EN e ,f t rS w f (1)/
a'gufwmoef;+idrf;onf ausmufwef;òrd he,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (1)wGiftrsKd;om;'Drkdua&pD

tzJG@csKyftm; udk,fpm;ðyI 0ifa&muf,SOfòydifcJh&m ckdifvkHrJ (17˜018) rJ/ pkpkaygif;rJ &mckdifE_ef; (64 ²
95)jzifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif; cHcJh&onf? ausmufwef;òrd he,f/ caemif&GmZmwdjzpfonf? 1937ckESpf/
=o*kwfv (5)&ufae@zGm;jzpfonf? OD;armifpdef.om; jzpfonf? a'gufwmoef;+idrf;onf òrd hrtxuf
wef;ausmif; (&efukef)rS wuUokdvf0ifwef;atmifjrifI &efukefaq;wuUodkvfrS 1963 ckESpfwGif q&m
0efb@GJ &&Scd o
hJ nf?
1964 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpftxd usrf;rma&;OD;pD;Xme vufaxmufq&m0ef/ òrd he,f q&m0ef/
1982 ckESpfrS 1984 ckESpftxd oD&dvuFmEkdifiHwGifukvor*~ apwemh0efxrf; q&m0ef/ 1350 jynfh
(1988ckESpf) jynfol@ 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfykH}uD;wGifygI tvkyfrS t+idrf;pm;ay; jcif;cHcJh&onf?
xkd@aemufudk,fydkifaq;ukcef; zGifhvSpfvkyfudkifcJhonf? 1997 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (21) &ufae@
wGif omauw&Jpcef;rS zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJh+yD; / 1972 ckESpf/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH jynfol@usef;rm
a&;qkid &f m Oya'yk'rf 9 (1) (*) t& tr_ziG hf ta&;,ljcif;cHc&hJ onf? 1997ckEpS /f atmufwb dk mv
(28) &ufae@ wGif r&rf;ukef;òrd he,ftzJG@csKyf±kH;wGif tzJG@csKyfvli,frsm;wm0efay;tyfjcif; tpnf;t
a0;ðyvkyf&efpDpOfcJh&m tpkd;&qef@usifa&;qlylv_yf&Sm;r_ðyvkyf&ef pDpOfcJhonf [kqkdum 1997 ckESpf/ az
azmf0g&Dv (17) &ufae@wGif zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif;cHcJh&+yD;/ 1997 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv (26) &ufae@wGif
&efukeftaemuf ydkif;c±kdif w&m;±kH;Y 1950 jynfhESpf/ ta&;ay:pDrHr_ tufOya' yk'fr 5 (n) jzifhtr_
zGifhw&m;pJGqkdcJhI/ 1997 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (9) &ufae@wGif tvkyfESifhaxmif'%f(7)ESpfuscHcJh&onf?
2004 ckEpS /f Zlvidk vf (23) &ufae@wiG f vGw&f ufaphaeaomfvnf; yk'rf 10 (u) jzifah emuf
xyfjypf'%faygif; (60) pD okH;}udrfcsrSwfcJh+yD;aemuf 2004 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (21) &ufae@wGif tif;
pdefA[dktusOf;axmifrS om,m0wDtusOf;axmif/ xkdrSaygif;wnfaxmifxkdrSjynftusOf;axmifwkd@okd@
tqifq h ifah jymif;a&$ ch o
hJ nf? 2005 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v
D (5) &ufae@wiG f wzef xyfw;dk jypf'%f (1)ESpf
csrSwfjcif;cHcJh&onf//2006 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (18) &ufae hwGifyk'fr10(u)jzifh aemufxyf axmif'%f
(1) ESpf wkd;jr‡ifhcsrSwfjcif; cHcJh&onf// rw&m;ojzifhESpf&Snfaxmif'%fuscHcJ&+yD;2008ckESpf?pufwifbmv
(23)&ufae hwGifjyefvnfvGwfajrmufcJhygonf// trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyf &efukefwdkif; 'k-OuUÏ
wm0efudkxrf;aqmifvsuf&Sd+yD; 2010 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv(14) &ufaewGif A[dktvkyftraqmifwm0efudk
ay;tyfjcif;cHcJh&ygonf//
O ;D [Homjri
mjriffh
ppfukdif;wkdif;/ bkwvifòrd he,f
rJ q EN e ,f t rS w f ( 1)
trsKd ; om;'D r k d u a&pD t zJ G h c sKyf / /
OD;[Homjrifhonf bkwvifòrd he,frJqENe,ftrSwf (1)wGif trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG hcsKyf tm;

udk,fpm;jyK0ifa&muf,SOfòydifcJh&m ckdifvkHrJ (16˜645)rJ? pkpkaygif;rJ&mckdifE_ef; (80²85)jzifha&G;cs,f
wifajr‡mufjcif; cHcJh&onf//tz OD;odef;azjrifh (pma&;q&m? uG,fvGef)? trd a':cif=unf=unf(t+idrf;

pm;?&efukefwuUokdvf? ±lyaA'Xme)wkd hrS 1948 ckESpf? arv (7)&ufae hwGif &efukefòrd hwGif arG;zGm;cJh
onf// zcif OD;ode;f azjrifrh mS bkwvifòrd Zh mwdjzpf+yD;? 1956 ckEpS rf S 1960 jynfEh pS t f wGi;f bkwvifòrd h
e,f rJqENe,frS jynfol hnDnGwfa&;trsKd;om;wyfaygif;pk ( y-r-n-w)ukd,fpm;jyK jynfol hv$wf
awmftrwfjzpfcJhonf//
OD;[Homjrihfonf 1953 ckESpfrS 1958 ckESpftxd &efukefòrd h?omoemh&dyfom&yfuGuf? r[m
"r<m±kH ausmif;0if;twGif;&Sd jrLeDpDyg,frlvwef;ausmif;wGifynmoif=um;cJh+yD; xkdausmif;rS (4)wef;
atmifjrifcJhonf/ 1958 ckESpf/ ZGefvrS 1964 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dvtxd &efukefwuUokdvfynma&;
r[mXme? avhusifha&; ausmif;wGif yOPrwef;rSwuUokdvf0ifwef;txd ynmoif=um;cJhonf/ 1964
ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvrSpI &efukefwuUokdvfwGifv#yfppfqufoG,fa&;tif*sifeD,mbmom&yfukdoif=um;
cJh+yD;/ 1970 jynfhESpf/ =o*kwfvwGif aemufqkH;ESpfpmar;yJGatmifjrifI pufr_tif*sifeD,m (v#yfppf
qufoG,fa&;)bJG h&cJhonf// tqkdygvwGifyif pmwkdufESifha=u;eef;XmewGif vufaxmuftif*sifeD,m
oifwef;q&mtjzpf 0efxrf;b0 pwifcJhonf//
rGejf ynfe,f/ u&ifjynfe,f/ weoFm&Dwidk ;f wdk w h iG f e,fyikd af =u;eef;0efaxmuftjzpfvnf;aumif;/
pDrHudef;tif*sifeD,mtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,frefae*smtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ armfvòrdif ykodrf
awmif}uD;/ &efuek òf rd rh sm;wGif tajcpku d I
f jrefrmjynftESH t h jym;vSnv hf nfwm0efxrf;aqmifc+hJ yD;? 1986
ck E S p f r S p I 'k w d , }uD ; =uyf r _ t if * sif e D , m (rd k u U ± k d a 0h z f ) tjzpf w m0ef x rf ; aqmif c J h o nf / Ed k i f i H h
wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOfumvtwGif; qDG'ifEdkifiH/ ukd&D;,m;orRwEkdifiH/ *syefEkdifiH/ puFmylorRwEdkifiH
wkd hwGif u|rf;usifr_oifwef;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;cGifoifwef;rsm;wufa&mufcJhonf//
1986 ckESpf/ ZlvkdifvtwGif; xkdif;EdkifiH/ befaumufòrd hwGif usif;yaomtm&SESifhypdzdwfa'o
a=u;eef;qufo, G af &;tzJG ph ufrq_ idk &f mtpnf;ta0;okd h jrefrmEdik if u H , kd pf m;vS,t f zG@J acgiaf qmif tjzpf
wufa&mufcJhonf/ 1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvESif pufwifbmv jynfol'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; wGif
b0wl0efxrf;rsm;ESifhtwl yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhonf// 1988 ckESpf/atmufwkdbmvwGifwm 0efrSt+idrf;pm;
ay;jcif;cHcJh&onf/ 1989 ckESpf/azazmf0g&DvwGiftrsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG hcsKyf yJcl;wdkif; pnf;±kH;a&;tzJG h/
wkid ;f pnf;±k;H a&;rSL; (t&ef)tjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cHc&hJ onf/yJc;l wkid ;f jrdK eh ,f t h ESH h pnf;±k;H a&;vkyif ef;rsm;
aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1989 ckESpf {+yDvwGif trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG hcsKyf A[kdukefoG,fpD;yGm;tzJG hwGif
tzJG 0h iftjzpf yg0ifchJ onf/ 1996 ckEpS /f ZGev f (7)&ufae w h iG jf ynfol h v$waf wmfu, dk pf m;vS,t f jzpfrS
Ekwx f u G af =umif; ygwpD 'Hk rD u
dk a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usi;f ya&; aumfr&Sirf S a=unmcJo h nf/ ,cktcg
&efukefòrd h&efuif;òrd he,fwGifaexdkifv#uf&Sd+yD; trsKd;om;'Drdku a&pDtzGJ hcsKyf A[dkjyef=um;a&;wGif
tcsd e f j ynf h w m0ef x rf ; aqmif a eygonf / A[d k t vk y f t r_ a qmif taxmuf t ul t zG J h w G i f y g0if
aqmif&GufcJh+yD; 2010 ckESpf/ ZEM0g&Dv(14)&ufaewGifA[dktvkyftraqmifwm0efudk ay;tyfjcif;
cHcJh&ygonf//

O ;D n%f0iiff;
rGefjynfe,f/ aygifòrd he,f
rJqENe,f trSwf (1)/
trsKd ; om;'D r d k u a&pD t zJ G h c sKyf / /
OD;n%f0if;onf aygifòrd he,frJqENe,f trSwf (1)wGif trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG hcsKyftm;

udk,fpm;jy k0ifa&muf,SOfòydifcJh&m ckdifvkHrJ (20˜032) rJ/ pkpkaygif; rJ&mckdifE_ef; ( 55²2) jzifha&G;cs,fwif
ajr‡mufjcif;cHcJh&onf/ tz OD;csdefaz? trd a':&Dwkd hrS 1942 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv (20)&ufae hwGifarG;zGm;
cJhonf//usdKuQrDZmwdjzpfonf// OD;n%f0if;onf 1948-49 ckESpfrS 1959-60 ckESpftxd usKduQrDtpkd;&
txufwef;ausmif;/ armfvòrdif &Sifr[mAk'<aCmo txufwef;ausmif;wkd hwGif wuUokdvf0ifwef;
atmifjrifonftxd ynmoif=um;cJhonf//
1960 jynfhESpfrS 1968ckESpftxd armfvòrdifOypmaumvdyf? rE Wav;wuUokdvfESifh &efukef
0dZ…mESifh odyH`wuUokdvfwkd hrS 0dZ…m (Oya'bJG h)ESifhOya'bJG hrsm;&&SdcJhonf/ 1977ckESpfwGifa':vSvS0if;ESifh
vufxyfco hJ nf/1970 jynfEh pS rf S 1973 ckEpS t f xd txufwef;a&S ah e? w&m;±k;H csKyfa&S ah e? 1973 ckEpS w f iG f
Oya'0efxrf;tqifh (4)/ 14-11-1988 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (14)&ufae hwGif Oya'0efxrf; tqifh (1)
rS t+id r f ; pm;,l c J h + yD ; / w&m;±k H ; csKyf a &S h a etjzpf a qmif & G u f c J h o nf / A[d k t vk y f t r_ a qmif
taxmuftultzGJ hwGifyg0ifaqmif&GufcJh+yD;? 2010 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv (14)&ufae hwGif A[dktvkyftr_
aqmifwm0efudk ay;tyfjcif;cHcJh&ygonf//
O ;D tkef;}udKiiff(c) atmi
atmiff0iiffh
rE Wav;ta&S hawmifòrd he,f
rJ q EN e ,f t rS w f ( 2)

OD;tkef;=udkif(atmif0ifh)onf rE Wav;ta&S hawmifòrd he,frJqENe,ftrSwf (2)wGif trsKd;om;
'Drkdua&pDtzJG hcsKyftm; udk,fpm;jyK 0ifa&muf,SOfòydifcJh&m ckdifvkHrJ (32˜718) rJ? pkpkaygif; rJ&mckdifE_ef;
(76²08)jzifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cHcJh&onf//
armfvòrdiu f |e;f Zmwdjzpfonf/ tz OD;b&Si/f trd a':pdew f dk rh S 1944 ckEpS f Zlvidk v
f (2) &uf
ae hwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf// OD;tkef;=udkif (atmif0ihf)onf 1967ckESpfwGif 0dZ…mbJG h? 1972 ckESpfwGifowif;
pmynm'Dyvkdrm/ 1978-79 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkokd h ynmoifqkjzifhoGm;a&mufowif;
pmynm'Dyvkdrm&&SdcJhonf//
1964 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpftxd a=u;rkHowif;pm/ [Hom0wDowif;pm(rE Wav;)Akdvfwaxmif
owif;pmwkd hwGif vufaxmuf t,f'DwmESifh t,f'Dwm? 1962-63 ckESpfausmif;om;ta&;tcif;
wGifyg0ifcJhonf/ 1974 ckESpf vrf;pOfowif;/ Akdvfwaxmifowif;pmESifh ±kyf&SifatmifvHwkd hwGifarmif
cspfzG,f/ atmif0ifh /atmifwifh uavmiftrnfwkd hjzifh EkdifiHwuma&;&maqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJh
onf// 1350 jynfhESpf (1988 ckESpf) jynfol h'Drkdua&pD ta&;awmfykH}uD;wGif yg0ifcJhonf/ owif;pm
t,f'Dwmtjzpf vkyfudkifae&if; 1350jynfhESpf/jynfol h'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfykH}uD;wGif yg0ifcJhr_a=umifh
Akdvfwaxmifowif;pm t,f'DwmtjzpfrS 1988 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvwGif Akdvfwaxmifowif;pmt,f
'DwmtjzpfrS t+idrf;pm;ay;jcif;cHcJh&onf//
trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzJG ch sKyf A[kOd ;D pD;tzJG 0h ifEiS hf rE aW v; wkid ;f pnf;±k;H a&; aumfrwDtzG@J 0iftjzpf
aqmif&GufcJhonf// tzJG hcsKyfrS xkwfa0onfhrSwfwrf;v$mtzJG h wGifwm0efcHt,f'Dwm wOD; jzpfonf/
e0w² trdef htrSwf (1§90) tm;qef husifr_jzifh oufqkdif&mrS zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif; cHcJh&onf//
OD;tke;f =ukid o
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'%fpD&ifjcif;cH&I a&G;aumufyJGOya' yk'fr (10) (n)ESifh+idpGef;ojzifhv$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpfrS
y,fzsufa=umif; ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG usif;ya&;aumfr&SifrS 1991 ckESpf 'DZif
bmv (27)&ufae hwGif a=unmonf// aemifwGifjyKvkyfrnfha&G;aumufyJGrsm; yg0if,SOfòydifcGifhudkvnf;
ydwfyifcJhonf// 1990 jynfhESpfpufwif bmv(6)&ufae hwGif zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cHcJh&+yD; a&=unftkdif
ppf axmufvSrf;a&; ppfa=uma&; pcef;rSwqifhatmufwkdbmvwGif tif;pdefA[kdtusOf;axmifokd h
ajymif;a&$ hxdef;odrf;jcif;cHcJh&onf/xkd haemufjypf'%f (17)ESpf csrSwfcHcJh&+yD;tif;pdefA[kdtusOf;axmif
ESifhawmifilaxmifwkd hwGif (14)ESpfausmf=umaecJh&+yD;? 2005 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (3)&ufae hwGifawmifil
tusOf; axmifrSjyefvnfvGwfajrmufcJhonf//
yxrtr_rSm trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG hcsKyf A[kdOD;pD;tzJG h0ifESifh rE Wav;wkdif;pnf;aumfrwD
0ifrsm;jzpf=uonfh rkH&Gm OD;wifa&$/ OD;odef;wefwdk hESifh tr_wJGjzpf+yD;/ 1990 jynfhESpf =o*kwfv (8)&uf
ae hwGif rE Wav;òrd htxufArmjynf ausmif;om;or*~ESifh oHCmhor*~tzJG hwkd hyl;aygif;I&Spfav;vkH;
(2)ESpfajrmufae h txdrf;trSwftjzpf oHCmawmfrsm;tm; qGrf;avmif;v–yJGusif;yjyKvkyfcJh&mppfwyf
rS ypfcwfcJhojzifh oHCmawmftcsKd hESifh ausmif;om;vli,f tcsKd h'%f&m&&SdcJh+yD; zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif;
cHcJh&onfukd xkdpOfu rE Wav;wkdif;r–;jzpfolxH pma&;om;ay;ykd h pkHprf;ta&;,lr_jyKvkyf+yD; zrf;qD;xdef;

odrf;xm;olrsm;tm; tjrefqkH;jyefv$wfay;&ef awmif;qkdcJhonfhjyif tqkdyg pmtm;rdwWLul;I trsm;
jynfolxHjzef hcsdcJhr_jzifh axmif'%f (7)ESpfcsrSwfjcif; cHcJh&onf// 'kwd,tr_rSm *ENDa=unmcsufxkwfjyef
cJhr_jzpfonf/ OD;=unfarmiftygt0if rkH&GmOD;wifa&$/ OD;odef;wef/ OD;csrf;at;/ Adokum OD;ausmfrif;
armif0Ho/ OD;wifxGÉf ponfh A[kdOD;pD;tzJG h0ifrsm;ESifh tzJG hcsKyf A[kdvli,frsm;jzpf=uonfh ukdjrifhpkd;/
udk0if;v_dif/ udkrkd;aZmfOD;wkd hrSm ‚if;tr_wJGrsm;jzpf=uonf//tqkdygtr_jzifhaxmif'%f (10)ESpf csrSwfcHcJh
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OD;atmifa&$u a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf ol@&@J zcifEikd if ahH cgi;f aqmif}uD; Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf
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vHk;0vufrcHa=umif;/ vkH;0r¶dSatmif vkyfoifha=umif; ajymygonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhom
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yg? tqifajyrnfjzpfa=umif; u|efawmftmrcHygonf[k ajym=um;ygonf?
OD;oef;xGe;f u wdik ;f jynfvw G v f yfa&;&uwnf;u Edik if aH &; vuf0/J vuf,m tpGe;f a&muform;
rsm;u ppf+yD;acwf ta¶S htkyfpk/ taemuftkyfpkrsm;udk tm;udk;+yD;vkyfudkif=u/ykefuefaomif;usef;cJh=uI
jrefrmEdkifiHonf b,fawmhrS tkyfpk}uD;ESpfck. "g;pmcHrjzpfyg[kqdk+yD; =um;aeEdkifiHrsm;tjzpfaz:aqmifcJh

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a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh tifeft,fvf'Dwdk@. ajymqdkv_yf¶Sm;aer_rsm;onf taxGaxGa¶G;aumufyJGwGif
tjywftowftEdkif&¶SdcJhaom tifeft,fvf'DtzJG@. a¶G;aumufyJG&vm'fudk todtrSwfrðyonfhtjyif
zdEySd cf sKyfcs,rf r_ sm;udk qd;k qd;k 0g;0g; cHpm;ae&aoma=umifh oufqikd &f mtm%mydik t f zJ@G EiS hf tifetf ,fv'f w D @kd
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;twGufomjzpfygonf? ypPKyèfwnfhwnfh=unfhvkyf aqmif=u&rnfjzpfI a':atmif
qef;pk=unfuvnf; tifeft,fvf'D taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpf+yD; tifeft,fvf'DtzJG@uvnf;
jynfolvlxk}uD; wcJeufaxmufcHxm;aoma=umifh ta&;t}uD;qHk;ue0wESifh tifeft,fvf 'Dwdk@
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;omjzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@wdk@uvnf; oabmxm;jyifoifhygonf?
OD;vSazu ,ckvdk vl}uD;rsm;u awG@qHkajymqdkaeaomfvnf; atmufajcrsm;rSm tvGefzdEdSyf
csKyfcs,fjcif;cHae&ygonf? qdkif;bkwfawGðzwfcsjcif;/ vlawGxdef;odrf;xm;jcif;rsm;¶dSygonf? atmufajcu
vnf; tqifajyatmif vkyfapcsifygonf?
OD;atmifa¶$ajym=um;onfrSm vlawGwOD;ESifhwOD;&efolawGjzpfoGm;rSmudk txl;pdk;¶drfygonf[k
xyfrHjznhfpGufygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@u 'gawG tqifajyatmifvkyfay;rnf[kajym+yD; tifeft,fvf'Duvnf;
ðyjyifyg[kajymygonf?
OD;atmifa¶$u a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhomawG@qHkyg? tqifajyrnfjzpfygonf? u|efawmfwm
0efcHygonf[k ajymygonf?
Adv
k cf sKyfcif!eG @f u ,ckawmh rsO;f òydio f mG ;ae=uwm/ ESpzf ufjyif=u&ifawmh qH=k u&rSmjzpfygw,f?
,ck u|efawmfwdk@ cif;usif;jyoxm;onfh oufaocHtaxmuftxm;rsm;udk =unfhyg[kajym+yD;
wbufcef;odk@ac:,ljyoygonf? OD;atmifa¶$u awG@qHk&efvrf;r¶SnfvSyg[k ajym=um;ygonf?
u|efawmfwdk@onf AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@ ¶Sif;vif;jyxm;r_rsm;udk =unfh¶_ajymqdk=u+yD; eHeuf(10;40)
em&DtcsdefwGif E_wfquf+yD;jyefvmcJh=uygonf?
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfonfatmufygrlrsm;t&om qufvufaqmif¶GufoGm;rnfjzpf
ygonf?
(1) e0wtwGif;a&;rSL;(1)ESifh tifeftJvf'DrS A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzJG@0ifrsm; awG@qHkjcif;rSm¶Sif;
jyjcif;omjzpf+yD; awG@qHkaqG;aEG;jcif;[k rqdkEdkifyg?
(2) tifet f vJ 'f tD aejzifh awG@qakH qG;aEG;I Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk tajz¶Sm&ef t+rJwrf;óudqakd e
rnfjzpfygonf?
(3) tifet f vJ 'f tD aejzifh jynfo@l vw G af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf jynfe,f§wdik ;f / òrd@e,ftoD;oD;
wd@k u ‚if;wd@k . ud, k pf m; tzJ@G csKyf OuUX OD;atmifa¶$EiS hf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmif
qef;pk=unf ESpOf ;D wd@k tm; tzJ@G csKyf. vkyu f ikd af qmif¶u
G &f efupd rP sm;udk aqmif¶u G Ef ikd &f ef qEN
oabmxm;ay;xm;+yD;jzpfonht f wdik ;f qufvufaqmif¶u G o f mG ;rnfomjzpfygonf?
(4) trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyf. oabmxm;&nfreS ;f csurf sm;rSm -

(u) wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk; &if=um;apha&;/
(c) wOD;ESifhwOD;/ wzJG@ESifhwzJG@ jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;/
(*) 'Dru
kd a&pDa&; wd@k jzpfygonf -[lIjzpfonf?
wzef tqdyk gupd EP iS hf ywfoufI 1997 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (27)&ufae@wiG f a=unmcsuf
trSwf (10-97)jzifh atmufygtwdik ;f xyfr¶H iS ;f vif;cJo
h nf?
trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzJG ch sKyf
(9)ESpfajrmuf ESpfywfvnfae@wGif xkwfjyefonfha=unmcsuf trSwf (10-97)
1? jrefrmEdik if wH 0Sr;f vk;H ¶Sd jynfov l x

l }k uD;onf 1998 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f wGif ordik ;f wGif róuHz;l
atmifxl;xl;jcm;jcm; pkaygif;tHkºuGI 'Drdku&pDa&;udk awmif;qdkcJh=uayonf? toufaoG;aygif;ajrmuf
rsm;pGm pGef@v$wf&if;ESD;v#uf 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHopfwnfaxmifEdkif&ef óud;yrf;cJh=uayonf?
Tod@k rGejf rwfvo S nfh jynfow l @kd . qENukd atmifjrifpmG taumiftxnfaz:Edik &f ef jynfov l x l t
k wGi;f rS
vl w ef ; pm;tv$ m aygif ; pH k w k d @ yg0if o nf h wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; rsm;jzif h Ed k i f i H t ES H @ zJ G @ pnf ; xm;aom
trsK;d om;'Drukd a&pDtzJ@G csKyfukd 1998 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (27)&ufae@wiG f pwifz@GJ pnf;wnfaxmifc&hJ m
,ae@ (27-9-97)ae@wGif (9)ESpfjynfhajrmufcJh+yDjzpfayonf?
2? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyfu usio hf ;kH oGm;rnfh rl0g'oabmxm;tcsK@d ukd atmufygtwdik ;f
a=unmcJo h nf?
u|Ekfyfwdk@onf urBmhukvor*~yÉdnmOfpmwrf;wGifyg¶dSaom vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;ESifh
'Drdkua&pDvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;wdk@udk tpGrf;ukefvdkufemusifhoHk;rnf?
u|Ekfyfwdk@omru aemifvmrnfh rsKd;qufwdk@onf rnfonfhtcgr#vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;rqkH;&SH;ap&
[laomrljzifh cdik rf maom 'Dru kd a&pDtw k jf rpfukd csxm;rnf?
acwfaemufwGifusef&pfcJh+yDjzpfaom vuf¶dSpD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&;wdk@udk jynfaxmifpkom;
tm;vHk;wdk@. pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfaom qENwlnDr_tiftm;ay:wGif tajccHðyum jyefvnfwnf
aqmufrnf?
3? 1998 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (18)&ufae@wiG f Edik if aH wmftm%mudk odr;f ,lI zJ@G pnf;wnf
axmifco hJ nfh Edik if aH wmf+idr0f yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJ@G onf a=unmcsut f rSwf (1§88)
jzifah =unmcJo h nfh wm0ef(4)&yf teuf ygwpD 'kH rD u kd a&pDtaxGaxGa¶G;aumufyu JG si;f ya&;
onf wcktygt0ifjzpfayonf? TonfrSm ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf
a&G;aumufyJGusif;yay;rnf[k ueOD;uyif uwdu 0wfðycJhjcif;jzpfayonf?
4? od@k jzifh a&G;aumufyOGJ ya'udk jyXmef;onft h cg trsK;d om;'Drukd a&pDtzJ@G csKyfonf a¶G;aumufyYGJ
0ifa&muf,SOfòydifcJhygonf? ,if;odk@0ifa&muf,SOfòydif&jcif;ESifh ygwfoufI tzJG@csKyfuatmufygtwdkif;
oabmxm; xkwfjyefcJhygonf?

usi;f yay;rnfh a¶G;aumufyo GJ nf 'Drukd a&pDta&;awmfyw kH iG f jynfov
l x
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tzJG@csKyfonf a¶G;aumufyJG0if&ef qHk;jzwfcJh&jcif;jzpfonf?
5?1990jynfhESpf/ arv(27)&ufae@wGifusif;ycJhonfh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa¶G;aumufyJG Y

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfonf rJqENe,f(485)ae&mteuf (398)ae&mwGif tEdkif&¶SdcJhojzifh
&mcdkifE_ef;(82)cef@ tjywftowf/ vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; tEdkif&cJhjcif;jzpfayonf?
6? jynfow l @kd u rdrw

d @kd . qENukd a¶G;aumufyaGJ e@rwdik rf t
D xd odoo d momrjycJyh J a¶G;aumufyGJ
ae@=urS trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyftay: wcJeuf tm;ay;axmufcv H u
kd jf cif;tm;jzifh rdrw
d @kd . qENtm;
xkwfazmfjyovdkufonfudk jrefrmjynfwGifomru urBmhEdkifiH}uD;rsm;wGifyg tHhtm;oifhcJh=u&ayonf?
7? ,ckuJhodk@ rJqEN¶Sifrdbjynfolrsm; wcJeufaxmufcHqENðyvdkufjcif;rSm jynfolwdk@u

trsKd ; om;'D r d k u a&pD t zJ G @ csKyf t ay:wG i f x m;¶d S a om arwW m apwem/ o'< g w&m;wd k @ }uD ; rm;yH k u d k
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'Dru
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f u,fóud;yrf;ay;Edik rf nft
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trsKd;om;'Drdk ua&pDtzJG@csKyftay: tjynfht0 tm;xm;,Hk=unfr_udk xkwfazmf&mvnf;a&mufygonf?
8? a¶G ; aumuf y J G + yD ; pD ; onf E S i f h &ef u k e f ò rd @ wG i f tajcpd k u f o nf h urB m h E d k i f i H t rsm;tjym;rS

oH w ref w d k @ onf trsKd ; om;'D r d k u a&pD t zJ G @ csKyf ¶ k H ; od k @ vl u d k , f w d k i f vma&muf I vnf ; aumif ; /
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urB m h t od k i f ; t0ef ; u ppf r S e f o nf h ' D r d k u a&pD p epf ay:ayguf a &;onf jref r mjynf o l w d k @ .
oabmxm;qENrSefjzpfa=umif;ESifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyftay: jynfolw&yfvHk;u cdkifcdkifrmrm
axmufcHv#uf¶dSa=umif;udk todtrSwfðy&ma&mufayonf?
9? xdkpOfu rJqEN¶Sifjynfolvlxkonfvnf;aumif;/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyftygt0if

'Drdkua&pDygwDtzJG@tpnf;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ urBmhtodkif;t0ef;onfvnf;aumif;/ vGwfvyfI
w&m;r#wpGmusif;y+yD;pD;cJhonfh a¶G;aumufyJG. &vm'frsm;udk EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;
tzJ@G u ay;xm;onfu h wdrsm;twdik ;f =unfjzLpGm taumiftxnfaz:ay;rnf[k ¶d;k om;pGm ,H=k unfc=hJ u
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10? 1990 jynfhESpf a¶G;aumufyJGonf jynfol@v$wfawmfa¶G;aumufyJGOya' enf;Oya'rsm;jzifh

w&m;0if usi;f ycJo
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kd a&pDtaxGaxGa¶G;aumufyjGJ zpfonf? jynfo@l vw G af wmfa¶G;aumufyGJ
Oya'yk ' f r (2)(u)wG i f “v$ w f a wmf q d k o nf r S m jynf o l @ v$ w f a wmf u d k q d k o nf ? ” yk ' f r (2)(c)wG i f

“v$wfawmfudk,fpm; vS,fqdkonfrSm v$wfawmfodk@a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&oludkqdkonf?”
yk'fr(3)wGif “v$wfawmfudk rJqENe,frsm;rS TOya'ESifhtnD a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufvdkufaom
v$wfawmfudk,fpm; vS,frsm;jzifhzJG@pnf;&rnf” wdk@ yg0ifonfjzpf&m a¶G;aumufyJG& vm'fudk taumif
txnfaz:a&;[lonf//
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kd a&pDpepfukd usio
hf ;kH Edik &f eftwGuf 1990 jynfEh pS /f ygwpD 'kH rD u
kd a&pDtaxGaxGa¶G;
aumufyrGJ S jynfo@l qENjzifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvu kd af om jynfo@l vw
$ af wmfu,kd pf m;vS,rf sm;jzifh tcsKyf
tjcmtm%m (3) &yfudk usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh¶dSaom jynfol@v$wfawmfudk ac:,lzJG@pnf;a&;yifjzpfayonf?
11? EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzJG@onf udk,fwdkift}udrf}udrfay;xm;onfh

uwdrsm;twdkif; a¶G;aumufyJG&vm'fudk taumiftxnfaz:&eftwGuf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfESifh
nd ‡ E d _ i f ; aqmif ¶ G u f & rnf h t pm; a¶G ; aumuf y J G & vm'f u d k y suf j y,f a p&ef twm;tqD ; trsKd ; rsKd ; ud k
ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;jyum zefwD;vkyfaqmifvmcJhayonf?
12? jynfo@l vw $ af wmfac:,la&;ESihf trsK;d om;'Dru

kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyftm; Edik if w
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tajccHOya'a&;qJGa&;wm0efudk rdrdpdwfóudufzefwD;xm;onfh trsKd;om;nDvmcHodk@ v$Jajymif;v#uf
ydwfqdk@wm;qD;r_udkxyfrHwdk;csJ@cJhjyefonf? Tenf;jzifh jynfol@v$wfawmfac:,la&;ukd a0;onfxufa0;
atmif ðyvkyfcJhayonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh
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trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHktjypf¶SmI zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fcJhayonf?
13? Todk@jzihf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;wGif }uD;rm;vSonfh t=uyftwnf;udk ay:aygufapcJhayonf?

EdkifiHa&;t=uyftwnf;udk tajccHI pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;t=uyftwnf;rsm;vnf; 'Da&tvm;
wdk;yGm;vmcJhayonf?
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wnf;vkdvdkay:aygufcJhayonf? tzJG@csKyftay: trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHkuef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/
,ae@txd wEdik if vH ;kH ESihf oufqikd o f nfh jy\emrsm;udk ajz¶Si;f &efvnf;aumif;/ awG@qakH qG;aEG; tajz¶Sm&ef
tzJ@G csKyfu t+rJwapwdu k wf eG ;f wifjycJah yonf? wifjycJw
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aumif;/ rjybJaomfvnf;aumif;/ tm%mydkifwdk@onf vpfvsL¶_v#ufomaecJhayonf?
15? ,if;oabmvkyfaqmifcsuf. tajzumjy\emrsm;}uD;xGm;rsm;jym;vmcJhjcif;yif jzpfay

onf? ,ae@tcgwiG f jynfwiG ;f Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &; t=uyf¶u
kd rf .
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vlxktpdwftydkif;[lI r¶Sdawmhacs? &ifqdkifóuHawG@ae&onfh t=uyftwnf;. yrm%}uD;rm;r_ESifh
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S J wd;k IomcHpm;ae&r_w@kd a=umifh jynfow
l &yfv;kH aomurD;jzihf avmifòrduaf e=u&ayonf?
16? 1997 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv(17)&ufae@wGif EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzJG@

twGif;a&;r–;(1)u trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf OuUXESifh A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzJG@0if(2)OD;jzpfaom
OD;oef;xGef;ESifh OD;vSazwdk@tm; ac:,lawG@qHkI EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzJG@u
tzJG@csKyftay:pGyfpJGcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI xyfrH¶Sif;vif;cJhonf? tzJG@csKyfOuUX ESifh tzJG@0ifwdk@uvnf;
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf. oabmxm;&yfwnfcsufudk jyefvnf¶Sif;jycJhonf? ,if;awG@qHkr_tay:
ESpfbufpvHk;u awG@qHkaqG;aEG;r_[k oabmrxm;bJ awG@qHk¶Sif;vif;r_[kom rSwf,lcJh=uayonf?
17? 1997 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (15)&ufae@wiG f Edik if aH wmf+idr0f yfyjd ym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzJ@G
twGif;a&;r_;(1)ESifh awG@qHk&ef trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfOuUX ESifh A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzJG@0if
OD;pdk;jrifhESifh OD;vGef;wifwdk@tm; qufoG,fI aemufwae@eHeufwGif vma&muf&efajym=um;cJhonf?
,if;udpPrSm tzJG@csKyf v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh tzJG@csKyftzJG@tpnf;tqifhqifhwdk@u tyfESif;xm;
aom qENoabmxm;t& OuUX OD;atmifa¶$ ESihf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–; a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd EpS Of ;D
yg0if a qmif ¶ G u f & rnf j zpf o jzif h a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf r yg0if b J OD ; atmif a ¶$ w OD ; wnf ; om
oG m ;a&muf & ef r jzpf E d k i f a =umif ; tzJ G @ csKyf u tqH k ; tjzwf a y;cJ h a yonf ? ,if ; qH k ; jzwf c suf u d k
oufqikd &f mtm%mydik rf sm;xH tcsed rf q D ufo, G tf a=umif;=um;&ef óud;pm;cJah omfvnf; wH@k jyefrr_ ðycJah cs?
18? odk@jzpfI 16-9-97 &ufae@ eHeufwGif vma&mufac:aomtcg 'kwd,OuUX OD;wifOD;/

OD;pd;k jrifEh iS hf OD;vGe;f wifw@kd . a¶Sa• rSmufY OuUX OD;atmifa¶$u tzJ@G csKyf.qH;k jzwfcsut f & taxGaxGtwGi;f
a&;r–;rygbJ zdwf=um;onfudk rvdkufEdkifa=umif;ESihf tzJG@csKyf. awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;udktpOfvrf;zGifhxm;
onfrh t l & A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmiftzJ@G 0if OD;pd;k jrifEh iS hf OD;vGe;f wifw@kd tm; oGm;a&mufawG@q&kH ef cGiðhf ycJyh gonf?
odk@aomf tm%mydkifrsm;u oabmrwlcJhay?
19? Ttjzpftysufudk tzJG@csKyftzJG@0ifrsm;/ jynfolvlxkESifh EdkifiHwumrS rSefrSefuefuefod¶dS

oH;k oyfEikd &f ef tzJ@G csKyfu a=unmcsux
f w
k jf yef&ef qH;k jzwfcahJ yonf? od@k &mwGif tajctaeudk wwfEikd o f r#
ajyvnfapvdkaom apwemjzifh a=unmcsufrxkwfrD tm%mydkifwdk@ESifh !d‡Ed_if;&ef óud;pm;qufoG,fcJh
aomfvnf; txrajrmufcahJ y? tm%mydik w f @kd u xdak e@ (16-9-97)wGiyf if (Meeting call off) acgi;f pOfjzifh
wzufowf owif;xkwfjyefcJhonfhtwGuf tzJG@csKyfuvnf; (17-9-97)ae@wGif a=unmcsuftrSwf
(9§97)udk xkwjf yef¶iS ;f vif;cJah yonf? (18-9-97)ae@wiG f tm%mydik w f @dk onf xyfrI
H tzJ@G csKyftwGi;f
txiftjrifvJGrSm;ap&ef&nfoefonfh a=unmcsufwapmifudk xkwfjyefcJhjyefygonf?

20? tm%mydkifwdk@. ,if;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk oHk;yf=unfhygu atmufygtcsufrsm;udk
jrifawG@Edkifayonf?
(1) awG@qakH qG;aEG;&mwGif taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–;a':atmifqef;pk=unf ryg0ifap&ef wm;qD;
ydwfqdk@jcif;//
(2) tzJ@G csKyfA[dt
k vkyt
f r_aqmifrsm;ESihf uset f zJ@G 0ifrsm;twGi;f nD!w
G af &;udyk sujf ym;atmif
}uH¶G,fvkyfaqmifjcif;//
(3) tm%mydik rf sm;awG@qv kH o
kd nft
h csed w
f iG f awG@qv kH o
kd nft
h a&twGuu f kd trnfwyfac:awG@
jcif;jzifh tzJG@csKyftay: wef;wl&nfwloabmrxm;bJ aqG;aEG;yJGrprDuyif tay:pnf;&,lvdkjcif;?
(4) wzufwiG f tm%mydik rf sm;u tzJ@G csKyftm; tcsed rf a¶G;qufo,G v

f o
kd nft
h csed w
f iG f quf
oG,fEdkifonf[k oabmxm;aomfvnf; tzJG@csKyfu ta&;}uD;onfhudpPrsm;qufoG,fajym=um;&ef
óud;pm;onfhtcg vpfvsL¶_aejcif;jzifh ylaygif;aqmif¶Gufr_pdwf"gwf uif;rJhaea=umif;jyojcif;//
(5) awG@qrkH w _ ckwiG f wzuftzJ@G tpnf;rS rnfoyl g0if&rnf[k owfrw S jf cif;onf ,if;tzJ@G
tpnf;. vkyyf ikd cf iG u
hf kd xdyg;jcif;jzpf+yD; rnforl yg0if&/ todtrSwrf ðy[k qdjk cif;onf yk*Kd~ vfa&;tmCm
wudk a¶S•wef;wifr_jzpfjcif;//
(6) awG@qv
kH rdk r_ mS vnf; t"dyg` ,¶f o
Sd nfh Edik if aH &;aqG;aEG;r_r[kwjf cif;//
(7) tm%mydik rf sm;. vkyaf qmifcsuo f nf rdrw d @kd tpDtrHtwdik ;f / tzJ@G csKyfu waoGtwdr;f
emcHv#ief mcH/ remcHv#if tzJ@G csKyfonf awG@qakH qG;aEG;r_uykd sujf ym;atmifvyk of nf[k csujf cif;pGypf EGJ ikd &f ef
óudwiftuGufcspDrHjcif;wdk@udk awG@jrif&rnfjzpfayonf?
21? trsK;d om;'Dru

kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyf. oabmxm;ESihf aqmif¶u G cf surf sm;udo
k ;kH oyfygu atmufyg
twdkif; awG@jrifEdkifonf?
(1) awG@qakH qG;aEG;r_rsm;wGif OuUX OD;atmifa¶$EiS t hf wl taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–;
a':atmif qef;pk=unftm; yg0ifciG ¶hf aSd p&rnf[q k &kd mwGif -
(u) a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfudkpwifwnfaxmifolw

OD;jzpfjcif;//
(c) tzJG@csKyfv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh tzJG@csKyftqifhqifhudk OuUX OD;atmifa¶$ESifh
twl vkyyf ikd cf iG hf ay;tyfcx
H m;&jcif;//
(*) a':atmifqef;pk=unfyg0ifa&;udk urBmu h v
k or*~rS tp jynfwiG ;f / jynfy tzJ@G tpnf;

rsm;ESihf yk*Kd~ vftoD;oD;wd@k u oabmxm;ay;cJ=h ujcif;//
(C) jynfolw&yfvHk;. trSefwu,ftm;xm;,Hk=unfr_udkcH&jcif;//
(i) OuUX OD;atmifa¶$u EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzJG@ twGif;a&;rSL;(1)
tm;(17-7-97)&ufae@u tmrcHco hJ nft h wdik ;f a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;(17-
7- 97)onfppfrSefonfhawG@qHkaqG;aEG;r_udk tqifajyatmifjrif&ef aqmif¶GufEdkif
oljzpfjcif;wd@k a=umifh jzpfayonf?
(2) ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa¶G;aumufyJGaumfr¶Sif.(22-3-89)&uf/&ufpGJyga=unm
csuf (245)wGif “,ckrw S yf w
Hk ifxm;aom Edik if aH &;ygwt D zJ@G tpnf;rsm;onf T
aumfr¶Siu f }uD;=uyfz@GJ pnf;ay;aom tzJ@G tpnf;r[kwb f /J rdrwd @kd qENtavsmuf
ygwzD @GJ pnf;yHrk sm;/ &nf¶, G cf suEf iS hf vkyif ef;pOfrsm;tm;a&;qJ+G yD; em,uESit hf vkyt
f r_
aqmiftzJ@G 0if rsm;udk a¶G;cs,zf @GJ pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf?”
(,ae@wdkifwnfvsuf¶dSonf)[k azmfjycJhcsuft& a':atmifqef;pk=unf/OD;=unfarmif
OD;wifO;D wd@k tygt0if A[dt k vkyf tr_aqmif(10) OD;pvH;k rSm tzJ@G csKyf. w&m; 0ifA[dk
tvkyt f r_aqmif rsm;jzpf=ujcif;?
(3) trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzJ@G csKyfonf tjcm;tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;ESihf awG@qakH qG;aEG;&efupd w P iG f
tzJG@csKyftm; udk,fpm;ðyolrsm;udk a¶G;cs,fjcif;onf tzJG@csKyf. vkyfydkifcGifhomjzpfjcif;//
(4) tzJG@csKyfonf rdrdtzJG@twGif; vdkufem&rnfhpnf;urf;csufrsm;twdkif; rwdrf;rapmif;
aqmif¶u G cf ahJ omfvnf; awG@qakH qG;aEG;r_ukd tpOfvrf;zGix hf m;onfrh tl & tajctae
udak jyvnfap&ef tm;xkwv f yk af qmifcjhJ cif;wd@k ukd awG@jrif&rnfjzpfayonf?
22? trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG@csKyfonf wdkif;jynf.jy\emrsm;tm;ajz¶Sif;&mwGif awG@qHkaqG;aEG;r_

udk tpOfvrf;zGifhóudqdkayonf? odk@aomf ,if;odk@awG@qHkaqG;aEG;jcif;onf ppfrSef+yD; t"dy`g,f&Sdaom
aqG;aEG;r_jzpfap&rnf[k oabmxm;onf? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfu ,Hk=unfvufcHaom
ppfrSefonfhawG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;onf //
(u) wrsK;d om;vH;k . tusK;d pD;yGm;udk tajccH&rnf?
(c) 'Drukd a&pDEiS hf vl@tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk tmrcH&rnf?
(*) tmCmwuif;¶Si;f aom w&m;r#wpGmajz¶Si;f r_ukd vufc&H rnf [k owfrw S x
f m;ayonf?
23? trsKd ; om;'D r d k u a&pD t zJ G @ csKyf o nf +yD ; cJ h o nf h (9)ES p f w mumvtwG i f ; tcuf t cJ /

t=uyftwnf;rsK;d pHuk kd jynfov
l xl Ek iS thf wl vufwrGJ ðzwf/ }uH@}uH@c&H ifqikd &f mwGif tzJ@G csKyf. jynfot
l wGuf
tepfemcHEdkifr_rSm tuef@towfr¶dSa=umif; jyocJh+yD;jzpfayonf? odk@&mwGif jynfolvlxkcHpm;ae&onfh
'kuQqif;&Judkrl w&uf wreufr# qufvufr¶Snf=umapvdkay?

24? od@k jzpfI trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyfonf “rdrt d zJ@G tpnf;udok m+rJap/ omap/ wzuftzJ@G tpnf;udk
emap/ uJGap”ponfh AsL[mrsm;tay: vHk;0pdwfyg0ifpm;r_r¶dSonfhtavsmuf ppfrSefI t"dy`g,f¶Sdonfh
awG @ qH k a qG ; aEG ; !d ‡ E d _ i f ; r_ j zif h o m jref r mEd k i f i H . txl ; }uD ; rm;pG m &if q d k i f a e&onf h j y\emrsm;ud k
tjrefqHk;ajz¶Sif;oGm;&ef qufvufoEdMXmefcsxm;vsuf¶dSaya=umif; a=unmtyfayonf?
A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzJG@
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
&efukefòrd@?
1359 ck/ awmfovif;vjynfhausmf(10)&uf?
1997ck/ pufwifbmv (27)&uf?
1997ck/ pufwifbmv (27)-(28)&ufae@rsm;wGif usif;ycJhaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
pwifxlaxmifonfh (9)ESpfajrmufESpfywfvnfae@ tpnf;ta0;}uD;rS csrSwfaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm
tpD&ifcHpmrsm;?
(1) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf. EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ A[dkvli,fvkyfief;tzJG@ESifh A[dktrsKd;
orD;vkyif ef;tzJ@G w@kd . tpDt&ifcpH mrsm;udk jznfph u
G cf su/f jyifqifcsurf sm;jzifh axmufcaH =umif;qH;k jzwfonf?
jznfhpGufcsufrsm;?
(u) A[dv k il ,fvyk if ef;tzJ@G . tpDt&ifcpH mwGif uav;oli,frsm;udk tvkyt f udik Ef iS yhf wf
oufI jrefrmEdik if u H vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;+yD;onfh (UN Convention on the Rights of
Child) wGiy f g¶o
Sd nfh tcsurf sm;t& aqmif¶u G &f ef?
(c) trsK;d orD;vkyif ef;tzJ@G . tpDt&ifcpH mwGit f rsK;d orD;}uD;/ trsK;d orD;i,frsm;udw
k ikd ;f w
yg;oGm;a&mufI vdijf zifh raumif;aomtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyaf ejcif;onf jrefrmh,Of
aus;r_/ vlra_ &;wd@k EiS hf qef@usiaf eojzifh oufqikd &f m tm%mydik rf sm;u wm;qD;ay;&efwm
0ef¶o
Sd nf?
rdef hcGef;rsm;?
(2) obmywd/ OuUX ESihf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–;wd@k ajym=um;aom rde@f ceG ;f rsm;udk rSww f rf;
wif&ef qH;k jzwfonf?
(3) taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–.rde@f ceG ;f wGif azmfjyyg¶aSd om Czech Edik if o
H rw}uD; a'guw f m}uD;
a'gufwmbm;uvuf[mA,fvf (Dr.Vaclav Havel)tm; trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfrS
csD;jr‡ifhonfh yxrOD;qHk; +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDqkay;tyfjcif;udk *k%f,l0rf;ajrmufpGmjzifh rSwfwrf;
wifa=umif; qHk;jzwfonf?
(4) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r–; a':atmifqef;pk=unfu udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. aqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk
jyefvnf¶iS ;f vif;ajz=um;+yD; tmCmwuif;&rnf? yk*Kd~ vfpu GJ if;&rnf/ yl;wJaG qmif¶u
G v
f akd opdw"f mwf¶&Sd

rnf[laom tcsufrsm;udk trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf.pnf;¶Hk; a&;vrf;!$eftjzpfowfrSwfa=umif;
qHk;jzwfonf?
a&G;aumufyJGESifh jynfol hv$wfawmf?
(5) 1990 jynfhESpf/ arv (27)&ufae@u usif;y+yD;pD;cJhonfh ygwDpHk'Drdk ua&pDtaxGaxG
a¶G ; aumuf y J G w G i f Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD tzJ G @ tpnf ; toD ; oD ; rS a¶G ; aumuf w if ajr‡ m uf c H = u &onf h /
jynf o l @ v$ w f a wmf u d k , f p m;vS , f r sm;ud k jynf o l @ v$ w f a wmf a¶G ; aumuf y J G O ya' yk ' f r -2(p)ES i f h
Edik if aH wmfjyefwrf;wGif xnfo h iG ;f a=unm+yD;onfw@kd t& w&m;0if twnfjzpfaea=umif;qH;k jzwfonf?
jynf o l @ v$ w f a wmf u d k , f p m;vS , f r sm;.ouf w rf ; ud k j ynf o l @ v$ w f a wmf a &G ; aumuf y J G O ya'wG i f
owf r S w f j yXmef ; jcif ; r¶d S y g? jynf o l @ v$ w f a wmf w &yf . ouf w rf ; ud k j ynf o l @ v$ w f a wmf a c:,l
zJG@pnf;+yD;rSomv#if jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. qHk;jzwfcsuf t&owfrSwfygonf?
(6) jynfo@l vw $ af wmfa&G;aumufyOGJ ya' yk'rf -2(u) t& usi;f y+yD;pD;cJah om a¶G;aumufyGJ
onf jynfo@l vw $ af wmftwGuo f mjzpfonf?wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmftwGurf [kwaf =umif; qH;k jzwfonf?
(7) jynfol@v$wfawmfOya' yk'fr(3)wGif v$wfawmfudk rJqENe,fajrrsm;rS TOya'
ESifhtnD a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufvdkufaom v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zJG@pnf;&rnf[k jyXmef;
xm;csuft& jynfol@v$wfawmfac:,lzJG@pnf;ay;&ef wm0ef¶dSonfh tzJG@tpnf;ujynfol@v$wfawmfudk
ac:,lay;&ef qHk;jzwfonf?
(8) v$wfawmfpm;vS,frsm;tm; tm%mydkifwdk@u enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh tusyfudkifI
v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpfrS twif;t"rRtusyfudkifI E_wfxGufapjcif;udk uef@uGufonf?
(9) ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa¶G;aumufyJGusif;y+yD;pD;cJhonfrSm ,ae@ qkdv#if(7)ESpf
ausmf + yD j zpf ygaomf v nf ; a¶G ; aumuf y J G u sif ; ya&;aumf r ¶S i f u a¶G ; aumuf y J G t +yD ; owf tpD
t&ifcHpmudkoGif; &eftcsdef=uef@=umaeojzifh tjrefqHk;wifoGif;ay;&ef awmif;qdka=umif; qHk;jzwfonf?
(10) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm;vnf;aumif;/
tzJG@csKyf. jynfe,f/ wdkif;/ òrd@e,fpnf;¶kH;a&;tzJG@rsm;tm;vHk;uvnf;aumif;/tzJG@csKyf. vkyfief;
Xmersm;uvnf;aumif;/ tzJ@G csKyf OuUXESihf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–;wd@k tm;rdrw d kd .h vGyv f yfaomqENjzifh
vufrSwfa&;xdk;I vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; tyfESif;jcif;udk xyfrHIav;eufpGmtwnfðya=umif; qHk;jzwfonf?
(11) wdik ;f jynftwGi;f jzpfay:aeaom Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;tp¶do S nfjh y\emrsm;udk
ajz¶Si;f &ef wckwnf;aom enf;vrf;rSm jynfov l x l uk vdv
k m;awmifwh aeonfh ppfreS +f yD;t"dyg` ,¶f aSd om
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;omjzpf&rnf[k qHk;jzwfonf?
(12) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf. wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk &nf¶, G If Edik if aH &;/
pD;yGm;a&;/vlr_a&; tp¶dSonfhudpP&yfrsm;twGuf yifvHknDvmcHuJhodk@aom nDvmcHw&yf ac:,l&ef
qHk;jzwfonf?

(13) ygwpD 'kH rD u
kd a&pDtaxGaxGa¶G;aumufyu GJ si;f ya&;aumfr¶Si. f (22-3-89)&ufae@xw k f
a=unmcsuf(245)t& ygwDwGif;udpPrsm;udk oufqdkif&mygwDuom w&m;0ifvkyfydkifcGifh¶dSojzifh
OD;wifOD;ESifh OD;=unfarmifwdk@tm; 'kwd, OuUXrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/a':atmif qef;pk=unftm;
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r–;tjzpfvnf;aumif; trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzJG@wGif
wm0efay;tyfjcif;rSm w&m;0iftwnfjzpfa=umif; qHk;jzwfonf?
(14) trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyf. vkyif ef;t&yf&yfrsm;udk ydrk w
kd iG u
f s,x
f ad &mufpmG aqmif
¶GufEdkif&ef A[dkOD;pD; tzJG@0ifOD;a&tm; wdk;csJ@wm0efay;tyf&ef oabmwla=umif; qHk;jzwfonf?
(15) trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyfonf w&m;0if&yfwnfaeaom Edik if aH &; ygwt D zJ@G tpnf;
jzpfI vGyfvyfpGm pnf;¶Hk;v_yf¶Sm;cGifh/ vGyfvyfpGmpnf;a0cGifh vGyfvyfpGmyHkEdSyf¶dkufa0jzef@csdcGifhrsm;udk
&¶Sd&efawmif;qdka=umif; qHk;jzwfonf?
zdEdSyfcsKyfcs,fr+rsm;?
(16) EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tm;vHk;udk c|if;csufr¶dS tjrefqHk;jyefv$wfay;&ef awmif;qdka=umif;
qHk;jzwfonf?
(17) tm%mydik w f @kd u enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh zdEySd cf sKyfcs,u

f ef@owfyw
d yf ifwm;qD;r_rsm;udk &yfqikd ;f ay;&ef
ESihf 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;/ vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf qef@usiaf eaom Oya'rsm;udk y,fzsuaf y;&ef awmif;qdak =umif;
qHk;jzwfonf?
vlr+a&;?
(18) roifrae&jyXmef;xm;aom tajccHynmrlvwef;tcrJyh nmoif=um;a&;pepfukd xda&mufpmG
taumiftxnfazmf&ef wdkufwGef;a=umif; qHk;jzwfonf?
(19) Edik if o
H /l Edik if o
H m;rsm;. use;f rma&;twGuf aq;¶krH sm;ESihf aus;vufuse;f rma&;aq;ay;cef;rsm;
wGif aq;uko&ef vkdtyfonfh aq;ESifhaq;ypPnf;ud&d,mrsm; vHkavmufpGm&¶dSa&; aqmif¶Gufay;&ef
E_d;aqmfa=umif; qHk;jzwfonf?
taxGaxG?
(20) trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyf. (17-9-97)&ufae@wiG x
f w
k jf yefcahJ om a=unmcsu(f 9-
97)udk tjynfht0axmufcHa=umif;qHk;jzwfonf?
qufvufazmfjyygrnf//

tcef;quf
wyfrawmf
ta-umif;
waphwapmif;
odaumif;p&m
'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;at;jrifh (+idrf;)
tcef ; quf ( 18)

rkefwdkif;qJpumv (1951-52)wyfrawmfordkif;tqpftauGU[m? trSwfrxif?
wrsKd ;wrnf yHpk aH jymif;oGm;cJw h m? owdjyKryd gw,f/ jynfwiG ;f a&mifpo kH yl ek rf sm;udk wyfrawmfu?
twdkif;twm wck txd? acsrSKef;xdrf;csKyfxm;EdkifwJhtcsdefrSm? jrefrmjynf&JUta&SUajrmufeJU
ta&SUydik ;f &S?d &Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f rSm jzpfxeG ;f ay:aygufvmcJyh gw,f/ usL;ausmo f l w&kwjf zLwdUk &JU
ordkif;aMumif;? aemufcHjzpfpOfav;udk usaemfavhvm rSwfom;cJhrdorQ? waph wapmif;
a&;om;Ny;D wifjyyg&ap/
w&kwjf ynfrBu;D rSm cseaf u&Sw d Of ;D aqmifwhJ ulrifweftpd;k &wyfrsm;eJU armfpw D ;kH OD;pD;wJ?h
uGerf sL epf wyfew D Ukd [m wwyfeUJ wwyfEpS &f n S v
f rsm;oJorJ rJ w
J u
kd cf u kd u
f m? jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D Bu;D ?
awmufavmifcJh Mu&mu? (1949)ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvrSm? w&kwfuGefrsLepf? wyfeDwdkUu
wjynfv;kH udak tmifycJG o H rd ;f ydu
k v
f u
kd yf gawmhw,f/ ppf½;HI ol ulrifwefwyfrsm;pkeUJ acgif;aqmif
cseaf u&Sw d t f pd;k wdUk [m xdik 0f rfuRe;f udk qkwcf gG xGuaf jy;oGm;cJ&h ygw,f/
usaemfwdkUEdkifiHeJU e,ferdwfcsif;xdpyfaewJh ,leefjynfe,fu ulrifwef w&kwfjzL
wyfysuftcsdKU [m xdkif0rfodkU xGufajy;&ef tajctaer&awmhyJ? usaemfwdkU EdkifiH&JU

ta&SUajrmufa'o? &Srf;jynfe,f? usdKif;wHkc&dkiftwGif;&Sda0;vH acgifzsm;wJht&yf? awm?
awmifrsm;wGif;odkU xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifum? usL; ausmf0ifa&muf? cdkatmif; tajc
jyKcMhJ uygawmhw,f/ 0ifa&mufvmpuawmh wyfysut f iftm; (800) avmufom &Scd yhJ gw,f/
aemufydkif;rSwpwp rsm;jym;wdk;yGm;vmum (1950)ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvavmufrSm? usdKif;wHkNrdKU?
ajrmufbufwiG &f adS om rdik ;f ,Of;NrKd Uudyk if odr;f ydu k wf yfc, JG cl w
hJ mawGU&ygw,f/
rwfvxJa&mufwt hJ cg usKd i;f wH&k UJ ta&SUbufoUkd ygwd;k csUJ usL;ausmv f mMuNy;D ? usKd i;f wHk
ta&SU awmifbuf? armif;vif;a'owGif tajccsum? ta&SUbufrJacgifjrpf (jrefrm?
vmtdke,fpyf) taemufbuf? usdKif;wHk? wmcsDvdyfvrf;? awmifbufwdkif;jrefrme,fpyf?
Mw*d eH ,fajra'owGi?f tvH;k t&if;eJUwyfjzefUtajcjyKum? tcdik t f rm wyfpJG xm;yg awmhw,f/
w&kwfjzLwyfajy;rsm;[m ¤if;wdkU&JU rdom;pk tdrfaxmifonfrsm;yg vdkufygvmMuum
xdek ,fajra'ow0du k wf iG f ydik pf ;kd ? ydik ef if;? usL;ausmf tajccsvm cJMh uygw,f/
usL;ausmo f wl &kwjf zLrsm;[m (KMT) trSw(f *)wyfrawmfr?S Akv d cf sKyv
f rD OD ;D pD; wJw
h yfjuiG ;f ?
wyfusefrsm;jzpfMuovdk? 'kAdkvfcsKyf? vludkcsif;OD;pD;wJh (KMT) trSwf(26)wyfrawmfrS
tiftm;pkrsm;jzpfMu ygw,f/ wcsdKUw&kwfjzLwyfom;rsm;vnf; vmaeMuwmawGU&ygw,f/
(1950)ckESpf? ZGefvqef;wGif Armhwyf rawmfu usL;ausmfolw&kwfjzLrsm;udk vufeufcs&ef
odUk r[kwf ,if;a'owdUk rS tNy;D tydik x f u G cf mG oGm;Mu&ef &mZoHuv kd ufrcHy?J ¤if;wdUk tm; wdu k cf ukd f
vmcJhvsif jyefvnfwkefUjyefwdkufcdkufr,f[líyif wif;wif;rmrm? jyefMum;cJhMuNyD;?
wcsed w f nf;rSmyif? wdik ;f ? jrefrme,fpyfEiS hf wmcsv D yd Nf rKd Uuav;udyk if? wmcsv D yd v f rf;? rdik w
f ikd f
(80)rStpjyKí odr;f ydu k w f ;kd csUJ cJMh uygw,f/
xdkUaMumifhArmwyfrawmfu usdKif;wHkNrdKUwGif;rS usL;ausmfolw&kwfjzL? (200)cefUudk
zrf;qD;Ny;D ? rdwv
¬D m? rEÅav;tusO;f axmifrsm;odUk ydUk aqmifcsKyaf ESmifum? wmcsv D yd Nf rKd U uav;udyk g
jyefvnfwdkuf cdkufodrf;ydkufvdkufcJhygw,f/ (1951)ckESpfwGif usL;ausmfol w&kwfjzLwdkU[m?
xdkif0rfeJU tquftoG,f jyKvkyfNyD; usL;ausmfa&;pDrHudef;topfudk pepfwusa&;qGJvdkU?
ajymifajymifwif;wif;pwifjyifqifvIyf &Sm;vmcJhMuwmawGU&ygw,f/ xdkpOfumvrSm
tar&duefwdkUuyg h h hynmygyg pGufzufudkifwG,f vmMuaom tae txm;rsm;
awGUvmcJ&h ygw,f/
1951-ckESpf?ESpfqef;ydkif;rSpí AdkvfcsKyfvDrDOD;pD;uGyfuJwJh (KMT) wyftiftm;
(1500)cefU[m usdKif;wHkc&dkiftaemufawmifydkif;? rdkif;qyfNrdKUuav;udk odrf;ydkufum?
rdkif;qyfvGifjyifwckvHk;udk tajc cHppfpcef;tjzpfpkzGJU wnfaxmifum pdkrdk;vIyf&Sm;

vmygawmhw,f/ aemufyikd ;f wGix f rkd ikd ;f qyfppfpcef; [m? w&kwjf zLusL;ausmaf &;pDru H ed ;f t&?
w&kwfjzLusL;ausmfolwdkU&JU |mecsKyf? tajcqdkuf&m pcef;jzpf vmygawmhw,f/ usdKif;wHk
ajrmufbufrdkif(50)uGm&Sd rdkif;,Of;NrdKUuav;eJU ta&SUawmifbufrdkif(65)wGif &Sdaom
rdik ;f a,mif;NrKd Uuav;rsm;[m?w&kwjf zLppfom;pkaqmif;a&;eJU ppfavhusiahf &;? tajccHpcef;
rsm;tjzpf?tajcpdu k pf zk UJG wnfaqmufcw hJ mawGU&ygw,f/
xdkif0rfrSppfavhusifha&;?uRrf;usifolrsm;a&muf&SdvmMuum? wyfom;opfrsm;udk?
pepfwusavhusifhpkpnf;um? wyfopfrsm;yif vufeufwyfqifpkzGJUvmcJhMuygawmhonf/
xdik 0f rfrpS pfavhusiahf &;rSL;rsm;eJU ppfvufeufypön;f ? &dum© ponfrsm;udk xdik ;f Edik if rH ?S e,fpyf
yHkygusifodkUum;rsm;eJUydkUay;cJhovdk? avxD;rsm;eJUyg av,Ofrsm;ay:rS csay;cJhonfudk
awGU&ygw,f/ xdu k o hJ Ukd wpwp wd;k csUJ Ny;D pDru H ed ;f csí vSKy&f mS ;cJMh u&m oHviG jf rpfta&SUbuf
wjcrf;vH;k jynfeh ufomG ;cJo h vd?k ajrmufbuf ]]0}} e,f ]]ud;k uefU}} e,frsm; tjyif? odENé rKd UodUk yif?
usL;ausmaf &muf&cdS &hJ mtiftm;rSmvnf;? (4000)cefUtxdw;kd yGg;rsm;jym; vmcJyh gw,f/
(1951)ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v f avmufwiG ?f w&kwjf zLrsm;onf ¤if;wdUk xdr;f csKyx f m;&ma'o&S?d
tcsuftcsmuswJhNrdKUav;rsm;eJU &Gmrsm;wGif ajcukwfcdkifjrJpGm wnfaqmufí tcdkiftrm
aexdik v f mMuwJt h jyif jrefrmjynftwGi;f ydik ;f odUk yg wd;k csUJ vSKy&f mS ;usL; ausm&f efMu&H , G cf suef UJ ?
oHvGifjrpftaemufbufurf;odkUyif ul;0ifvmum &Srf;? u,m;? e,fpyf? u'l;BuD;?
u'l;av;*GifodkUajymifajymifwif;wif;tajccHa'oopf wdk;csJUusL;ausmf tajcjyKcJhjcif;rSm
ArmwyfrawmfudkraxrJhjrif? apmfum;jcif;jzpfovdk? uGefrsLepfqefU usifa&; t,l0g'
vufudkifjyKxm;ol? tar&duef&JU vQdKU0SufpGmtm;ay;ulnDrSKUudk &,lumw&kwfjynfr
BuD;tm;wnfjyefxdk;ppfqif&efBuH&G,fxm;w,fvdkUtqdk&SdcJhygw,f/ 'DpDrHcsuft& (KMT)
AdkvfcsKyfvDrDonf (1951)ckESpf? arvwGif ]]0}}e,frSwqifh? w&kwfjynfrBuD;udk
ppfaMumif;(2)ckcu JG m 0ifa&muf wdu k cf u kd cf yhJ gw,f/ tar&duefwUkd uvnf;? xdik ;f rSwqifh
av,mOfrsm;eJU &du©mrsm;csay;cJhwmawGUcJh &ygw,f/ w&kwfuGefrsLepfwyfrsm;uvnf;
jyif;jyif;xefxefcck w H eG ;f vSecf MhJ uvdUk ? (2)ygwfcefUtMum rSm wyfveS u f m qkwcf gG cJMh u&ygw,f/
(1952)ckESpfrSmawmh w&kwfjzLusL;ausmfoltiftm;[m (6000)ausmfavmufwdk;
wufrsm;jym; vmum? w&kwjf ynfrBu;D tm; xd;k ppfqifrKS UrjyKawmhyJ jrefrmjynftwGi;f ydik ;f ?
oHvGifjrpfudk tiftm; tvHk;t&if;ESifh usL;ausmfum? ajrmufbuf? Aef;armfjrpfBuD;em;?
awmifbuf? rGejf ynfe,f? armfvNrKd if bufoUkd e,fcsUJ usL;ausmv f yI &f mS ;vmMuygawmhw,f/
ucsifjynfe,f? &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd w&kwfrsm;udk omru? xdkif;w&kwfrsm;udkyg?

ppfompkaqmif;avhusiphf zk UJG cJMh uwmaMumif?h tiftm;waomif;ausmf wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJNh y;D
wyfr(3)pkpkzGJUum? jrefrmjynftwGif;ydkif;udk eufeuf½Idif;½dIif;e,fajrcsJUum usL;ausmf
vIy&f mS ;cJMh uygw,f/ (KMT) w&kwjf zLwyftm;vH;k udk Adv k cf sKyv
f rD u
D OD;pD;uGyu
f u
J m ]],leef
e,f? uGefrsLepfqefUusifa&;jynfolUu,fwifa&;wyfrawmf}} trnfudk wHqdyfwyfum?
vIy&f mS ;cJh Muygw,f/
(1953)ckESpfwGif usL;ausmfolw&kwfjzLrsm;[m &Srf;jynftv,fydkif;? rdkif;½SL;?
rdkif;atmhNrdKUav; rsm;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufvdkufMuNyD;? u,m;jynfe,fvGdKifaumfNrdKUudkyg?
wdkufcdkufcJhMuygw,f/ vGdKifaumf NrdKUudkawmh odrf;ydkufEdkifjcif;r&SdyJ? w&kwfjzLrsm;
tustqH;k rsm;pGmeJU qkwcf mG oGm;cJ&h ygw,f/ xdo k Ukd w&kwf jzLrsm;[m jrefrmjynftwGi;f ydik ;f udk
eufeuf½Idif;½Idif;usL;ausmfvmrSKUudk tmPm& (zqyv)tpdk;&u a&m jynfolwdkUudkyg
rcHr&yfjzpfvmwJhtwGuf? wyfrawmfu jynfolwdkUeJU twlvufwGJum usL;ausmf vm ol
w&kwfjzLwdkUtm; jyif;jyifxefxefjyefvSefwdkufcdkufí oHvGifjrpfta&SU bufodkUarmif;
ESifwGef;xkwfEdkifcJhygw,f/ xdkpOfumvu ? wyfrawmfeJUjynfolwdkU[m wom;wnf;?
worwfwnf;&Sd aecJMh uNy;D ? jynfou l wyfrawmfukd MunfjzLtm;xm;? ,HMk unfu;kd pm;aecsed rf Ukd ?
jynfolwdkU&JU udk,fa&m pdwfyg tm;ay;ulnDrSKU&cJhvdkU wyfrawmf[m w&kwfjzL wdkUtm;
xdxrd rd xd x J 0J if0if wGe;f vSecf ck w
H u kd f yG0J if atmifjrifcw hJ m rSwo f m; rdygw,f/ 'gaMumifyh J
usL;ausmfolw&kwfjzLrsm;[m oHvGifjrpfta&SU jcrf;odKUul;oGm;cJh&NyD; oHvGifta&SUjcrf;
a'orsm;wGio f m ajcukwv f yI &f mS ;aeMu&ygw,f/
tcef ; quf ( 19)
w&k w f j zLusL;ausmf o l w d k U [m? 1952 ck E S p f ? avmuf r S m jynf r BuD ; xd k ; ppf

ratmifjrifawmhvdkU jrefrmjynf &JU&Srf;jynfe,ftwGif;ydkif; cyfususudk tifeJUtm;eJU
xd;k azgufe,fajrcsUJ xGiv f mMuwmawGU&ygw,f/ jynfwiG ;f u wdik ;f &if;om; olyek t f csKd Uudk
pnf ; ½H k ; od r f ; oG i f ; um? uk & if o l y k e f w d k U e,f a jr? armf c sD ; rd k i f a 'o? u,m;jynf e ,f
ESifh&Srf;jynfe,fajr? armfcsD;rdkif;a'o? u,m;jynfe,fESifh &Srf;jynfe,ftpyfu'l;BuD;?
u'l;av;*Gio f Ukd wdik f 0ifa&muftajccsvmEdik cf yhJ gawmhw,f/
'Dtajctaet&qdkvsif tcsuftjcmusvSaom rEÅav;vrf;rBuD;udk ppfawmif;
ta&SUbufawmif wef;BuD;rsm;ay:rS? ajcukwf,lNcdrf;ajcmufvmEdkifonftxd tEÅ&m,f
BuD ; rm;cJ h y gw,f / w&k w f j zLwyf r wcsKd U uvnf ; yif v ,f x G u f a yguf ? ta&;ygwJ h
qufo, G af &;vrf;aMumif;zGiv hf pS &f efMu&H , G cf suef UJ ? armfcs;D rS ygyGeu f kd jzwfum? rGejf ynfe,f
armfvNrKd i?f usKu d r© cD &dik t
f wGi;f &S?d u&ky?kd yi? aumh'w G pf wJah 'orsm;qDoUkd txd usL;ausmf
0ifa&mufajcukwf,lwyfpGJvmMuwmawGU&ygw,f/ a&aMumif;vrf;zGifh&ef tpDtpOft&
awmifbufppfrsuf ESmzGiv hf mcJMh uygw,f/
tv,fydkif;ppfrsufESmtjzpf ]0}e,f? yef,ef;? yef;qef;? wGifajcukwf,lum?
oHviG t f aemufzufurf; a'ordik ;f *H;k ? rke;f qef;*Gio f Ukd wd;k csUJ usL;ausmv f mMuwmawGU&ygw,f/
awmifBuD;NrdKU&JUta&SUawmifbuf? rdk;eJ NrdKUteD;? 0rf[wfw*GifodkUyg a&muf&Sd wyfpGJvm
Muygawmhw,f/ usKdif;wHkc&dkif rdkif;ylatmifvGifudkusL;ausmf0if a&mufum? usKdif;wHk?
awmifBu;D vrf;rBu;D udBk u;D rm;pGmjcrf;ajcmufvmcJyh gawmhw,f/ xdo k Ukd ae&mteHUusL;ausmf
0ifa&mufajcukw, f v l mNy;D ? (1953)ckEpS af vmufrmS ? rdrAd rmwyfrawmfuykd g &efp wdu k cf u
kd f
vmcJhygawmhw,f/
1953ckEpS f qef;ydik ;f wGif &Sr;f jynfe,ftv,fyikd ;f rS tcsut f jcme,fajr? rdik ;f atmh?
rdkif;½SL;a'oudk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufvdkufMuygw,f/ u,m;jynfe,fvTdKifaumfNrdKUudk
wdkufcdkufcJhMuayrJh? wyfrawmf&JU ckcHwGef; vSefEdkifrSKUaMumifhusqHk;rSKUrsm;pGmeJU jyefvnf
qkwfcGmoGm;cJh&ygw,f/ wcsdefwnf;rSmyifusL;ausmfolw&kwfjzL rsm;[m? jrefrmjynf
ajrmufykdif;w&kwfjrefrme,fpyfNrdKUrsm;jzpfwJh? rlq,f? usLukwf? rdkif;,k ponfwdkUudk tifeJU
tm;eJU wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufcJhMuygw,f/ usdKif;wHk? awmifBuD;vrf;rBuD;ay:&Sd wyfrawmf
wyfpcef;trsm;tjym; udyk g wdu k cf ukd ?f wyfpvJG mMuwmawGU&ygw,f/
1952-53 ck E S p f r sm;wG i f ygvD r ef ' D r d k u a&pD a cwf j zpf í (zqyv)tpd k ; &
tmPm&csdefjzpfygw,f/ 'Drkdu a&pDtpdk;&vufxufwGif 'Drdkua&pD&ydkifcGifhtcsdKU&SdaewJh
tavQmuf o wif ; vG w f v yf c G i f h & &S d u m? owif ; pmtcsd K U eJ U vuf 0 J p mayavmurS
w&kwfjzLusL;ausmfrSKudk aZmif;ay;a&;omvmcJhMuaomaMumifh? jynfolwdkU Edk;Mum; um?
usL;ausmo f w l &kwjf zLwdUk udk wpwp qefUusiv f yI &f mS ;vmMuwmawGU&ygw,f/
wcsd e f w nf ; rS m yJ ? tmPm&tpd k ; & (zqyv)ud k y g zd t m;ay;awmif ; qd k r S K U
awG t &S d e f j rif h v mcJ h y gawmh w ,f / 'gaMumif h v nf ; tpd k ; &[m? w&k w f j zLwyf r sm;ud k
wduk xf w k bf Ukd tpDrpH ikd ;f jyif;vmcJ&h ygawmhw,f/ xdpk Ofu ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppf|mecsKyrf LS ; 'Dau
bvdyfjzpfNyD;? uGyfuJrSKUatmufwyfr[mrsm;eJU w&kwfjzLwdkUtm; ckcHwdkufcdkufum
oHviG jf rpfta&SUbuf urf;odUk ? jyefvnfwu kd cf ukd af rmif;xkwEf ikd cf w hJ mawGU&ygw,f/
awmifbufppfrsufESmtuefUrSmvnf;? oHawmifarmfcsD;a'oudk wyfrawmfu
jyefvnfwdkufcdkufodrf; ydkufEdkifcJhygw,f/ xdkpOfuawmifydkif;wdkif;ppf|mecsKyf wdkif;rSL;rSm

&JabmfoHk;usdyf0if jynfwGif;ppf? ol&Jaumif;? ppfolBuD;AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZmjzpfygw,f/
xdkpOfumv wyfrawmfordkif;tqpftauGUqdkygvsif awmifilNrdKU udkom usL;ausmfol
w&kwfjzLwdkUodrf;ydkuftajcjyKEdkifcJhvsif jrefrmjynfBuD;cg;usdK;Edkifaom taetxm;udk
a&muf o G m ;Ed k i f o vd k rG e f j ynf e ,f ? w&k w f j zLwd k U &oG m ;ygu yif v ,f x G u f a yguf ?
a&aMumif;qufo, G af &;vrf; aMumif;? yGio hf mG ;um xdik 0f rfrS w&kwjf zLwdUk yifv,frw S qif?h
tiftm;tvH;k t&if;eJU0ifvmEdik Mf uawmhrmS jzpf ygw,f/
rGejf ynfe,f? urf;pyfa'o0ef;usiw f iG ?f usL;ausm0f ifum tajcjyKwyfp&JG efBuKd ;yrf;wJ?h
w&kwfjzLwyf rsm;udk Armhwyfrawmf? awmifydkif;wdkif;ppf|mecsKyf? uGyfuJrSKUatmuf&Sd?
wyfrawmf[m wyf&if;? wyfzGJUrsm;u jyif;jyif;xefxefppfqifwdkufcdkuf armif;xkwf
Edik v
f ukd af omaMumifh w&kwjf zLwdUk &JUyifv,fa&aMumif;vrf;zGihf vSppf ;kd rd;k &ef Mu&H , G cf su[f m
vH;k 0ysujf ym;oGm;cJ&h ygw,f/ ,if;a'ow0du k rf S ¤if;wdUk \ ajcukwpf cef;rsm;rS xdcu kd u
f sq;kH rSKU
wyHw k yifBu;D eJU? pGeUf vTwx f u G af jy;oGm;cJMh u&ygw,f/
tJ'Dumv ordkif;tqpftauGUrSm wyfrawmf[m jynfolwdkUeJUwom;wnf;?
wquf w nf ; &S d a ecJ h M uovd k jynf o l w d k U ,H k p m;tm;xm;&aom wyf r awmf t jzpf
&yfwnfvKS y&f mS ; cJMh uwmrSwo f m;rdygw,f/ jynfow l Ukd &JUpdwaf &mud, k yf gulnt D m;ay;yl;aygif;
aqmif&GufcJhMuvdkUvnf;? jynfwGif;aomif;usef;olrsm;udk OD;ESdrfacsrSKef;EdkifcJhMuovdk?
jynfyusL;ausmo f wl &kwf jzLrsm;udv k nf; ckcu H muG,pf pfqifwu kd cf u
kd 0f ifEikd cf MhJ uwm? ordik ;f rSm
avhvmrSwo f m;cJ&h ygw,f/
1953 ck E S p f ? rwf v rS m ajrmuf y d k i f ; wd k i f ; ppf | mecsKyf w d k i f ; rS L ; Ad k v f r S L ;csKyf
'Daubdy&f UJ OD;pD;uGyu f rJ KS UeJU uGyu f rJ KS U atmuf? wyfr[m? wyf&if;? wyfzUJG rsm;[m? w&kwjf zL
wyfrsm; tcdkiftrmtajcjyKwyfpGJxm;wJh? oHvGifjrpft a&SUbufurf;&Sd rdkif;wHk?
rdkif;qwfvGifjyifudktxl;ppfqifa&;w&yfjzifh xdk;ppfqifEGJ&ef&nf&G,fcsufeJU jyifqifpDrH
qifEGJcJhMuygw,f/ xdkppfqifa&;udk ]]e*g;Edkif}}ppfqifa&;[lítrnfay;um xdkpOfum
wyfr[m wyfrif;jzpfol Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D ausmpf ;kd (uG,v f eG ?f awmfveS af &;aumifp0D if? jynfxaJ &;
0efBu;D a[mif;)tm;teD;uyfuyG u f rJ KS UOD;pD;um ppfqifcMhJ uygw,f/
obm0twm;tqD;BuD;jzpfwJh oHvGifjrpfudk tifeJUtm;eJU jzwfausmfppfqif&wJh
taet xm;jzpf v d k U ? BuD ; rm;aom jrpf u l ; ppf q if a &;BuD ; w&yf v nf ; jzpf y gw,f /
ppfa&;tawGUtBuKH rsm;wJh w&kwf jzL wyfrsm;[m oHviG t f a&SUbufurf;&Sad y (5000)jrifrh m;
wJhaxmifxGufrsm;ay:wGif tcdkiftrmcHppfaMumif; rsm;jyifqifpkzGJUum tajcjyKcJh

MuwmawGU&ygw,f/
w&kwjf zLwdUk cHppfqifjyifqifpzk UJG xm;aom awmif;uH;k awmifxw G rf sm;[m wcsed u f
*syefwUkd wnf aqmufxm;cJb h ;l wJch pH pf ppfaMumif;a[mif;rsm;udk xyfrjH yKjyif? rGr;f rHjyifqifum?
pepfwus tcdkiftrmjyifqifpkzGJUxm;cJhMuygw,f/ xdkcHppfaMumif;rsm;ay:wGif tajcjyK
apmifhqdkif;um? rdrdwyfrsm;oHvGifjrpfudk? cufcuf cJcJazgifrsm;eJU jzwful;aeMuwmudk
apmifhMunfhaecJhMuygw,f/ wyfrawmfuoHvGifudkjzwful;NyD; aygif;ul; ajcukwfcdkifjrJpGm
r&ciftcsed rf mS w&kwjf zLwyfrsm;[m tajcjyKcpH pfaMumif;rsm;ay:rS vufeufBu;D ypftm;udk
zdtm;ay;OD;ESdrfxm;um? wefjyefwdkufppf? qifEGJvmaomaMumifh? rdrdwyfrsm;tajcrcdkif
,dr;f ,dik Nf yKd uu JG m? oHviG jf rpfujkd yefvnfjzwfu;l qkwcf gG cJMh u&ygw,f/
aygif;ul;ajcukwfrcdkifjrJrSD? wefjyefwdkufppfqifrSKUudk cHMu&vdkU? rdrdwyfrsm;[m?
z&dzk &JNyKd ujJG y;D ? oHviG f jrpftaemufbufurf;ud?k upOfu h vsm;? 'a&maomyg; jyefvnfjzwfu;l
cJhMu&ygw,f/ w&kwfjzLwyfrsm;&JU pepfwuswefjyefqifEGJcJhaom xdk;ppf 'PfaMumifh
rdrwd yfrsm;[m pepfwuscpJG pfqifrKS Uudk rjyKvyk Ef ikd yf ?J wyfysuf qkwcf mG & aomtajctaersKd ;udk
a&mufc&hJ ygw,f/
w&kwjf zLwdUk &JUwefjyefx;kd ppfaMumifo h v
H iG jf rpfukd jzwfu;l &mwGif azgifrsm;zsuu f m?
vl? vufeuf? ypön;f rsm;Bu;D Bu;D rm;rm;qH;k ½I;H zsuq f ;D cJMh u&ygw,f/ txl;ojzihf vlemrsm;tm;?
aq;rSL; jzpfol AdkvfrSL;apmwdkif;vHk;ausmfjru OD;pD;um azgifrsm;jzifjyefvnf ul;jzwfu,f
q,fvu kd Ef ikd of jzih?f aemufyikd ;f wGi?f Adv k rf LS ;apmwdik ;f vH;k ausmjf rtm;aZ,sausmx f ifbUGJ wHqyd f
csD;jr§ifh*kPfjyKcJh wmudk vnf;awGU&ygw,f/ wyfrawmfaq;wyfzGJUwGif wyf&if;rSL;?
'kw, d Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D aZ,sausmx f if? apmwdik ;f vH;k ausmjf r b0eJUqH;k pnf;cJb h ;l ygw,f/
xdpk pfqifa&;wGi?f aq;rSL;Adv k Bf u;D armifoif (aemif&yk &f iS rf if;om; armifoif)vnf;
yg0ifcb hJ ;l w,fvUkd Mum;bl;em;0&Scd yhJ gw,f/ ]]e*g;Edik }f }ppfqifa&;udk teD;uyfO;D pD;uGyu f cJ o hJ l
Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D ausmpf ;kd yifvsif w&kwjf zLwyfrsm; vufrS oD;oD;av;vGwaf jrmufxu G af jy;cJ&h Ny;D
teDygwfyg uuf OD;xkwu f kd w&kwjf zLrsm;u &&So d mG ;cJw h ,fvUkd Mum;bl;em;0&Scd b hJ ;l ygw,f/
tcef ; quf ( 20)
]]e*g;Edkif}}ppfqifa&;BuD;[m? BuD;rm;cufcJaomtxl;jrpful;ppfqifa&;BuD;jzpfjyD;?
w&kwfjzLwyfrsm;&JU wefjyefxdk;ppf? enf;AsL[mrsm;aMumifh? rdrd&JUtajrmufvufeufBuD;
tajrmuf t rsm;? w&k w f j zLwd k U u od r f ; yd k u f &&S d o G m ;cJ h o vd k ? wyf r awmf p pf o nf
trsm;tjym;vnf; toufqHk;½IH;cJh&ygw,f/ wyfrawmfordkif;rSm vl? vufeufypönf;
tBu;D rm;qH;k ? ysuq f ;D qH;k ½I;H cJMh uwmrSwo f m;rdygw,f/ cGgppfqifrKS Uysujf ym;um? wyfysuq f w k f
cGgcJMh u&vdUk ]]e*g;&I;H }}ppfqifa&;&,fvUkd wyfrawmfrmS qdpk rwfjyKcMhJ uwmMum;bl;ygw,f/
wqifhpum;wqifh em;Mum;bl;em;0&SdcJhorQa&;jy&ygvsif xdkpOfu tmPm&
(zqyv) tpdk;&tzGJUrSm OD;ausmfNidrf;? OD;AaqG? Adkvfcifarmifav;pwJh qdk&S,fvpf
Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;u vGr;f rd;k Bu;D pd;k aecJMh uovd?k wyfrawmftwGi;f rSmvnf;? Adv k af tmifBu;D ?
Adv k af rmifarmif? Adv k af tmifa&TpwJq h &kd ,
S v
f pfwyfrLS ;ppfacgif;aqmifBu;D rsm;? t&Sed ?f MoZm?
tmPm? BuD;xGm;aeMuvdkU? ppfOD;pD;csKyfAdkvfae0if;yifvsif? bkef;rD;aevrawmufy
Edik wf u hJ mvvdUk tqd&k ydS gw,f/ e*g;Edik f ppfqifa&;udq k &kd ,
S v
f pf ppfacgif;aqmif? wyfr[mrSL;?
Ad k v f r S L ;BuD ; ausmf p d k ; ud k yG J x k w f p if w if a y;um? OD ; pD ; apcJ h v d k U r[mqH k ; &I H ; rS K UBuD ; eJ U
BuKH cMhJ u&wmvdUk qdpk rSwjf yKcMhJ ubl;ygw,f/
txl;ppfqifa&;]]e*g;Edkif}} z,dkz&JNydKuGJqHk;&IH;cJh&wmrdkU wyfrawmf&JU *kPfodu©m
avsmhenf;usqif;cJh &ovdk? w&kwfjzLwyfrsm;[m? ydkrdktm;wufum? acgif;rmpGm
qufvufvIyf&Sm;vmygawmhw,f/ xdktcsdefrSmyif jrefrmjynfolvlxkBuD;uvnf;?
rcHr&yfEikd jf zpfvmNy;D ? tH<k uEd;k Mum;vmcJMh uygw,f/ w&kwjf zLwdUk tm; qefUusif ½Iwcf scMhJ uovdk
w&m;jzLwdUk tm; ulnyD yhH ;kd aewJt h ar&duefuykd gqefUusijf ypfwif&w I cf scMhJ uwmawGU&ygw,f/
wquf w nf ; rS m yJ ? tmPm& (zqyv)tpd k ; &ud k y g zd t m;ay;awmif ; qd k r S K UawG
jyif;jyif;xefxefvIyf&Sm;ta&; qdkcJhMuygawmhw,f/ xdkpOfrSmwGif (zqyv)tpdk;&[m
rwyfomawmhyJ? w&kwfjzLusL;ausmfrSKUudk ppfa&;t& ckcHwGef;vSefrSKU awGjyKcJh&wJh
wcsd e f w nf ; rS m yJ ? Ed k i f i H a &;? oH w ref a &;t&yg? Bud K ;yrf ; vI y f & S m ;cH & ygawmh w ,f /
w&kwfjzLwdkUusL;ausmfrSKudk urÇmhukvor*¾odkU w&m;0ifwdkifMum;um? ta&;,l
aqmif&u G cf yhJ gawmhw,f/
1953 ck E S p f ? {NyD v wG i f uk v or*¾ t axG a xG n D v mcH B uD ; od k U ouf a ocH
taxmuftxm; cdik v f pkH mG jzihf ud,
k pf m;vSnt f zGUJ apvTwu f m wifjywdik w f rf;cJMh uygw,f/
,if;wdik Mf um;rSKukd ukvtzGUJ 0ifEikd if t H rsm;pk&UJ tm;ay;axmufcrH KS Uudv k nf;&&Scd MhJ uygw,f/
ukvor*¾tzGJU0ifEdkifiHaygif;(60)&Sdonfhteuf axmufcHrJ(59) rJ&&Sdum? usL;ausmfol
w&kwfjzLwyfrsm;? jrefrmjynfwGif;rS xGufcGmay;&r,fqdkwJhqHk;jzwfcsufudk csrSwfEdkifcJh
wmawGU&ygw,f/ xdkpOfu w&kwfjzLwdkU[m ukvrSm w&m;0iftzGJU 0ifEdkifiHjzpfaevdkU
rJ(1)rJavsmhenf;um? qHk;jzwfcsufudkcscJhMuwmyg? w&kwfuGefrsLepftpdk;&udk ukv
u0ifcGifhrjyKao;yg/ w&kwfjzLwdkUudk ukvrSm w&m; 0iftzGJU0ifEdkifiHjzpfaeaomaMumifh
usL;ausmo f El ikd if jH cm;wyfrsm; [lítrnfo;kH pGcJ w hJ mvnf; trSw&f aecJh ygonf/
usL;ausmfw&kwfjzLodkU trnfwyfoHkpGJvdkufvsif? w&kwfjzLrsm;udk ukvor*¾wGif
w&m;0ifjypfwif &IwfcsrSKUrsm;jyKvmEdkifovdk? tzGJU0ifEdkifiHtjzpfrS xkwfyg,fonfxd
ta&;,lrSKUrsm;jzpfvmEdkifwJhtwGuf ,if;udk umuG,fwJhtaeeJUa&m? w&kwfjzLwkdUtm;
aemufuG,frS tm;ay;tm;ajr§muf jyKaewJhtar&duef EdkifiHtwGuf ygrvdkvm;tyfaom
jypfwif&w I cf srKS UwdUk rS uif;a0;&ef jzpfw,fvUkd tqd&k cdS yhJ gw,f/
jrefrmjynftaeeJUawmh t"dujyóemw&kwfjzLwdkU usL;ausmfrSKUajyvnfoGm;bdkU
w&k w f j zLwyf r sm; xG u f c G g oG m ;a&;ud k o m aZmif ; ay;wif j yta&;qd k a e&wmrd k U ?
ukv&JUqH;k jzwfcsuf pum;vH;k oHpk aJG &;pwmawGukd tavsmah y;vdu k af vsmv h ufccH &hJ ygw,f/
ukvor*¾&JU qHk;jzwfcsufudk taumiftxnfaz:&eftwGuf jrefrm xdkif;? tar&duef?
w&kwjf zLav;Edik if yH g0ifaom ppfbufaumfr&Sif yl;wGñ J EdS idI ;f a&;tzGUJ wzGUJ udk w&m;0ifzUJG pnf;
cJhMuygw,f/ jrefrmppfbufudk,fpm;vnftzGJUudk ppf½Hk;csKyf? ppfOD;pD;AdkvfrSL;BuD; (Col: GS)
Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D atmifBu;D (qd&k , S v
f pfwyfrLS ;)u OD;pD;cJw h m awGU&ygw,f/ av;Edik if pH pfbufrpf&iS f
tzGUJ rsm; [m 1953 ckEpS ?f arv (22)&ufaeUrSpwifum aqG;aEG;ñSEd idI ;f rSKUrsm;jyKvyk cf MhJuygw,f/
wu,fawmhvnf; 'Dppfrpf&iS ?f uGezf &ifph nf;a0;aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;[m xda&mufrKS Ur&Scd yhJ ?J
tcsdefqGJ&ef oufoufom jzpfxGef;cJhNyD; aemufqHk;rSm w&kwfjzLwdkUu xGufcGgay;bdkUudkyif
ajymifajymifwif;wif; jiif;qef cJhMuygawmhw,f/? jynfolvlxkuawmh? ukvor*¾&JU
w&m;0ifq;kH jzwfcsuu f kd od&cdS MhJ uvdUk ? tm;&auseyfum? tH<k uawmif;qdrk KS U t&Sed t f [kerf sm;
wpwpavsmeh nf;usqif;oGm;cJw h m rSwo f m;rdygw,f/ &moDOwkt& rd;k us vmNyjD zpfwmu
waMumif;? ]]e*g;}}ppfqifa&;tBuD;tus,fqHk;rIUaMumifh¤if;? w&kwfjzLwdkUtm; ppfa&;t&?
xyfrHxdk;ppfqifbdkUtuefUtowf tcuftcJ tusyftwnf;awGuvnf;&SdaecJhygw,f/
xdkumvordkif; tqpftauGUrSm tpdk;&a&m wyfrawmfygr&Iom? r&Idufom? rsufESmi,f
tm;r&Sad wmh aom tajctaersm;eJU &ifqikd Bf uKH awGUcJMh u&ygw,f/
wdkif;jynf&JU uHMur®mt& ]]wdkif;jynfuEkEk? rSKefwdkif;u xefxef}} umvrSm
wyfrawmf[m trsdK;om;a&; wm0eft& aus;Zl;&SifjynfolwdkUbufrS &yfwnfum?
jynfwGif;a&mifpHkolykefwdkUtm; toufaoG;? acR;wdkU jzihf &if;ESD;paw;um wdkif;jynf
vG w f v yf a &;eJ U tcsKyf t jcmtmPmud k umuG , f c J h o vd k ? jynf o l w d k U &J U touf
tdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfcsrf;omudk u,fwifumuG,f,if;? wyfrawmf&JUordkif;tpOftvmudk
xdrf;odrf;jr§ifhwif EdkifcJhwm owdjyKrdygw,f? (48-52)wyfrawmfordkif;tqpftauGUrSm
awmfreS w f hJ ppfacgif;aqmif? Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf usmaf Zm Adv
k rf LS ;csKyv f ZGe;f wef? Adv
k rf LS ;csKy'f D bvdy?f
AdkvfrSL;BuD;cspfjrdKif? AkdvfrSL;BuD;Munfarmif (NLD) AdkvfrSL;BuD;pdef0if;? AdkvfrSL;BuD;[&efoD,dk?
Akvd rf LS ;Bu;D wifO;D (bk) Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D oD[ol&vSarmf? Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D Aefu;l (vf)? Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D cifZmarmif?
pwJh rsdK;cspfwyfrSL;BuD;rsm;[m jynfwGif;&efqG,f? toG,foG,fudk ppfqifacsrSKef;atmifyJGcH
cJMh uygw,f/
wdkif;jynfrSKefwdkif;qJpumv (52-53)ordkif;tqpftauGUrSm jynfyusL; ausmfol
w&kwfjzLwdkUuw pcef;xvmMujyefawmhvnf; ajrmufydkif;wdkif;ppf|mcsKyf? wdkif;rSL;
Adv
k rf LS ;csKybf vdyef UJ awmifyikd ;f wdik ;f ppf|mecsKyf wdik ;f rSL;? Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf usmaf ZmwdUk u OD;pD;um?
wyfr[mrSL;rsm;? wyf&if;wyfzGJUrSL;rsm;u oufpGefU qHzsm;? touf? aoG;? acR;wdkUjzihf
&if;ESD;paw;um? wdkufyGJ0if ppfqifvdkU wyfrawmf&JU ordkif;tpOftvmaumif;udk
xdef;odrf;jr§ifhwifcJhMuygw,f/ usL;ausmfolw&kwfjzL? jynfytEÅ&m,fudk wyfrawmfu
wdkufyGJqif acsrSKef;cJh MuwmawGU&ygw,f/ xdkppfu wyfrawmfudk ppfwdkif;BuD;
(2)wdkif;?ajrmufydkif;wdkif; (usm;acgif;)awmifydkif;wdkif; (rdausmif;)[lípkzGJUum wyfr[m
(11)eJUuGyu f rJ KS Uay;um? tqifq h ifx h rd ;f aMumif;cJMh uygw,f/ w&kwjf zLusL; ausmo f rl sm;tm;
ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppf|mecsKyf wdik ;f rSL;? Adv k rf LS ;csKyb
f vdy&f UJ tpDtrHeUJ txl;ppfqifa&; ]]e*g;Edik }f }
jzihf xd;k ppfqifEcJG ahJ omfvnf; atmifjrifrKS Ur&yJ tBu;D tus,?f &I;H edro hf mG ;cJ&h ygw,f/
ppfta&;t&ratmifjrifcv hJ Ukd oHwrefa&;t& urÇmukvor*¾oUkd w&m;0ifwikd w f rf;
wifjyta&;,l cJh&ygw,f/ ukv&JUtzGJU0ifEdkifiHtrsm;pk (w&kwfjzLrS ty) uaxmufcH
tm;ay;rSKUaMumif?h taxGaxGnv D mcH &JU w&m;0ifq;kH jzwfcsu?f w&kwjf zLwyfrsm;? xGucf gG a&;udk
twnf j yK? jy|mef ; ay;cJ h M uygw,f / uk v or*¾ & J U w&m;0if q H k ; jzwf c suf t &
av;EdkifiHppfuGefz&ifhw&yf? pkzGJUaqG;aEG;wdkifyifñSdEIdif;vIyf&Sm; aqmif&GufcJhMuayrJh
atmifjrifrKS Uwdwyd y r&cJyh J vdycf w hJ if;vif;jzpfum tcsed af wGom ukeq f ;kH oGm;cJ&h ygw,f/
xdok Ukd jzpf&onfrmS vnf; ]]e*g;Edik }f } ppfqifa&;qH;k &I;H oGm;&rSKUtay: tcGiahf umif;,l
ppfrmefwufaeMuwJh w&kwfjzLrsm;eJU w&m;0if y&d,m,f <u,f<u,feJU tm;ay;um
ausmaxmufaemufcHjyKaeMuwJh tar&duef? xdkif;wdkU&JU r&dk;om;rSKU apwemrrSefrSKU
uvnf;tajccHtaMumif; w&m;tjzpf? avhvmoH;k oyf&jI rifvUkd &ygw,f/ jrefrmjynfuakd &m
Armhwyfrawmfudkyg txifao;tjypfjrifaeMuwJh wcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;&JU ya,m*vnf;
ruif;bl;ayghAsm? 'Dvdktajc taersdK;rSm wyfrawmf[m trsdK;om;a&;xm0efta&
tpGr;f jybdUk rSví JG tjcm;a&G;p&mr&Sad wmhyg 'gaMumifh vnf; jynfwiG ;f a&mifpo kH yl ek w
f Ukd tay:
xl;xl;jcm;jcm;atmifyGJcHwJh ol&Jaumif;ppfolBuD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm udk wm0efay;&ef?
ordik ;f uawmif;qdck w hJ mawGU&ygw,f/
'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;at;jrifh (+idrf;)
qufvufazmfjyygrnf//

trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;
udk,f i,fpOfu rpOfpm; rqifjcifbJ “udkaomf&,f ighudkcsrf;omay;yguG,f?

rdkufrdkuf rJrJavsmufvkyfxm;onhfh t&mrsm;udk 'Davmuf'kuQay;&&if awmfygawmh ”[k usru
vl t rsm;.a&S @ wG i f jyoxm;onf u d k }uH K cJ h cyf j ref j ref av;ajymvd k u f o nf ? xd k t csd e f w G i f
zl;ygovm;? &efukefwuUodkvf. a¶$&wktcrf; ab;rS v l r sm;onf pd w f 0 if p m;pG m 0d k i f ; =unh f
tem;. jycef ; wck w G i f Ttjzpf r sKd ; ud k usr ae=uonf? tcsif;csif; wD;wdk;ajymolrsm;uvnf;
}uHKcJhzl;ygonf? ajym=u/ usrudk pdwf0if;pm;aomrsufvHk;rsm;jzifh
ppfrjzpfrDtcgu xkwfcJhaom “ol&d,” vS r f ; =unh f o l r sm; uvnf ; =unh f = uonf ?
owif;pmrS jzwfn‡yfuyfvkyfxm;aom tydkif;rsm; olwdk@onf jycef;ypPnf;udkomru/ xdkypPnf;udk
ud k oif y k e f ; wpf c k t ay:wG i f uyf x m; ygonf ? zef;wD;aomoludkyg jrif&onfhtwGuf awmfawmf
uyfxm;aom owif;jzwfydkif;wckwGif a&;xm; pdwf0ifpm;oGm;=uyHk&onf?
onf r S m b0tay: ausmif ; ol wa,muf . od k @ aomf ud k a omf u usrxif o vd k
tjrifudkazmfjyaom tcef;quf0wˆK&Snfwckudk rxifyg? olu pdwf0ifpm;p&m jycef;ypPnf;rsm;
aemufae@rSpI azmfjyawmhrnfjzpfa=umif; jzpf enf ; yg;onf u d k nD ; nLaeonf ? ol u ,l q
onf? aemufydkif;jzwfydkif;wckwGif xdk0wˆK. yxr onfrSm aemifvmaemifom;rsm;udk jrifoifhjrif
tcef;udk azmfjyxm;onf? xd k u f aomt&mrsm;ud k jyooih f o nf [ l . ?
xd0k wˆKonf vGecf ahJ om oH;k q,fih g;ESpu f jrifoihfjrifxdkufaom t&m [laom t&m awG
usr yxrOD ; qH k ; a&;cJ h ubmawGvnf;[lonf
aom vH;k csi;f 0wˆK jzpfyg
onf? usronf “pma&;
aumvdyfausmif;ol. udkawmh usr odyfem;
rvnf yg ?
q&mr av;t a=umif;
udk” pDumywfukef; a&;
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vnf ; usrtzd k @ awmh }uD ; us,f a om atmif j rif r _ w ck j zpf v mygonf ? xd k 0 wˆ K a=umif h usronf
pma&;q&mwOD;taejzifh twdkif;twmwcktxd emrnf&cJhygonf? xdk0wˆK.aus;Zl;a=umifh usronf
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usronf ,ae@wikd af tmif npOfnquf rtdyrf ae/ pmxdik af &;Edik af om ZGv J @kH vudvk nf; &&Sv
d u
kd yf gonf?
Tum; “aumvdyf ausmif;ol”u usrudkay;aomtarG jzpfygonf?
cif r sKd ; cspf
a':cifrsKd;cspf. Bouqet of Wild Oatsudk om;jzpfol a'gufwmcifarmif;0if;u bmomjyefonf?
xdkaqmif;yg;onf Working People's Dailyowif;pmwGif (14²12²70)u yg0ifcJhonf? 2005arvu
Stories and Sketches of Myanmarpmtkywf iG f xnho
f iG ;f cJo
h nf?

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a':atmifqf ef;pk=unf
( odk hr[kwf)
oZi
oZifef D
rif ; [ef
( MIZZIMA WEB)
tydkif;(5)
(17)
1972 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufae@wGif a'gufwm rdkufu,ftJ&pfESifh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;vdkuf.?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh a'gufwm rdkufu,ftJ&pf. tdrfaxmifa&;u h h h“oabmwlnDr_” wckESifh
jzpf o nf ? a'guf w m rd k u f u ,f t J & pf u a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf t m; vuf x yf c G i f h / cG i f h y ef . ?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu a'guw f m rdu k u
f ,ft&J pftm; h h h
“usr&JŒ jynfoal wGu h h uh srudk vdt k yfvmwJth cgrmS h h w
h m0ef0wW&m;awGukd xrf;aqmifEidk zf @kd
cGijhf yKay;Ekid rf vm; h h ”h
[lI =udKwifoabmwlncD suf &,lc+hJ yD;/ vufxyfc=hJ ujcif; jzpfonf? 1970 0ef;usiu f jzpfonf?
a'gufwm rdkufu,ftJ&pfu +AdwdoSsvlrsKd; jzpfonf? atmufpzdk@ wuUodkvf ynm&yf0ef;rS okawoD
ynm&SifwOD;? Ak'<bmomtm; ouf0if,Hk=unf+yD;/ ajrmufydkif; Ak'<bmom[kac:onfh r[m,e
Ak'b N momESihf vlra_ &;/ ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m ordik ;f a=umif;tm; txl;jyKavhvmaeonfh okawoeynm&Si?f
a'guw f m rdu k u
f ,ft&J pfu ol. awG@&cdS surf sm;udv k nf; pmtkypf mwrf;rsm; a&;om;I xkwaf 0cJo h nf?
tdraf xmifus+yD;onfah emuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf cifyeG ;f &S&d m “blwef” od@k vdu k o
f mG ;.?
a'gufwm rkdufu,ftJ&pfu blweffwGif blwefbk&if. om;awmf/ orD;awmfrsm;tm; pmoifay;onfh
ausmif;q&m? +yD;vSsif blweftpd;k &. bmomjyef XmewGiv f nf; t=uD;wef;t&m&St d jzpf tvky0f if.?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf blwefodk@ a&muf+yD;/ r=um? blwefEdkifiHjcm;a&;¶Hk;wGif ukvor*~a&;&m
t=uH a y;t&m&S d t jzpf tvk y f & .? xk d p Of u bl w ef b k & if r S m “*sif r D q if & D 0 rf c G s wf ” jzpf o nf ?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfxuf 10 ESpfrSsi,fonf? oufawmf 17 ESpfom &Sdao;onfh rif;ysKdrif;vGifav;?
blwefwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfwkd@ ZeD;armifESH 1 ESpfrSsaecJh+yD; t*Fvefodk@ jyefcJh=u.?
a':atmifqef; pk=unfu om;OD;ud, k 0f efEiS /hf / t*Fvefo@kd jyefa&muf+yD;r=um h h o
h m;OD;tm; zGm;jrif.?
1973 ck ? om;tm; “jrif h q ef ; atmif ” [l I a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf u jref r mvd k trnf a y;.?
'kwd,ajrmufom;i,ftm; 1977 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? t*FvefrSmyif arG;.? a':atmifqef;pk=unf

i,fpOfuyif a&epfI aoqHk;cJhonfh ol@tudk udkatmifqef;vif;tm; wrf;wowd&aeqJjzpfrnf?
xd k @ twG u f ol . om;i,f t m; Armvd k trnf a y;&mwG i f tud k . trnf u d k y if ay;cJ h . ?
“atmifqef;vif;”?
atmuf p zk d @ 'f & S d a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf a etd r f u pmtk y f p mwrf ; rsm;ES i f h jynf h a eonf ?
pmtkyrf sm;u pifrsm;ay: Y oyfoyf&yf&yf/ pDp&D &D ?D t*Fvef&dS ae@&ufrsm;wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf
rdcifwOD;. wm0ef/ ZeD;onfwa,muf. 0wW&m;wk@d tm; ausyeG pf mG xde;f odr;f &if; atmufpzd@k wuUov kd f
“abmh'svD,ef” pm=unhfwdkufwGif jrefrmpmtkyf/ pmwrf;rsm;/ ayyk&ydkufrsm;tm; uwfwavmuf
jyKpk o l y nm&S i f w OD ; tjzpf vk y f u d k i f c J h a o;.? a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf r nf r S s yif rd o m;pk w m0ef /
tvkyw f m0efrsm;ESihf rsm;apumrl ESppf Ofvv kd ydk if ol@ro
d m;pkEiS t
hf wl &efuek of @kd jyef.? &orSstcsed t
f m;
&efukefwGif rdcifESifhtwl jyefIaeonf?
(18)
1979 ckESpf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf rdom;pkESifhtwl &efukefodk@ tvnfa&mufae=u.? trSwf 54
wuUov kd &f yd o
f mvrf; aetdru f tif;,m;uefEiS hf xdqufaeonf? tif;,m;ueftm; jzwfwu dk vf monfh
avwGifu a&aiG@ESifh ESif;r_ef@wdk@ESifh at;jrjr? xkdae@u rdcifjzpfol a':cif=unfu a':atmifqef;
pk=unftm; rdwfaqGwa,mufESifh rdwfqufay;rnf[k qdkxm;.? {nfhonftvmtm; a':atmifqef;
pk=unfwkd@ om;trd {nfhcef;twGif;rSmyif xkdifapmifhae=u.? r=um? touf 60 ausmfcef@&Sdrnfh
trsKd;om;=uD;wOD; tdrfa&SŒwHcg;0odk@ a&mufvmonf? rdcifjzpfol a':cif=unfu xkdifae&mrSx+yD;
{nfhonftm; c&D;OD;=udK.? +yHK;I E_wfquf.?
“pkpk h h h 'g OD;tke;f jrif?h orD;azaz oli,fcsi;f rdwaf [mif;awGaygh h h ”h
a':cif=unfu {nfhonfESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; rdwfqufay;.? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu jyHK;I
“awG@&wm 0rf;omygw,f h h h tefu,f”
tm;vHk; {nfhcef;twGif; xkdifvkduf=uonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unftwGufzcif OD;atmifqef;.
rdwfaqG&if;wOD;ESifh oduGsrf;cGifh &cJh+yD?
ociftkef;jrifh (odk@r[kwf) owif;pmq&m=uD; wdk;wufa&; OD;tkef;jrifh ? tcef;twGif;
wdwfqdwfaeonf? pum; rquf=u? ociftkef;jrifhu a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; tuJcwfae.?
ydefIao;oG,faom cE<mudk,fwGif ArmtrsKd;orD; t0wftpm;tm; csyfcsyf&yf&yf/ aoao
oyfoyf 0wfxm;.? vuf0wf&wem +ydK;+ydK;jyufjyufESifhr[kwf// oa&=udK;ywf vufywfem&Dav;ESifh
¶dk;¶dk;&Sif;&Sif; jzpfaeonfh a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ociftkef;jrifh. tjrifwGif tHh=oaeonfh[efu
txif;om;?
(19)
1980 ckESpftwGif; ociftkef;jrifhESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfwkd@ trSwf 54 aetdrfY xyfrHI
qHak wG@.? awG@awG@csi;f rSmyif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu olrodvo kd nfh olrzcifta=umif;rsm;tm; ar;.?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf odvkdonfrsm;u ta=umif;t&mpHkonf?
udak tmifqef;. ausmif;om;b0 h h ?h
ausmif;om;b0u taygif;toif;rsm;? udkEk/ udkvSaz( Adkvfvufsm)/ udktkef;/ udkausmf+idrf;wdk@
ta=umif;? wOD;csi;f pD oabmobm0ESihf pdwaf epdwx f m;rsm;? +yD;vSsif ud, k u
f siw
hf &m;/ pm&dwu W tp
E_ d u f E _ d u f c G s wf c G s wf ar;.? tao;pd w f . ? aph a ph p yf p yf a r;onf ? +yD ; vS s if ausmif ; om;or*~ r S
'd@k Armtpnf;t¶k;H od@k ar;cGe;f rsm;u ul;cJ. h ? a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; ar;.? ociftek ;f jrifu h vnf;
pd w f & S n f & S n f E S i f h a jz.? jzwf o ef ; cJ h o nf h ord k i f ; acwf r sm; ? a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf . zcif
ausmif;om;udkatmifqef;ESifh ywfoufIrl ociftkef;jrifhu oljrifcJhonfh udkatmifqef;tm; Todk@
rSwfcsufjyK.?
“wuUodkvf ausmif;awmfom;yif jzpfaomfvnf; aumhprpfwpf [J&m;u&ifrf wkd@ESifha0;pG/
tkef;qDyif awG@zl;[efrwlaom pkwfzGm;zGm;qHyif/ =urf;ayhqkdaom aumfvmrygonfh yifeDa&mifrGJrGJ
&S y f v uf w d k ta&mif r ajymif ; aom a=u;eD a &mif bef a umuf v H k c snf u d k wk d w k d 0 wf q if v suf
t+rD;ykdif;yg;vsuf&Sdaom av,mOfyHkzdeyfESifh ocifaygufp udkatmifqef;udk jyefIjrifa,mifrdonf?
rsuEf mS xm;rSmrl ¶_o;kd od;k ? wuUov kd f ausmif;om;qdI k ,HEk idk pf &mr&Sad om udak tmifqef;udk wuUov kd f
yJcl;ausmif;aqmifwGif pIawG@&ayonf? xkdtcsdefrSpI ocifatmifqef;ESifh r=umc% awG@&onf?
'd@k Armtpnf;t¶k;H od@k r=umr=um aygucf svmonf? ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifp;kd ESihf usaemfw@kd oH;k OD; aeaom
tdrfodk@vnf; vSnfhIvSnfhI vmwwfavonf? usaemfwdk@ESifh awG@qHkwkdif; wjcm;pum;rajym/
vGwv f yfa&;ta=umif;udo k m ajymonf? tcsed ef m&D&o dS rSs vGwv f yfa&;twGuf t+rJwrf; tvkyv f yk zf @kd
pdwfapmaeonf”
(20)
1984 ck E S p f &ef u k e f o d k @ a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf jyef a &muf o nf h & uf r sm;u
a':atmifqef;pk=unftzd@k rdcifEiS yhf if twlraetm;? ae@pOfvv dk ydk if wyfrawmf armfueG ;f wku
d o
f @kd omG ;+yD;
“*syefacwf Statement” rsm;tm; vufa&;ESihf ul;,laecJ&h onf? ociftek ;f jrifEh iS yhf if at;at;vlvl
awG@+yD; pum;rajymjzpfao;? xkad e@u ociftek ;f jrifh 54 aetdro f @kd vmrnf[k od&ojzifh armfueG ;f wku d of @kd
roG m ;bJ td r f r S m yif pmzwf + yD ; ocif t k e f ; jrif h t m; apmif h a rS s mf a ecJ h . ? {nf h c ef ; Y xk d i f r d o nf E S i f h
ocif t k e f ; jrif h u a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf t m; owif ; pmjzwf y d k i f ; av;wck ay;.? ES p f u mv
rnfrSs=umcJh+yDrod? jzwfydkif;pm&Gufav;u 0gusifusifESifh azsmhIae+yD?
1930 ckESpfwGif udkatmifqef; a&eHacsmif; trsKd;om;ausmif;rS 7 wef;wGif paumvm;&Spf
&&So d nft h cg a&$wq H yd f cs;D jrSio
hf nfh owif;jzwfyikd ;f av; jzpfonf? xkpd Ofu trsK;d om; ynma&;r*~Zif;wGif
azmf j y yg&S d x m;cJ h o nf ? ol r zcif . a&$ w H q d y f q k &&S d o nf h owif ; jzwf y d k i f ; av;tm; ud k i f + yD ;
a':atmifqef;pk=unfrS ociftkef;jrifhudk ajymonf?
“ tefu,f pkvnf; ajymr,fajymr,feJ@ arhaewmrajymjzpfbl;? pk qHk;jzwfcsuf csxm;+yD;+yD?
Armjynf r S m Ak d v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; (Educational Foundation) qd k + yD ; awmh rwnf r ,f ?

ynmxl ; cG s ef & J Œ om;eJ @ aiG a &;a=u;a&;a=umif h txuf w ef ; ynm roif E k d i f w J h ausmif ; om;awG /
Ed k i f i H j cm;rS m oG m ;+yD ; ynmroif E k d i f w J h ausmif ; om;awG u d k taxmuf t ul a y;zd k @ pk vk y f r ,f ?
araroabmwl&if tJ'D (Foundation) udk 'Dtrd rf mS / 'Dae&mrSm 'D+cHxrJ mS yJ xm;+yD;awmh ¶k;H zGi+fh yD;awmh
vkyfr,f”
a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf u rd c if j zpf o l b uf o d k @ vS n f h + yD ; pum;tm; tqH k ; owf v d k u f . ?
a':cif=unfu pdwftm;xufoefpGm ajymaeonfh orD;jzpfol. pum;tm; +idrfIem;axmifae.?
a':cif = unf o nf wpH k w &mtm; av;av;euf e uf awG ; aeonf ? +yD ; vS s if h h h a ':cif = unf u
ociftek ;f jrift h m; h h /h /
“ociftek ;f jrifah & h h h usrpOf;pm;xm;wJh tpDtpOfav;udk ajymcsiv f @kd wdik yf ifwmvJygwmayg”h
ociftkef;jrifhESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfu qufajymvmrnfh a':cif=unf. pum;tm;
+idrfIem;pGifhae=uonf?
“usrwdk@EkdifiH&JŒ tajctae[mvnf; wESpf+yD;wESpf usyfwnf;+yD;&if; usyfwnf;vmw,fav?
tJh'g usrudk vpOf EkdifiHawmfu axmufyHhaewJh axmufyHhaiG 5000 udk w0ufyJ ,lawmhr,f//
ociftkef;jrifha& usefw0ufudkawmh EkdifiHawmfudkyJ jyefvªvdkufawmhr,fvdk@ usrpOf;pm;xm;w,f?
ocif t k e f ; jrif h u rnf o d k @ rS s jyef I rajym? ocif a tmif q ef ; .uawmf a':cif = unf u d k o m
ai;I=unfhaerdonf? olrdcifjzpfol. ab;wGif xkdifaeonfh a':atmifqef;pk=unfonfvnf; rnfodk@rSs
pum;rqdk/ +idrfIaeonf? wckcktm; av;av;eufeuf +idrfI awG;awmaeonf? {nfhcef;twGif;
wdwq f w d If aeonf? +yD;vSsif jyefvnfI ouf0ifvm=uonf? orkid ;f acwf wacwf. pmrsuEf mS tp?
tdrt f rSwf 54 {nfch ef;aqmif aqG;aEG;yGu J wpwpESihf tESpo f m& jynf0h Ivmonf? csKyf&vSsirf l
wkdif;jynftajctaeu wae@xufwae@ wdk;wdk;+yD; qdk;vm+yD? wkdif;jynf+idrf;csrf;rS om,m0ajymrnf?
wd k i f ; jynf a &m wk d i f ; jynf x J u vl a wG y g om,m0ajymzd k @ vk d r nf ? tm;vH k ; om,m0ajymzd k @ &mu
tajccHonf +idrf;csrf;a&;? +idrf;csrf;a&;&zdk@twGuf wae@ae@ wcsdefcsdefwGif ordkif;u awmif;qdkvmrnf?
xkt d cgwiG f pdwaf umif;/ apwemaumif; &Sw d ohJ al wG/ wkid ;f jynfaumif;usK;d o,fy;kd csiw f ohJ al wG/ wkid ;f jynfukd
cspfwJholawG/ wu,fh rsKd;cspfpdwf&SdwJh olawG ? xkdxkdaom olwdk@[m EkdifiHa&;xJrSm yg0ifvm=u&r,f”
Tokd@ 54 . {nfhcef;aqmif aqG;aEG;yGJwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh ociftkef;jrifht=um;
Understanding &cJ. h ? oH;k OD;pvH;k u odae=u.? rvky&f ifrjzpfawmh ? 0ifI wckck vky=f u&awmhrnf[I l /
/
tydkif; (6)
(21)
a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf o nf zcif a tmif q ef ; . twˆ K ywW d p mtk y f t m; a&;om;jyKpk & ef
pdwx f ufoefvsu&f o dS nf? 1984 ckEpS f &efuek o f @kd a&mufpOfuvnf; ae@pOfvv kd ydk if wyfrawmfarmfueG ;f
wku d o f @kd omG ;+yD; *syefacwf Statement rsm;tm; vufa&;ESihf ul;,lc. hJ ? jyifqifc. hJ ? ocifatmifqef;.
BIA oaE<wnf&mu *syefwiG f jzpfonf? ocifatmifqef;ESihf xdawG@qufqcH =hJ uonfh *syefvrl sK;d rsm;ESihf

awG@&efvdka=umif; a':atmifqef;pk=unf od.? TtwGufyif t*FvefYaepOf *syefbmompum;tm;
ZGJ=uD;pGmESifh oif,lcJhonf?
1985 ck E S p f w G i f r l a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf t wG u f tcG i f h t vrf ; wck u 0if v m.?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;. *syefEiS hf qufpyfonfh b0tpdwt f ydik ;f tm; okawoejyKEdik &f ef usKw
d w
kd uUov kd uf
a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; usKdwdkwuUodkvfodk@ vma&muf&ef zdwfac:.?
a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf t wG u f “a&qmpOf a&csrf ; pif t m; awG @ jcif ; ”? *syef o d k @ oG m ;&ef
a':atmifqef;pk=unf jyifqif&onf? xkdpOfu a'gufwm rdkufu,ftJ&pfu tdENd,jynfajrmufydkif;
“qif ; rvm;” wG i f a&muf a eonf ? “qif ; rvm;+rd K Œ” tqif h j rif h pmayavh v ma&;Xmepk Y
okawoeynm&Siftjzpf tr_xrf;ae&.? om;t=uD; jrifhqef;atmifu 12 ESpft&G,f? om;i,f
atmifqef;vif;u 8 ESpo f m;? om;=uD; jrifq h ef;atmiftm; atmufpzd@k wiG yf if ausmif;tdyaf usmif;pm;
xm;cJh+yD; om;i,fESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf *syefodk@oGm;&ef qHk;jzwf&.? pDpOf=u&.? usKdwdkodk@
a&mufonfESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf *syef&Sd “*syef-jrefrm” toif;0ifrsm;ESifh awG@.? “*syef-
jrefrm” toif;rSwqifh zcifAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh oduGsrf;&if;ESD;cJhaom *syeftrsKd;om;=uD;rsm;ESifh
awG @ &.? a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf E S i f h awG @ qH k c J h & onf h *syef t rsKd ; om;=uD ; rsm;u zcif A k d v f c sKyf .
ta=umif;tm; pdwftm;xufoefpGm ajymjy=u.?
(22)
usKd w d k w G i f wES p f c ef @ ae+yD ; onf h a emuf a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf o nf “qif ; rvm;” &S d
cif y G e f ; &S d o l x H o d k @ oG m ;a&muf c J h . ? jrif h q ef ; atmif o nf v nf ; ausmif ; tm;&uf j zpf o jzif h
jrifhqef;atmifudkvnf; qif;rvm;odk@ ac:cJh.? xkdumvav;u a':atmifqef;pk=unfwkd@ rdom;pk
pkpka0;a0; qHkqnf;cGifh&cJhonfh &ufrsm;[k qdk&rnf? “qif;rvm;” wGifyif a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf
cifyGef;onf vkyfudkifaeonfh okawoeXmeY okawoDynm&Siftjzpf tvkyf&.? “qif;rvm;” &Sd
rdom;pk odkufokduf+rHK+rHK aexdkif&onfh umvu wdkawmif;vGef;vSonf?
1987 ckESpfwGif “qif;rvm;” rS vef'efodk@ a':atmifqef;pk=unf jyefa&mufcJh&jyefonf?
vef'efwGif rsufpdtm; cGJpdwfukornfh rdciftm;jyKpk&ef vef'efodk@ jyefcJhjcif;jzpfonf? a':cif=unf.
rsuf p d c G J p d w f r _ u acsmacsmarmarmES i f h atmif j rif c J h . ? a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf . tud k j zpf o l
OD;atmifqef;OD;onfvnf; vef'efodk@ vma&mufI 10 &ufcef@ rdcifESifh twlae.?
1987 ck E S p f ZG e f v v,f a vmuf w G i f a':cif = unf vef ' ef r S &ef u k e f o d k @ jyef o G m ;.?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonfvnf; rdom;pk&&dS m “qif;rvm;” od@k jyef.? 1987 ckEpS f pufwifbmvwGirf l
a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@dk wrdom;pkv;kH “qif;rvm;” rS “atmufpzk@d '”f od@k t+yD;ajymif;a&$@c=hJ uonf?
atmufpzdk@'f ynm&yf0ef;twGif; jyefI tajccs=u.?
atmufpzkd@'f aetdrfwGif aexkdif&if; a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf zcifAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.
twˆKywWdtm; pwifI a&;om;onf? twˆKywWd. tptm; trSmpmoabmrsKd;ESifh p.?

“usr rSwfrdEdkifaom t&G,fra&mufrDuyif usr. zcif uG,fvGefoGm;ygonf? xkda=umifh
azaz[m b,fvkd vlpm;rsK;d ygvrd [ hf al om odcsipf w d jf zifh zcif. b0vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;ESihf ywfoufaom
pmay taxmuftxm;rsm;udk usr pwifpak qmif; avhvmzwf&j_ cif; jzpfygonf? atmufwiG af zmfjyyg
twˆKywWd pmwrf;udk a&;om;&mY yHEk ydS x f w k af 0+yD; taxmuftxm;rsm;udk t"du tajccHxm;ygonf?
ta=umif;ESp&f yfEiS hf ywfoufIomvSsif usrwd@k rdom;pkEiS hf azazhtm; aumif;pGm odusG r;f cJo h rl sm;xHrS
od&Sd&aom tcsuftvufrsm; tay:wGif tawmftoifh tajccHxm;ygonf?
aoG;om;eD;pyfpGm awmfpyfolwOD;. twˆKywWdudk a&;&onfrSm rvG,fulyg? "rR"dÏmefusus
a&;Ekdifrnfr[kwf[k tpGyfpGJcH&wwfygonf? wu,fwrf;wGifvnf; twˆKywWd a&;olwkd@onf rdrdwdk@
&SmazGpkaqmif;&&Sdaom taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh rdrdwkd@. ukd,fydkifqHk;jzwf^m%fudk yHkoGif;ay;cJhaom
tjzpftysuf tawG@t=uHKrsm;. =oZmoufa&mufr_rS uif;vGwfEkdifrnf r[kwfyg? usrtaejzifh
usrzcif. ¶kyyf v
kH m$ udk usrjrifonft h wkid ;f rSeu
f efpmG ay:vGiaf p&ef =udK;yrf;a&;om;xm;ygonf[o k m
ajymEkdifygonf”
(23)
1988 ckEpS f rwfv 31 &uf ?
atmufpzd@k 'f aetdrf ?
atmufpzdk@'f naecif;u wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwf/ +idrf+idrfoufoufyif…? qdwf+idrfat;csrf;r_u
ynm&yf0ef;. taiG@touf taqmifta,mifavvm;[kyif xifrSwfp&m?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf cifyeG ;f u {nfch ef;wGiyf if pmzwfI ae=uonf? om; 2 a,mufrmS rl
olw@dk . tdycf ef;twGi;f Y &Sad e=u.? w,fvzD ek ;f vlac:bJvo f uH a0a0pDpD ? a':atmifqef;pk=unfyif
xI w,fvDzkef;tm; udkifvdkuf.?
&efukefrS zkef;jzpfonf? rdcifa':cif=unfxHrS ? 10 rdepfcef@ pum;ajym+yD; w,fvDzkef;tm;
csvdkufonf? +yD;vSsif a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf cifyGef;jzpfolxHodk@ oGm;+yD; ?
“arar avjzwfomG ;vd@k whJ aq;¶kw H ifxm;&w,f h h h tJ'g usr &efuek u f kd csucf si;f oGm;&r,f”
cifyGef;onfuvnf; =unfjzLpGmESifhyif cGifhjyK.? csufcsif;yif a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf
&efukefc&D;twGuf xkyfydk;jyifqifawmh.?
Tc&D;u olw@dk . b0rsm;tm; xm0& ajymif;vJomG ;apawmhrnf [lonftm; xkn d aecif;u
cifyGef;onfESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfyg rawG;xifrdcJh?
(24)
1988 ckEpS /f {+yDv 2 &uf?
&efukef+rdKŒ/ *syefaq;¶kH=uD;?
&efuek f r*Fvm'Hak v,mOfuiG ;f rS wuUov dk &f yd o
f mvrf; tdro
f @kd r0ifawmh ----? *syefaq;¶ko H @kd
wef;+yD; vmcJah wmhonf? t0wftpm;xnfo h nfh vufqaJG owWm 2 ckom ygonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf

aq;¶ko H @kd a&mufonft h csed Yf rdcif (a':cif=unf) . use;f rma&; tajctaeu qk;d 0g;I ae+yDjzpfonf?
a&m*gu 3-4 rsKd; &Sdaeonf? tqkd;qHk;u qD;csKdjzpfonf? {+yDv 7 &ufae@wGif q&m0ef=uD;rsm;ESifh
wkdifyif+yD; jyiffqifp&m &Sdonfrsm;udk jyifqifI rdcif a':cif=unftm; wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf; aetdrfodk@
ajymif;a&$@cJhawmhonf? rdcif=uD;tm; tcsdefrvyf jyKpkapmifha&Smufae&if; ---- wzufrS wkdif;jynf
tajctaersm;udkvnf; rsufjcnfrjywf apmifh=unfhIaeonf?
rwfv 13 &ufae@wiG f jzpfymG ;cJah om &efuek f pufrw _ uUov
kd af usmif;om; ta&;awmfy=kH uD;u
wkdif;jynf. tajctaetm; azmfjyIaeonf?
(25)
tif ; ,m;uef a bmif E S i f h jynf v rf ; rt=um;wG i f “wH w m;jzL“ [l I vl o d r sm;onf h
ajrmif;ul;wHwm;&Sdonf? wHwm;jzLtm; ausmf+yD;onfESifh qENjyonfh ausmif;om;xk vlwef;=uD;onf
jzKef;pm;=uD; wef@&yfoGm;onf? oHql;=udK;acGrsm;ukd qENjy vllwef;=uD;. ta&SŒwGif jzwfoef;ydwf+yD;
umxm;onf? oHql;=udK;rsm;. aemufwGifrl armif;jyefaoewfrsm; udkifxm;onfh ppfom;rsm;u
vlwef;=uD;tm; toifhcsdefI &yfae=u.? ppfom;rsm;. aemufwGifawmh b&if;u,f&D,mrsm;/
vlwef;=uD;taemufwGifawmh ----- 'kwfrsm;/ =udrf'dkifrsm;ESifh vHkxdef;rsm;u uefabmif¶dk;ay:odk@vnf;
wuf v m=uonf ? qEN j yonf h ausmif ; om;wk d @ tm; ppf o m;rsm;ES i f h vH k x d e f ; wd k @ u oH k ; buf r S
yd w f q d k @ xm;vd k u f = u+yD jzpf o nf ? usef o nf h wzuf r S m vnf ; +cH 0 if ; jrif h j rif h = uD ; rsm;u yd w f I
umxm;jyefonf?
trd e f @ ay;oH r sm; xG u f v monf ? vH k x d e f ; rsm;u ausmif ; om;rsm;ud k 0if ¶ d k u f a wmh o nf ?
eHygw'f wk rf sm;/ t¶d;k wGi;f wGif usK;d tuforH sm;/ aoG;rsm; tvl;vl;tvdyEf iS hf tvJvt J +ydK+ydK ur?mysuI f
aeav+yD?
a':cif=unf tm; aetdrfodk@ jyefvnf=udK,lcJh+yD;onfh aemufydkfif;wGif wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;
aetdrfodk@ ae@pOfvdkvdkyif ociftkef;jrifh a&mufcJhonf? 1988 ck/ rwfv ausmif;om; ta&;tcif;rsm;
ta=umif;udk a':atmifqef;pk=unfrS ar;onf? ociftkef;jrifh ajymjyonfrsm;udk em;axmif+yD;
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu av;av;eufeuf awG;I aeonf? +yD;aemuf -------
“----- tck wkid ;f jynftajctaeu odyq f ;kd oxufq;dk vmawmh tefu,fe@J pke@J 1984 wke;f u
ajymcJhwJh twdkif;rsKd;aygh? +idrf;csrf;a&;udk &rSjzpfr,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;r&&if wkdif;jynfawmh awmfawmfudk
'kuQa&mufukefr,f? vlawG 'kuQa&mufukefrSm? 'gudk b,fvdkvkyf&&if aumif;rvJqdkwmudkvnf;
pOf;pm;=u&awmhr,f? tefu,fvnf; pOf;pm;yg? pkvnf; pOf;pm;r,f? b,fyHkb,fenf; p&r,ffqdkwm
-----“
(25)
rwfvESihf ZGev f rsm;rSm jzpfysucf w
hJ hJ aoG;xGuo f ,H kd ta&;tcif;rsm;u tpk;d &tzGeJ @J xkt d zG@J udk
OD;aqmifaewJh ygwDudk t,Hkt=unf uif;rJhaewmudk qENjy&mwGif udk,fwkdifyg0ifolrsm;eJ@ aemufrS
tm;ay;ol r sm;u azmf j yvd k u f y gw,f ? usaemf [ m rwf v eJ @ ZG e f v twG i f ; u pd w f r csrf ; ajrŒp&m

jzpfysufcJhwJh tjzpfawGa=umifh oG,f0dkufaom enf;jzifh wm0efruif;ol[k ,lqwmu wa=umif;/
touf t &G , f v nf ; axmuf v mwmu wa=umif ; wk d @ a=umif h ygwD O uU Ï ES S i f h ygwD 0 if t jzpf r S
xGufcGifhay;=uygvdk@ ygwD0ifawGudk arwWm&yfcHtyfygw,f?
ae0if;
ta&;ay:ygwD nDvmcH
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD
1988/ Zlvikd v f 23 &uf
OD ; ae0if ; u t&S i f x G u f xG u f + yD ; um;vd y f = um;od k @ wk d ; 0if o G m ;.? Zl v d k i f v
wwd,tywftwGi;f rSm jzpfonf/ tajrmufEiS hf ,Eœ&m;wyfrS Adv k rf ;ª vSjrifh a':atmifq f ef;pk=unfxo H @kd
w,fvDzkef;qufI vmonf? rnfonfh ta=umif;udpPa=umifh qufvmonf[lIrl rod? a':pkrS
OD;ae0if;eJ@ awG@csifw,f/ pDpOfay;ygvdk@ ajymawmh ol ta=umif;jyefygrnf[k ajymonf? OD;ae0if;
ygwOD uUÏtjzpfrS Ekwx f u G o
f mG ;cJ+h yD;aemufwiG f ygwOD uUÏESihf Edik if aH wmforRw ae&mrsm;tm; OD;pdev f iG rf S
0ifa&mufI wm0ef,cl o hJ nf? wufvmonfEiS hf vufprG ;f jyawmhonf? OD;atmif=uD;/ OD;d atmifa&$ ponfh
t+id r f ; pm; ppf A d k v f = uD ; rsm;tm; axmif x J o d k @ oG i f ; awmh o nf ? 'k w d , t=ud r f Ad k v f r ª ; vS j rif h x H r S
zkef;qufvmonf? OD;ae0if;ESifh awG@Ekdifrnfh ta=umif;udkrl rajym? a':atmiffqef;pk=unftm; EkdifiHa&;
rvkyb f ;l qd[ k k ajymar; ar;onf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu usr Edik if aH &;rvkyb f ;l qdw
k mu Ekid if jH cm;rSm
ae+yD;awmh EdkifiHa&;rvkyfrSmudk ajymwmyg[k jyefI ajymvdkufonf? wzufrS rnfodk@rSs jyefIrajym/
w,fvDzkef;vnf; csI oGm;awmhonf?
(26)
h h 'h rD u dk a&pD csucf si;f ay; h h h
h h h rqv tpk;d & usq;kH ygap h h h
h h h pdev f iG f tvkrd &Sd h h h
h h h OD;atmif=uD;ESihf Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; jyefvw $ af y; h h h
a=uG;a=umforH sm;u &Efuek +f rdKŒ w+rdKŒvH;k us,af vmifpmG jrnf[ed ;f aeonf? &efuek +f rdKŒwGio
f mru
yJc;l / oeyfyif/ a&eHacsmif;/ jynf/ awmif=uD;/ +rdKŒrsm;wGiv f nf; ''pdev
f iG f tvkrd &S'd ' [lonfh toHrsm;u
us,favmifaeav+yD? n 8 em&DwGif jrefrmhtoHrS OD;pdefvGifESifh AdkvfcsKyf=uD;apmarmifwdk@ 2 OD;
vufrw S x f ;kd xkwjf yefonfh a=unmcsurf sm;tm; zwf=um;a=unmoGm;onf? &efuek +f rdKŒwGif rm&S,af vm
(ppfOya') xkwfjyefa=umif; a=unmcsufyif jzpfonf? xdkae@u 1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 3 &ufae@
jzpffonf?
wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf; aetdrfY ociftkef;jrifh/ OD;axG;jrifh &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if Adkvfp=uFmwdk@ESifh
a':atmiffqef;pk=unf awG@=uonf? aqG;aEG;=uonf? wkdif;jynf. tajctaeu odyfqkd;I ae+yD/

rnfodk@vkyf=urnfenf;/ rnfodk@pI vkyfudkif=urnfenf;/ tjyiffwGif &moDOwku tHk@r_dif;aeonf?
wkid ;f jynftajctaeu odyq f ;dk ae+yD/ vlawGuvnf; 'kuo Q yd af &mufae+yD ---+idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf
twk d i f y if c H aumf r wD w ck z G J @ +yD ; vk y f z d k @ awmif ; qd k & if a wmh aumif ; r,f xif w ,f OD ; axG ; jrif h r S
awG;awG;qqESifh aqG;aEG;onf?
aumif;ygw,f? 'Du p&ifaumif;ygw,f? aumfrwDxrJ mS b,fob l ,f0g yg&r,f? bmr,fawmh
rawmif;qdb k eJ @J aumfrwDz@JG z@kd yJ awmif;qk&d if aumif;r,f ociftek ;f jrifu h OD;axG;jrif. h aqG;aEG;csuu f kd
xyfI jznfhpGufonf?
usr oabmwlygw,f? 'DuyJ p+yD; vky=f uwmayg?h +yD;awmh usrwd@k 'Dvyk if ef;awG pvkyw f meJ@
vH;k 0 t=urf;rzufa&;bJ? t=urf;rzuf0g'/ *EN0D g'ayg?h 'gukd usrwd@k &JŒ rltaeeJ@ xm;vku d rf ,f? aemuf+yD;
Oya' abmiftwGi;f uyJ vkyrf ,f? ajratmufw@kd awmcdw k mwk@d vufeufuikd w f u dk w
f mwd@k vH;k 0 rvkybf ;l ?
'g usrwk@d &JŒ Ekid if aH &;vrf;pOfy/J / a':atmifqef;pk=unf. pum;tqH;k wGif tm;vH;k u oabmwl=uonf?
tjyifbufqDrS aoewfoHrsm;tm; oJhoJh=um;=u&onf? tm;vHk; pdwfroufompGmjzifh oufjyif;
csvkduf=uonf?
tydkif; (7)
(27)
“ppf u m;awG [ m &ef u k e f w 0d k u f u vl a oawG a &m/ '%f & m&ol a wG u d k y g o,f , l v m+yD ;
aq;¶kH=uD;rSm ypfcsvdkufonf? wcsKdŒausmif;om;av;awGqkd&if ajcawG/ vufawGrSm aoewf'%f&m/
&ifbwfeJ@ vnfyif;awGrSm vSHpGyf'%f&mawGeJ@ yGifhxGufae=uw,f? tcsKdŒqdk yHkysufyef;ysufudk jzpfae+yD/
¶kyfray:awmhbl;? tavmif; trsm;tjym;u udk,fwHk;vHk;ESifh a,musfm;awG +yD;awmh bkef;=uD;
tavmif;awG/ ppfom;awGu bkef;=uD;tavmif;awGudk aq;¶kH=uD;rSm vmryHkcif oCFef;awGudk
cGswfypfcJh=uw,f?
usaemf a&=unfhawmh tavmif; 160 avmuf &Sdw,f? '%f&m&olawGu &meJ@csD+yD;awmhudk
rsm;w,f? 'gu aq;¶kH=uD;wckyJ &Sdao;w,f? &efukefrSm&SdwJh tjcm;aq;¶kHawG rygao;bl;? 'D=o*kwfv
10 &ufe@J 12 &uf=um;rSm ppfwyfu ypfv@kd aowJh vlaygi;f [m 1000 xuf reJb;l “
pmrsuEf mS - 134 / 135
(a'gif;rmef[kef)
apm=um'k;d / Adv k rf ;ª atmif/ OD;Ekw@dk EiS hf OD;axG;jrihf awG@onf? twkid yf ifcaH umfrwDz@JG z@kd awmif;qkrd nfh
ta=umif;tm; ajymjyonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf aqG;aEG;cJhonfh Oya'abmiftwGif; jzpf&r,f/
ajratmufwdk@ awmcdkwmwkd@ vufeufudkifwmwkd@ rvkyfbl;qdkwJh tajccH obmxm;udk &Sif;jyonf?
tm;vH k ; u oabmwl = uonf ? +yD ; aemuf &ef u k e f r S m &S d = uonf h ausmif ; om;or*~
tr_ a qmif 0 if a [mif ; rsm;/ OuU Ï a[mif ; rsm; tm;vH k ; ES i f h quf o G , f c sOf ; uyf = uonf ? ol w k d @ u
wu,f v k y f = urnf h ol r sm;jzpf o nf ? OD ; axG ; jrif h E S i f h ocif t k e f ; jrif h w k d @ u wae@vH k ; tjyif x G u f I
awG@rnfo h rl sm;ESihf awG@=uonf? aqG;aEG;=uonf? olw@dk wuUov kd &f yd o
f mvrf; aetdru f kd jyefa&mufawmh

nae 5 em&Dcd ef@ &S+d yD? a':atmifqef;pk=unf jyifqifa&;om;xm;onfh twkid yf ifcaH umfrwD zG@J pnf;a&;
awmif;qkcd suf pm=urf; (Draft) tm; jyonf? jyifq f ifp&mr&S?d tm;vH;k oabmwl=uonf? OD;axG;jrifrh S
,lvmaom (Typewriter) ta[mif;=uD;ESifh wuUodkvf &dyfomvrf; aetdrfwGifyif OD;axG;jrifh (Type)
¶dkufonf? 1988 ck/ =o*kwfv 18 &ufae@wGif rqv A[dkaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;ESifh tpkd;&tzGJ@
tpnf;ta0; usi;f yrnft h a=umif; jrefrmhtoHrS owif;a=unmonf? xdak e@um; =o*kwv f 12 &ufae@?
(28)
“OD;pdevf iG o
f nf Edifk if aH wmfOuUÏ &mxl;rSvnf;aumif;/ Edik if aH wmf orRw &mxl;rSvnf;aumif;/
rGejf ynfe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf 2 jynfo@l v$waf wmf ud, k pf m;vS,f tjzpfrv S nf;aumif; Ekwx f u
G cf iG jhf yKyg&ef
wifoGif;cJhonf? &mxl;rSEkwfxGufjcif;/ tpm;xkd;jcif;/ a&G;cs,fwifajrêmufjcif;qkdif&m tcef; 4 .
pnf;rsOf;rsm;t& OD;pdefvGiftm; EkdfifiHawmforRw &mxl;rSvnf;aumif;/ EdkfifiHawmfaumifpD OuUÏ
&mxl;rSvnf;aumif;/ jynfo@l v$waf wmf ud, k pf m;vS,f tjzpfrv S nf;aumif; ,ae@ 1988 ck/ =o*kwv f
12 &ufae@rSpI EkwfxGufcGifh jyKvkdufonf“
(20 ; 00) em&Dowif;
jrefrmhtoH
1988/ =o*kwv f 12 &uf
OD;axG;jrifh (Type) ¶dkuf+yD;onfhtcsdefwGifrS OD;pdefvGif orRwtjzpf EkwfxGufa=umif;tm; jrefrmhtoHrS
a=unmonf?
vdfyfrlxm;onfum; OD;pdefvGif EdkifiHawmf orRw=uD;xHodk@? rnfodk@vkyfaqmif =urnfenf;?
OD;pdefvGifu orRwtjzpfrS EkwfxGufcJh+yD;ae.? tjcm;wa,mufa,mufudkvnf; orRwtopftjzpf
tpm;xkd; a&G;cs,fcef@tyfonf[lI jrefrmhtoHrS ra=unmcJh? &Sdapawmh ----? OD;pdefvGifxHodk@
vd y f r l x m;onf u d k a wmh jyif r S & awmh r ,f ? jyif + yD ; vS s if rnf o l x H o d k @ vd y f r l I ay;yd k @ rnf e nf ; ?
OD;ae0if;onfvnf; wm0efrsm;tm;vH;k rS Ekwx f u
G x
f m;+yD; jzpfonf? w&m;0ifrt _ & ol@wiG f wm0efr&S?d
ol@xHodk@yif vdyfrl+yD; ydkIr&Ekdif? rdwWLawmh ydkI&rnf? tm;vHk; pOf;pm;& usyfae=uonf?
“uJ ---- tefu,fOD;axG;jrifha&m/ tefu,fOD;tkef;jrifha&m usrwkd@ vkyf&rSmawGuvnf;
uyfae+yD? 'Dawmh EdkfifiHawmfaumifpD twGif;a&;rª; OD;ausmifxifqDyJ vdyfrl+yD; ydk@wmaygh“
a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf u 0if a jymonf ? aemuf q H k ; OD ; ausmf x if x H o d k @ vd y f r l + yD ; yd k @ &ef
qH;k jzwfcsucf svu kd o
f nf? OD;axG;jrifu h (Typewriter) ta[mif;=uD;ESihf jyefI tvkyrf sm;aejyefawmhonf?
'Dae@n t+yD;¶dkuf&rnf? 'Dae@n+yD;rS reufjzef 13 &ufae@eJ@ 14 &ufae@rsm;wGif awmif;qkd=uonfh
olrsm;xHwGif vdkuf+yD; vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;=u&rnf?
(29)
1988 / =o*kwv f 13 / 14 &uf?
(Type) ¶d k u f x m;+yD ; onf h pmay:wG i f oabmwl a xmuf c H = uonf h ol r sm;.
vufrSwfrsm;&atmif 2 &ufvHk;vHk; vufrSwfvdkufxkd;cdkif;=u&onf? &efukefw+rdKŒvHk; qENjyvlwef;=uD;

rsm;ESifh oGm;vm&onfrSm rvG,ful? ppfom;rsm;tm; +rdKŒwGif;rS jyefI¶kyfodrf;oGm;+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf
,cif&ufrsm;rSmuJo h @kd aoewfrsm;toifEh iS hf ypf&efapmihaf eonfh ppfom;rsm;tm; vrf;qHv k rf;*Grsm;wGif
rawG@jrif&awmh ----?
apm=um'dk;/ orRwa[mif; ref;0if;armif/ Adkvfrª;atmif zqyv 0ef=uD;a[mif; OD;ndKxGef;/
Ak d v f p EN m ausmf / ocif cif a tmif / ocif o d e f ; az/ Ad k v f & ef E k d i f w d k @ . vuf r S w f r sm;&onf ? +yD ; vS s if
ausmif;om;or*~ tr_aqmifa[mif;rsm;ESifh OuUÏa[mif;rsm;. vufrSwfrsm; &onf? OD;Ekurl
oD;jcm;pm&Gufjzifh oabmwlaxmufcHa=umif; oD;oef@ pma&;ay;onf?
(30)
1988 ck/ =o*kwv f 15 &uf
trSwf 54 wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;?
eHeuf (8 ; 30) em&Dcef@p+yD; w,fvDzkef;wvHk;ESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf tvkyf&_yfaeonf?
AdkvfcsKyfausmfxif. aetdrfodk@ w,fvDzkef;qufonf? r&Sd? ¶kH;odk@xGufoGm;+yD[k ajymonf? EdkifiHawmf
aumifpD¶kH;odk@ qufonf? r&Sd? rqv ygwDXmecsKyfodk@ qufonf? r&Sd? rGef;vGJ 2 em&Dcef@ &Sd+yD?
Adv
k cf sKyfausmx f iftm; qufo, G I
f r&ao;? Adv k cf sKyfausmxf ifEiS hf tquftoG,&f rS jzpfrnf? 'Dae@rmS yif
olxo H @kd pmyd@k Eidk rf S jzpfrnf? 18 &ufae@@Y olw@dk . ta&;ay: v$waf wmf tpnf;ta0;ESihf Edifk if aH wmfaumifpD
tpnf;ta0;rsm; &So d nf? Ttpnf;ta0;rsm;trD pmtm; ay;yd@k Eifdk rf S jzpfrnf? Edik if aH wmfaumifp¶D ;Hk od@k
aemufxyfw=udrf zkef;ac: jyefonf?
“[Jvkd ---- usr atmifqef;pk=unfyg? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒ orD;yg? OD;ausmfxifeJ@
awG@csifvdk@yg? t&rf;ta&;=uD;vdk@yg? ol &SdEkdifr,fh ae&mudk ajymjyay;ygvm;“
c%pum;ajym+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf zke;f csvu kd o
f nf? zke;f eHygwt f opfwckukd qufjyefonf? rqv
ygwDA[kd XmecsKyf¶kH;?
“[Jvkd ----- usr atmifqef;pk=unfyg “
pum;ajym+yD;I w,fvDzkef;tm; csvdkufjyefonf?
“tef u ,f tk e f ; jrif h a & --- OD ; ausmf x if e J @ awmh pum;ajymvk d u f & w,f ? ol u
tckavmavmq,fq,fawmh b,fvrdk S awG@Eifdk rf mS r[kwb f ;l vk@d ajymw,f? ygwXD mecsKyfrmS ta&;=uD;wJh
tpnf;ta0; jyKvkyfaevdk@ygwJh? ol ta=umif;jyefyghr,fvdk@ ajymw,f“
“usrwkd@ naetxd apmifh=uwmaygh ”
OD;ausmfxifESifh w,fvDzkef; tquftoG,f&cJhonfhtwGuf tvkyftwGuf &ifxJY enf;enf;
ayghoGm;onf? xkdtcgrS ²² ,cktxd ESpfa,mufpvkH; eHeufpm rpm;&ao;onfudk owd&awmhonf?
tjyifbufwGifawmh rdk;u wzGJzGJESifh pJawmhrnfh[ef ray:?
nae 4 em&D xk d ; +yD ? OD ; ausmf x if r S ta=umif ; jyef = um;jcif ; r&S d a o;? apmif h & onf r S m
pd w f r &S n f c sif p &m aumif ; vS o nf ? tef u ,f usr OD ; ausmf x if q D zk e f ; xyf q uf v d k u f O D ; r,f [ k
ajymajymqkq d jdk zifyh if a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf rqvygwD XmecsKyf¶;Hk od@k w,fvzD ek ;f qufjyefygonf?
“tefu,f OD;ausmfxifqDu ta=umif;rjyefao;vdk@ usr xyfqufwmyg ”

“[kwfuJh&Sifh/ usrwkd@qDrSm a&;xm;+yD;om; tqifoifh&Sdygw,f? jzpfEkdfifvdk@&Sd&if tefu,f
OD;ausmfxifwkd@qDuyJ vlv$wf+yD; vm,lcdkif;ay;zdk@ arwWm&yfcHygw,f ”a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf w d k @
zkef;ajym+yD;I rdepf 20 cef@=umonfhtcgY wuUodkvf &dyfomvrf;+cH0if;twGif;odk@ ppfwyftrSwfwHqdyf
wyf q if x m;onf h rmpwm*spf wpif ; 0if v monf ? um;ay:rS Ad k v f r ª ; tqif h E S i f h ol w a,muf
qif;vmonf?
“usaemfwdk@ pmvm,lwmyg ”
(31)
1988 ck/ =o*kwv f 16 &uf?
trSwf 54 wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;?
eHeuf 9 em&Dcef@rmS yif ociftek ;f jrifh a':atmifq f ef;pk=unf. aetdrof @kd a&mufonf? “tefu,f
tkef;jrifh - tckyJ bm;aumifpDu a': jrihfjrifhcif w,fvDzkef;qufw,f? olwkd@ bm;aumifpDu vlawG
“pk ” eJ @ awG @ csif w ,f ? td r f v mcJ h r ,f v d k @ ajymw,f ? “pk ” uvnf ; &ygw,f ? vmcJ h y gvk d @ ”
a':atmifqef;pk=unfrS olrl xHo@kd bm;aumifprD S zke;f qufI vmawG@rnfh ta=umif;tmm; tdraf y:od@k
a&mufa&mufcsif; ociftkef;jrifhtm; ajymjyaeonf?
10 em&Dcef@wiG f w,fvzD ek ;f oH jrnfvmonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfrS w,fvzD ek ;f pum; ajym+yD;
zkef;csvdkufonf? +yD;vSsif w,fvDzkef;qufvmonfh ta=umif;tm; ajymjyonf?
“bm;aumifpu D qufwm/ olw@dk u vlrsm;awmh um;tcuftcJ&v dS @kd jzpfEidk &f if a':pk olw@dk qu
D kd
vmcJhapvdkygw,fwJh”
“ b,fvv dk yk rf vJ”
ociftkef;jrifh u ---
“oGm;wmaygh/ bm;vrf;udkoGm;=uwmayg h”
a':atmifqef;pk=unf wa,mufwnf;om bm;aumifpD¶kH;&Sd&modk@ xGufoGm;onf? ae@vnf
1 em&Dcef@wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unf jyefa&mufvmonf? bm;aumifpDrS um;jzifh jyefydk@jcif; jzpfonf?
{nfhcef;twGif; xdkifrdonfESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfrS ociftkef;jrifhtm; ajymonf?
“tefu,f --- vmygqdk+yD; ajymwkef;uawmh a': jrifhjrifhcifeJ@ OD;udk,kwJh? [kdusawmh
pum;ajymwmu a'gufwmarmifarmifausmf qdkwJholu ajymwm? wcgwnf; olyJ 'kdifcH+yD; ajymae
awmhwmyJ? olwkd@ bm;aumifpDu =um;jzwftpkd;&tzGJ@ zGJ@zdk@udk rae@u pmwifxm;+yD+yD;wJh/ EdkifiHawmf
aumifpDudk wifxm;wmaygh? tJ'gudk axmufcHygvdk@ usrudk ajymw,f”
“ a':atmifqef;pk=unfu axmufcHr,fvdk@ ajymcJhvm;”
ociftkef;jrifh u a':atmifqef;pk=unf tm;ar;onf?
“rajymcJhygbl;”
“'gayr,fh usrwdk@ rae@u awmif;qdkwJhpmeJ@ oabmxm;csif; odyfruGmygbl;vdk@awmh
ajymcJhw,f”
&efukefrdk;u zGJ&mrS onf;vmonf? tif;,m;ueftm;jzwfI wkdufcwfvmaomava=umifh

jrefrmEdkifiHu wygwDpepfudk zsufodrf;+yD; ygwDpHkpepfjzifh jyefvnfwnfaxmifay;&ef
qENjyKxm;onfudk awG@&Sd&ygonf? txufyg tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh jynfolwkd@. qENjyK
awmif;qkdcsufrsm;onf rSefuefw&m;rSswaom awmif;qdkcsuf/
qENjyKcsufjzpfa=umif; usr ¶dk;om;pGm ,Hk=unfygonf?
cef;qD;rsm;u wzswzf swEf iS hf vl;vGe@f aeonf? naeapmif;onfw h idk f rd;k u onf;wke;f yif? nae 5 em&Dcd ef@
&Srd ,fxifonf? bm;aumifprD S v$wv f ukd o
f nfah &SŒae udo k ed ;f [ef a&mufvmonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf
vufrw S x
f ;kd ay;&ef bm;aumifprD S a&;ay;vku d o f nhf pmtm; vmyd@k jcif;jzpfo f nf? pmum; bm;aumifprD S
EdkfifiHawmf aumifpDodk@ a&;ydk@xm;onfh pmtm; axmufcHygonf[lI oufa&mufaeonf?
“tefu,f zwf=unfhygtHk;”
ociftek ;f jrifh pmzwfaeonft h csed rf mS yif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu usr ae@vnfu ajymcJw h m
'DoabmrsKd; r[kwfygbl;vdk@ udkodef;[efudk ajymaeonf?
“a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf jyif p &m&S d & if jyif a y;vd k u f y g? usaemf jyef , l o G m ;ygh r ,f ? [k d r S m
jyefwifjy+yD;awmh ol za,mif;puULeJ@ ¶kduf+yD; a':atmiffqef;pk=unf vufrSwfxkd;zdk@ jyef,lvmcJhygr,f”
EdkifiHawmfaumifpD jynfaxmifpkqdk&S,fvpf orRw jrefrmEdkfifiHawmfodk@ wifjyonfh 15-8-88
ae@pGJjzifh A[kdw&m;¶kH; a&SŒaersm;/ aumifpD0ifvl=uD;rsm;ESifh a&SŒaersm;. wifjyawmif;qdkcsufrsm;
wGiv f nf;aumif;/ 16-8-88 ae@pjJG zifh &efuek af &SŒaetoif;rS wifjyawmif;qkcd surf sm;onfvnf;aumif;/
wjcm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh woD;yk*~v rsm;pGmwkd@. wifjyawmif;qdkcsufrsm;onfvnf;aumif;
wlnaD omqEN/ wlnaD om awmif;qdck surf sm;rSm jrefrmEdik if u H wygwpD epfukd zsuo f rd ;f +yD; ygwpD pkH epfjzifh
jyefvnfwnfaxmifay;&ef qENjyKxm;onfukd awG@&&dS ygonf? txufyg tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf jynfow l @dk .
qENjyK awmif;qkdcsufrsm;onf rSefuefw&m;rSswaom awmif;qdkcsuf/ qENjyKcsufjzpfa=umif; usr
¶dk;om;pGm ,Hk=unfygonf? odk@ygI jynfolwkd@. qENjy+idrf;csrf;pGm jzpfajrmuf taumiftxnf
azmfaqmifvmap&ef apwemjzifh tjrefqHk;aqmif&Gufay;yg&ef awmif;qdkqENjyK wifjytyfygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf
trSwf 54-56 wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;
&efukef+rdKŒ
zkef; 30365?
1988/ =o*kwv f 17 &uf?
rSwfcsuf? ? usr 15-8-88 ae@pGJwGif wifjycJhaom wifjycsufESifh 15-8-88 &ufpGJjzifh xkwfjyefaom
A[dwk &m;¶k;H a&SŒaersm;aumifpD wifjycsurf sm;onf jynfov
l x
l k qENEiS hf udu
k nf o
D nfh ajymif;vJrr_ sm;udk
vkdvm;&mwGif uGJvGJr_ r&Sdyg?
qufvufazmfjyygrnf// rif;[ef
EdkifiHa&;o&kyfazmf
ra[mfo"m Zwfawmf
tydkif;(2)
tn-w okawoDw
F OD;F
ra[mfo"mZwfawmfonf okwWE W ydËu/ ck'Nuedum,f/ Zmwu ygVdawmfwGifyg0ifonf?
jrwfA'k . < tavmif;awmfb0u ynmpGr;f &nfjzifh Edik if EH iS ahf vmuaumif;usK;d aqmif&u G cf yhJ uHk kd a[mjyawmf
rlxm;aom Zwfawmf=uD;jzpfonf? jrwfAk'Ptavmif;awmf. twkrJhEdkifiHa&;okcrdefb0/ EdkifiHa&;
orm;b0udk ykHazmfxm;aom a'oemawmfjzpfonf? TZmwfawmf/ a'oemawmfwGif Ak'<\oem
uzGiq hf akd om Edik if aH &; obm0/Edik if aH &;orm; *k%&f nfw@kd ukd txl;=unf ndzk , G f zwf&@_ od&cdS pH m;Edik yf gonf?
twkrEhJ ikd if aH &;okcrdef ra[mo"m. bke;f uHOm%fprG ;f / vkv H pGr;f arwWmrsm;jym;vSpmG aompGr;f &nf
aus;Zl;wd@k ukd txl;od&=dS unfE;l &onf? Edik if aH &;aqmuf&u G o f w
l ikd ;f t=udrf =f udrzf wf&xl u fkd of nf? tm;ust
wk,x l u kd of nf? "mwfu;l ,lxu kd o
f nf? ra[mo"mZwfawmfukd zwf&al vhvmjyD; Edik if aH &;w&m;wd@k upkd rG ;f
Edik t
f r#usio hf ;Hk oifo h nf? xd@k o@kd usiohf ;Hk Edik yf gv#if xdx
k Ekd ikd if aH &;aqmif&u G o f wl @kd onf Edik if .H tusK;d / avmu
. tpD;tyGm;wdk@udk rkcsaqmif&GufEdkifygrnf?
( tavmif;awmf ra[mfo"m )
tavmif;awmf ra[mfo"monf 0da'[&mZfwikd ;f / rdwv dW mjynf/ ta&S@ygpeD ,0rdZÆ*;Hk &GmwGiaf rG;
zGm;onf?zcifrSm od&d0ÅeolaX;=uD;jzpfI rdcifum; okrea'0Djzpfonf? tavmif;awmfonf wm0wdö
omewf j ynf r S pk a wcJ h j cif ; jzpf o nf ? tajcG t &H e wf o m;waxmif E S i f h t wl pk a wcJ h j cif ; jzpf o nf ?
tavmif;awmfzGm;jrifv#if zGm;jrif jcif;tavmif; awmf. vufwGif;odk@ od=um;rif;u aq;wkH;wpfck
xnfhay;oGm;onf?
xd k @ aemuf t avmif ; awmf o nf aq;wk H ; .pG r f ; tm;ES i f h y wf o uf I rd c if E S i f h tar;tajz
pum;qdkEdkifcJhonf? xdfkaq;wkH;. tmEkabma=umifh zcifolaX; =uD;. 7-ESpf=um acgif;cJacgif;udkuf
ema0'em aysmufuif;oufomcsrf;ajr&onf? tavmif;awmf. a&S;bkef;uHum; tvGeftHh=o

zG,faumif;onf? vl@avmuaumif;usKd;udk arG;zGm;v#ifarG;zGm;jcif; pwif&GufaqmifEdkifonf? vl@avm
uwGifzGm;jrifvmjcif;onf avmuaumif;usKd;udkaqmif&Gufzdk@ [laomb0rludk oifcef;pmay;jcif;[l
jrwfEdk;pGmcH ,lEdkifygonf?
tavmif;awmf. bke;f =uD;jcif;onf ta=umif;rJrh [kwyf gay? olar"m&Si&hf aohb0-edxuzspw d f
&onfh b0ESifhxdkrwdkifrSDb0rsm;pGmrSpI ra[mo"mb0odk@wdkifatmif jrifhjrwfaompdwf"gwfjzifh
Edik if EH iS ahf vmuaumif;usK;d udak qmif&u G cf ahJ om vky&f yfaumif;rlwnf; [laomtm;=uD; vSaom t
a=umif; rsm;&Sdonf? bkef;=uD;jcif;onf ykn-jzLpifaompdwfxm;jzifh trsm;aumif;usKd;aqmif&Gufjcif;
[laomaumif;rlta=umif;rsm;pGmjzifh tajccHwnfaqmuf,l&ygonf? xdkyknonf twdwf---
a&S;b0ujyKpkcJhaomta=umif;ESifh ypÆyèf---,ckb0/ ,cktcsdfefjyKpkaomta=umif;[lI umv
owfrSwfcsufESifh ywfoufIESpfrsKd;&Sdygonf?
xdkumvESpfrsKd;wGif twdwfumvum;jyD;qkH;oGm;cJhaom wcsdefu ypÆyèfjzpfygonf? jyKjyifI
r&awmhyg? aumif;arG/ qd;k arGc, H &l oHk m&So
d nf? vuf&ydS pÆye` u f m; ,ckvuf0,fjzpfonf? aumif;rlyn k udk
ypÆye` w f ikd ;f zefw;D & ,lEikd o
f nf? ypÆye` o f nfvnf;&yfwef@raeyg? tem*gwu f ypÆye` f od@k qu kd af &mufvm
onfhESifh ,ckypÆyèfonftwdwfjzpfoGm;onf? ypÆyèfwdkif; pdwfaumif;azG;jzLpGmaqmif&Gufxm;aom
yknaumif;rlrsm;onftwdwaf umif;ukov kd of wWrd sm;tjzpfo@kd ajymif;vJomG ;onf? od@k qykd gv#if twdw/f
ypÆyèfwdkif;pdwfaumif;xm;aumif;rljyKolonfaumif;rlpGrf;tm;rsm; qufwkduf=uD;rm;zGH@jzdK;vmrnf??
bkef;=uD;vmrnf?EdkifiHESifhavmuaumif;usKd;udk ydkIydkI&GufaqmifvmEdkifrhnfjzpfonf?
tavmif;awmfra[mfo"monf okar"m&Sifh&aoh. a&S;b0/ aemufb0rsm;pGm ypÆyèfwdkif;
arwWm ppffjzifh aumif;rlyknrsm;pGmjyKpkcJhonf?EdkifiHESifhavmu aumif;usKd;udk aqmif&GufcJhonf?
xdx k jkd zKpifjrifjh rwfaomf pdw"f gwEf iS hf vky&f yfw@kd urkd a[mo"mZmwfawmf wGif txl;=unfnakd v;jrwfz, G f
zwf&lod&Sd&ygvdrfhrnf? EdkifiHa&;aqmif&Gufolwdk@onfbkef;=uD; jcif;tusdK;xuf ypÆyèfwdkif;wGif arwWm
*&k%w&m;wdk@jzifhaumif;rl yknudk jyKpkjcif;/wnfaqmufjcif;ta=umif;&if;udk tav;xm;&ygrnf?
od@k ro S mv#if rdrw d @kd . aumif;rlprG ;f tm;a=umifh rdr. d Edik if aH vmuywf0ef;usio
f nf jidr;f csr;f om,mrl&&Sjd yD;
rdrdwdk@.EdkifiHa&; vkyfaqmifrlonf Ak'<\oemawmfESifhnDnGwfygrnf?
rdrdwdk@onf EdkifiHavmuESihf \moemudktvSqifolrsm;jzpfvmygrnf? ra[m
o"mtavmif ; awmf o nf twd w f E S i f h ypÆy` e f u mvwd k i f ; jzLpif a om pd w f " gwf / jrif h j rwf a om
aumif;rlpGrf;tm; wdk@jzifh avmu.aumif;usKd;udkaqmif&GufcJhygonf? xdk@odk@&Gufaqmifjcif;onf
tavmif;awmf. twk,lzG,f 0rf;ajrmufzG,f bkef;uHpGrf;tm;yg0ifonf?
( bke;f uH=uD;rm;jcif;. ta=umif;w&m;rsm; )

ypÆye` w
f ikd ;f tav;xm;um arwWmw&m;jzifh aysm&f iG =f unfE;l pGm jyKvkyo
f ifah om bke;f =uD;jcif;.
ta=umif;w&m;onf q,fyg;&Sdygonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm

(1) 'ge---pGr;f tr#aomypPn;f OpPmjzifh Edik if -H avmu\moemaumif;usKd ;udk aqmif
&Gujf cif;?
(2) oDv---jzKpifaomud, k uhf siw hf &m;jzifh Edik if -H avmu-\moemaumif;usKd ;udk
aqmif&u G jf cif;?
(3) bm0em---jrifhjrwfaompdwfxm;rsm;arG;jrLyGm;rsm;I EdkifiH-avmu-\moem
aumif;usKd ;udk aqmif&u G jf cif;?
(4) typm,e---ouf&/dS oufrhJ avmuwpfcv k ;Hk tay: &kad orl/ av;pm;jrwfE;ld rljzifh
Edik if -H avmu-\moemaumif;usK;d udk aqmif&u G jf cif;?
(5) a0,s0pP---ud, k x f vd ufa&muftyifyef;cHI Edik if -H avmu-\moemaumif;
usKd ;udak qmif&u G jf cif;?
(6) ywW'd ge--- rdr. d jzLpifaomaumif;rlrsm;udk olwpfyg;tm;r#a0wdu k w
f eG ;f rljzifh
Edik if -H avmu-\moem aumif;usKd ;udak qmif&u G jf cif;?
(7) ywWEak rm'e---olwpfyg;wd@k . jzLpifaomaumif;rlrsm;udk tm;ay;0rf;ajrmuf
r_jzifh Edik if -H avmu-\moem aumif;usK;d udak qmif&u G jf cif;?
(8) "rRom0em---Ak'a< 'oemawmfEiS hf jrifjh rwfreS u f efaom todynmwd@k uakd vhvm
em,lI Edik if -H avmu-\m oem aumif;usK;d udak qmif&u G jf cif;?
(9) "rRa'oem--- Ak'a< 'oemawmfEiS hf jrifjh rwfreS u f efaom todynmwd@k ukd olwpf
yg;wd@k uakd [majymyd@k csoif
=um;ay;v#uf Edik if -H avmu-\moemaumif;usKd ;udak qmif&u G jf cif;?
(10)'dXdZkurR---urRded,mrESifh txufyg 9-yg;wdk@udk av;eufpGm ajzmifhrSefpGm em;vnfodjrif
oabm ayguv f #uf
EdkifiH-avmu-\moemaumif;usdK;udkaqmif&Gufjcif;? txufygq,fyg;aom aumif;r_
w&m;wd@k ukd ypÆye` w f ikd ;f / pGr;f Edik of r#aysm&f iG f 0rf;ajrmufpmG usio hf ;Hk aeygv#iEf ikd if H a&;aqmif&u G o
f w l @kd onf
tavmif;awmf ra[mo"muJhodk@yif rdrdwdk@pGrf;&nftav#muf bkef;&Sdefawmufvmrnf? EdkifiHESifh
avmuaumif;usKd;udk wae@wjcm;wdk;yGm;&GufaqmifvmEdkifrnf jzpfygownf;? ? ?
tn-w okawoDw F OD;F
w&kwfpum;yHk
It is better to be a dog in peaceful times than to be a man in times
of unrest .
r+idrf;csrf;onfh umvY vlwpfa,muf jzpf&jcif;xuf at;csrf;onfhumvY acG;wpfaumif
jzpf&jcif;u ydkI aumif;ao;onf//
(EdkifiHwumpum;yHk tbd"gef pmtkyfrS)

rSww
f rf;"gwfyrkH sm;
wdkusKd+rdK h takadanobaba &Sd AUN &kH;cef;wGif nDnGwfaomwdkif;&if;om;rsm;tzGJ htpnf;(*syef). 2010

ckESpf A[dktvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwDr_0g'ESifhenf;AsL[maumfrwD0ifrsm;/trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyf
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